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f'k{kd nf'kZdk
ysf[kdk,¡
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lqtkrk lDlsuk
New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati

Copyright © Viva Education
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First Published 2016
Viva Education
a unit of Viva Books Private Limited
4737/23, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002

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ISBN: 978-81-309-3197-5
Published by Vinod Vasishtha for Viva Education, a unit of Viva Books Private Limited
4737/23, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002.
Printed and bound at
viuh ckr
ifjos'k fganh ikBekyk dh f'k{kd nf'kZdk,¡ vkiosQ le{k izLrqr gSaA vk'kk gS ;s f'k{kd
nf'kZdk,¡ ikB~;iqLrd osQ f'k{k.k dk;Z esa vR;ar lgk;d fln~/ gksaxh vkSj ewY;kadu dh
izfØ;k dks jkspd cukus esa Hkh enn djsaxhA
bl Ükà[kyk osQ ikBksa esa ftl izdkj ekSfydrk] jpukRedrk vkSj dYiuk'khyrk
dks fodflr djkus okys ikB gSa] mlh izdkj f'k{kd nf'kZdkvksa esa Hkh ekSfydrk vkSj
jpukRedrk dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA
ikBksa dk lkjka'k nsus osQ lkFk&lkFk nf'kZdkvksa esa bl ckr ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k
gS fd ml ikB esa dkSu&dkSu ls egRoiw.kZ fcanq gSa] ikB n~okjk fdl izdkj osQ fopkjksa
dks laizsf"kr djkus dk iz;kl gks jgk gSA iz'uksa osQ mRrjksa] O;kdj.k laca/h vH;kl osQ
gyksa ,oa cqn~f/foykl osQ mRrjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk bl ckr ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gS fd
f'k{kd ikBksa esa varfuZfgr ekuoh; ewY;ksa] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr o ijaijkvksa vkSj fofHkUu
i;kZoj.kh; eqn~nksa dh ppkZ Hkh d{kk esa djsa rkfd fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl gks
vkSj os ldkjkRed izo`fRr osQ /kjd cu losaQA ôqQN dYiuk ls vkSj oqQN ;ksX;rk ls*
rFkk êwY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj* osQ varxZr fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh dYiuk'kfDr dks c<+kok
nsus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA f'k{kk ek=k iqLrdh; Kku rd u lhfer jgs cfYd vkarfjd
laKku ls Hkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks ifjiq"V dj losQA ,slh laHkkoukvksa ls ;s f'k{kd nf'kZdk,¡
fufeZr dh xbZ gSaA
gesa vk'kk gh ugha vfirq iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd ;s f'k{kd nf'kZdk,¡ Hkk"kk fl[kkus
dh n`f"V ls f'k{kdksa osQ fy, lgk;d fln~/ gksaxh rFkk fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks lHkh Hkk"kk
dkS'kyksa dh laizkfIr djkus esa en~n djsaxhA vkidh izfrfØ;kvksa vkSj lq>koksa dk lnSo
Lokxr gSA
izdk'kd
ikB&ewY;kadu
Ø- ikB dk uke fo/k O;kdj.k xfrfof/;k¡ thou&ewY;
1- ekr`Hkfwe dfork laKk Hksn] rRle&rn~Hko] foykse 'kCn] vusdkFkhZ 'kCn] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] fgeky; ioZr osQ ckjs esa ns'kizse] ohjrk] vfHkeku] xoZ]
opu] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] cgqfodYih; iz'u] jl tkudkjh izkIr dj cqysfVu cksMZ ij yxkuk] lEeku] bfrgkl Lej.k
ifj;kstuk dk;Z] dfork okpu
2- lnkpkj dk rkoh”k dgkuh Loj laf/] laf/&foPNsn] milxZ] mnwZ 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ;] dkVwZu cukdj lans'k fy[kuk] izs”ksaVs'ku Hkz"Vkpkj osQ izfr tkx:drk]
okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn] vusdkFkhZ 'kCn] cgqfodYih; cukuk] ifjppkZ djuk] i=k&ys[ku gkL;&O;aX;] ifjgkl]
iz'u] Hkk"kk rFkk cksyh dkj.k&fuokj.k] roZQ&foroZQ
3- xku&;qn~/ dgkuh okD;&Hksn] laf/&foPNsn] fo'ks"k.k] vusd 'kCnksa osQ iQksYMj cukuk] lk{kkRdkj ysuk] ifjppkZ leiZ.k] xq# osQ izfr lEeku]
fy, ,d 'kCn] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] fons'kh vkxr èofu;k¡] djuk] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] fp=kk/kfjr ys[ku] ekr`&fir` izse] xq#&HkfDr] /S;Z]
cgqfodYih; iz'u] cqn~f/foykl cqn~f/foykl {kek] lgu'khyrk
4- Lusg&'kiFk dfork la;qDr O;atu] n~foRo O;atu] vuqukfld vkSj vuqLokj esa vkys[k&ys[ku] okn&fookn] foKkiu ys[ku] Lusg rFkk izseiwoZd O;ogkj djus
varj] vusdkFkhZ 'kCn] foykse 'kCn] 'kCn&ifjokj] i;kZ;okph lwfDr;k¡ ,df=kr djuk] vifBr in~;ka'k dk egRo le>uk
'kCn] 'kCndks'k osQ ozQe ls fy[kuk] cgqfodYih; iz'u]
vifBr in~;ka'k
5- dksVj vkSj oqQVhj dgkuh loZuke Hksn] fojke&fpg~u] fjDr LFkku] 'kCn&;qXe] fyax] laokn&ys[ku] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] vuqHko bZekunkjh] fir`HkfDr] lqfopkj]
milxZ] fjDr LFkku] fd vkSj dh esa varj ys[ku larks"k] esgur
6- vdcjh yksVk gkL; n~foxq lekl] fØ;k :i] okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn] vkys[k&ys[ku] dfork ys[ku] dksykt lg;ksx] HkkbZpkjk] lw>cw>] cqn~f/
O;aX; 'kCn&;qXe] O;atu laf/] okD; ifjorZu] eqgkojs] vifBr cukuk] izs”ksaVs'ku cukuk] oa'k&o`{k cukuk] eRrk] lg;ksx
xn~;ka'k vifBr xn~;ka'k
7- lqu;uk dh Mk;jh Mk;jh xq.k&laf/] ^j* dh v'kqn~f/;k¡] foykse 'kCn] fojke fpg~u] vkys[k&ys[ku] fopkjksa dks LozSQi cqd ij thoksa osQ izfr n;k] d#.kk]
fyax] j osQ :i] cgqfodYih; iz'u fpidkuk] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] ppkZ djuk] lekurk dk Hkko] LokFkhZ u gksuk]
fp=kk/kfjr ys[ku lsokHkko] vkReh;rk
8- dksbZ fnu v'kqHk ugha dgkuh fØ;k&Hksn] uke/krq fozQ;k] vusdkFkhZ 'kCn] opu] fjDr izs”ksaVs'ku cukuk] pkVZ rS;kj djuk] ppkZ va/fo'okl u djuk] esgur]
LFkku] izR;;] 'kCn&ifjokj] cgqfodYih; iz'u] vifBr djuk] fjiksVZ rS;kj djuk] vifBr xn~;ka'k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gkj u ekuuk]
xn~;ka'k leL;k&lek/ku] vkRefo'okl
9- ge nhokuksa dh D;k dfork mn~ns';&fo/s;] vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld dk iz;ksx] opu] izs”ksaVs'ku cukuk] i=k&ys[ku] vkys[k ys[ku] len`f"V] izseHkko] ln~dkeuk] oqQN
gLrh Hkkookpd laKk] leJqfr fHkUukFkZd] cgqfodYih; iz'u dksykt cukuk djus dh bPNk&yyd
Ø- ikB dk uke fo/k O;kdj.k xfrfof/;k¡ thou&ewY;
10- dysaMj dykdkj ys[k fozQ;k&fo'ks"k.k] izR;;] milxZ] fyax] o.kZ&foPNsn] foKkiu&ys[ku] dksykt cukuk] okn&fookn] yksd O;ogkj] O;olkf;drk
'kCn&ifjokj] foykse 'kCn] cqn~f/foykl vuqPNsn&ys[ku] i=k@bZ&esy ys[ku] cqn~f/
foykl
11- 'kkL=kkFkZ ukVd deZ/kj; lekl] cgqczhfg lekl] okD;&iz;ksx] eqgkojs] ifj;kstuk fuekZ.k] thofu;k¡ i<+uk] ukVd vkRefo'okl] n`<+&fu'p;]
foykse 'kCn] funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk] okD;&ifjorZu] dkjd] dks dgkuh osQ :i esa fy[kuk] i=k@bZ&esy fir`HkfDr] lgu'khyrk] larqyu
vifBr xn~;ka'k ys[ku] ukVd&eapu] vifBr xn~;ka'k
12- uhyoaQB laLej.k leqPp;cks/d] fd vkSj dh dk iz;ksx] izR;;] funsZ'kkuqlkj lwph cukuk] ,yce cukuk] ys[k fy[kuk thoksa osQ izfr izse&Hkko] lân;rk]
mRrj nsuk] laf/&foPNsn] foykse 'kCn] eqgkojs vkSj vkSj lqukuk] ifj;kstuk cukuk lgkuqHkwfr
yksdksfDr esa varj] fjDr LFkku
13- esjk u;k cpiu dfork laca/cks/d okD;] vO;;hHkko lekl] rqdokys 'kCn] lfp=k izs”ksaVs'ku cukuk] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] okRlY;] ekr`&izse] cky&lqyHk
foykse 'kCn] èofucks/d 'kCn] Hkkookpd laKk] fjDr LFkku vkys[k&ys[ku] i{k&foi{k esa fopkj izLrqr euksfoKku] vkReh;rk
djuk
14- fe=krk fuca/ dkjd] dj.k rFkk viknku dkjd esa varj] leJqfr ppkZ djuk] laokn&ys[ku] izs”ksaVs'ku cukuk] vkpj.k] O;ogkj] fe=krk] lg;ksx]
fHkUukFkZd 'kCnksa n~okjk fjDr LFkku] okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d lans'k fy[kuk] nksgs ,df=kr dj cksMZ ij nwjnf'kZrk] drZO;cks/
'kCn] izR;;] n~oan~o lekl] cgqfodYih; iz'u yxkuk
15- 'kghnksa osQ i=k i=k foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn] izR;;] funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk] ifjek. i=k&ys[ku] izs”ksaVs'ku cukuk] ukjs rFkk xhrksa ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr izse] ns'kHkfDr]
kokpd rFkk la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] vusd dks ladfyr djuk] lwfDr;ksa dks d{kk esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk
'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn] o.kZ&foPNsn yxkuk] iz'u&eap rS;kj djuk
16- vtark ,yksjk dh ys[k okD; (ljy] la;qDr rFkk feJ)] fuikr] fojke&fpg~u] lfp=k izs”ksaVs'ku cukuk] ,sfrgkfld bekjr lkaLÑfrd /jksgj osQ laj{k.k dk
xqiQk,¡ vdeZd rFkk ldeZd fozQ;k] funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk] eqgkojs dh tkudkjh fy[kuk] i=k vFkok bZ&esy egRo] okLrqdyk lkSan;Z] bfrgkl
ys[ku vkSj iqjkrRo osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh
17- 'kfDr vkSj {kek dfork in&ifjp;] milxZ&izR;;] funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk] ^t* egkHkkjr osQ n`'; ns[kuk] roZQ izLrqr fouezrk rFkk {kek'khyrk dk
izR;;] fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";] ^j* osQ :i] lekl djuk] vfHku; djuk] laokn&ys[ku] egRo] ohjrk] uhfr
vuqPNsn&ys[ku] dkO; ikB djuk
18- foKkiu gh foKkiu fuca/ deZ/kj; vkSj cgqczhfg lekl esa varj] laiznku vkSj vuqPNsn&ys[ku] okn&fookn] roZQ izLrqr oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] gkL; O;aX;]
deZdkjd esa varj] okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn] leJqfr djuk] foKkiu cukuk Hkfo";&cks/] vkuankuqHko
fHkUukFkZd] 'kqn~/ okD;
fo"k;&lwph
1- ekr`Hkwfe 1
2- lnkpkj dk rkoh”k 4
3- xku&;qn~/ 8
· oqQjy lIrd 12
4- Lusg&'kiFk 13
5- dksVj vkSj oqQVhj 17
6- vdcjh yksVk 22
7- lqu;uk dh Mk;jh 27
8- dksbZ fnu v'kqHk ugha 31
9- ge nhokuksa dh D;k gLrh 35
10- dysaMj dykdkj 40
· vrqy dh uknkuh 44
11- 'kkL=kkFkZ 44
12- uhyoaQB 49
13- esjk u;k cpiu 56
14- fe=krk 61
15- 'kghnksa osQ i=k 64
16- vtark ,yksjk dh xqiQk,¡ 68
17- 'kfDr vkSj {kek 71
18- foKkiu gh foKkiu 76
· Hkkjr osQ iwoksZRrj jkT; 80
iQkWjesfVo ijh{kk&1 80
lesfVo ijh{kk&1 84
lesfVo ijh{kk&2 86
eqDr ikB lkexzh (OTBA) 88
1- ekr`Hkwfe
lkekU; mn~ns';
l Hkk"kk laca/h Kku dk fodkl djuk
l dforkvksa osQ ekè;e ls muesa dYiuk'kfDr dks c<+kuk
l 'kCn&HkaMkj dks vkSj vf/d le`n~/ djuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk
l laKk vkSj mlosQ Hksnksa dks igpkuuk
l 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fy[kuk
l foykse 'kCn fy[kuk
l 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx djuk
l opu cnyuk
l i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy[kuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
dfork dk izkjaHk
l gekjk ns'k Hkkjr egku gSA ;gk¡ vusd egkiq#"kksa us tUe fy;k gSA
l bl dfork esa dfo us Hkkjr ns'k dh izkÑfrd] lkaLÑfrd rFkk HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa dks crk;k
gSA dfo us Hkkjr dh Hkwfe dks iq.;Hkwfe] /eZHkwfe] tUeHkwfe rFkk ekr`Hkwfe dgdj mldk xq.kxku
fd;k gSA
l Hkkjr ns'k osQ mRrj esa ioZrksa dk jktk fgeky; gSA iwjs fo'o esa blosQ leku vU; ioZr ugha
gSA
l le; osQ lkFk&lkFk pyrs gq, gesa ns'k osQ fodkl esa lg;ksxh cuuk gSA
l ge lHkh dks viuh ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr xoZ gksuk pkfg,A
ikB ;kstuk
l dfork dh iafDr;ksa dks igys vki Lo;a i<+dj mldk ljykFkZ cPpksa dks crk,¡A
l vc cPpksa ls dfork dk ljykFkZ Lo;a djus osQ fy, dgsaA
l dfBu 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k cPpksa ls ckj&ckj djok,¡A
l lh-Mh- n~okjk cPpksa dks dfork dk vH;kl djk,¡A
dfork dk lkjka'k
bl dfork esa dfo us viuh ekr`Hkwfe Hkkjr dh izkÑfrd lq"kek dks of.kZr fd;k gSA og dgrk
gS fd Hkkjr dk izkÑfrd lkSan;Z vuqie gSA blosQ mRrj esa tgk¡ ,d vksj fgeky; tSlk f'k[kj gS
rks ogha xaxk tSlh ifo=k unh gSA igkfM+;ksa esa vusd >jus cgrs gSa] fpfM+;k¡ >kfM+;ksa esa eLr gksdj
1
pgdrh gSaA ?kuh vejkb;ksa esa vFkkZr~ vke osQ ckxksa esa dks;y dh iqdkj lqukbZ nsrh gS vkSj panu
;qDr gok ru vkSj eu dks l¡okj nsrh gSA dfo dgrk gS fd ;g ogh ns'k gS ftl ij j?kqifr vkSj
lhrk us tUe fy;k Fkk vkSj JhÑ".k us xhrk dh ikou oa'kh ctkbZ FkhA bl /jrh dk ;'k c<+kus
okyksa esa xkSre cqn~/ Hkh gq, gSa ftUgksaus tx dks n;k dk ikB fl[kkdj lPpkbZ dk jkLrk lalkj dks
fn[kk;k FkkA ;g ns'k gj {ks=k esa lcls vkxs gSA
vH;kl
dfork dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) ;g dfork ns'kizse osQ Hkko dks n'kkZrh gSA
([k) dfork esa fgeky; dks vkdk'k ftruk m¡Qpk crk;k x;k gSA
(x) bl dfork esa xaxk] ;equk vkSj f=kos.kh ufn;ksa dh ckr dh xbZ gSA
(?k) xkSre us tx dks n;k djuk vkSj vkxs c<+uk fl[kk;kA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) vejkb;k¡ vke osQ ckx dks dgk x;k gSA
([k) dfo us Hkkjr dks ^/eZHkwfe* blfy, dgk gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ lHkh /eksZ± dk eku&lEeku
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj /eZ osQ egRo dks ;gk¡ lHkh tkurs gSaA
(x) ey; iou ls dfo dk rkRi;Z panu ;qDr gok ls gSA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) êkr`Hkwfe* ns'k dh Hkwfe dks dgk x;k gS tgk¡ ge tUe ysrs gSaA ns'k dks ekrk ekudj
ohj mldh lsok djrs gSaA blh izdkj ls vius Hkkoksa dks fy[kus dh izsj.kk cPpksa dks
nsaA
([k) dfork dk ewyHkko cPps Lo;a fy[ksaA
(x) (i) tUesa tgk¡ Fks j?kqifr ------ xhrkA
dfo Hkkjr&Hkwfe dh iz'kalk djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd bl ikou Hkwfe ij j?kqifr us
tUe fy;k Fkk] lkFk gh lhrk th dk tUe Hkh ;gha gqvk FkkA bl iq.; /jk ij
gh JhÑ".k us calh ctkbZ Fkh vkSj ifo=k xhrk dk mins'k lquk;k FkkA
(ii) xaxk ;equ ------ Ngj jgh gSA
dfo dk vk'k; gS fd Hkkjr dh ikou /jrh ij xaxk] ;equk vkSj ljLorh dh
f=kos.kh ufn;k¡ ygjkrh gSaA ftudh NVk fujkyh yxrh gS tc lSaoQM+ksa ^nh,* buesa
txexkrs gSaA dfo ix&ix ij iSQyh fujkyh NVk dh txexkgV ij eksfgr gSA
2- (d) bu iafDr;ksa esa xkSre cqn~/ osQ ckjs esa ckr dh tk jgh gSA
([k) ;qn~/Hkwfe] cqn~/Hkwfe] tUeHkwfe ukeksa ls ekr`Hkwfe dks lacksf/r fd;k x;k gSA
2
(x) ^fn;k* dk vFkZ tyus okys fpjkx ls gS tks jks'kuh iSQykdj jkLrk fn[kkrk gSA ;gk¡
^fn;k* dk rkRi;Z tx dks mtkys dk iFk fn[kkus ls gSA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) lksguyky n~foosnh ([k) rhu ufn;ksa dk
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- O;fDrokpd laKk µ fgeky;] xkSre] xaxk] ;equk] JhÑ".k
tkfrokpd laKk µ ufn;k¡] igkfM+;ksa] fpfM+;k¡] dks;y] >jus
2- fur µ fuR; iq.; µ ifo=k ix µ iSj
mPp µ m¡Qpk Lo.kZ µ lksuk iquhr µ ikou
3- v/eZ µ /eZ ej.k µ tUe iki µ iq.;
vi;'k µ lq;'k uhpk µ m¡Qpk ikrky µ vkdk'k
4- (d) eu µ ân; eSaus tYn gh mlosQ eu dh ckr i<+ yh FkhA
eu µ pkyhl lsj dh rkSy mlus ,d eu xsgw¡ rqyok;kA
([k) tx µ lalkj ;g tx ,d LoIu dh Hkk¡fr gSA
tx µ cjru tx esa FkksM+k ikuh ys vkvksA
(x) fn;k µ nhi xkSre cqn~/ us nqfu;k dks lPpkbZ dk fn;k fn[kk;kA
fn;k µ nsuk jkgqy us xjhc dks [kkuk fn;kA
(?k) dj µ djuk (fØ;k) rqe g¡l dj dk;Z fd;k djksA
dj µ VSDl jkT; dh ljdkj us iztk ls dbZ dj olwy fd,A
5- igkM+h µ igkfM+;k¡ unh µ ufn;k¡ fpfM+;k µ fpfM+;k¡
>kM+h µ >kfM+;k¡ vejkbZ µ vejkb;k¡ ygj µ ygjsa
6- vkdk'k µ uHk fla/q µ leqnz xaxk µ lqjlfj
tx µ lalkj unh µ lfjrk dks;y µ fid
oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls
1- esjk I;kjk ns'kµ l Hkkjr dh laLÑfr l Hkkjr dh izkphure lH;rk l Hkkjr dk HkkSxksfyd
Lo:i l fofo/rk esa ,drk dk Hkko l Hkkjr osQ egkiq#"k l vkiosQ fopkj
fgeky; % Hkkjr dh 'kkuµ l fgeky; Hkkjr dh nsoHkwfe l 'k=kqvksa dks jksdrk gS l cI+kQhZys
i;ZVd LFky l ufn;ksa dh mn~xe LFkyh l /eZ dk vkd"kZ.k osaQnz l vkiosQ fopkj
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3
ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj
1- cPps Lo;a crk,¡A
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
leL;k lek/ku vkdyu (PSA)
• (d) xaxk ([k) gfj;kyh (x) m¡QpkbZ
(?k) O;fDrokpd laKk (Ä) rhu ufn;ksa dk laxe
2- lnkpkj dk rkoh”k
lkekU; mn~ns';
l gkL;&O;aX; ij vk/kfjr dgkuh izLrqr djuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l laf/ ls igpku djkuk
l 'kCnksa ls milxZ vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx djuk
l mnwZ 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ; fy[kuk
l okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fy[kuk
l vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx djuk
ikB dk izkjaHk
l Hkz"Vkpkj lekt dh mUufr dk vojks/d gSA
l O;fDr dk uSfrd iru mlosQ vkpj.k ij xgjk izHkko Mkyrk gSA uSfrd Kku osQ vHkko esa
O;fDr mfpr&vuqfpr osQ chp Hksn djus esa vleFkZ jgrk gSA
l Hkz"Vkpkj ,d ,slh lkekftd cqjkbZ gS ftldk loZFkk cfg"dkj djuk pkfg,A
l lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj bruh xgjkbZ rd igq¡p x;k gS fd mls tM+ ls feVkus osQ fy, cgqr vf/d
iz;kl djus gksaxsA vkt dh ih<+h dks ;g fu'p; djuk gksxk fd os u rks xyr vkpj.k djsaxs
vkSj u xyr vkpj.k djus okys O;fDr;ksa dks leFkZu nsaxsA
l xyr dke djus okys osQ lkFk lg;ksx djus okyk mruk gh nks"kh gksrk gS ftruk fd dke dks
djusokykA
l gesa vius vanj ,slk foosd tkx`r djuk pkfg, fd ge lgh vkSj xyr dh igpku djsaA
4
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa dks bl gkL;&O;aX; ls ;qDr ikB dks i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA
l chp&chp esa iz'u iwNsaµ
l jkT; esa fdldks ysdj gYyk epk Fkk\
l jktk us fdldks ;kstuk cukus osQ fy, dgk\
l njckfj;ksa us jktk osQ lkeus fdls is'k fd;k\
l bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsus osQ fy, cPpksa dks izsfjr djsaA
l ikB osQ chp esa iz'u iwNus ls cPpksa esa ikB osQ izfr jQfp cuh jgrh gSaA
ikB dk lkjka'k
izLrqr ikB esa gkL;&O;aX; 'kSyh osQ ekè;e ls Hkz"Vkpkj dh leL;k dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA ,d
ckj jkT; esa Hkz"Vkpkj iSQyus dk gYyk epkA jktk us njckfj;ksa ls Hkz"Vkpkj osQ fy, iwNrkN dh vkSj
mUgsa vkns'k fn;k fd lkjs jkT; esa <w¡<+dj Hkz"Vkpkj dk irk yxk,¡A njckfj;ksa us cgkuk cuk;k fd
og cgqr ckjhd gksrk gS ftls osQoy fo'ks"kK ns[k ldrs gSaA jktk us fo'ks"kKksa dks cqyk;kA jktk osQ
dgus ij fo'ks"kKksa us Nku&chu 'kq: dj nhA nks eghus ckn os jktk osQ le{k vk, vkSj cksys fd
Hkz"Vkpkj lw{e] vxkspj vkSj loZ=k O;kIr gS] ftls osQoy vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA jktk us iwNk
og dgk¡ gS rc fo'ks"kK us dgk fd og loZ=k gSA bl Hkou vkSj flagklu esa gSA os crkrs gSa fd
fiNys ekg bl flagklu ij jax djus osQ fy, >wBk fcy cuok;k x;kA D;ksafd vk/k iSlk chpokys
[kk x,A mUgksaus crk;k fd iwjs 'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj gS vkSj og eq[;r% ?kwl osQ :i esa gSA mldks
feVkus osQ fy, fo'ks"kKksa us jktk dks mik; lq>k;k fd Hkz"Vkpkj feVkus osQ fy, cgqr ifjorZu djus
gksaxsA Bsdk gS rks BsosQnkj gSA BsosQnkj gS rks vf/dkfj;ksa osQ fy, ?kwl gSA ;fn Bsdk feV tk, rks ?kwl
Hkh feV tk,A jktk us fo'ks"kKksa dh ;kstuk ij njckfj;ksa ls fopkj&foe'kZ djokus osQ fy, mudh
iwjh ;kstuk vius ikl j[kok yhA njckfj;ksa us jktk dks fo'ks"kK dh lykg ekuus dh ctk; ,d
lk/q ls feyok;k tks ea=kksa ls fln~/ gqvk rkoh”k lcdks iguk,¡xs ftlls lHkh yksx lnkpkjh cu
losaQA lk/q osQ vuqlkj euq"; dh vkRek esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj lnkpkj gksrk gSA euq"; viuh vkRek dh
iqdkj osQ vuqlkj gh dke djrk gSA ;g lnkpkj dk rkoh”k ftl vkneh dh Hkqtk ij c¡/k gksxk]
og lnkpkjh gks tk,xkA jktk us lk/q dks rkoh”k cukus dk Bsdk ns fn;kA lk/q dks dkj[kkuk [kksyus
osQ fy, ik¡p djksM+ #i, is'kxh fn, x,A yk[kksa rkoh”k ljdkjh deZpkjh dh Hkqtk ij ck¡/ fn,
x,A jktk dh izlUurk dk fBdkuk u jgkA og ,d fnu ,d deZpkjh osQ ikl x;k vkSj dbZ dke
crkdj mls ik¡p #i, dk uksV nsus yxkA rc ml deZpkjh us Mk¡V dj dgk fd ?kwl ysuk iki gSA
ml fnu eghus dh 2 rkjh[k FkhA jktk cgqr [kq'k gqvkA rkoh”k us deZpkjh dks bZekunkj cuk fn;kA
oqQN fnu ckn og fiQj os'k cnydj mlh deZpkjh osQ ikl x,A ml fnu eghus dk vkf[kjh fnu
bdrhl rkjh[k FkhA jktk us mls ik¡p dk uksV fn[kk;k] mlus ysdj tsc esa j[k fy;kA jktk us deZpkjh
dk gkFk idM+ fy;k vkSj iwNk fd rqe vkt lnkpkj dk rkoh”k ck¡èkdj ugha vk,\ mlus jktk
dks viuk rkoh”k fn[kk fn;k mlesa ls Loj fudy jgs Fksµ¶vjs vkt bdrhl gS vkt rks ys ys!¸
5
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) jkT; esa Hkz"Vkpkj osQ c<+us dks ysdj iztk n~okjk gYyk epk, tkus ij jktk us
fopkj&foe'kZ djus osQ fy, njckfj;ksa dks cqyk;kA
([k) njckfj;ksa us Hkz"Vkpkj osQ u fn[kus dk dkj.k mldk ckjhd gksuk crk;kA
(x) fo'ks"kKksa dks jkT; esa Hkz"Vkpkj dks ns[kus osQ fy, cqyk;k x;kA
(?k) Hkz"Vkpkj osQ ckjs esa fo'ks"kKksa dk dguk Fkk fd og lw{e gS] vxkspj gS vkSj loZ=k
O;kIr gSA mls ns[kk ugha tk ldrk] vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(Ä) jktk igyh ckj os'k cnydj dk;kZy; esa eghus osQ 'kq: esa 2 rkjh[k dks x, FksA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) jktk us fo'ks"kK tkfr osQ ik¡p vknfe;ksa dks cqyk;k FkkA
([k) ^vkRek dh iqdkj* dk vFkZ gSµvkneh dh varjkRek dh iqdkjA ikB esa lk/q osQ vuqlkj
fo/krk tc euq"; cukrk gS rc mudh vkRek esa bZekunkjh ;k csbZekuh dh dy fiQV
dj nsrk gS ftlesa ls bZeku ;k csbZekuh osQ Loj fudyrs gSa] ftUgsa ^vkRek dh iqdkj*
dgk x;k gSA
(x) rkoh”k cukus dk Bsdk lk/q dks gh ns fn;k x;kA ,d ea=kh us jktk dks lykg nh fd
rkoh”k cukus osQ >a>V esa jkT; D;ksa iM+s cfYd lk/q dks Bsdk ns fn;k tk,A os viuh
eaMyh ls rkoh”k cuokdj jkT; dks lIykbZ dj nsaxsA
(?k) rkoh”k rS;kj gksus osQ ckn jkT; osQ gj ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh Hkqtk esa ck¡/k x;kA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) jktk us Hkz"Vkpkj dks bZ'oj osQ leku blfy, ekuk D;ksafd fo'ks"kKksa us Hkz"Vkpkj dks bZ'oj
osQ leku lw{e] vxkspj vkSj loZO;kih crk;k FkkA
([k) lk/q us rkoh”k dk iz;ksx lcls igys ,d oqQRrs ij fd;k FkkA bl rkoh”k dks xys esa
ck¡/ nsus ls oqQRrk Hkh jksVh ugha pqjkrk Fkk D;ksafd rkoh”k ls lnkpkj osQ Loj fudyrs
FksA
(x) lk/q osQ vuqlkj rkoh”k osQ dbZ xq.k FksA mlesa ls lnkpkj osQ Loj fudyrs FksA tc
fdlh dh vkRek csbZekuh osQ Loj fudkyus yxrh gSA rc bl rkoh”k dh 'kfDr vkRek
dk xyk ?kksaV nsrh gS vkSj vkneh dks rkoh”k osQ bZeku osQ Loj lqukbZ iM+rs gSaA og bu
Lojksa dks vkRek dh iqdkj le>dj lnkpkj dh vksj izsfjr gksrk gSA
(?k) fo'ks"kKksa osQ vuqlkj Hkz"Vkpkj feVkus osQ fy, jkT; dh O;oLFkk esa cgqr ifjorZu djus
iM+saxsA Hkz"Vkpkj osQ ekSosQ feVkus gksaxsA ;fn BsosQ dh izFkk feV tk, rks ?kwl Hkh feV
tk,xhA
6
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) fo'ks"kKksa dks ([k) rkoh”k (x) lnkpkj vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj
2- (d) njckjh Hkz"Vkpkj dks ckjhd dg jgs FksA
([k) fo'ks"kK ,d fo'ks"k tkfr dks dgk x;k gS tks viuh vk¡[kksa esa vatu yxkdj ckjhd
ph”k Hkh ns[k ysrs gSaA
(x) ^vatu* dk vFkZ gS dktyA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- n;kuan µ n;k $ vkuan
xq#ins'k µ xq# $ mins'k
;ksxh'k µ ;ksxh $ bZ'k
pjkpj µ pj $ vpj
gjh'k µ gfj $ bZ'k
2- 'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn 'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn
vR;kpkj vfr vkpkj vxkspj v xkspj
loZO;kih loZ O;kih izfirkeg iz firkeg
csbZekuh cs bZekuh vuq'kklu vuq 'kklu
3- gq”kwj µ Jheku gqDe µ vkKk is'kxh µ jde
gkf”kj µ mifLFkr rkjh[k µ fnukad ckjhd µ eghu
vkf[kjh µ var rjdhc µ mik; ru[okg µ osru
4- tks gj rjI+kQ iSQyk gks µ loZO;kih
uSfrdiw.kZ vkpj.k djusokyk µ lnkpkjh
eu gh eu fopkj djuk µ fparu
dk;Z ls iwoZ dh xbZ :ijs[kk µ ;kstuk
fo"k; dk fo'ks"k Kku j[kusokyk µ fo'ks"kK
lansg dh fLFkfr esa iM+uk µ lansgkLin
5- (d) gj µ izR;sd usgk dh ckr ij gj fdlh us rkfy;k¡ ctkb±A
gj µ gj.k djusokyk foiqy dh 'kSrkfu;ksa us esjk pSu gj fy;k gSA
([k) dy µ vkus okyk fnu egs'k dy fnYyh ls vk,xkA
dy µ e'khuh iqjtk vkneh dh vkRek esa fo/krk us bZekunkjh vkSj
csbZekuh dk dy fiQV dj fn;kA
(x) ij µ ia[k i{kh us vius ij iSQyk, vkSj vkleku dh vksj
mM+ pykA
ij µ vf/dj.k dkjd fpg~u lqjs'k ?kj ij ugha igq¡pkA
7
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- gesa >wB] csbZekuh vkSj vuhfr ls cpuk gksxkA liQyrk izkfIr osQ ekxZ dks NksVk vkSj ljy
cukus dh dksf'k'k dks jksduk gksxkA cPpksa dh jk; Hkh tkusa vkSj mUgsa bl fo"k; ij ckr djus
dk volj iznku djsaA
• (d) fojkVrk ([k) tkfrokpd (x) vjch&I+kQkjlh (?k) loZO;kih (Ä) fj'or
3- xku&;qn~/
lkekU; mn~ns';
l dgkfu;ksa osQ izfr jQfp txkuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l okD; osQ Hksn igpkuuk
l laf/&foPNsn djuk
l fo'ks"; osQ fy, fo'ks"k.k fy[kuk
l okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn pquuk
l fons'kh vkxr èofu;ksa ls ifjp; djkuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
ikB dk izkjaHk
l vgadkj euq"; dh cqn~f/ dks Hkzfer dj nsrk gSA vr% gesa vgadkj osQ Hkko ls cpuk pkfg,A
8
l rkulsu vius ls vf/d fdlh vkSj dks vPNk xk;d ugha le>rk FkkA ysfdu cStw dh
xku&fon~;k us mls ijkftr dj fn;kA dHkh Hkh izfrn~aon~aoh dks de ugha vk¡duk pkfg,A
l cStw us 'kadjkuan ls xk;u&fon~;k vius firk dk cnyk ysus osQ Hkko ls lh[kh Fkh ysfdu xq#
nf{k.kk osQ :i esa 'kadjkuan us mlls izfrKk yh fd og fdlh dks vius xk;u ls gkfu ugha
igq¡pk,xkA dyk lk/uk osQ cy dk iz;ksx dHkh Hkh n~os"k Hkkouk osQ fy, ugha djuk pkfg,A
D;ksafd dykvksa dk Kku HkDr dks bZ'oj ls tksM+rk gSA
ikB ;kstuk
l lqn'kZu dh bl izfln~/ dgkuh dk okpu cPpksa ls djk,¡A
l iz;kl djsa fd vf/d ls vf/d cPps ikB dk okpu djsaA
l lh-Mh- n~okjk Hkh ikB cPpksa dks lquk,¡A
l dfBu 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k vkSj mUgsa fy[kus dk vH;kl djk,¡A
ikB dk lkjka'k
,d ckj eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj us rkulsu osQ dgus ij ;g ?kks"k.kk djk nh fd tks euq"; xku
fon~;k esa rkulsu dh cjkcjh u dj losQ og vkxjk dh lhek osQ vanj u xk,A ;fn ,slk gqvk rks
og e`R;qnaM dk ik=k le>k tk,xkA ijarq vKkurko'k ,d lk/q eaMyh uxj esa xkrs&ctkrs izos'k
dj xbZA muosQ bl vijk/ ij mUgsa e`R;qnaM feyk ysfdu nl o"khZ; cStw dks NksM+ fn;k x;kA cStw
jksrs gq, taxy igq¡pk rks ogk¡ 'kadjkuan us mlosQ flj ij gkFk isQjrs gq, dgk fd eSa rq>s ,slk 'kL=k
nw¡xk ftlls rw vius firk dh e`R;q dk cnyk ys losQxkA blosQ fy, ckjg o"kZ riL;k djuh gksxhA
cStw us bls lg"kZ Lohdkj dj fy;kA ckjg o"kZ i'pkr~ tc cStw xk;u dyk esa ikjaxr gks x;k rc
'kadjkuan us xq#&nf{k.kk osQ :i esa cStw ls izfrKk yh fd bl jkx&fon~;k ls og fdlh dks gkfu ugha
igq¡pk,xkA oqQN fnu ckn cStw vkxjk osQ ck”kkjksa esa xkrk gqvk tk jgk FkkA og rkulsu osQ egy osQ
vkxs tk igq¡pk vkSj rkulsu ls xku&fon~;k ij ppkZ djus dh vfHkyk"kk trkbZA vxys fnu izkr%dky
uxj osQ ckgj ou esa nksuksa dk xku&;qn~/ 'kq: gqvkA cStw osQ xkus esa vthc df'k'k FkhA mldk flrkj
lqudj fgju taxyksa ls fudy vk,A muosQ xys esa cStw us vius oaQB dh iwQyekyk,¡ mrkjdj Mky
nhaA fgju pkSdM+h Hkjrs gq, o`{kksa esa fNi x,A cStw us rkulsu ls dgk fd os mUgsa fiQj ls cqyok,¡A
rkulsu flrkj ctkrk jgk] mldh m¡xfy;k¡ nq[kus yxha ysfdu fgju ugha vk,A mlus cStw ls dgk
fd rqe nksckjk cqykdj fn[kkvksA cStw us flrkj ctk;kA m/j xys esa iwQyekyk,¡ igus fgju jkx dh
lqjhyh èofu osQ vkd"kZ.k ls vk x,A vdcj us fujk'k gksdj fu.kZ; lquk;kA cStw ckojk dh fot;
vkSj rkulsu dh ijkt;A rHkh cStw us dgk fd mls izk.k ysus dh bPNk ugha gSA cl vki bl fu"Bqj
fu;e dks gVk nsaA vdcj us rqjar bl fu;e dks gVkus dh vkKk nh vkSj rkulsu cStw osQ pj.kksa esa
fxj iM+kA cStw us firk osQ izk.kksa dk cnyk bl izdkj ys fy;kA
9
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) flikfg;ksa us lk/qvksa dh eaMyh dks gFkdfM+;k¡ igukb±A
([k) ikB esa eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj dh ckr gqbZ gSA
(x) lk/qvksa us vkxjk uxj esa xkuk xkrs gq, izos'k fd;k Fkk ftl dkj.k mUgsa e`R;qnaM feykA
(?k) 'kadjkuan us cStw ls ckjg o"kZ riL;k djus dks dgkA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) 'kadjkuan us cStw ls xq#&nf{k.kk ek¡xh fd og izfrKk djs fd bl jkx&fon~;k ls og
fdlh dks uqdlku ugha igq¡pk,xkA
([k) vdcj osQ izfln~/ xoS;s dk uke rkulsu FkkA
(x) 'kadjkuan us xk;u fon~;k dk 'kL=k cStw dks fn;kA
(?k) cStw us vdcj ls vkxjk esa xkus ij fn;k tkus okyk e`R;qnaM dk fu;e gVkus dk vkxzg
fd;kA
(Ä) ckjg o"kZ igys lk/qvksa dh eaMyh xkus xkrs gq, vkxjk vkbZ FkhA cStw Hkh xkuk xkrs
gq, vkxjk vk;k vkSj mlus rkulsu ls xku&fon~;k ij ppkZ djus dh vfHkyk"kk trkbZA
bl izdkj ckjg o"kZ ckn cStw us ml ?kVuk dks nksgjk;kA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) 'kadjkuan us cStw ls ckjg o"kZ rd dBksj riL;k djus osQ fy, blfy, dgk D;ksafd
cStw dh vk;q ml le; NksVh Fkh vkSj og xqLls ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA ckjg o"kZ dh riL;k
ls cStw osQ xk;u esa fnu&jkr fu[kkj vk;k vkSj og rkulsu osQ le{k cSB ldkA
([k) cStw ckojk osQ gkFkksa us tSls gh flrkj ctk;k turk czg~ekuan esa Mwc xbZ vkSj o`{kksa osQ
iRrs fu'py gks x,A fgju Nyk¡xsa ekjrs gq, vk, vkSj cStw ckojk osQ ikl [kM+s gks x,A
fgju eLr FksA cStw us flrkj gkFk ls j[k fn;k vkSj oaQB ls iwQyekyk dks mrkjdj mUgsa
iguk fn;kA fgjuksa dks FkksM+h nsj ckn tc gks'k vk;k rks os pkSdM+h Hkjrs gq, Hkkxdj
o`{kksa esa fNi x,A bl izdkj cStw osQ gkFkksa us flrkj ctkdj dkSrwgy fd;kA
(x) rkulsu cStw ckojk ls rc ijkftr gqvk tc cStw us dgk fd rkulsu iwQyekyk igus
fgjuksa dks nksckjk cqyok,¡A rkulsu us dkI+kQh nsj rd flrkj ctkdj fgjuksa dks cqykuk
pkgk ysfdu fgju ugha vk, vkSj bl izdkj rkulsu cStw ckojk ls ijkftr gks x;kA
(?k) rkulsu ijkftr gksus ij e`R;qnaM osQ Mj ls dk¡ius yxkA cStw ckojk us vdcj ls vkxzg
fd;k fd os bl fu"Bqj fu;e dks gVk nsaA cStw osQ midkj dks ns[kdj rkulsu mlosQ
pj.kksa esa fxj iM+k vkSj nhurk ls dgus yxk fd ;g midkj og thou Hkj ugha HkwysxkA
10
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) cStw ckojk osQ xq# ([k) izfrdkj (x) xk;d (?k) taxy dh vkx
2- (d) vdcj dk rkulsu osQ lkFk vxk/ izse FkkA
([k) rkulsu dh e`R;q fudV ns[kdj vdcj dk oaQB Hkj vk;kA
(x) vdcj us fu.kZ; lquk;k fd cStw ckojk dh fot; vkSj rkulsu dh ijkt;A
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) D;k ckjg o"kZ osQ ckn og fey tk,xk\ iz'uokpd
([k) bZ'oj! rqEgsa lq[kh j[ksA bPNkokpd
(x) okg! fdruk Lokfn"V Hkkstu gSA foLe;kfnokpd
(?k) 'kk;n vkt ge ?kweus tk,¡A lansgokpd
(Ä) esjs lkFk vuFkZ gqvk gSA fo/kuokpd
2- lalkj µ le~ $ lkj rYyhu µ rr~ $ yhu
,dk,d µ ,d $ ,d ea=keqX/ µ ea=k $ eqX/
czg~ekuan µ czg~e $ vkuan flagklu µ flag $ vklu
izfrfgalk µ izfr $ fgalk 'kadjkuan µ 'kadj $ vkuan
3- izR;sd µ o"kZ vxk/ µ izse lqanj µ èofu
dkys µ osQ'k lqxaf/r µ iou euksje µ izÑfr
feF;k µ lalkj dBksj µ fu;e vcks/ µ ckyd
4- (d) ftldk dksbZ nks"k u gks µ funksZ"k
([k) ftlosQ ekrk&firk u gks µ vukFk
(x) fgalk osQ cnys dh tkusokyh fgalk µ izfrfgalk
(?k) ftl ij vfHk;ksx yxk;k x;k gks µ vfHk;qDr
(Ä) taxy esa yxus okyh vkx µ nkokuy
(p) gkFk esa igukbZ tkus okyh yksgs dh dM+h µ gFkdM+h
5- (d) bPNk µ vfHkyk"kk dkeuk pkg
([k) iRFkj µ ik"k.k izLrj f'kyk
(x) fdj.k µ va'kq jf'e nhfIr
(?k) laxzke µ ;qn~/ j.k lej
(Ä) izdk'k µ mtkyk jks'kuh vkyksd
(p) bZ'oj µ izHkq bZ'oj ijes'oj
(N) R;ksgkj µ ioZ mRlo lekjksg
(t) jkgxhj µ ;k=kh ifFkd cVksgh
11
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- tgk¡ pkg ogk¡ jkg µ l thou esa vkxs c<+us dh pkg l la?k"kks± esa thus dh dyk l vkyL;
dks nwj Hkxkrs gq, ifjJe dks viukuk l n`<+ bPNk'kfDr txkuk l egkiq#"kksa ls izsj.kk ysuk
l vkiosQ vius fopkj
5- fp=k esa flrkj ctkrk gqvk ;qod fn[kk;k x;k gSA cPps dYiuk dh mM+ku Hkjrs gq, vius
fopkj izLrqr djsaA
1- cPps Lo;a fy[ksaA
2- f'k{kd fnol MkW- loZiYyh jk/kÑ".ku osQ tUe fnol 5 flracj dks euk;k tkrk gSA bl fnu
f'k{kdksa dks lEekfur fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd fon~;kFkhZ dks lgh ekxZ ij pyus osQ fy, izsfjr
djrk gSA tcfd xq#ioZ HkkbZ&pkjs dk lans'k nsrk gSA xq#ioZ osQ fnu yksx xq#n~okjs esa ,df=kr
gksrs gSa vkSj xq# n~okjk crk, ekxZ ij pyus osQ fy, ladYi ysrs gSaA vk"kk<+ ekl dh iwf.kZek
dks xq# iwf.kZek dgrs gSaA ;g ioZ iwjs Hkkjr esa cM+h /we/ke ls euk;k tkrk gSA izkphu dky
esa f'k"; bl fnu xq# dh iwtk djosQ xq# nf{k.kk fn;k djrs FksA bl rjg rhuksa gh voljksa ij
f'k{kd&fnol] xq#ioZ vkSj xq# iwf.kZek osQ fnu yksx xq#vksa osQ izfr vius lEeku dks izdV
djrs gSaA
• (d) vkxjk dh lhek osQ vanj u xk,A
([k) vc esjk dkSu ikyu&iks"k.k djsxkA
(x) fdlh dks gkfu ugha igq¡pkm¡QxkA
(?k) mI+kQ! fdruh xjeh gSA
· oqQjy lIrd
lkekU; mn~ns';
l u, rF;ksa ls ifjp; djkuk
l ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk fodkl djuk
rfey Hkk"kk osQ izfln~/ dfo fr#oYyqoj us uhfr opuksa dh jpuk ôqQjy* osQ :i esa dh FkhA
^fr#DoqQjy* o`Qfr esa ;s oqQjy yxHkx 2 g”kkj o"kZ igys fy[ks x, FksA fn, x, oqQjy ekuo /eZ]
izse&O;ogkj] deZ] fon~;k] le;] mn~;e vkfn dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[ks x, gSaA dfo osQ vuqlkj
12
euq"; dk /eZ gS fd og ru] eu vkSj opu ls lRdeZ djsA lkjs /eks± dk fupksM+ Hkh ;gh gS fd
euq"; lRdeZ djsA lcls fey&tqydj jguk] iwjs fo'o dks ,d ifjokj dh Hkk¡fr tkuuk rFkk diV]
ozQks/] Ny] yksHk ls jfgr izseiw.kZ O;ogkj djus ij dfo ”kksj nsrk gSA ftu dkeksa ls eku feys
O;fDr dks ogh dke djus pkfg,A ,slh oqQlaxfr dk R;kx djuk pkfg, ftlls euq"; dks fuank
feysA dfo us fon~;k dks vn~Hkqr /u dgk gS tks ftruk [kpZ djs mruk gh c<+rk tkrk gSA blesa
/uoku O;fDr dhfrZ osQ f'k[kj dks izkIr djrk gSA dfo le; dh vueksyrk dk o.kZu djrs gq,
dgrk gS fd ,d ckj gkFk ls fudy tkus ij le; nksckjk ugha vkrkA ;g rhj dh Hkk¡fr ,dne
fudy tkrk gSA ifjJe dh egRrk crkrs gq, dfo dgrk gS fd esgurh yksxksa dk lkFkh ^mn~;e* gS
tks vlaHko dke dks Hkh laHko dj nsrk gSA var esa dfo dgrk gS fd tks O;fDr f'k"Vrkiw.kZ vkSj
izseiw.kZ O;ogkj djrk gS mldk 'k=kq Hkh mlosQ ln~O;ogkj ls viuk cu tkrk gSA
4- Lusg&'kiFk
lkekU; mn~ns';
eq[; mn~ns';
l la;qDr O;atu vkSj n~foRo O;atu osQ chp varj tkuuk
l vuqukfld vkSj vuqLokj esa varj dh igpku djuk
l vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa ls okD; cukuk
l u, 'kCn cukuk
l 'kCnksa dks o.kZekyk osQ ozQe esa yxkuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
l vifBr in~;ka'k
dfork dk izkjaHk
l cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd mxz gksdj ckr djus ls ;k 'kfDr izn'kZu ls viuh ckr ugha euokuh pkfg,A
l O;fDr dk izse ls Hkjk O;ogkj lekt esa mls eku&lEeku fnykrk gSA
l dfo dk ekuuk gS fd vius iFk ls HkVosQ yksxksa dks ln~O;ogkj osQ n~okjk jkg ij yk;k tk
ldrk gSA
13
ikB ;kstuk
l dfork dk Lo;a okpu djrs gq, cPpksa dks mldk ljykFkZ le>k,¡A
l cPpksa dks dfork è;ku ls lquus osQ fy, dgsaA
l dfork dk HkkokFkZ le>kus osQ ckn cPpksa ls Hkh lqusaA
l dgha jQdus ;k vVdus ij mudh enn djsaA
l dfork osQ dfBu 'kCnksa dks cksyus o fy[kus dk vH;kl djk,¡A
dfork dk ljykFkZ
gks fe=k -------- gks u Hkwy!
ljykFkZµdfo dk dguk gS fd gesa viuh ftg~ok ls dHkh l[r ckr ugha dguh pkfg,A pkgs dksbZ
gekjk fe=k gks ;k dksbZ 'k=kq] dksbZ cM+k gks ;k NksVk] gekjk ifjfpr gks ;k vutku ;fn fdlh dkj.k
o'k mlosQ ;'k ij vk¡p vk tk, rks gesa Hkwydj Hkh mldk vieku ugha djuk pkfg,A vFkkZr~ dfo
dguk pkgrk gS fd gesa dHkh fdlh dk vieku ugha djuk pkfg,A
er dgks fd ------ nsdj ns[kksA
ljykFkZµdfo dk dguk gS fd ;fn dksbZ thou dh m¡Qpkb;ksa ls fiQly x;k gks ;k xyr jkLrs ij
pyk x;k gks rks gesa dHkh Hkh ;g ugha dguk pkfg, fd ^vjs og rks ,slk gh FkkA* ;k ^blosQ lkS
xokg gSa fd og ,slk gh FkkA* dfo dk dguk gS fd ,sls esa gesa l[r ckr ls ugha cfYd Lusg
iw.kZ O;ogkj ls dke ysuk pkfg,A dfo dgrk gS fd vius varj ân; dk Lusg mls nsdj rks ns[kksA
fdrus Hkh xgjs -------- oqQN iru ughaA
ljykFkZµdfo dk dguk gS fd pkgs fdruh Hkh xgjkbZ gks I;kj lc txg igq¡p ldrk gSA vFkkZr~
ân; esa fdruk xgjk xM~<k gks mls I;kj ls Hkjk tk ldrk gSA pkgs ”kekuk fdruk Hkh Hkz"V gks]
I;kj gj le; O;fDr dks vPNk yxrk gSA dfo dk dguk gS fd tks iru dh jkg esa gSa ;k tks
fxj x, gSa mUgsa mBkuk lcls I;kjk dke gSA iru bruk xgjk ugha gksrk fd O;fDr dks I;kj ls
mBk;k u tk losQA
ns[ks ls I;kjHkjh ---- rqe ns[kks
ljykFkZµdfo dgrk gS fd I;kjHkjh vk¡[kksa ls ns[kus ij rks nqLlkglh Hkh 'kfe±nk gks tkrk gSA dksbZ
fdruh Hkh /`"Vrk djs I;kj dk ,glkl feyrs gh mldh vk¡[ksa Hkh vk¡lqvksa ls xhyh gks ldrh gSaA
blfy, dfo dgrk gS fd l[rh ls ugha cfYd I;kj ls dke ysuk pkfg,A vius vanj osQ Lusg
dks nwljksa ij mM+sy dj ns[kksA
gS 'kiFk rqEgas -------- rqe ns[kksA
ljykFkZµdfo d#.kkdj dh 'kiFk nsrs gq, dgrk gS fd rqEgsa ml xjhc dh 'kiFk gS tks I;kj dh
Hkh[k ek¡x&ek¡xdj ej x;kA cl l[r ckr u dgdj I;kj ls dke ysdj ns[kksA dfo dk dguk
gS fd ge vius dk;ks± dks I;kj ls dgdj tYnh djok ldrs gSa tcfd l[r ckr ls O;fDr dk
ân; O;fFkr gksrk gS vkSj O;fDr;ksa osQ chp uI+kQjr dh nhokjsa [kM+h gks tkrh gSaA
14
vH;kl
dfork dh ckr
l ekSf[kd
(d) igys in~;ka'k esa dfo ftg~ok dks l[r ckr dgus dh Hkwy djus ls jksd jgk gSA
([k) fxjs gq, dks tks mBkrk gS mlosQ tru dks dfo I;kjk dg jgk gSA
(x) dfo I;kj ls dke ysus dh ckr dgrk gSA
(?k) dfo us d#.kkdj vkSj fHk[keaxksa dh 'kiFk ysus osQ fy, blfy, dgk gS D;ksafd
d#.kkdjµHkxoku gSa tks lHkh dks ,d leku I;kj nsrs gSa vkSj fHk[keaxs os lHkh gSa tks
I;kj dh Hkh[k ek¡x jgs gSaA budh 'kiFk ysdj dfo I;kj yqVkus dh ckr dgrk gSA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) nqLlkglh dks I;kj Hkjh vk¡[kksa ls >qdk;k tk ldrk gSA
([k) I;kj ls xgjs ls xgjs ân; osQ xM~<s dks Hkh Hkjk tk ldrk gSA
(x) dfo iFk ls HkVosQ yksxksa dks vkSj fxjs gq, yksxksa dks ân; dk Lusg nsus dh ckr dg
jgk gSA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) dfo I;kj ikus osQ fy, cspSu gks mBrk gSA dfo dh cspSuh gS fd fxjs gq, O;fDr ij
g¡luk ;k iQfCr;k¡ dluk mls vkSj O;fFkr dj ldrk gSA mls I;kj osQ n~okjk thou
dh jkg ij ykus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
([k) dfork esa dfo us vf/d ”kksj I;kj yqVkus ij fn;k gSA dfo dk ekuuk gS fd izse Hkjh
ok.kh nqLlkglh O;fDr dks Hkh >qdk ldrh gSA tcfd dBksj opu O;fDr dks grk'k
vkSj fujk'k dj ldrs gSaA O;fDr dks lnSo izse ;qDr ok.kh dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,
rkfd cspSu vkSj ifrr yksxksa dks fujk'kk osQ v¡/sjs ls fudkyk tk losQA
(x) (i) fdrus Hkh -------- ldrk gSA
dfo dk vk'k; gS fd ân; dh xgjkbZ pkgs fdruh Hkh xgjh D;ksa u gks mls
I;kj ls Hkjk tk ldrk gSA I;kj ân; dh vry xgjkb;ksa rd tk ldrk gSA
(ii) gj ,d -------- gksrs gSaA
dfo dk vk'k; gS fd /`"Vrk djus okyksa dks ;fn I;kj ls le>k;k tk, rks
mudh vk¡[kksa ls fudyus okys vk¡lw mudh /`"Vrk dks /ks nsrs gSaA
(?k) cPps Lo;a fy[ksaA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) dM+oh ckr ([k) mls I;kj ls le>kdj (x) fxjs gq, dks mBkuk
15
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) "V µ u"V Hkz"V Ll µ jLlh yLlh
Yy µ fpYykuk gYyk Rr µ xRrk lRrk
Ee µ fgEer lEefr X; µ HkkX; vkjksX;
([k) {k µ {ks=kiQy i{k d{kk v{kj
=k µ f=kdky f=knso f=kHkaxh f=k'kwy
2- dgk¡ eSa mUgsa
xk¡o v¡/sjk ufn;k¡
vaxzs”kh panzek g¡leq[k
3- (d) vacj µ vacj esa vusd rkjs gSaA
fo".kq ihys vacj igus gSaA
([k) varj µ esjs varj esa Tokyk meM+ jgh gSA
mldh nksuksa cguksa esa cM+k varj FkkA
(x) fe=k µ Ñ".k osQ fe=k lqnkek FksA
uHk esa fe=k dk vkxeu gqvkA
(?k) ek¡x µ deZpkfj;ksa dh ek¡x dks Bqdjk fn;k x;kA
usgk us ek¡x fudkydj pksVh cukbZA
4- fe=k µ 'k=kq ;'k µ vi;'k
izse µ uI+kQjr n;kyq µ funZ;h
iru µ mRFkku ifjfpr µ vifjfpr
5- (d) nhu µ nhukukFk nhurk nhun'kk
([k) ;'k µ ;'koku ;'kdhfrZ ;'kksxku
(x) Hkyk µ HkykbZ Hkykekul Hkyk&paxk
(?k) jkg µ jkgh jkgxhj jkgtuh
(Ä) lkgl µ lkglh lkgfld lkgliw.kZ
6- 'k=kq µ fjiq nq'eu /wy µ feV~Vh xnZ
nhu µ fu/Zu xjhc iru µ fxjuk ifrr
I;kj µ izse izhr 'kiFk µ dle lkSxa/
l[r µ dBksj fueZe diksy µ xky f<BkbZ
7- diksy] xrZ] xokg] tru] nhu] /`"Vrk] fe=k] ;'k] l[r] lpeqp
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
16
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
• (d) dj ([k) nq% (x) ;Ru (?k) vifjfpr (Ä) ghu
vifBr xn~;ka'k
• (d) liQyrk vkSj miyfC/;ksa osQ iwQy lkgl vkSj R;kx dh nqxZe igkfM+;ksa ij f[kyrs gSaA
([k) ealwcs uhys vacj tSls lkI+kQ gksus pkfg,A
(x) dfo osQ vuqlkj n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr vkSj oqQN dj xqtjus dh yyd ftlesa gksrh gS ogh
thou esa oqQN ik ldrs gSaA
(?k) vacj µ vkleku] oL=kA
5- dksVj vkSj oqQVhj

lkekU; mn~ns';
eq[; mn~ns';
l loZuke vkSj mlosQ Hksn tkuuk
l mfpr LFkku ij fojke&fpg~u yxkuk
l loZuke 'kCnksa ls fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djuk
l ;qXe 'kCn ikB esa ls <w¡<+uk
l fyax cnydj okD; fy[kuk
l milxZ vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx djuk
l mfpr 'kCn ls [kkyh LFkku Hkjuk
17
ikB dk izkjaHk
l pkrd o"kkZ dh igyh cw¡n ls viuh I;kl cq>krk gSA
l cPpksa dks le>k,¡ fd O;fDr dks viuh ckr ij vfMx jguk pkfg,A n`<+ fo'okl gh O;fDr
dks liQyrk osQ f'k[kj ij igq¡pkrh gSA

l xksoqQy dh bZekunkjh us cqn~/u dk eLrd m¡Qpk dj fn;k FkkA eqf'dy ls eqf'dy ?kM+h esa Hkh
/S;Z vkSj la;e ugha [kksuk pkfg,A xksoqQy osQ ?kj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh ugha Fkh fiQj Hkh
mlus lTtu iq#"k osQ cVq, ls ,d #i;k u rks pqjk;k] u fy;kA firk dh izsj.kk us xksoqQy dks
HkVdus ugha fn;kA
ikB ;kstuk
l ikB dk okpu cPpksa ls djk,¡A
l dgkuh esa vk, dfBu 'kCnksa dks fy[kus dk vH;kl djk,¡A
l dgkuh i<+us osQ ckn cPPkksa ls iz'u iwNsaµpkrd fdldh ckV tksgrs gSa\ iks[kjh dk D;k vFkZ
gS\ xksoqQy dks egrs us nks jQi, D;ksa nsus pkgs\

l cPpksa dks lh-Mh- osQ ekè;e ls Hkh ikB i<+ok,¡A
ikB dk lkjka'k
^dksVj* isM+ dk [kks[kyk Hkkx tgk¡ pkrd vius iq=k osQ lkFk jgrk FkkA pkrd iq=k I;klk gS vkSj
firk mls fnyklk nsrs gSa fd le; lnk ,d&lk ugha jgrkA ijarq iq=k I;kl ls O;koqQy gksdj dgrk
gS fd vc mlls vkSj vf/d I;klk ugha jgk tk,xkA firk osQ vuqlkj ?ku';ke osQ flok fdlh
vkSj dk og ty xzg.k ugha dj ldrsA ;gh muosQ oqQy dk ozr gSA ysfdu iq=k dh O;koqQyrk
c<+rh tkrh gSA og firk ls roZQ djrk gS fd xjeh ,slh iM+ jgh gS fd /jrh osQ unh&ukys lc
lw[k x, gSaA fiQj lw;Z osQ fudV jgus okys vkdk'k osQ es?kksa esa ikuh fVd gh oSQls ldrk gS\ firk
le>krs gSa fd Hkkstu dk Lokn ikus osQ fy, FkksM+h&lh {kq/k vfuok;Z gSA pkrd&iq=k dgrk gS fd
vkneh us es?kksa ij vfo'okl djosQ o`Qf"k dh j{kk osQ fy, ugj] rkykc vkSj oqQvksa dk cankscLr
dj fy;k gSA firk iwNrs gSa fd rqe ty dgk¡ ls xzg.k djksxs\ iM+ksl dh iks[kjh ls\ pkrd us
;qfDr lksprs gq, tokc fn;k fd og xaxkty xzg.k djsxkA firk us fiQj le>k;k fd xaxk th ;gk¡
ls ik¡p fnu dh mM+ku ij gSA var esa os cksys fd ;fn fdlh vkSj txg dh ,d cw¡n Hkh ys yh
rks ykSVdj ugha vkukA
vxyk n`'; ôqQVhj* dk gS tgk¡ cqn~/u vius iq=k xksoqQy osQ lkFk jgrk gSA cqn~/u dks i{kk?kkr
gqvk Fkk blfy, xksoqQy gh ?kj pykrk gSA ?kj esa [kkus osQ fy, oqQN Hkh ugha FkkA og firk dks
dgrk gS fd vkt mls etwjh osQ iSls feysaxs rks vkVk ykdj jksVh cuk,xkA ijarq ml fnu mls nsj
gks tkrh gSA og firk dh [kkV osQ ikl vkdj jksus yxrk gSA firk dks og crkrk gS fd mls vkt
Hkh etwjh ugha feyhA ysfdu ykSVrs le; jkLrs esa mls ,d cVqvk feyk tks vkxs tkrh gqbZ xkM+h
esa cSBs lTtu dk FkkA mlus vk/s ?kaVs rd xkM+h osQ ihNs nkSM+dj mls idM+ fy;kA xksoqQy us tc
lTtu dks mudk cVqvk fn;k rks mudh vk¡[k esa vk¡lw Hkj vk,A cksysµ¶bruh cM+h jde ikdj Hkh
18
ftls mldk yksHk u gks HkS;k] eSaus ,slk vkneh vkt rd ugha ns[kkA¸ mlus xksoqQy dks nks #i, nsus
pkgs ijarq mlus ;g dgrs gq, euk fd;k fd êsjs cIik us fdlh ls Hkh[k ysus osQ fy, euk fd;k
gSA eqÝ+r osQ ;s #i;s eSa u yw¡xkA* xksoqQy dh ckr lqudj cqn~/u jks iM+k vkSj mls nksuksa Hkqtkvksa esa
Hkjdj mlus Nkrh ls yxk fy;kA xksoqQy dks fpark Fkh fd ?kj esa [kkus osQ fy, oqQN ugha gSA ;fn
ml lTtu iq#"k ls og m/kj ek¡x ysrk rks vPNk jgrkA bl ij cqn~/u us dgkµ¶m/kj ek¡xuk Hkh
,d rjg dk ek¡xuk gh gksrk gSA nks&,d fnu dh Hkw[k gekjk oqQN ugha fcxkM+ ldrhA ftl rjg
pkrd vius izk.k nsdj Hkh es?k osQ flok fdlh nwljs dk ty ysus dk ozr ugha rksM+rk mlh rjg
rw Hkh bZekunkjh dh Vsd u NksM+ukA¸ pkrd iq=k cqn~/u vkSj xksoqQy dh ckrsa lqu jgk FkkA mldh
vk¡[kksa ls Hkh >j&>j vk¡lw >jus yxsA og ikS iQVrs gh vius dksVj osQ fy, okil mM+ pykA mldks
dksVj rd igq¡pus esa pkj fnu dh txg lkr fnu yx x, D;ksafd nwljs fnu ls gh ckfj'k 'kq: gks
xbZ Fkh vkSj mls dbZ txg #duk iM+kA
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) pkrd iq=k vkSj mldk firk dksVj osQ Hkhrj ckr dj jgs FksA
([k) pkrd iq=k I;klk gksus osQ dkj.k cspSu FkkA
(x) pkrd&i{kh osQoy o"kkZ dh cw¡n dk ty xzg.k djrs gSaA
(?k) pkrd iq=k xaxk ty xzg.k djus osQ fy, ?kj ls fudykA
(Ä) cqn~/u i{kk?kkr gksus osQ dkj.k ysVk jgrk FkkA
(p) xksoqQy us egrs ls #i, blfy, ugha fy, D;ksafd cqn~/u us mldks Hkh[k u ysus dh f'k{kk
nh FkhA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) pkrd iq=k osQ v/hj gksus ij firk us mls le>k;k fd os osQoy ?ku';ke osQ ty dks
xzg.k djrs gSaA ;gh muosQ oqQy dk ozr gSA bl ozr osQ dkj.k muosQ xks=k esa u rks fdlh
dh e`R;q gqbZ] u dksbZ nwljk vuFkZA
([k) vkneh us o`Qf"k osQ fy, cknyksa ij vfo'okl djosQ ugj] rkykc vkSj oqQvksa dk cankscLr
dj fy;k gSA
(x) iks[kjh osQ uke ls pkrd mldh xanxh dks lkspdj flgj mBkA mlesa iRrs] lw[kh MaBysa
vkfn fxj&fxjdj lM+rs jgrs gSaA mlesa dhM+s oqQycqykrs gq, fn[krs gSaA
(?k) cqn~/u osQ ?kj esa [kkus osQ fy, oqQN u FkkA xksoqQy mls dgdj x;k Fkk fd 'kke dks
etwjh osQ iSlksa dk vkVk ykdj jksVh cuk,xkA blfy, cqn~/u 'kke gksus ij xksoqQy dk
bar”kkj dj jgk FkkA
19
(Ä) xksoqQy dks ml fnu e”knwjh osQ iSls blfy, ugha feys D;ksafd ml fnu bathfu;j lkgc
dke ns[kus osQ lkFk&lkFk vksojlh;j lkgc dks Hkh ns[k x, FksA ys[kd dk vk'k; gS
fd bathfu;j lkgc us vksojlh;j lkgc dh dfe;ksa ij ”k:j oqQN u oqQN vk{ksi fd,
gksaxsA ftl dkj.k vksojlh;j lkgc us 'kke dks e”kwnjksa dks e”knwjh nsus ls euk dj fn;k
FkkA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) pkrd iq=k us firk ls roZQ fd;k fd vkneh us es?kksa ij vfo'okl djosQ Ñf"k dh j{kk
osQ fy, ugj] rkykc vkSj oqQvksa dk cankscLr dj fy;k gSA firk osQ ;g dgus ij fd
le; lnk ,d&lk ugha jgrkA pkrd iq=k roZQ nsrk gS fd vki vc Hkh iqjkuh ckrksa
ls fpiosQ gq, gSaA vki dgrs gSaµdksbZ vuFkZ ugha gqvk] eSa dgrk gw¡] I;kl dh ;a=k.kk
ls c<+dj vkSj vuFkZ D;k gksxkA bl izdkj pkrd iq=k us vius firk ls roZQ&foroZQ
fd;k vkSj dgha ls Hkh ty xzg.k djus osQ fy, epyus yxkA
([k) cVqvk feyus ij xksoqQy igys rks lksp esa iM+ x;k fd bls [kksydj ns[ks ;k ughaA
cVqvk VVksyus ij mls ekywe gqvk fd blesa #i, de ugha gSA mls FkksM+h nsj ckn
è;ku vk;k fd oqQN nwj mlus ,d xkM+h tkrh gqbZ ns[kh FkhA mlesa dku esa eksrh&fijksbZ
lksus dh ckyh igus gq, ,d egrs cSBs FksA gks ldrk gS ;g cVqvk mUgha dk gksA ;gk¡
oqQ,¡ ij xkM+h jksddj mUgksaus ikuh fi;k gksxkA mlus nkSM+dj ml xkM+h dks idM+k vkSj
egrs dks mldk cVqvk ykSVk fn;kA
(x) xksoqQy dk fdLlk lqudj cqn~/u dh vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw >jus yxsA fiQj nksuksa Hkqtkvksa esa
Hkjdj mls lhus ls yxk fy;k vkSj dgk fd mlus vPNk gh fd;k tks egrs ls #i,
mèkkj ugha fy,A m/kj ek¡xuk Hkh ,d rjg dk ek¡xuk gksrk gSA nks&,d fnu dh Hkw[k
mudk oqQN fcxkM+ ugha ldrhA ftl rjg pkrd vius izk.k nsdj Hkh es?k osQ flok fdlh
nwljs dk ty xzg.k djus dk ozr ugha rksM+rk] mlh rjg mUgksaus xksoqQy ls dgk fd og
bZekunkjh dh Vsd u NksM+sA
(?k) (i) Hkkstu dk -------- vko';d Hkh gSA
pkrd vius iq=k dks I;kl ls v/hj gksus ij le>krs gq, dgrk gS fd Hkkstu dk
iwjk Lokn vkSj mlls feyus okyh larqf"V rHkh feyrh gS tc Hkw[k yxh gksA vr%
Hkkstu dk Lokn mBkus osQ fy, Hkw[k dks lgu djuk vfuok;Z gh ugha] vko';d
Hkh gSA
(ii) de”kksjh -------- igyh lh<+h gSA
pkrd us iq=k dh v/hjrk ns[kh rc mlls iwNk fd og ty dgk¡ ls xzg.k
djsxk\ bl ij og pqi gks x;kA firk us le>k fd og de”kksj iM+ x;k gS
vkSj fot; ikus osQ fy, de”kksjh ij okj djuk mfpr jgsxkA pkrd iq=k ikuh
osQ fy, ml le; cgqr O;koqQy gks jgk FkkA bl iz'u ls og FkksM+h nsj osQ fy,
'kkar gks x;kA
20
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) pkrd us ([k) vk¡xu osQ chp (x) [kijSy dk
2- (d) pkrd iq=k foijhr fn'kk esa okil vius dksVj dh rjI+kQ tk jgk FkkA
([k) mls dksVj rd igq¡pus esa pkj fnu dh txg lkr fnu yx x,A
(x) pkrd iq=k dks dksVj igq¡pus esa vf/d fnu blfy, yxs D;ksafd ckfj'k osQ dkj.k mls
chp&chp esa dbZ txg #duk iM+kA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) iz'uokpd loZuke ([k) iq#"kokpd loZuke (x) futokpd loZuke
(?k) vfu'p;okpd loZuke (Ä) fu'p;okpd loZuke (p) laca/okpd loZuke
2- (d) ¶esjs cIik us fdlh ls Hkh[k ysus osQ fy, eq>s euk dj fn;k gSA¸
([k) izsepan dk izfln~/ miU;kl ^xksnku* gSA
(x) ¶egrs] rqEgkjk oqQN [kks rks ugha x;k\¸
(?k) ¶dkSu] xksoqQy! csVk] vkt cM+h nsj yxkbZA¸
(Ä) euq"; osQ nk¡r mtys] ihys] lI+ksQn vusd izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA
3- (d) ;g fp=k fdlus cuk;k\
([k) eSa osQoy mUgsa tkurk gw¡A
(x) eq>s fI+kQYe ns[kus ugha tkukA
(?k) rqEgsa esjk ukVd ns[kus vkuk gh gksxkA
(Ä) vki dgk¡ tk jgs gks\
(p) bl fp=k esa rqEgkjs firkth dkSu&ls gSa\
(N) rqEgkjk vkRefo'okl ns[kdj eq>s [kq'kh gqbZA
4- gjh&Hkjh] thou&nku] tho&tarq] [kaM&[kaM] i'kq&i{kh] jkse&jkse
5- (d) lekjksg esa dbZ ukf;dk,¡ mifLFkr FkhaA
([k) vusd dof;f=k;k¡ gkL; dfo lEesyu esa vkb±A
(x) ysf[kdk us lqanj dgkuh fy[khA
(?k) vè;kfidk d{kk esa vk xb±A
(Ä) Nk=kkvksa us e/qj xhr xk;kA
6- milxZ ewy 'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn
futZy fu% ty miokl mi okl
vfHk'kki vfHk 'kki de”kksj de ”kksj
ifjJe ifj Je fot; fo t;
21
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- bZekunkjhµ l bZekunkjh dk thou l egkiq#"kksa osQ dk;Z l ldkjkRed lksp l thou esa
liQyrk dk ekxZ l vkiosQ vius fopkj
pfj=k cyµ l pfj=k vkpj.k fuekZ.k dk lk/u l vPNs vkSj cqjs dh igpku l vkRecy
osQ fy, pfj=k dk mRÑ"V gksuk l fouezrk vkSj lfg".kqrk pfj=k osQ vkHkw"k.k l vkiosQ vius
fopkj
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- pkrd vius iq=k dks /S;Z vkSj larqf"V j[kus dh izsj.kk ns jgk FkkA og pkgrk Fkk fd mldk
iq=k osQoy o"kkZ dk ty gh xzg.k djsA blfy, og FkksM+s fnu #dus osQ fy, dg jgk FkkA
• (d) vkØe.k ([k) mM+ku (x) iks[kjh (?k) i{kk?kkr (Ä) egrs
6- vdcjh yksVk
lkekU; mn~ns';
l gkL;&O;aX; ij vk/kfjr dgkuh izLrqr djuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l n~foxq lekl ls ifjp; djkuk
l rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fy[kuk
l lgh fozQ;k :i ls okD; iwjs djuk
l okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fy[kuk
l feyrs&tqyrs ;qXe 'kCn fy[kuk
l Oa;tu laf/ ls ifjp; djkuk
l funsZ'kkuqlkj okD; ifjorZu djuk
l eqgkojksa osQ lgh vFkZ tkuuk
l vifBr xn~;ka'k
22
ikB dk izkjaHk
l gesa vius fe=k dh ges'kk enn djuh pkfg, tks le; ij dke vk,] ogh lPpk fe=k gSA
l dHkh&dHkh ge ;g lksp ldrs gSa fd fcuk crk, fdlh dk iSlk ysuk xyr gS] foaQrq gesa ;g
Hkh ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd ftl dk;Z dks djus dk mn~ns'; fdlh dh enn djuk gks] ml dk;Z
dks nks"k jfgr le>k tkuk pkfg,A
l gkf”kj tokch Hkh ,d ,slk xq.k gS tks cqn~f/ekuh ls gkfly fd;k tkrk gSA
l gesa ml vaxzs”k dh rjg vk¡[ksa e¡wndj fdlh dh ckr esa fo'okl ugha djuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh ekeys
dh tM+ rd tkdj lPpkbZ dh tk¡p djuk] fdlh fu.kZ; ij igq¡pus osQ igys vko';d gksrk gSA
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa ls ikB dk okpu djk,¡A
l iwNsaµvaxzst dgk¡ [kM+k Fkk\ mls yksVk D;ksa [kjhnuk iM+k\ D;k ykyk th us iRuh dks jQi, fn,\
vkfn
l cPpksa dks bl jkspd dgkuh dk ekSu ikB djus osQ fy, Hkh dgsaA
l mUgsa lh-Mh- osQ n~okjk Hkh ikB lquok,¡A
l ikB esa vk, dfBu 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx djk,¡A
ikB dk lkjka'k
vUuiw.kkZuan oekZ dh dgkuh ^vdcjh yksVk* ,d gkL;&O;aX;iw.kZ jpuk gS ftlesa ys[kd us ,d
vR;ar gkL;izn izlax osQ ekè;e ls ,d fe=k n~okjk nwljs fe=k dh lgk;rk djus dh jkspd ?kVuk dk
o.kZu fd;k gSA >kmQyky vkSj iafMr fcyoklh fe=k gSaA ,d fnu >kmQyky dh iRuh us muls <kbZ
lkS #i;ksa dh ek¡x dhA >kmQyky us lIrkg Hkj esa #i, nsus dk oknk rks dj fn;k foaQrq fnu&jkr
os <kbZ lkS #i;ksa dk tqxkM+ djus esa yx x,A dgha ls oqQN Hkh O;oLFkk u gksus ij mUgksaus vius
fe=k ia- fcyoklh feJ ls enn ek¡xhA fcyoklhth osQ ikl Hkh iSls u FksA fiQj Hkh mUgksaus lIrkg
Hkj esa O;oLFkk djus dk Hkjkslk fn;kA ,d fnu >kmQyky vius fe=k dk bar”kkj djrs gq, Nr ij
Vgy jgs Fks fd muosQ gkFk ls ikuh dk yksVk NwV x;k vkSj uhps [kM+s ,d vaxzs”k osQ iSj ij fxj
iM+kA vaxzs”k osQ Øks/ dk fBdkuk uk jgkA
blh chp ia- fcyoklh feJ vk igq¡ps vkSj mUgksaus ukVdh; vankt esa ml yksVs dks [kjhnus dh
is'kd'k dhA ml yksVs dks ,sfrgkfld yksVk gksus dh ckr lqurs gh og vaxzs”k mls [kjhnus osQ fy,
ykykf;r gks mBkA vc vaxzs”k vkSj fcyoklh feJ osQ chp eksyHkko 'kq: gks x;kA var esa ik¡p lkS
#i;ksa esa Hkko r; gqvk vkSj vaxzs”k us ik¡p lkS #i, esa yksVk [kjhn fy;kA iafMr fcyoklh feJ us
viuh iRuh osQ cDls ls <kbZ lkS #i, fudkys Fks] ij mlosQ cnys mUgksaus vius fe=k dks ik¡p lkS
#i, fnyokdj iRuh osQ iSls pqipki okil j[k fn,A
23
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) iRuh us ykyk >kmQyky osQ vkxs <kbZ lkS #i, dh ek¡x j[khA
([k) ykyk >kmQyky iRuh n~okjk vius HkkbZ ls #i, ek¡xus dh ckr dgus ij fryfeyk mBsA
(x) ykyk >kmQyky us viuh foink ia- fcyoklh feJ dks lqukbZA
(?k) yksVs dh cs<axh lwjr o cukoV osQ dkj.k ykyk >kmQyky dks yksVk ilan ugha FkkA
(Ä) ykyk >kmQyky osQ gkFk ls yksVk fxjdj uhps ,d nqdku ij [kM+s vaxzs”k dks fHkxkrs
gq, mlosQ iSjksa dks ”k[eh dj x;kA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) ia- fcyoklh feJ us vaxzs”k dks oqQlhZ ij fcBk;k D;ksafd mlosQ iSj ij yksVk fxjus ls
pksV yx xbZ FkhA
([k) vaxzs”k dks fcyoklh th us yksVs dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe lqukbZ rks mls lk/kj.k ls
fn[kus okys yksVs osQ egRo dk irk pykA ;g tkudj og yksVk [kjhnus osQ fy, jk”kh
gks x;kA
(x) ikuh ihus osQ laca/ esa cq”kqxks± us dbZ fu;e cuk, gSaA tSlsµ[kM+s&[kM+s ikuh ugha ihuk
pkfg,] lksrs gq, ;k ysVdj ikuh ugha ihuk pkfg,] nkSM+us osQ rqjar ckn ikuh ugha ihuk
pkfg,A
(?k) fcyoklh th us vaxzs”k ls ekeys dks iqfyl esa fjiksVZ djus dh lykg blfy, nh rkfd
vaxzs”k mUgsa viuk fo'oklik=k le>s vkSj mudh vkxs dh ;qfDr liQy gks losQA
(Ä) vaxzs”k dks iqjkuh vkSj ,sfrgkfld ph”kksa osQ laxzg dk 'kkSd FkkA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) fcyoklh th us vaxzs”k dks yksVs dh dgkuh crkbZ fd lksygoha 'krkCnh dh ckr gSA
ckn'kkg gqek;w¡ 'ksj'kkg ls gkjdj Hkkxk Fkk vkSj fla/ osQ jsfxLrku esa ekjk&ekjk fiQj
jgk FkkA ,d volj ij I;kl ls mldh tku fudy jgh FkhA ml le; ,d czkg~e.k
us blh yksVs ls ikuh fiykdj mldh tku cpkbZ FkhA gqek;w¡ osQ ckn vdcj us ml
czkg~e.k dk irk yxkdj mlls bl yksVs dks ys fy;k vkSj blosQ cnys esa mls blh
izdkj osQ nl lksus osQ yksVs iznku fd,A ;g yksVk lezkV vdcj dks cgqr I;kjk FkkA
blh ls bldk uke vdcjh yksVk iM+kA lu lRrkou rd blosQ 'kkgh ?kjkus esa jgus
dk irk gSA dksydkrk osQ E;wf”k;e esa bldk IykLVj dk ekWMy j[kk gqvk gSA
([k) yksVs dh dher dk iSQlyk bl izdkj gqvk fd igys fcyoklh th us ipkl #i,
dh is'kd'k dh rks vaxzs”k us lkS cksysA fiQj fcyoklh th us Ms<+ lkS #i, dk izLrko
j[kkA bl ij vaxzs”k us nks lkS dgsA rc fcyoklh th us <kbZ lkS #i, dgrs gq, ykyk
24
>kmQyky osQ vkxs <kbZ lkS osQ uksV isaQd fn,A ;g ns[kdj lkgc dks rko vk x;k vkSj
mUgksaus ik¡p lkS #i, ns fn,A fcyoklh th us pqipki vius #i, mBkdj j[k fy,
vkSj bl izdkj vaxzs”k us ik¡p lkS #i, esa yksVk [kjhn fy;kA
(x) ykyk >kmQyky ia- fcyoklh feJ osQ ikl iSlk m/kj ek¡xus blfy, x, Fks D;ksafd
mudh iRuh us muls <kbZ lkS #i, ek¡xs FksA mUgksaus lkr fnuksa esa nsus dk oknk Hkh fd;k
Fkk ysfdu pkj fnu chr tkus ij Hkh #i;ksa dk dksbZ izca/ u gks ldk rc ik¡posa fnu
?kcjkdj os ia- fcyoklh th ls iSls m/kj ek¡xus x, rkfd mudh izfr"Bk iRuh osQ
lkeus cuh jgsA
(?k) fcyoklh th vaxzs”k osQ lkeus ykyk >kmQyky dks blfy, ugha igpkus D;ksafd os
vaxzs”k dks og cs<axk yksVk cspuk pkgrs Fks blfy, igys mUgsa vaxzs”k dk fo'oklik=k
cuuk Fkk vkSj mls fn[kkuk Fkk fd >kmQyky ls os Hkh mrus gh ukjk”k gSaA
(Ä) vaxzs”k yksVs dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe tkudj mlls izHkkfor gqvk FkkA nwljs muosQ iM+ksl
esa jgus okys es”kj Mxyl osQ ikl tgk¡xhjh vaMk ns[kdj og pkgrk Fkk fd mlosQ
ikl Hkh mruk gh iqjkuk oqQN gksA blfy, tc vaxzs”k dks vdcjh yksVs dh ckr irk
pyh rks og mlls izHkkfor gks x;kA
(p) (i) vius -------- vks>y gks x;kA
bl iafDr eas Nr ls fxjrs yksVs osQ osx dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ys[kd dgrk gS fd
yksVk bruh rs”kh ls uhps fxjk tSls vkleku esa dksbZ mYdk rs”k xfr ls pyrs
gq, vks>y gks tkrh gSA
(ii) iz'u viuh -------- lk[k dk FkkA
bl iafDr ls vk'k; gS fd tc ykyk >kmQyky pkj fnu rd iSlksa dk bar”kke
u dj losQ rc mUgsa fpark gksus yxh vkSj ;g fpark izfr"Bk osQ fcxM+us osQ leku
FkhA ?kj esa viuh b””kr de gks tkus dh FkhA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) nqdkuksa ls feyus okyk fdjk;k ([k) <kbZ lkS
(x) U;wVu (?k) 'kkgh
2- (d) HkhM+ esa iz/ku ik=k ,d vaxzs”k FkkA
([k) vaxzs”k osQ iSj ij yksVk fxj x;k Fkk ftl dkj.k og ,d iSj ij ukp jgk FkkA
(x) fxjus osQ iwoZ yksVk ,d nqdku osQ lk;oku ls Vdjk;kA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- pkjikbZ µ pkj ik;ksa dk lewg frjaxk µ rhu jaxksa dk lewg
uojk=k µ ukS jkrksa dk lewg lIrkg µ lkr fnuksa dk lewg
n'kd µ nl o"kks± dk lewg f=kHkqt µ rhu Hkqtkvksa dk lekgkj
nksigj µ nwljk igj vBUuh µ vkB vkuksa dk lewg
25
2- i{k µ ia[k jkf=k µ jkr
ek=k µ osQoy dks"k µ dks'k
vfLFk µ gM~Mh Luku µ ugkuk
xkFkk,¡ µ dFkk,¡ izdkaM µ fon~oku
3- (d) fxjus osQ iwoZ yksVk nqdku osQ lk;oku ls Vdjk;kA
([k) xyh esa ”kksj dk gYyk mBkA
(x) #i;ksa dk dksbZ izca/ u gks ldk rc mUgsa fpark gksus yxhA
(?k) mls blh izdkj osQ nl yksVs iznku fd,A
(Ä) mlosQ dejs esa tkdj mUgksaus ml rkyh ls lanwd [kksykA
4- rhu eaf”kyokyk µ freaf”kyk
tks f'kf{kr u gks µ vf'kf{kr
lkS o"kks± dk lewg µ 'krkCnh
mQij ls uhps rd µ lkaxksikax
rhu jkgksa dk lewg µ frjkgk
lkr fnuksa dk lewg µ lIrkg
bfrgkl ls lacaf/r µ ,sfrgkfld
eghus esa ,d ckj gksusokyk µ ekfld
5- gjs µ Hkjs i'kq µ i{kh
jhfr µ uhfr vkl µ ikl
dke µ /ke lh/k µ lknk
:[kk µ lw[kk vkeksn µ izeksn
6- txr~ $ ukFk µ txUukFk mr~ $ ya?ku µ mYya?ku
le~ $ gkj µ lekgkj lr~ $ pfj=k µ lPpfj=k
le~ $ iw.kZ µ laiw.kZ fo $ Nsn µ foPNsn
7- (d) lafpr rqe ;g dk;Z vHkh ugha djksA
([k) D;k vkt o"kkZ gksxh\
(x) xka/hth dk uke lcus lquk gSA
(?k) D;k fouhr iqLrd i<+ pqdk\
(Ä) dfj'ek us viuk dke [kRe fd;kA
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
26
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
5- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
• (d) 'kkck'kh nsuk ([k) ozQksf/r gks tkuk (x) Mjdj Hkkx tkuk
(?k) fujk'k gks tkuk (Ä) lqanj oLrq dks ns[krs jguk
vifBr xn~;ka'k
• (d) ^jk"Vªh;rk* dk Hkko ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa dks ,dlw=k esa ck¡/rk gSA
([k) 26 tuojh vkSj 15 vxLr osQ fnu gj Hkkjroklh dk psgjk ned mBrk gSA
(x) Lora=krk µ ijra=krk izkphu µ uohu
(?k) izgjh dk vFkZ gS îgjsnkj*A
7- lqu;uk dh Mk;jh
lkekU; mn~ns';
l Mk;jh fo/k ls cPpksa dks voxr djkuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l xq.k laf/ ls ifjp; djkuk
l ^j* dh v'kqn~f/;k¡ Bhd djosQ fy[kuk
l fojke&fpg~uksa osQ uke fy[kuk
l 'kCnksa osQ fyax igpkuuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
27
ikB dk izkjaHk
l lqanjrk lkeus ugha cfYd ns[kus okys dh u”kjksa esa gksrh gSA lalkj esa lHkh izk.kh Hkxoku n~okjk
jps x, gSaA gesa fdlh dks Hkh uI+kQjr ls ugha ns[kuk pkfg,A tho&tarq ewd izk.kh gksrs gSa ysfdu
vius Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djus esa lHkh l{ke gksrs gSaA vr% fdlh dh Hkh Hkkouk dks Bsl ugha
igq¡pkuh pkfg,A
l LoPN jguk vkSj vklikl osQ okrkoj.k dks Hkh LoPN cuk, j[kuk izR;sd O;fDr dk drZO;
gSA ysfdu viuh xanxh ;k uI+kQjr dks ckgj fudkydj iSQykuk ,d ?k`f.kr dk;Z gSA gesa lnSo
nwljksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa ls ikB i<+ok,¡A
l ckdh cPpksa dks fdrkc ij m¡xyh j[kdj i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA
l ikB esa vk, 'kCnksa dks fy[kus dk vH;kl djk,¡A
l cPpksa dks vius&vius vuqHko Hkh lqukus osQ fy, dgsaA
ikB dk lkjka'k
bl ikB esa lqu;uk dh Mk;jh osQ oqQN iUus fn[kk, x, gSaA lqu;uk viuh Mk;jh esa fnuHkj dh
xfrfof/;k¡ fy[krh FkhA og lqanj vkSj vkd"kZd oLrqvksa dh vksj gh vf/d è;ku nsrh FkhA mlosQ
twrs] cSx] f[kykSus] isu] dkWih] diM+s lc oqQN lkI+kQ&lqFkjs vkSj lqanj jgrs FksA og vius nknkth osQ
lkFk 'kke osQ le; cxhps esa ?kweus tkrh Fkh tgk¡ nknkth taxyh fcfYy;ksa] oqQRrksa vkfn dks ?kj dk
cpk gqvk [kkuk f[kykrs FksA ,d fnu nknkth ,d ?kk;y fcYyh dks ?kj ys vk, vkSj mlosQ ”k[eksa
dks /ksdj ejge&iV~Vh djus yxsA lqu;uk dks fcYyh cnlwjr yx jgh Fkh blfy, og nwj ls gh
nknkth osQ dk;ks± dks ns[krh FkhA nknkth fcYyh dk cgqr è;ku j[krs FksA ,d fnu rks lqu;uk fnu
Hkj osQ fy, ekekth osQ ?kj pyh xbZ mls fcYyh ls uI+kQjr Fkh vkSj og nknkth ls Hkh nwj gksus
yxh FkhA nknkth mldh bl ckr dks Hkk¡i x,A mUgksaus lqu;uk dks le>k;k fd fdlh ls uI+kQjr
ugha djuh pkfg,A mUgksaus ckgjh lqanjrk dks oqQN le; jgus okyk vkSj eu dh lqanjrk dks lnSo
gjk&Hkjk jgus okyk crk;kA nknkth us le>krs gq, ;g Hkh dgk fd bl lalkj esa lc oqQN Hkxoku
n~okjk cuk;k x;k gSA ;fn ge ckgjh fn[kkos dks ns[ksaxs rks vkarfjd lqanjrk dks dHkh ns[k ugha ik,¡xsA
nknkth dh bu ckrksa us lqu;uk dks lkspus ij e”kcwj dj fn;kA mlus vius fopkjksa dks cnyk vkSj
yksxksa ls uI+kQjr djuk NksM+ lcls feyus&tqyus yxhA d{kk esa lHkh us mlosQ bl cnys :i ij
[kq'kh ”kkfgj dhA nknkth dks Hkh mldk crkZo vPNk yxkA oSQVh ls Hkh mldh nksLrh gks xbZ FkhA
vc og tku xbZ Fkh fd lqanjrk gekjh u”kjksa esa gks rks lkjk lalkj gh lqanj yxrk gSA
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) lqu;uk gj jks”k nknkth osQ lkFk cxhps esa tkrh FkhA
28
([k) lqu;uk vius lkeku dks lkI+kQ&lqFkjk vkSj lqanj j[krh FkhA
(x) nknkth vius lkFk ,d ?kk;y fcYyh dks yk, FksA
(?k) nknkth ?kj dk cpk gqvk [kkuk taxyh fcfYy;ksa vkSj oqQRrksa dks cxhps esa tkdj f[kykrs
FksA
(Ä) fcYyh dh nqnZ'kk dkj osQ uhps vkus osQ dkj.k gqbZA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) lqu;uk dk LoHkko cM+k fofp=k FkkA og vosQys jguk ilan djrh FkhA mls lqanj yksx
gh ilan FksA mls ltuk&l¡ojuk ilan FkkA og lcls feyuk&tqyuk Hkh ugha pkgrh FkhA
([k) 'kke osQ le; nknkth cxhps esa ?kweus tkrs Fks vkSj ogk¡ taxyh fcfYy;k¡] oqQRrksa vkfn
dks [kkuk f[kykrs FksA ogha nsj rd lqu;uk vkSj nknkth xi'ki Hkh djrs FksA
(x) fcYyh ?kk;y Fkh vkSj nknkth mldh ejge&iV~Vh djuk pkgrs FksA mudk vf/dka'k
lkeku rg[kkus esa gh gksrk Fkk blfy, nknkth fcYyh dks lh/s rg[kkus esa ys x,A
(?k) lqu;uk fcYyh ls uI+kQjr djrh Fkh ftls nknkth us Hkk¡i fy;kA mUgksaus lqu;uk dks
le>k;k fd fdlh ls Hkh uI+kQjr ugha djuh pkfg,A mUgksaus lqu;uk ls iwNk fd ;fn os
chekj gks x, ;k mUgsa fdlh nq?kZVuk ls pksV yx tk, rks D;k og muls ?k`.kk djsxhA
nknkth dh ckrksa us lqu;uk dk ân; ifjorZu dj fn;k ftl dkj.k lqu;uk oSQVh ls
izse djus yxh vkSj mu nksuksa osQ chp nksLrh gks xbZA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) nknkth us chekj fcYyh dh [kwc lsok dhA mlosQ ”k[eksa dks /ksdj nokbZ yxkdj iV~Vh
dh] gYnh okyk nw/ fiyk;kA mls le; ij nw/] vaMk] cszM&jksVh f[kykuk] ejge&iV~Vh
djuk vkfn vusd ckrksa dk è;ku j[krs gq, fcYyh dks Bhd dj fn;kA
([k) Bhd gks tkus osQ ckn oSQVh iwjs ?kj esa nkSM+&nkSM+dj viuh [kq'kh fn[kkus yxhA dHkh
eEeh&ikik osQ dejs esa rks dHkh lqu;uk ;k nknkth osQ iSjksa esa yksV yxkus yxhA
(x) nknkth us lqu;uk dks dbZ ckrsa le>kb±A mUgksaus le>k;k fd gesa fdlh ls uI+kQjr ugha
djuh pkfg,A mUgksaus ckgjh lqanjrk dks oqQN le; jgus okyk rFkk eu dh lqanjrk dks
lnSo gjk&Hkjk jgus okyk crk;kA nknkth osQ vuqlkj ;fn ge ckgjh fn[kkos dks ns[ksaxs
rks vkarfjd lqanjrk dks dHkh ns[k ugha ik,¡xsA gesa dHkh fdlh tho ls ?k`.kk ugha djuh
pkfg,A tM+&psru] i'kq&i{kh ;k isM+&ikS/s ;k balku lHkh ls izse djuk pfg,A
(?k) var esa lqu;uk dks lkjh nqfu;k lqanj yxus yxhA mlus vius esa dkI+kQh cnyko eglwl
fd;kA mls i'kq&if{k;ksa ls izse gksus yxkA og tku xbZ fd i'kq&i{kh bZ'oj dh vueksy
jpuk,¡ gSaA ;fn lqanjrk gekjh u”kjksa esa gks rks lkjk lalkj gh lqanj yxrk gSA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) lqanj cPpksa dks ([k) cpk gqvk [kkuk (x) oSQVh
29
2- (d) lqu;uk osQ ?kj lhek viuh eEeh osQ lkFk vkbZ FkhA
([k) nknkth viuk vf/d le; rg[kkus esa xq”kkjrs FksA
(x) fcYyh dks dkI+kQh pksVsa vkb± FkhaA mldk 'kjhj [kwu ls yFkiFk FkkA ftl dkj.k lqu;uk
dks fcYyh cnlwjr yx jgh FkhA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- lkse $ bZ'k µ lkses'k uj $ banz µ ujsanz
jktk $ ½f"k µ jktf"kZ ty $ mQfeZ µ tyksfeZ
uj $ mfpr µ ujksfpr panz $ mn; µ panzksn;
2- xjeh nq?kZVuk
xjnu fe=k
vk'p;Z nqxZfr
?k`.kk crkZo
3- cncw µ [kq'kcw cnlwjr µ [kwclwjr
uI+kQjr µ izse nqxZfr µ ln~xfr
pSu µ cspSu vkarfjd µ ckgjh
4- ! µ foLe;kfncks/d \ µ iz'uokpd
] µ vYi fojke ¶¸ µ mn~/j.k fpg~u
A µ fojke _ µ vn~/Z fojke
5- fdrkcsa µ L=khfyax nw/ µ iqfYyax
cxhpk µ iqfYyax n'kk µ L=khfyax
rlohj µ L=khfyax 'kjhj µ iqfYyax
lekpkj µ iqfYyax iV~Vh µ L=khfyax
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- vuqPNsnµ l vPNk O;ogkj vkSj lnkpj.k dk egRo l lekt osQ izfr nkf;Ro l ikfjokfjd
laLdkj l uSfrd ewY;ksa dks viukuk l ijLij izse&ln~Hkko c<+kuk l vkiosQ vius fopkj
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
5- cPps vius fopkj Lo;a fy[ksaA
30
• (d) niZ.k ([k) iz'kalk (x) oqQ:i (?k) iV~fV;k¡ (Ä) v/hj gksuk
8- dksbZ fnu v'kqHk ugha

lkekU; mn~ns';
eq[; mn~ns';
l fozQ;k vkSj mlosQ Hksnksa ls ifjp; djkuk
l vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx djuk
l okD; cgqopu esa cnydj fy[kuk
l fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djuk
l izR;; yxkdj u, 'kCn cukuk
l ewy 'kCn ls u, 'kCn cukuk
l foykse 'kCnksa osQ fy, fodYi pquuk
ikB dk izkjaHk
l crk,¡µO;fDr dks vius mQij n`<+ fo'okl gksuk pkfg,A
l dksbZ fnu ;k rkjh[k esgur djus okyksa osQ fy, cqjs ugha gksrsA
l vkRecy vkSj /S;Z /kj.k djus ls euq"; foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks vius vuqowQy dj ysrk gSA
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa dks ikB i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA
l iwNsa fd D;k dksbZ fnu 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk gksrk gS\
l le>k,¡µtks yksx esgur ls dke djrs gSa] muosQ fy, dksbZ fnu 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk ugha gksrkA
l cPpksa ls fopkj&foe'kZ djsa vkSj mudh ckrksa dks è;ku ls lqusaA
l mUgsa ikB osQ dfBu 'kCnksa dks ysdj okD; cukus osQ fy, izsfjr djsa ftlls mudk 'kCn Kku
vkSj le`n~/ gks losQA

ikB dk lkjka'k
vaxzs”kh tgk”kh lsuk esa ,d iuMqCch lcesjhu dk uk;d czkmu baXySaM esa jgrk FkkA ukSdjh ls eqDr
gksdj vc og isa'ku ik jgk FkkA mldh cw<+h ek¡] iRuh vkSj nks cPps mlh ij vkfJr FksA ,d ckj
31
fnlacj dh BaM esa lHkh yksx flxM+h ls vkx rki jgs Fks fd rHkh fdlh us njok”kk [kV[kVk;kA
czkmu dh iRuh ckgj xbZ vkSj ,d rkj ysdj vk xbZA czkmu rkj i<+dj LrC/ jg x;kA rkj vaxzs”kh
tgk”kh csM+s osQ iz/kukekR; foaLVu pfpZy dk Fkk ftUgksaus czkmu dks ;kn fd;k FkkA ;g lu 1918
dh ckr gSA teZuh esa ?kksj ;qn~/ gks jgk FkkA rqdhZ Hkh teZuh osQ lkFk ;qn~/ esa 'kkfey FkkA vesfjdk
vaxzs”kksa osQ lkFk FkkA Hkweè; lkxj esa teZuh dh iuMqCch vkSj rqdhZ osQ MsªMukV us minzo epk j[kk
FkkA vesfjdk vkSj baXySaM oqQN ugha dj ik jgs FksA rkj vkus osQ ckn czkmu lksp esa iM+ x;k fd
pfpZy us D;ksa cqyk;k gksxk\ czkmu vxys fnu gh yanu osQ fy, jokuk gks x;kA pfpZy us czkmu
dks MsªMukV dh ckr crkrs gq, dgk fd ekr`Hkwfe us rqEgkjk Lej.k fd;k gS] rS;kj gks tkvksA pfpZy
dks czkmu ij Hkjkslk FkkA mls oqQN lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk ,d iqjkuh lcesjhu dks ysdj] tks tgk”kh csM+s
ls fudkyh tk pqdh Fkh] MsªMukV dk eqdkcyk djuk FkkA czkmu us iwjs vkRefo'okl osQ lkFk dgk
fd og ekr`Hkwfe dh vkKk dk ikyu djsxk vkSj blh ukSdk ls rqdhZ MsªMukV dk foèoal djsxkA 13
fnlacj 'kqozQokj osQ fnu czkmu dks owQp djuk FkkA ek¡ vkSj iRuh fnu vkSj rkjh[k lqudj ?kcjk xb±A
mUgksaus dksbZ vkSj rkjh[k j[kokus dk vkxzg Hkh fd;k ysfdu czkmu cksyk fd fnu vkSj rkjh[k oqQN
ugha dj ldrsA czkmu vius ianzg&lksyg lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk py iM+kA rqdhZ osQ njkZ nkfu;ky osQ
ihNsokys leqnz esa rqdhZ dk MsªMukV mRikr djus osQ ckn tk fNirk FkkA czkmu vius fe=k osQ lkFk
rqdhZ osQ njkZ nkfu;ky dh vksj c<+kA og lko/kuhiwoZd nkfu;ky osQ Bhd eqgkus ij igq¡p x;kA
leqnz osQ vanj czkmu dh iuMqCch /hjs&/hjs vkxs c<+rh gqbZ MsªMukV dk irk yxk jgh FkhA rHkh mUgsa
MsªMukV jkt/kuh osQ canjxkg ij fn[kkbZ fn;kA mldh cM+h&cM+h rksisa xksys mxy jgh FkhaA lcesjhu
us VkjihMks xksyk NksM+k] m/j MsªMukV us 'k=kq dh lcesjhu tkudj rksi ls xksyk NksM+kA ysfdu czkmu
dh lcesjhu viuk VkjihMks NksM+dj tyeXu gks pqdh FkhA VkjihMks MsªMukV dk ukeksfu'kku feVk
pqdk FkkA czkmu us lkfFk;ksa dks pqipki ogha jgus dk vkns'k fn;kA lcesjhu tyeXu iM+h jghA
m/j czkmu osQ ?kj esa oQksgjke ep x;k FkkA iRuh vkSj ek¡ osQ vk¡lw #dus dk uke ugha ys jgs FksA
dbZ ?kaVs ckn czkmu us lcesjhu /hjs&/hjs f[kldkbZ vkSj Hkweè; lkxj fLFkr vaxzs”kh&vesfjdh csM+s
osQ lkeus leqnz ry osQ mQij izdV gks x,A pkjksa rjI+kQ g"kZ Nk x;kA baXySaM igq¡pus ij ^foDVksfj;k
ozQkWl* HksaV fd;k x;kA ?kj esa lc rjI+kQ [kqf'k;k¡ Nk xb±A ek¡ us cPpksa ls dgk fd rsjg rkjh[k vkSj
'kqozQokj dk fnu ;k ijekRek dk jpk dksbZ Hkh fnu ijkØeh osQ fy, eugwl ugha gksrkA
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) czkmu baXySaM esa leqnz fdukjs jgrk FkkA tgk¡ ljfn;ksa esa oqQgjk] iqQgjk vkSj fgeikr pSu
ugha ysus nsrk FkkA
([k) czkmu osQ ikl vaxzs”kh tgk”kh csM+s osQ iz/kukekR; foaLVu pfpZy dk rkj vk;kA
(x) rqdhZ] teZuh] vesfjdk] baXySaM tSls ns'k ;qn~/ esa 'kkfey gq,A
(?k) leqnz esa rqdhZ dk ,d MsªMukV mRikr epk jgk FkkA
(Ä) czkmu dks ,d iqjkuh vkSj tgk”kh csM+s ls fudkyh tk pqdh lcesjhu nh xbZA
32
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) rkj n~okjk foaLVu pfpZy us czkmu dks cqykus dh lwpuk nh FkhA
([k) czkmu dks 13 fnlacj] 'kqozQokj osQ fnu ;qn~/ osQ fy, owQp djuk FkkA
(x) fo'oHkj osQ lekpkj&i=kksa esa [kcj Nih Fkh fd rqdhZ dk MsªMukV u"V gks x;k gS vkSj
mlosQ lkFk gh czkmu dh lcesjhu Hkh lekIr gks xbZ gSA
(?k) ^MªsMukV* minzo djus osQ ckn ^nkfu;ky* osQ ihNsokys leqnz esa tk fNirk FkkA
(Ä) foaLVu pfpZy îQLVZ ykWMZ vkWiQ ,MfejSYVh* FkkA og vaxzs”kh tgk”kh csMs+ dk izèkkukekR;
osQ in ij vklhu FkkA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) lcesjhu /hjs&/hjs MªsMukV dh rjI+kQ c<+ jgh FkhA lcesjhu osQ bathfu;j us crk;k
fd MsªMukV ls mudh nwjh ehy&lok ehy dh gksxhA czkmu us ns[kk fd MsªMukV dh
cM+h&cM+h rksisa vkx mxy jgh FkhaA mlus ty ij pyk;k tkusokyk foLiQksVd xksyk
VkjihMks dks nkxus dk vkns'k fn;kA lcesjhu leqnz dh lrg ij vkbZ vkSj xksyk NksM+kA
MsªMukV osQ nwjchu okys us mls ns[k fy;k FkkA mlus Hkh rksi ls xksyk nkxk ysfdu
MsªMukV dk okj [kkyh x;kA m/j czkmu dk VkjihMks us MsªMukV ij Hk;kud foLiQksV
fd;kA dbZ /ekdksa osQ ckn mldk ukeksfu'kku feV x;kA
([k) czkmu us lkfFk;ksa dks ogha #osQ jgus osQ fy, blfy, dgk D;ksafd rqdhZ dk csM+k
b/j&m/j lc txg mudh [kkst djsxk ysfdu ogk¡ ugha djsxkA mls fo'okl gksxk
fd czkmu vkSj mlosQ lkFkh cpus osQ fy, Hkkx fudys gksaxsA blfy, czkmu vkSj mlosQ
lkFkh ogha #osQ jgsA
(x) czkmu dk ifjokj 13 rkjh[k vkSj 'kqozQokj osQ fnu dks ysdj nq[kh FkkA czkmu dh ek¡
vkSj iRuh ?kcjk jgh Fkha fd dgha dksbZ vugksuh u gks tk,A ckn esa tc lalkj Hkj osQ
i=kksa esa [kcj Nih fd czkmu dh lcesjhu MsªMukV osQ lkFk&lkFk u"V gks xbZ rc czkmu
dk ifjokj vkSj nq[kh gks x;kA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) flxM+h ([k) 13] 'kqozQokj (x) nkfu;ky
2- (d) czkmu dk ;qn~/ {ks=k ls ykSVuk vlaHko FkkA
([k) 13 rkjh[k] 'kqozQokj osQ fnu dh ckr ;gk¡ gks jgh gSA
(x) czkmu ianzg&lksyg lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk py iM+kA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) (i) mldh ek¡ >idh ys jgh FkhA la;qDr fØ;k
(ii) iRuh dh mRlqd n`f"V esa Hkh iz'u FkkA lkekU; fØ;k
33
(iii) ;qn~/ us Hk;kud :i /kj.k dj j[kk FkkA la;qDr fØ;k
(iv) pfpZy us czkmu ls lcesjhu pyokbZA izsj.kkFkZd fØ;k
(v) czkmu cPpksa dks jksrk gqvk NksM+dj tYnh ls pyk x;kA iwoZdkfyd fØ;k
(vi) ijekRek dk jpk dksbZ Hkh fnu ijkØeh osQ fy,
eugwl ugha gksrkA lkekU; fØ;k
([k) fI+kQYe µ fI+kQYekuk 'keZ µ 'kekZuk ykt µ ytkuk
ckr µ cfr;kuk gkFk µ gfFk;kuk xje µ xjekuk
/krq dh Mksj µ rkj ij diM+s lw[k jgs FksA
2- (d) rkj
[kcj Hkstuk µ pfpZy us rkj n~okjk czkmu dks cqyk;kA
fgLlk µ mlus nkSM+&izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx fy;kA
([k) Hkkx
HkkX; µ fdlh dk Hkkx pedrs nsj ugha yxrhA
ty µ unh esa ikuh dy&dy Loj esa cg jgk FkkA
(x) ikuh
b””kr µ mldh vk¡[k dk ikuh mrj x;k FkkA
'kfDr µ ;g dk;Z esjs cl dk ugha FkkA
(?k) cl
cM+h eksVjxkM+h µ jktw fnYyh ls vkxjk cl ls tk,xkA
3- (d) os i<+us esa rs”k gSaA
([k) jk/k us lqanj dfork,¡ i<+haA
(x) xk;d us vPNs xhr xk,A
(?k) eSa rqEgkjh Hkkouk,¡ le> x;kA
(Ä) HkS;k us eq>s e”ksnkj dgkfu;k¡ lqukb±A
(p) fcfYy;ksa dh vk¡[ksa jkr esa pedrh gSaA
4- (d) mldk ân; otz osQ leku dBksj gSA
([k) vktdy osQ usrk fxjfxV dh rjg jax cnyrs gSaA
(x) gesa jktk gfj'panz tSlk lR;oknh cuuk pkfg,A
(?k) gekjs ns'k osQ lSfud f'kokth tSls ohj gSaA
(Ä) ehjk dh ok.kh esa 'kgn&lh feBkl gSA
(p) ek¡ dk ân; ekse dh rjg dksey gksrk gSA
(N) rqEgkjs gkFk cI+kZQ osQ leku BaMs gSaA
(t) rkulsu tSlk lqjhyk cuus osQ fy, dBksj lk/uk djuh iM+rh gSA
5- bZ µ ehBh vk µ xksyk
bZ; µ jk"Vªh; vkbZ µ fn[kykbZ
rk µ dkVrk oku µ cyoku
34
6- ty µ tyh; tyeXu ty;ku
n`<+ µ n`<+Ro n`<+rk n`<+iwoZd
ân; µ ân;ghu ân;h ân;xkeh
xgjk µ xgjkbZ xgjh xgjkuk
?kcjk µ ?kcjkgV ?kcjkbZ ?kcjkuk
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
• (d) cspSu ([k) laU;klh (x) ean (?k) mFkyk (Ä) vfLFkj
vifBr xn~;ka'k
• (d) U;k; fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk fl[kkrk gSA
([k) ;fn O;fDr dks lgh le; ij U;k; u feys rks csdlwj gksus ij Hkh og vU;k; dh
ekj dks >syrk gSA
(x) U;k; vkSj vU;k; dk ca/uA
9- ge nhokuksa dh D;k gLrh

lkekU; mn~ns';
eq[; mn~ns';
l okD; osQ vaxksa dh tkudkjh nsuk
l vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld 'kCn fy[kuk
35
l ,¡ vkSj vksa yxkdj opu 'kCn cnyuk
l Hkkookpd laKk 'kCn <w¡<+uk
l leJqfr fHkUukFkZd 'kCn ls okD; iwjs djuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
dfork dk izkjaHk
l nhokuk mls dgk x;k gS tks thou osQ izfr fojfDr dk Hkko j[krk gSA og eksg&ek;k ls NwVdj
lHkh dks len`f"V ls ns[krs gq, vius ân; dk I;kj yqVkrk gSA
l ,sls O;fDr vius lkFk f'k{kkvksa dh /wy ykrs gSa vkSj ihNs vuq;k;h ml /wy dks ekFks ij
yxkdj mldk vuqxeu djrs gSaA

l ,sls nhokus iq#"k vkt ;gk¡ rks dy dgha vkSj pys tkrs gSa vkSj viuh f'k{kk vkSj uSfrd Kku
dk izpkj djrs jgrs gSaA

ikB ;kstuk
l dfork dk lLoj okpu vki Lo;a djsaA
l lkFk gh dfork dk ljykFkZ cPpksa dks le>k,¡A
l cPpksa ls iwNsa fd mUgsa dfork oSQlh yxh\
l dfork esa nhokuk fdls dgk gS\
l lk/q ls D;k ugha iwNuk pkfg,\
l dfo lalkj dks fHk[keaxk D;ksa dgrk gS\
l cPpksa osQ mRrj è;ku ls lqusa vkSj lgh gksus ij ljkguk djsaA
dfork dk ljykFkZ
ge nhokuksa -------- tgk¡ pysA
ljykFkZµdfo vius dks Lora=kfiz; I+kQDdM+ lk/q dh Hkk¡fr ekurs gq, dgrk gS fd ge nhokuksa dk
vfLrRo vkt ;gk¡ gS rks dy dgha vkSj gksxkA ge vius lkFk eLrh dk okrkoj.k ykrs gSa vkSj lkFk
ys Hkh tkrs gSaA dfo dk dguk gS fd ge tgk¡ ls pyrs gSa ogk¡ osQoy /wy jg tkrh gSA gekjh
;'kdhfrZ ckn esa /wy osQ leku jg tkrh gSA
vk, cudj -------- dgk¡ pysA
ljykFkZµdfo dk dguk gS fd tc lk/q ;k I+kQdhj vkrk gS rks thou esa mYykl vkSj meax ykrk
gS ysfdu mlosQ tkus osQ ckn mlosQ vuq;k;h vk¡lw cgkrs jg tkrs gSaA lc vkil esa dgrs jg tkrs
gSa fd vjs! og lk/q vHkh&vHkh rks vk, Fks vkSj vHkh dgk¡ pys x,\
fdl vksj -------- fn,A
ljykFkZµdfo dgrk gS fd lk/q ls dHkh ;g ugha iwNuk pkfg, fd og fd/j tk jgs gSa\ cl
pyuk gS] thou esa xfr gh 'kk'or gS blfy, pyrs jguk pkfg,A dfo dgrk gS fd lk/q ;k
36
egkRek tx ls mldh cqjkbZ vkSj oqQjhfr;ksa vkfn dks ysdj pys tkrs gSa vkSj viuh vPNkbZ vkSj
ln~O;ogkj nqfu;k osQ fy, NksM+ tkrs gSaA
nks ckr dgh nks ckr -------- fi, pysA
ljykFkZµdfo dgrk gS fd lk/q ;k egkRek viuh nks ckrsa nqfu;k ls dgrk gS vkSj nks ckrsa nqfu;k
dh lqurk Hkh gSA og lalkj osQ deks± dks ns[kdj g¡lrk gS vkSj FkksM+k jksrk Hkh gSA og lq[k vkSj
nq[k osQ Hkkoksa dks ,d Hkko ls xzg.k djrk gSA vFkkZr~ lk/q ;k egkRek lq[k gks ;k nq[k] muls u rks
fopfyr gksrs gSa u v/hj gksrs gSaA /S;Z /kj.k djrs gq, ,d Hkko ls lq[k&nq[k dks xzg.k djrs gSaA
ge fHk[keaxksa -------- Hkkj pysA
ljykFkZµdfo dgrk gS fd nhokuk cudj og bl nqfu;k dks LoPNan :i ls viuk I;kj yqVkrk
gSA bl nqfu;k dks dfo us fHk[keaxk dgk gSA D;ksafd ;g lalkj lnSo vius fy, oqQN u oqQN ek¡xrk
jgrk gSA ,sls lalkj esa dfo viuk I;kj yqVk nsrk gSA og vius ân; ij vliQyrk dk Hkkj ysdj
vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA mlosQ ân; esa lalkj ls I;kj ikus dh vfHkyk"kk ,d fu'kkuh cudj jg tkrh gSA
ge eku&jfgr -------- gkj pysA
ljykFkZµdfo dgrk gS fd og nhokuk cudj eku&vieku dh ckrsa NksM+dj bl lalkj dks [kqydj
[ksy pqdk gSA og g¡lrs&g¡lrs vius izk.kksa dh ckth bl lalkj osQ fy, yxk nsrk gSA dfo dk dguk
gS fd nhokuk viuk loZLo bl lalkj dks lkSai nsrk gSA og eku vkSj vieku dh Hkkouk dks Hkwydj
thou dk vkuan mBkrk gS vkSj g¡lrs&g¡lrs vius izk.kksa dks U;ksNkoj dj nsrk gSA
vc viuk ------ rksM+ pysA
ljykFkZµdfo dgrk gS tks bl lalkj esa jg x, os vkckn jgsa] [kq'kgky jgsaA dfo us vius vkSj
ijk, osQ chp Hksn djuk NksM+ fn;k gSA og dgrk gS fd og Lo;a gh bu ca/uksa ls c¡/k Fkk vkSj
vc Lo;a bl ca/u dks rksM+dj vkxs c<+uk pkgrk gSA vFkkZr~ lalkj esa O;fDr vius vkSj ijk, osQ
ca/u ls tqM+dj [kq'kgky ugha jg ikrk tcfd nhokuk bu lc ca/uksa dks Lo;a gh rksM+dj thou
osQ iFk ij vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA
vH;kl
dfork dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) dfork esa nhokuksa dh Hkk¡fr jgus okys I+kQDdM+ lk/q dh ^gLrh* dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA
([k) nhokus vius Kku dh /wy mM+krs gq, pyrs gSaA
(x) nhokuk g¡lrs&g¡lrs vius izk.kksa dh ckth gkj tkrk gSA
(?k) nhokuk lkalkfjd ek;k&eksg osQ ca/u dks rksM+us dh ckr dgrk gSA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) dfo osQ vuqlkj nhokus tx dks viuk I;kj vkSj Kku nsrs gSaA
37
([k) dfork esa ,d Hkko ls lq[k&nq[k osQ ?kw¡Vksa dks ihus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA
(x) nhokuk lkalkfjd Kku vkSj izse;qDr ckrsa nqfu;k ls dgrk gS vkSj lalkj ls mlosQ
nq[k&nnZ dh ckrsa lqurk gSA
(?k) êku jfgr* ls dfo dk rkRi;Z gS vgadkj ls jfgrA nhokuk vius vga Hkko dk ifjR;kx
dj nsrk gSA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) bl dfork esa dfo us LoPNan I;kj dks yqVkus dh ckr dgh gSA dfo osQ vuqlkj
nhokuk viuk I;kj fcuk fdlh ca/u osQ ;k fcuk fdlh ?keaM osQ nqfu;k dks yqVk nsrk
gSA og lalkj ls oqQN Hkh ikus dh vk'kk ugha j[krkA cfYd vius ân; osQ dksey
Hkkoksa dks yksxksa ij yqVk nsrk gSA
([k) dfo osQ vuqlkj nhokuksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaµ
l os vkt ;gk¡ rks dy dgha vkSj pys tkrs gSaA
l os mYykl cudj vkrs gSa vkSj vk¡lw cudj cg tkrs gSaA
l os tx ls oqQN ysdj vkSj mls oqQN nsdj tkrs gSaA
l dHkh os g¡lrs gSa rks dHkh jksrs gSaA
l os viuk I;kj LoPNan :i ls yqVkrs gSaA
l muesa vius&ijk, dk HksnHkko ugha gksrkA
l os lq[k&nq[k dks ,d Hkko ls xzg.k djrs gSaA
(x) ^fHk[keaxksa dh nqfu;k* ls dfo dk vfHkizk; gS fd nqfu;kokys dHkh lq[k&lqfo/k osQ
fy, rks dHkh eu dh 'kkafr osQ fy, oqQN u oqQN ek¡xrs gh jgrs gSaA blfy, dfo
nqfu;k dks fHk[keaxksa dh laKk nsrk gSA
(?k) (i) ge Lo;a -------- rksM+ pysA
dfo osQ vuqlkj nhokuk dgrk gS fd og ek;k eksg osQ ca/u esa Lo;a c¡èkk Fkk
vkSj Lo;a gh vius ca/u dks rksM+dj thou osQ iFk ij vkxs c<+ x;kA
(ii) tx ls mldk -------- fn, pysA
dfo dk vk'k; gS fd nhokuk tx ls mldk nq[k] nnZ ysdj pyk tkrk gS
vkSj vius ln~fopkj vkSj Kku bl tx dks lkSai tkrk gSA bu iafDr;ksa esa nhokus
dh /hjrk vkSj lgu'khyrk dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS tks tx dks viuk loZLo
lefiZr dj nsrk gS vkSj cnys esa tx osQ nq[k&nnZ dks viuk ysrk gSA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) Hkxorhpj.k oekZ ([k) vliQyrk (x) vkckn jgsa
2- (d) nhokuk mYykl cudj vkrk gSA
([k) lc dgrs gSaµ¶vjs rqe oSQls vk, vkSj dgk¡ pys\¸
(x) mYyklA
38
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- mn~ns'; fo/s;
(d) Hkkjr dh lH;rk izkphure gSA
([k) fnYyh Hkkjr dh jkt/kuh gSA
(x) eSa dy cqvk osQ ?kj tkm¡QxkA
(?k) izoh.k dh [ksyksa esa #fp gSA
(Ä) pk.kD; cM+k cqn~f/eku FkkA
(p) chjcy dh prqjkbZ fo'o fofnr gSA
(N) lqfer iqQVckWy [ksy jgk gSA
2- ¡ µ vk¡lw g¡lrs c¡/s
a µ fHk[keaxs LoPNan ca/u
3- ?kw¡Vksa [ksyksa nhokuksa
izk.kksa g¡lk,¡ jks,¡
4- cukuk µ cukoV cukbZ curk
dkyk µ dky dkyh dkfyek
balku µ balkfu;r balkuh balku
f'k'kq µ f'k'kqRo 'kS'ko f'k'kqiu
5- (d) d{kk osQ oqQy nl Nk=k unh osQ owQy ij fidfud eukus osQ fy, x,A
([k) gesa lcdks leku le>uk pkfg, rFkk lcdk lEeku djuk pkfg,A
(x) mi;qZDr 'kCnksa dk mi;qDr okD; esa iz;ksx djksA
(?k) vf/d ifjek.k esa Hkkstu djus dk gh ifj.kke gS fd rqe vko';drk ls vf/d
eksVs gks jgs gksA
(Ä) olar ½rq esa izÑfr dh cgkj ns[kus osQ fy, ?kj ls ckgj rks fudyuk gh iM+sxkA
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
39
• (d) nksuksa foykse 'kCn gSa ([k) lq[k&nq[k (x) la;qDr O;atu
(?k) vliQyrk (Ä) ân;
10- dysaMj dykdkj

lkekU; mn~ns';
l cPpksa esa Hkk"kk laca/h Kku dk fodkl djuk
l ys[k vkfn osQ izfr jQfp txkuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l fozQ;k&fo'ks"k.k ls ifjp; djkuk
l izR;; yxkdj 'kCn cukuk
l ewy'kCn ls milxZ vyx djuk
l 'kCnksa osQ fyax igpkuuk
l 'kCnksa osQ o.kZ&foPNsn djuk
l u, 'kCn cukuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
ikB dk izkjaHk
l vkt dysaMj osQoy rkjh[k ns[kus rd gh lhfer jg x, gSaA lekt dh fn'kk dks :i nsusokys
dysaMj vc ugha cuk, tkrsA

l vkt fI+kQYeh ghjks vkfn osQ fp=kksa okys dysaMj ?kj dh 'kksHkk c<+krs gSaA usrkvksa ;k nsoh&nsorkvksa
osQ fp=k vc dysaMjksa dh 'kksHkk ugha c<+krsA

l fujarj c<+rh izxfr us ?kM+h vkSj dysaMj dh mi;ksfxrk ij iz'u fpg~u yxk fn;k gSA gkFk esa
jgusokys eksckby I+kQksu fnu] rkjh[k vkSj le; dh tkudkjh osQ lkFk&lkFk rkieku vkfn dh
tkudkjh Hkh gesa miyC/ djkrk gSA ,sls esa dysaMj ij vafdr fp=kksa dh vksj de gh è;ku
tkrk gSA
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa ls ikB dk okpu djok,¡A
l mUgsa ikB esa vk, dfBu 'kCnksa dk vH;kl djus osQ fy, dgsaA tSls µ I+kQjsc] fojQnkoyh] lkE;
LraHkdkj vkfnA
l cPpksa ls iwNsa fd muosQ ;gk¡ dkSu&dkSu ls dysaMj vkrs gSa\
40
l iqjkus dysMajksa dk D;k fd;k tkrk gS\
l vf/drj yksx rkjh[ksa fdlesa ns[krs gSa\
l cPpksa osQ mRrjksa dks è;ku ls lqusa vkSj ljkgsaA
ikB dk lkjak'k
LraHkdkj dh eqykdkr 'kekZ th vkSj muosQ fe=k ls gksrh gS tks dysaMj cukrk FkkA LraHkdkj dks
vius iqjkus fnu ;kn vk tkrs gSaA mlosQ vuqlkj dysaMj dk ykuk vkSj yxkuk eè;oxhZ; 'kkSd FkkA
vf/drj dysaMj rkjh[kokys ugha gksrs FksA os nhokyh osQ ekSosQ ij vkrs Fks vkSj ltkoV dk lk/u
curs FksA mu fnuksa jktuSfrd usrkvksa osQ dysaMjksa] nsoh&nsorkvksa osQ dysaMjksa] èkkfeZd iq#"kksa osQ
dysaMjksa dh ck<+ jgrh FkhA Lok/hurk laxzke osQ fnuksa esa ns'k osQ usrkvksa osQ dysaMj ck”kkjksa vkSj ?kjksa
esa Hkjs jgrs FksA 'kk;n gh dksbZ usrk ,slk gks ftldk dysaMj ck”kkj esa u feyrk gksA lkjs lekt esa
ns'kHkfDr dh ygj txkus esa bu jk"Vªh; usrkvksa osQ dysaMjksa dk cM+k gkFk FkkA cPps muosQ ckjs esa
iwNrs FksA LraHkdkj us dyasMj dykdkj ls iwNk fd vc usrkvksa osQ dysaMj ugha pyrs\ 'kekZth us
tokc nsrs gq, dgk vkt fdlh usrk dk dysaMj yxkus] cukus ;k cspus dk eryc ml ikVhZ dk
gksuk gSA vkt ,d Hkh usrk ns'k dk usrk u gksdj ikVhZ dk usrk cudj jg x;k gSA vc nsoh&nsork
osQ dysaMj Hkh ugha pyrsA D;ksafd vc /eZ dk lwjt <yus yxk gSA egkiq#"kksa vkSj larksa osQ dysaMj
dk Hkh ogh gky gSA foosdkuan] jkerhFkZ vkfn dh txg vc fozQosQV osQ f[kykM+h vkSj fI+kQYeh psgjs
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA vc egkiq#"k f[kykM+h vkSj fI+kQYeh ghjks cu x, gSaA ys[kd lkspus yxrk gS fd lekt
dk iru fdruk gks x;k gS fd nhokjksa ls lar] egkiq#"k] nsoh&nsork osQ dysaMj mrj x, gSa vkSj mu
ij Ükàxkfjdrk dk izn'kZu p<+ x;k gSA dysaMj dykdkj dh foo'krk gS fd og lsB&lkgwdkjksa osQ
?kjksa esa vkSj eafnjksa dh nhokjksa esa dke djrk gSA mlh ij mudh e”khZ ls oqQN cuk nsrk gSA LraHkdkj
lekt osQ fxjrs gq, gkykr ij fpark O;Dr djrs gq, fy[krk gS fd dysaMj dykdkj fleVrs&fleVrs
vius O;olk; esa ;gk¡ vkdj fpid x;k gS] tgk¡ uSfrd :i ls fxjus osQ flok dksbZ pkjk ugha gSA
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) LraHkdkj osQ cpiu esa u;k dysaMj vkus dk vFkZ ?kj esa ubZ LiwQfrZ Hkj tkuk gksrk FkkA
([k) dysaMj dk ykuk vkSj yxkuk eè;oxhZ; 'kkSd FkkA
(x) Lok/hurk ls igys ns'k osQ usrkvksa tSlsµxka/h] fryd] usg:] iVsy] lqHkk"kth vkfn osQ
dysaMj yxk, tkrs FksA
(?k) izkphu vkSj vk/qfud usrkvksa osQ chp varj gS fd izkphu usrk ns'k dk usrk gksrk Fkk
tks R;kx] riL;k vkSj cfynku dk izrhd Fkk tcfd vk/qfud usrk ikVhZ dk usrk gksrk
gS tks Ny] I+kQjsc vkSj tksM+&rksM+ esa fyIr gksrk gSA
(Ä) vc dysaMj dykdkj lsB&lkgwdkjksa osQ ;gk¡ muosQ ?kjksa vkSj eafnjksa dh nhokjksa ij
mudh e”khZ osQ vuqlkj fp=k cukrk gSA
41
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) vf/drj dysaMj nhokyh osQ ekSosQ ij ltkoV osQ fy, ?kjksa esa vkrs FksA
([k) mu fnuksa jktuSfrd usrkvksa] nsoh&nsorkvksa vkSj /kfeZd iq#"kksa osQ dysaMjksa dh ck<+ jgrh
FkhA
(x) lekt esa ns'kHkfDr dh ygj txkus esa jk"Vªh; usrkvksa osQ dysaMjksa dk gkFk FkkA
(?k) vc fdlh usrk dk dysaMj yxkus dk eryc ml ikVhZ dk gksuk gS vkSj ikVhZ osQ gksus
dk eryc ml ikVhZ dh xanxh dks <ksuk gSA
(Ä) dysaMjksa esa nks izfln~/ gfLr;ksa osQ chp lkE; fn[kk;k tkrk FkkA bl laca/ esa LraHkdkj us
vius cpiu osQ ,d dysaMj dk f”kozQ fd;k gS ftlesa xka/h vkSj Ñ".k dk lkFk&lkFk
fp=k fn[kk;k x;k Fkk vkSj mlosQ uhps dfork esa fo#nkoyh fy[kdj nksuksa esa lkE;
fn[kk;k x;k Fkkµog ek[ku pksj dgkrs Fks] ;g ued pksj dgykrs gSaA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) Lok/hurk ls iwoZ usrkvksa osQ dysaMj lekt esa ns'kHkfDr dh ygj txkrs FksA ?kj&?kj
esa igq¡ps bu dysaMjksa osQ ckjs esa cPps loky iwNrs Fks vkSj vius dks Lok/hurk laxzke
osQ bfrgkl ls [kqn dks tqM+k eglwl djrs FksA cM+s gksdj Lo;a Hkh ns'k dh vk”kknh osQ
fy, yM+us dk LoIu ns[kk djrs FksA
([k) xka/h th dks ûed pksj* dgus dk dkj.k xka/hth n~okjk ued dk dkuwu rksM+uk Fkk
tks mUgksaus vaxzs”kh gqowQer osQ f[kykI+kQ tkdj rksM+k FkkA xka/hth us lkcjerh vkJe
ls nkaMh rd 241 ehy rd dh ,sfrgkfld nkaMh ;k=kk dh vkSj vaxzs”kh ljdkj n~okjk
ued dj yxk, tkus dk fojks/ fd;kA
(x) vkt f[kykfM+;ksa] fI+kQYeh psgjksa osQ fp=k egkiq#"kksa osQ uke ij cuk, tkus yxs gSaA usrkvksa
vkSj nsoh&nsorkvksa osQ fp=kksa dh txg fI+kQYeh ghjks ;k [ksy txr osQ flrkjksa dh rLohjsa
cukbZ tkrh gSaA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) LraHkdkj ([k) nhokyh ij
2- (d) ;s iafDr;k¡ 'kekZth LraHkdkj ls dg jgs gSaA
([k) vkt usrk osQ dysaMj dk eryc ml ikVhZ dk gksuk gSA lkFk gh ikVhZ dh xanxh dks
<ksuk gSA
(x) ^jk"Vªh;* 'kCn esa ^bZ;* izR;; gSA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) rqe ;gk¡ [ksyrs gksA LFkkuokpd fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
([k) dHkh fdlh dk cqjk er djksA jhfrokpd fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
42
(x) ckgj er tkvks] ckfj'k gks jgh gSA LFkkuokpd fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
(?k) FkksM+k de cksyks] eu yxkdj i<+ksA ifjek.kokpd fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
(Ä) Mªkboj è;kuiwoZd xkM+h pyk jgk FkkA jhfrokpd fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
2- i<+us $ okyk ¾ i<+usokyk i=k $ dkj ¾ i=kdkj
lC”kh $ okyk ¾ lC”khokyk fp=k $ dkj ¾ fp=kdkj
ckth $ xj ¾ ckthxj tknw $ xj ¾ tknwxj
/eZ $ bd ¾ /kfeZd iqjk.k $ bd ¾ ikSjkf.kd
3- milxZ ewy 'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn
voxq.k ¾ vo xq.k fuMj ¾ fu Mj
cspSu ¾ cs pSu fons'k ¾ fo ns'k
oqQiq=k ¾ oqQ iq=k de”kksj ¾ de ”kksj
izxfr ¾ iz xfr lifjokj ¾ l ifjokj
4- cSy µ xk; n”khZ µ nf”kZu
iafMr µ iafMrkbu ohj µ ohjkaxuk
ys[kd µ ysf[kdk lezkV µ lezkKh
vè;{k µ vè;{kk Lokeh µ Lokfeuh
fon~oku µ fonq"kh xk;d µ xkf;dk
5- ltkoV µ l~ $ v $ t~ $ vk $ o~ $ v $ V~ $ v
bfrgkl µ b $ r~ $ b $ g~ $ vk $ l~ $ v
Lok/hurk µ l~ $ o $ vk $ /~ $ bZ $ u~ $ v $ r~ $ vk
cfynku µ c~ $ v $ y~ $ b $ n~ $ vk $ u~ $ v
lkgwdkj µ l~ $ vk $ g~ $ mQ $ o~Q $ vk $ j~ $ v
jktuSfrd µ j~ $ vk $ t~ $ v $ u~ $ ,s $ r~ $ b $ o~Q $ v
6- /eZ µ /kfeZd /ek±/ /ekZpk;Z
ns'k µ ns'koklh ns'kh ns'kt
iwtk µ iwT; iwtuh; iwtu
fp=k µ fp=kdyk fpf=kr fp=k.k
fnu µ fnukad fnup;kZ fnukar
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
43
4- le; dk lnqi;ksxµ l le; cyoku gS l le; ykSVdj ugha vkrk l vkylh O;fDr osQ fy,
le; dk nq#i;ksx l le; dk fu;kstu l /u ls vf/d le; egRoiw.kZ l vkiosQ fopkj
• (d) vkyL; ([k) 'kq: (x) tyuk
(?k) vuSfrd (Ä) xqykeh (p) vLoLFk
cqn~f/foykl
• xjt] ued] teuk] tykuk] ned] dne] xeu] peu] ped] deyk] eu] de] ne] uke]
puk
uksVµblosQ vfrfjDr cPps tks Hkh lgh 'kCn cuk,¡] mUgsa Lohdkj djsaA
· vrqy dh uknkuh
lkekU; mn~ns';
l ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk fodkl
l dYiuk'kfDr esa o`n~f/ djuk
bl y?kq dgkuh dks i<+us dh izsj.kk cPpksa dks nsaA blesa vrqy vkSj 'ks[kj osQ O;ogkj esa ”kehu&vkleku
dk varj fn[kk;k x;k gSA 'ks[kj vius f'k"V vkpj.k osQ dkj.k lHkh dk fiz; Fkk tcfd vrqy dk
nqO;Zogkj fdlh dks Hkh vPNk ugha yxrk FkkA cPpksa dks vius O;ogkj dks lqèkkjus rFkk lH; cuus
dh izsj.kk nsaA cPpksa ls dgkuh ls lacaf/r iz'u iwNsaA cM+ksa dk lEeku djuk] /S;Z /kj.k djuk] n`<+
fu'p;h cuuk vkSj vkRefo'okl c<+kuk tSls ln~xq.kksa dks viukus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA
11- 'kkL=kkFkZ
lkekU; mn~ns';
l dgkuh osQ izfr jQfp txkuk
eq[; mn~ns';
44
l deZ/kj; lekl ls ifjp; djkuk
l cgqczhfg lekl osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuk
l 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx djuk
l eqgkojksa n~okjk okD; iwjs djuk
l funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk
l okD; ifjofrZr djuk
l dkjd dk Hksn crkuk
l vifBr xn~;ka'k
ikB dk izkjaHk
l gesa viuh 'kkjhfjd v{kerk dks dHkh Lo;a ij gkoh ugha gksus nsuk pkfg,] cfYd viuh izfrHkk
dks igpkudj mls mHkkjuk pkfg,A

l v"VkoozQ us firk osQ 'kki dks Hkh vk'khokZn le>dj xzg.k fd;k vkSj dHkh Hkh bl ckr dk fojks/
;k fonzksg ugha fd;kA

l ;fn O;fDr vius eu dks e”kcwr dj ys rks og viuh lHkh v{kerkvksa ls yM+ ldrk gSA
l v"VkoozQ cqn~f/eku vkSj prqj Fkk ysfdu vfHkekuh ugha FkkA vius ekrk&firk osQ izfr og
iwtuh; Hkko j[krk FkkA

ikB ;kstuk
l izLrqr ikB ukVd :i esa fn;k x;k gSA cPpksa ls mldk okpu djk,¡A
l cPpksa dks ikB è;kuiwoZd i<+us osQ fy, dgsa D;ksafd blesa dbZ mi;ksxh tkudkfj;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA
l vki Lo;a i<+kus osQ ckn muls iz'u djsaµ'kkL=kkFkZ djus okys iafMr dk D;k uke Fkk\ v"VkoozQ
osQ firk dkSu Fks\ nlksa fn'kkvksa esa dkSu tk ldrk gS\
ikB dk lkjka'k
izLrqr ukVd esa v"VkoozQ viuh 'kkjhfjd viaxrk osQ ckotwn vius cqn~f/cy ls 'kkL=kkFkZ thrrk gSA
fufejkt fonsg dk njckj ltk gS ftlesa jktiafMr oanu feJ lkr fnuksa ls jkT; osQ lHkh iafMrksa
dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr dj jgs FksA buesa ½f"k dkSf'kd] /ekZpk;Z] eqn~xy] dgksM+] iqjat;] funk?k
vkSj ykse'k tSls 'kkL=kh Hkh 'kkL=kkFkZ esa gkj dj unh esa Mqcks fn, x, FksA rHkh njckj esa ckjgo"khZ;
ckyd jktiafMr oanu feJ ls 'kkL=kkFkZ djus osQ fy, mifLFkr gqvkA og v"VkoozQ Fkk vkSj mldk
'kjhj vkB LFkkuksa ls Vs<+k FkkA jktk tud us njckj esa mifLFkr lHkklnksa ls dgk fd mldk vieku
ugha gksuk pkfg,A rHkh og ckyd njckj esa mifLFkr gqvkA jktk us mls LFkku xzg.k djus dk
vkxzg fd;kA mlus viuk ifjp; fn;k fd mlosQ firk egkiafMr dgksM+ vkSj ukuk egf"kZ mn~nkyd
gSaA mldh ekrk lqtkrk us mls lwpuk nh Fkh fd os 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr gksus osQ dkj.k naMLo:i
unh esa Mqcks fn, x, gSaA fiQj mlus vius Vs<s+ vaxksa osQ ckjs esa crk;k fd ;g mlosQ iwT; firk osQ
45
ojnku osQ dkj.k gSaA ,d ckj tc muosQ firk osn&ikB djrs gq, mnkRr dks vuqnkRr i<+ jgs Fks
rc v"VkoozQ us vkB ckj mUgsa Vksdk rks Øks/ esa 'kki nsrs gq, firk cksys fd rqeus eq>s vkB ckj
Vksdk gS blfy, rqEgkjs vax vkB LFkkuksa ls Vs<+s gks tk,¡A ;g lqudj oanu feJ dks gSjkuh gqbZ fd
ftl firk us mls 'kki fn;k] ;g mlh dks cpkus vk;k gSA rc v"VkoozQ us dgk fd firk rks firk
gSaA os vkdk'k ls Hkh egku gSaA oqQN nsj ckn nksuksa osQ chp 'kkL=kkFkZ izkjaHk gqvkA v"VkoozQ us fcuk
f>>osQ oanu feJ osQ iz'uksa dk mfpr mRrj fn;k vkSj var esa oanu feJ v"VkoozQ ls ijkftr gks
x,A ysfdu oanu feJ us unh esa Mqcks, tkus ls ?kcjkdj {kek ek¡xhA mUgksaus crk;k fd os jktk o#.k
osQ iq=k gSaA muosQ ;K osQ vuq"Bku osQ fy, lkr Js"B iafMrksa dh vko';drk FkhA ty esa Mqcksus
osQ cgkus ls mUgksaus mUgsa ;K esa Hkst fn;kA jktk tud us lkrksa iafMrksa dks ykus osQ fy, oanu feJ
dks HkstkA oqQN gh nsj esa oanu feJ lkrksa ½f"k;ksa dks okil ys vk,A dgksM+ us crk;k fd Hkxoku
o#.k us vk'khokZn fn;k gS fd ;fn v"VkoozQ muosQ lkFk leaxk unh esa Luku djs rks og iqu% lqanj
½f"k oqQekj cu tk,xkA
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) 'kkL=kkFkZ djus okys jktiafMr oanu feJ FksA
([k) iafMr oanu feJ us lkr ½f"k;ksa dks ijkftr fd;k FkkA
(x) jktiafMr oanu feJ ls var esa v"VkoozQ 'kkL=kkFkZ djus vk;kA
(?k) ^v"VkoozQ* dk 'kjhj vkB LFkkuksa ls Vs<+k FkkA
(Ä) jktk tud us vius lHkklnksa dks v"VkoozQ dk vieku u djus osQ fy, lko/ku fd;kA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) v"VkoozQ us viuk ifjp; nsrs gq, crk;k fd mlosQ firk egkiafMr dgksM+ vkSj ukuk
egf"kZ mn~nkyd gSa vkSj mudh ekrk lqtkrk gSaA
([k) v"VkoozQ osQ firk dgksM+ dks oanu feJ us 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr dj unh esa Mqcks fn;k
Fkk ftldk cnyk oanu feJ ls ysus v"VkoozQ vk;k FkkA
(x) v"VkoozQ us viuh vk;q osQ NksVs gksus ij roZQ fn;k fd vk;q osQ vuqlkj NksVs&cM+s dk
fu.kZ; rks ew[kZ&eaMyh esa gksrk gSA vk;q esa og Hkys NksVk Fkk ijarq Kku esa NksVk ugha
FkkA mnkgj.k nsrs gq, og le>krk gS fd iQyksa ls ynk gqvk NksVk o`{k iQy jfgr yacs
o`{kksa ls vf/d fiz; gksrk gSA
(?k) v"VkoozQ osQ firk dgksM+ osn ikB djrs Fks vkSj mnkRr dks vuqnkRr i<+k djrs FksA
v"VkoozQ us tc vkB ckj mUgsa Vksdk rks mUgksaus ozQks/ ls 'kki nsrs gq, dgk fd vkB
ckj Vksdus osQ dkj.k mlosQ 'kjhj osQ vax vkB LFkkuksa ls Vs<+s gks tk,¡A
46
(Ä) v"VkoozQ us jktk tud osQ iz'uksa dk mRrj fn;k fd eNyh lksrs le; vk¡[ksa can ugha
djrh] vaMk mRiUu gksus ij Hkh ps"Vkghu jgrk gS] iRFkj osQ ân; ugha gksrk vkSj unh
gh osx ls c<+rh gSA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) v"VkoozQ us iqjk.k] o.kZ] O;lu vkSj Le`fr;ksa dh la[;k vBkjg crkbZA
([k) iafMr oanu us ijkftr gksus ij ;g jgL; mn~?kkfVr fd;k fd os jktk o#.k osQ iq=k
gSaA muosQ ;gk¡ Hkh ckjg o"kks± esa iw.kZ gksusokyk ;K py jgk FkkA ml ;K osQ vuq"Bku
osQ fy, lkr Js"B iafMrksa dh vko';drk FkhA ty esa Mqcksus osQ cgkus ls mUgsa ;K esa
Hkstk tk jgk FkkA
(x) dgksM+ us v"VkoozQ osQ Bhd gksus osQ fy, crk;k fd mUgksaus tc o#.k ;K esa vkgqfr
Mkyh rks Hkxoku o#.k us dgk fd rqEgkjk iq=k rqEgkjs lkFk leaxk unh esa Luku djs rks
og vR;ar lqanj 'kjhj /kj.k dj ysxkA og v"VkoozQ u jgdj lqMkSy vkSj lqanj ½f"k
oqQekj cu tk,xkA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) lw;Z ([k) eNyh (x) Ng (?k) iapn'k
2- (d) jktk tud ls egkiafMr oanu feJ dg jgs gSaA
([k) iafMr oanu feJ us lHkh iafMrksa dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr fd;k FkkA
(x) ½f"k dkSf'kd] /ekZpk;Z] eqn~xy] dgksM+] iqjat;] funk?k vkSj ykse'k dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa
iafMr oanu us ijkftr fd;k FkkA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- iq#"kksRre µ iq#"kksa esa gS tks mRre
lTtu µ lr~ gS tks tu
uhyxxu µ uhyk gS tks xxu
dkyh fepZ µ dkyh gS tks fepZ
deyu;u µ dey osQ leku u;u
ujflag µ uj :ih flag
pj.kdey µ dey osQ leku pj.k
eqfuJs"B µ eqfu;ksa esa Js"B
2- f=kus=k µ rhu us=kksa dk lewg
iadt µ iad (dhpM+) esa mRiUu
fxfj/j µ fxfj dks /kj.k djusokyk
/ekZRek µ /eZ ;qDr vkRek
iouiq=k µ iou dk iq=k
47
egkohj µ egku gS tks ohj
pozQikf.k µ ftlosQ ikf.k (gkFk) esa gS pozQ
3- (d) ojnku µ oSQosQ;h us n'kjFk ls nks ojnku ek¡xsA
([k) lEeku µ ge ns'k osQ lEeku dks c<+k,¡xsA
(x) izrh{kk µ jsyxkM+h dh izrh{kk esa 'kke <y pqdh FkhA
(?k) vuqefr µ vfHk"ksd us d{kk ls tkus osQ fy, vè;kfidk ls vuqefr ek¡xhA
(Ä) vk'khokZn µ vius cM+ksa osQ vk'khokZn ls oSHkoh iQyus&iwQyus yxhA
4- (d) lqnkek dks n;uh; voLFkk esa ns[k Ñ".k dh vk¡[ksa Hkj vkb±A
([k) ns[krs gh ns[krs fgju esjh vk¡[kksa ls vks>y gks x;kA
(x) vius csVs dks ns[kus osQ fy, cw<+s firk dh vk¡[ksa rjl xb±A
(?k) cPps vius ekrk&firk dh vk¡[kksa dk rkjk gksrs gSaA
(Ä) eSa rqEgsa igpku x;k gw¡A vc rqe esjh vk¡[kksa esa /wy >ksad jgs gksA
5- ijkftr µ vijkftr ;ksX; µ v;ksX; 'kqn~/ µ v'kqn~/
fufoZdkj µ fodkj iafMr µ ew[kZ vfHkeku µ fujfHkeku
ojnku µ vfHk'kki mnkRr µ vuqnkRr oqQfVyrk µ lh/kiu@lTturk
6- (d) egkjkuh] iafMrkbu] banzk.kh] ckfydk
([k) ^mi* vkSj ^fo*
(x) v $ u~ $ m $ e~ $ v $ r~ $ b
i~ $ j~ $ v $ r~ $ b $ Hk~ $ vk
(?k) vkx] vk¡[k] eghuk
(Ä) oanu] banz] vaMk] iafMr] larks"k] Nan
(p) la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k
7- (d) mldk 'kjhj fdrus LFkkuksa ls Vs<+k gS\
([k) egkjkt! eq>s ns[kdj vkidh lHkk osQ lHkh iafMr ugha g¡l jgs gSaA
(x) vksg! mldk vieku ugha gksuk pkfg,A
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
5- cPps Lo;a djsaA
48
2- cPpksa dks Lo;a bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
• (d) vf/dj.k ([k) dj.k (x) laiznku (?k) laca/ (Ä) deZ
vifBr xn~;ka'k
• (d) Hkkjr dh Hkwfe HkfDr vkSj izse ls jph&clh gSA
([k) Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh igpku foosdkuan us iwjs fo'o ls djkbZA
(x) xka/hth us lR;] vfgalk dk ekxZ fn[kkdj iwjs fo'o dks ubZ n`f"V iznku dhA
(?k) Hkkjr HkwfeA
12- uhyoaQB
lkekU; mn~ns';
l Hkk"kk laca/h Kku dks c<+kuk
l laLej.k ys[ku ls ifjp; djkuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l leqPp;cks/d 'kCn ls ifjp; djkuk
l ^fd* ;k ^dh* dk iz;ksx djuk
l ewy'kCn vkSj izR;; vyx djuk
l laf/&foPNsn djuk
l foykse 'kCn pquuk
l lgh fodYi ls fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djuk
ikB dk izkjaHk
l euq";ksa dh gh rjg i'kq&if{k;ksa dh I;kj] lqj{kk] laj{k.k izkIr djus rFkk Lusg dk vknku&iznku
djus dh izo`fRr gksrh gSA

l i'kq&if{k;ksa dh izÑfr Hkh vyx&vyx gksrh gSA gekjh gh rjg i'kq&i{kh Hkh e`nq vkSj Lusfgy
LoHkko osQ gksrs gSa vkSj oqQN mxz vkSj 'kq"dA ;g gj tho&oxZ osQ fy, fufoZokn lR; gS fd
49
vPNs LoHkko okys dks lHkh ilan djrs gSa tcfd foijhr LoHkko okyk nwljksa dk fiz; ik=k
ugha gksrkA
l gesa i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ izfr n;kyq gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd os Hkh gekjh gh rjg tho gSa vkSj lq[k&nq[k
dk vuqHko djrs gSaA

l bZ";kZ vkSj Dys'k iSnk djus okyk ik=k lcosQ n~okjk vLohdkjk tkrk gSA
l tks Hkh tho (euq";] i'kq] i{kh) U;k;ksfpr ohjrk dk Hkko] okRlY; vkSj n;k osQ lkFk
lkSan;Zijd izo`fRr j[krk gS Lor% gh uk;d cu tkrk gSµtSls fd uhyoaQBA

l ikB esa vusd izdkj osQ jlksa dk lekos'k gSµ Ükàxkj jl] ohj jl] d#.k jl] okRlY; jlA
l ys[k@laLej.k dh Hkk"kkxr fo'ks"krk
l cM+s fe;k¡ osQ Hkk"k.k dk o.kZu ysf[kdk us rwI+kQkuesy ls fd;k gSA cM+s gh lVhd Hkko ls os
dVk{k djrh gSa fd ^mudh rwI+kQkuesy osQ fy, dksbZ fuf'pr LVs'ku ugha gSA lquusokyk Fkddj
tgk¡ jksd ns ogha LVs'ku eku fy;k tkrk gSA* /kjk izokg cksyus osQ LoHkko dh rqyuk Hkk"k.k
esy ls djuk lVhd gh ugha izHkkoh Hkh gSA
l êksj osQ D;k lq[kkZc osQ ij yxs gSaA gS rks og i{kh ghA* dFku ysf[kdk dh rh{.k izfrfØ;k
dks n'kkZrk gS tc mu ij eksj osQ LFkku ij rhrj ys vkus dk dVk{k fd;k x;k FkkA
l i'kq&if{k;ksa dk ukedj.k dj mUgsa vius led{k ekuuk vkSj if{k;ksa dh vukf/dkj ps"Vk dk
fp=kk (fcYyh) n~okjk lgu u gksuk i<+us okyksa osQ eu esa mRlqdrk] dkSrqd vkSj fnypLih iSnk
djrk gSA
l eksj osQ cPpksa osQ Lokxr dk o.kZu furkar thoar gSA vU; i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ eu osQ dkSrwgy dh]
uoo/w osQ vkxeu ij gksus okys dkSrwgy ls rqyuk vR;ar lVhd gSA
l eksjksa osQ dk;kdYi dh] bYyh ls frryh cuus dh izfØ;k ls rqyuk vR;ar lkFkZd gS vkSj
loksZfpr gSA 'kk;n vkSj fdlh izdkj dh rqyuk oSlk thoar Hkko iSnk gh ugha dj ldrh FkhA
bYyh tSls csgn cnlwjr tho ls jaxhu ia[kksa okyh frryh dk vfoHkkZo mruk gh vizfre gS
ftruk rhrj tSls eksj osQ cPpksa dk laqnjre i{kh eksj osQ :i esa dk;kdYiA
l ysf[kdk n~okjk uhyoaQB dh lsukifr osQ :i esa rqyuk mlosQ pfj=k dks iwjh rjg js[kkafdr djrh
gSA ia[k iSQykdj eksj osQ cSB tkus vkSj l?ku ia[kksa esa Nqvk&NqvkSvy dk [ksy [ksys tkus dh
ifjdYiuk ftruh eksgd gS mruh gh lthoA
l dkfrZosQ; n~okjk e;wj dks viuk okgu pqus tkus dk vkSfpR; fln~/ djuk Hkh vR;ar lVhd
ifjdYiuk gSA
l izÑfr dk o.kZu djrs le; esa iz;qDr 'kCn ;Fkk es?kksa dh lk¡oy Nk;k] banz/uq"k osQ xqPNs tSls
ia[k dh lh miek,¡ cgqr lqanj gSaA

l oqQN txg eksjksa osQ pfj=k o izÑfr dk fp=k.k cgqr gh lqanjrk ls gqvk gS ;Fkk ,d&nwljs osQ
ia[kksa ls Vidus okyh cw¡nksa dks pksap ls ih&ihdj ia[kksa dk xhykiu nwj djrs jgrsA
l ,d nwljh eksjuh ftldk uke ysf[kdk us oqQCtk j[kkA og uke loZFkk mlosQ pfj=k osQ mi;qDr FkkA
50
l ysf[kdk dk dFku ^bl vkuanksRlo dh jkfxuh esa csesy Loj oSQls ct mBkA ;g Hkh ,d d#.k
dFkk gSA* ,d ,slh rqyuk gS ftlls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd uhyoaQB vkSj jk/k osQ lq[ke;
thou esa dksbZ ,slh ?kVuk gksus okyh gS tks muosQ izsee; thou dks fo"kkDr djsxhA ckn esa
oqQCtk osQ fiatjs esa yk, tkus rFkk mlosQ mxz LoHkko osQ dkj.k uhyoaQB dk ckj&ckj Hkkx tkuk
vkSj var esa e`R;q] ml d#.k dFkk osQ iwokZHkkl osQ :i esa vR;ar lgh :i esa vfHkO;fDr bl
vkys[k dk lcls d#.k i{k gSA
l eksj osQ u`R; dk o.kZu djrs le; jk/k osQ fy, dgs x, 'kCn fd mldh xfr esa Hkh ,d Nan
jgrk Fkk ml y;kRed èofu dks Li"V djus osQ fy, dgk x;k gS tks u`R; djrs le; vuqHko
gksrh FkhA
l eksj&eksjuh] i'kq&if{k;ksa dk ekuohdj.k djuk vkSj eksj dks îjI+kSQDV tsafVyeSu* dh mikf/ nsuk
ys[k dh jkspdrk dks c<+kus okyk i{k gSA

l if{k;ksa dh lgt ekuoh; izo`fRr dk vkHkkl rc gksrk gS tc ysf[kdk dgrh gSa fd eksj dks
u tkus oSQls ;g vkHkkl gks x;k fd mldk u`R; mUgsa vR;ar Hkkrk gS vkSj muosQ ikl igq¡prs
gh og ukpus yxrk FkkA
l uhyoaQB dks xaxk esa izokfgr djrs le; osQ n`'; dk fcac vR;ar lthork ls mHkkjk x;k gSA
l ysf[kdk dk ;g dFku ^jk/k vc izrh{kk esa gh nqosQyh gSA* jk/k osQ euksHkkoksa dks vR;ar rhozrk
ls vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA vosQys jgrs gq, Hkh dYiuk esa uhyoaQB osQ vkus dh dYiuk jk/k dks
nqosQyk cukrh gSaA
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa ls ikB dk okpu djk,¡A
l mUgsa ikB dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA
l mudks dfBu 'kCnksa osQ ys[ku vkSj mPpkj.k dk vH;kl djus osQ fy, Hkh dgsaA
ikB dk lkjka'k
;g ikB izfln~/ ysf[kdk egknsoh oekZ dk fy[kk gS tks vius vuqHkoksa dks Lej.k djrh gqb±
vius i{kh&izse osQ ,d laLej.k dk mYys[k dj jgh gSaA ysf[kdk osQ i{kh&izse dh de”kksjh dks
fpfM+;kokyk Hkh tkurk Fkk ftlus eksj osQ nks cPps mUgsa Fkek gh fn,A cM+s ;Ru ls ysf[kdk us vius
i<+us&fy[kus osQ dejs esa mudk fiatjk j[kdj fiatjk [kksy fn;kA fp=kk uke dh fcYyh ls cpkdj
j[kus osQ fy, igys dejs dk njok”kk can j[kk tkrk jgk vkSj ckn esa mu nksuksa if{k;ksa dks ysf[kdk
us vius ?kj osQ cM+s tkyh osQ ?kj esa igq¡pk fn;k tgk¡ vU; tho&tarq Hkh ikys gq, FksA muosQ igq¡prs
gh dcwrj muosQ pkjkas vksj ?kwe&?kwedj xqVjxw¡ djus yxs] cM+s [kjxks'k fujh{k.k djus yxs rks NksVs
[kjxks'k muosQ pkjksa vksj mNy&owQn djus yxs vkSj rksrk ,d vk¡[k ew¡ndj fujh{k.k djus yxkA
/hjs&/hjs eksj osQ nksuksa cPps c<+us yxs vkSj mudk dk;kdYi gks x;kA eksj dk lkSan;Z rks ns[kus
;ksX; FkkA mldh lqanj dyxh] yach gjs jax dh xjnu dh /wiNk¡gh NVk] iw¡N osQ banz/uq"kh jax vkSj
xohZyh pky lc oqQN n'kZuh; vkSj vR;ar eksgd FkhA eksjuh dk lkSan;Z eksj dh rjg foy{k.k u
gksrs gq, Hkh og eksj dh lgpkfj.kh osQ :i esa n'kZuh; vo'; FkhA
51
uhyh xnZu okys eksj dk uke uhyoaQB vkSj mlosQ lkFk&lkFk jgus okyh eksjuh dk uke jk/k
j[kk x;kA ns[krs gh ns[krs uhyoaQB ekuks fpfM+;k?kj osQ tho&tarqvksa dk laj{kd cu x;kA losjs og
lc if{k;ksa dks ,d=k dj nkuk fn, tkus osQ LFkku ij ys tkrk vkSj ?kwe&?kwedj j[kokyh djrkA
[kjxks'kksa osQ cPpksa dks xM+cM+ djus ij naM Hkh nsrk vkSj feV~Vh esa ia[k iSQykdj viuh ?kuh iw¡N
esa fNik&fNih tSls [ksy [ksyus dk ekSdk Hkh nsrkA
,d ckj ml fiatjs esa ,d lk¡i ?kql vk;k vkSj mlus ,d [kjxks'k osQ cPps dks idM+ fy;kA
[kjxks'k osQ cPps dh pha&pha lqurs gh uhyoaQB >iV~Vs ls uhps vk;k vkSj mlus lk¡i dks ekjdj ml
cPps dh tku cpkbZA mlosQ ckn mlus f'k'kq [kjxks'k dks vius ia[kksa osQ uhps j[kdj ekuks m".krk
vkSj Lusg dk vks<+uk vks<+k fn;kA
ysf[kdk dks ns[krs gh uhyoaQB ia[k iSQykdj ukpus yxrk vkSj eksjuh Hkh eksj dh ifjØek djrs
gq, mlosQ ia[kksa dks Nw&Nwdj ukpus yxrhA mu nksuksa osQ u`R; esa dyk dk Hkjiwj lekos'k n`f"Vxr
gksrkµrky] y; ls ;qDr] lgt u`R;A viuh pksap ls lk¡i dks {kr&fo{kr djus okyk eksj uhyoaQB
eu ls bruk dksey Fkk fd ysf[kdk dh gFksyh ls puksa dks gkSys&gkSys ,slh dkseyrk vkSj lko/kuh
ls pqxrk rkfd ml gFksyh esa pksap dk Li'kZ Hkh u gks ik,A
o"kkZ ½rq vkrs gh uhyoaQB vkSj jk/k eLr gks tkrsA cknyksa osQ xjtus osQ lkFk&lkFk mudk u`R;
'kq: gks tkrkA es?k ftruk vf/d xjtrk] fctyh ftruh vf/d pedrh] u`R; mruh gh nzqr xfr
ls gksrkA jk/k viuh osQdk èofu ls mldk lkFk nsrhA
oqQN le; ckn dh ?kVuk gS] ysf[kdk ,d ?kk;y eksjuh dks fiQj ls ?kj ij ys vkbZA ejge
iV~Vh osQ i'pkr~ mls Hkh tkyh okys cM+s fiatjs esa igq¡pk;k x;kA ;g ubZ eksjuh ftldk uke oqQCtk
j[kk x;k uhyoaQB vkSj jk/k dks lkFk ns[kdj ekjus nkSM+rhA mlus jk/k osQ ia[k uksap MkysA og
uhyoaQB osQ lehi fdlh Hkh tho&tarq dks vkus u nsrhA mlus jk/k osQ fn, nks vaMksa dks Hkh iQksM+
MkykA bl dyg ls uhyoaQB bruk nq[kh Fkk fd dbZ ckj og fiatjs ls fudy HkkxrkA ysf[kdk osQ
iqpdkjus ij gh vkrkA ysf[kdk dk fopkj Fkk fd /hjs&/hjs if{k;ksa esa esy gks tk,xk foaQrq ,slk
ugha gqvkA ,d fnu uhyoaQB /jrh ij iw¡N iSQyk, cSBk FkkA iqdkjus ij mlus dksbZ Hkh izfrfØ;k
”kkfgj u dh --- og ej x;k FkkA tc mls xaxk esa izokfgr fd;k rks mlosQ ia[kksa dh pafnzdkvksa ls
izfrfcafcr xaxk dk pkSM+k ikV ekuks ,d fo'kky e;wj dh rjg rjafxr gks mBkA
jk/k e;wj dh izrh{kk djrh jghA mls yxrk Fkk fd og fiNys voljksa dh rjg fiQj ykSV
vk,xkA ij oqQCtk us 'kksj&xqy epkdj uhyoaQB dh [kkst 'kq: dj nhA ,d fnu og fiatjs osQ
ckgj vkbZ rks dtyh (vYlsf'k;u oqQRrh) lkeus iM+ xbZ rks oqQCtk us pksap ls dtyh ij izgkj
fd;kA dtyh osQ nks nk¡r oqQCtk dh xjnu ij yx x, vkSj mls cpk;k u tk ldkA jk/k vkt
Hkh izrh{kk dj jgh gS uhyoaQB osQ okil vkus dhµfo'ks"k :i esa vk"kk<+ esa og rhoz osQdk Loj
ls uhyoaQB dks cqykrh jgrh gSA
bl izdkj bl ys[k osQ ekè;e ls ysf[kdk us bu rhuksa if{k;ksa osQ fp=k.k n~okjk if{k;ksa dh
izÑfr dh fofHkUurk dks n'kkZ;k gSA
52
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) ysf[kdk dks LVs'ku ls ykSVrs le; fpfM+;kokys cM+s fe;k¡ feysA
([k) ysf[kdk us eksj osQ tksM+s dks iSarhl #i, esa [kjhnkA
(x) ysf[kdk us eksj dk uke mldh uhykHk xzhok osQ dkj.k uhyoaQB j[kk vkSj Nk;k osQ
leku jgus osQ dkj.k eksjuh dk uke jk/k j[kkA
(?k) uhyoaQB us [kjxks'k dks lk¡i osQ pqaxy ls cpk;kA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) ysf[kdk us eksj&eksjuh dks lcls igys vius i<+us&fy[kus osQ dejs esa j[kk FkkA
([k) jk/k uhyoaQB osQ ukpus ij mlosQ nkfguh vksj ls ia[k Nwrh gqbZ ckb± vksj fudy
vkrh Fkh vkSj ck,¡ ia[k dks Li'kZ dj nkfguh vksjA bl izdkj mldh ifjozQek esa ,d
rky&ifjp; feyrk FkkA
(x) oqQC”kk ysf[kdk n~okjk [kjhnh xbZ rhljh eksjuh Fkh ftlosQ iSjksa dh m¡xfy;k¡ VwVdj
,df=kr gks xbZ Fkha vkSj Bhd ls [kM+h ugha gks ikrh FkhA ysf[kdk us mls lkr #i, esa
[kjhnk Fkk vkSj eghus Hkj fpfdRlk djus osQ ckn og vPNh gks xbZ FkhA uhyoaQB vkSj
jk/k osQ chp dh nksLrh dks oqQC”kk lgu ugha dj ikrh Fkh blfy, jk/k dh dyxh
vkSj ia[k uksp dj uhyoaQB ls mls nwj dj nsrh FkhA
(?k) o"kkZ ½rq uhyoaQB vkSj jk/k dh fiz; ½rq FkhA es?kksa osQ meM+&?kqeM+ dj vkus ls
igys gh os gok esa mldh lty vkgV ik ysrs FksA mudh ean osQdk dh xw¡t&vuqxw¡t
okrkoj.k dks iziqQfYyr dj nsrhA cw¡nksa dh fjef>ekgV] es?k dh xtZu vkSj fctyh dh
ped uhyoaQB dks u`R; osQ fy, mdlkrh FkhA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) uhyoaQB osQ flj ij m¡Qph] pedhyh] l?ku dyxh FkhA pksap cafde vkSj iSuh] vk¡[ksa
xksy uhykHkn~;qfr okyh] xzhok yach uhy&gfjr /wiNk¡gh rjax okyh] ia[kksa ij pafnzdkvksa
osQ banzèkuq"kh jax] iSj jax&jfgr ij rhoz xfr okys FksA ysf[kdk us bl izdkj 'kCnksa osQ
ekè;e ls uhyoaQB osQ :i dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
([k) fiatjs esa vU; if{k;ksa us mu nksuksa dk Lokxr oqQN bl izdkj fd;k tSlkfd uoo/w dk
vkxeu ifjokj esa fd;k tkrk gSA yDdk dcwrj ukpuk NksM+dj nkSM+ iM+s vkSj muosQ
pkjksa vksj ?kwe&?kwedj xqVjxw¡ dh jkfxuh vykius yxsA cM+s [kjxks'k mudk fujh{k.k djus
yxs] NksVs [kjxks'k mNy&owQn epkus yxsA rksrs Hkh ,d vk¡[k can dj ijh{k.k djus
yxsA
53
(x) uhyoaQB [kjxks'k dks lk¡i osQ paqxy ls NqM+kus ls iwoZ nwj mQij >wys esa lks jgk FkkA lk¡i
us NksVs ls f'k'kq [kjxks'k dks viuk f'kdkj cuk;kA mldk vk/k fiNyk 'kjhj lk¡i osQ
eq¡g esa nck FkkA og /heh vkok”k ls pha&pha djus yxk rHkh ml ean Loj dh O;Fkk
uhyoaQB igpku x;k vkSj rqjar uhps vk x;kA mlus lk¡i dks iQu osQ ikl iatksa ls
nck;k vkSj fiQj pksap ls brus izgkj fd, fd og v/ejk gks x;kA idM+ <hyh gksus
ij [kjxks'k dk cPpk eq[k ls fudy vk;kA
(?k) ysf[kdk dks i{kh izÑfr dh fofHkUurk dk ifjp; oqQC”kk] uhyoaQB vkSj jk/k osQ dkj.k
feykA uhyoaQB fpfM+;k?kj osQ tho&tarqvksa dk lsukifr vkSj lja{kd Fkk] [kjxks'k dcwrj
vkfn dh lsuk dks ,df=kr dj ml vksj ys tkrk tgk¡ nkuk fn;k x;k gksrk] tho&tarqvksa
osQ xM+cM+ djus ij rh[ks papq&izgkj ls naM nsrk FkkA jk/k uhyoaQB dh Nk;k Fkh vkSj
oqQC”kk dyg vkSj n~os"k&izse ls Hkjh FkhA
(Ä) oqQC”kk dk O;ogkj mlosQ uke vuqlkj FkkA og uhyoaQB vkSj jk/k dks lkFk ns[krs
gh mUgsa ekjus nkSM+ iM+rh FkhA pksap ekj&ekjdj mlus jk/k dh dyxh vkSj ia[k uksp
Mkys FksA mldh fdlh Hkh tho&tarq ls fe=krk u Fkh vkSj u og fdlh dks uhyoaQB
osQ lehi vkus nsuk pkgrh FkhA oqQC”kk n~os"k] bZ";kZ vkSj tyu osQ dkj.k lcls vyx
yxrh FkhA
(p) oqQC”kk tkyh dk njok”kk [kqyrs gh ckgj fudy vkrh Fkh vkSj uhyoaQB dh [kkst
djrh jgrh FkhA ,d fnu vke osQ isM+ ls mrjrs le; og dtyh (vYlsf'k;u oqQRrh)
osQ lkeus vk xbZA vius LoHkko osQ vuqlkj mlus dtyh ij pksap ls izgkj fd;kA
ifj.kker% dtyh osQ nks nk¡r mldh xjnu ij yx x, ftl dkj.k mldk thou
lekIr gks x;kA
(N) (i) uke osQ -------- gqbZA
bl iafDr osQ vuqlkj ysf[kdk oqQC”kk dh lekurk Ñ".k ;qx dh oqQC”kk ls djrs
gq, crkrh gSa fd ftl izdkj oqQC”kk osQ eu esa n~os"k dh Hkkouk Fkh] mlh izdkj
bl oqQC”kk esa Hkh n~os"k dh Hkkouk rhoz FkhA blfy, ysf[kdk dgrh gS fd oqQC”kk
vius uke osQ vuq:i gh FkhA
(ii) e;wj -------- ek=k ughaA
bl iafDr n~okjk ysf[kdk ;g crkuk pkgrh gS fd dkfrZosQ; dk okgu e;wj
gSA mls mUgksaus vius ;qn~/&okgu osQ fy, mldh ohjrk osQ dkj.k pqukA bldk
ifjp; mlus [kjxks'k osQ cPps dh j{kk djosQ fn;kA ogha nwljh vksj og dyk
fiz; gSA o"kkZdky esa og viuh lqanj u`R;&Hkafxekvksa dk ifjp; cknyksa osQ xtZu
osQ lkFk nsrk gSA ysf[kdk dk ekuuk gS fd uhyoaQB osQoy fgald gh ugha Fkk
cfYd NksVs i'kq&if{k;ksa dk lja{kd Hkh FkkA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) lRrw dh xksfy;k¡ ([k) bYyh (x) dykfiz; (?k) fcYyh
54
2- (d) fpfM+;k?kj osQ tho&tarqvksa dk lsukifr uhyoaQB FkkA
([k) tc lkjs i{kh [kkus esa O;Lr gksrs rc og ?kwe&?kwedj mudh j[kokyh djrkA
(x) uhyoaQB vius papq&izgkj ls xM+cM+ djus okyksa dks naM nsrk FkkA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) ckfj'k rs”k gks jgh Fkh blfy, eSa ?kj ls ugha fudyhA
([k) rqeus jes'k dks crk fn;k ojuk og ijs'kku gksrkA
(x) dHkh oqQjlh ij vkSj dHkh flj ij vpkud vkfoHkwZr gksus yxsA
(?k) ek¡ us [kkuk cuk;k ysfdu fdlh us [kk;k ughaA
(Ä) fdlh us lp dgk gS fd lnk lp dh jkg ij pyksA
2- (d) eSa yksV jgh Fkh fd fpfM+;ksa vkSj [kjxks'kksa dh nqdku dk è;ku vk x;kA
([k) buesa eksj dh dksbZ [kkfl;r Hkh gS fd rw bruh cM+h dher ek¡xus pykA
(x) nksuksa iatksa dh m¡xfy;k¡ VwVdj bl izdkj ,df=kr gks xbZ Fkha fd og [kM+h gh ugha gks
ldrh FkhA
(?k) mUgksaus esjh jn~nh dkx”kksa dh Vksdjh dks vius u, clsjs dk xkSjo iznku fd;kA
3- ewy 'kCn izR;; ewy 'kCn izR;;
fons'kh fons'k bZ fo"k/j fo"k /j
tkyhnkj tkyh nkj rhozrj rhoz rj
tkfrxr tkfr xr eanzrj eanz rj
eaMykdkj eaMy vkdkj vuqHkoghu vuqHko ghu
4- (d) uhyh vkHkk ;qDr
([k) eaMy $ vkdkj es?k $ vkPNUu
(x) vax&vax eqldjkuk
(?k) liwr ljks"k ltho lg"kZ
(Ä) vuqdj.kh;] vuqxkeh
5- uhykHk µ uhy $ vkHkk flagklu µ flag $ vklu
ijksidkj µ ij $ midkj uokxarqd µ uo $ vkxarqd
vkuanksRlo µ vkuan $ mRlo foLe;kfHkHkwr µ foLe; $ vfHkHkwr
6- (d) xeu ([k) var (x) futhZo (?k) fLFkj
(Ä) vifjfpr (p) lagkjd (N) 'kkafr
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
55
3- eksj dh lqanjrk us mls Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; i{kh gksus dk xkSjo iznku fd;k gSA mlosQ laqnj ia[kksa
dk ;qxksa&;qxksa ls vyadkj osQ :i esa euq"; us iz;ksx fd;k gSA Ñ".k dk i;kZ; eksj ia[k mudh
lqanjrk dks c<+krk gSA eksj dh vkok”k es?kksa dks cjlus ij etcwj dj nsrh gSA mldk eueksgd
u`R; vn~forh; gSA cPpksa dks blh izdkj ys[k fy[kus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
5- cPps Lo;a djsaA
1- if{k;ksa dh iztkfr;ksa dks foyqIr gksus ls cpkus osQ fy, gesa mudk [kkl è;ku j[kuk gksxkA
Nrksa] ckx&cxhpksa esa muosQ nkus&ikuh dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A muosQ ?kksalyksa dks cpkuk
gksxk rFkk taxyksa dks fouk'k ls cpkuk gksxkA vf/d la[;k esa isM+&ikS/s yxkdj rFkk if{k;ksa
osQ f'kdkj ij izfrca/ yxkdj ge mUgsa lqj{kk iznku dj ldrs gSaA
• vkt m¡Qph&m¡Qph (1) (d) bekjrksa dh can f[kM+fd;ksa vkSj jks'kunkuksa us balku dks (2)
([k) oSQnh cuk fn;k gSA mls (3) (x) vkdk'k osQ mM+rs iaNh can 'kh'kksa ls fn[kkbZ rks
iM+rs gSa ysfdu mudh pgpgkgV muosQ ia[kksa dh (4) (d) iQM+iQM+kgV u rks lqukbZ nsrh
gS vkSj u if{k;ksa dks muosQ (5) ([k) u”knhd vkus nsrh gSA
13- esjk u;k cpiu

lkekU; mn~ns';
eq[; mn~ns';
l laca/cks/d vO;; 'kCnksa ls ifjp; djkuk
l lekl n~okjk leLrin cukuk
l rqd feykrs 'kCn fy[kuk
l Hkkookpd laKk 'kCn dh igpku djuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
56
dfork dk izkjaHk
l dof;=kh cpiu dh vB[ksfy;ksa vkSj LoPNanrk dks nksckjk thuk pkgrh gSA og dgrh gS fd
cM+s gksdj tks f”kEesnkjh vkSj ijs'kkfu;k¡ O;fDr dks cw<+k dj nsrh gSaA cpiu mu lcls vutku
gksrk gSA
l cpiu dks dof;=kh csVh osQ :i esa ikdj [kq'k gks tkrh gSA og mlosQ lkFk [ksyrh o [kkrh
gSA cpiu nqjko&fNiko dh Hkkouk ls nwj gksrk gSA mlesa Hkksykiu vkSj Li"Vrk dk fueZy Hkko
gksrk gSA
ikB ;kstuk
l dfork dks lLoj lqukrs gq, mudk HkkokFkZ cPpksa dks le>k,¡A
l muls lqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgku dh vU; dforkvksa osQ ckjs esa iwNsa fd mUgksaus mudh dkSu&dkSu lh
dfork,¡ i<+ha vkSj lquh gSa\

l cPpksa dks dfork osQ dfBu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ tkuus osQ fy, dgsA vkSj dfork daBLFk djus osQ
fy, dgsaA
l lh-Mh- osQ n~okjk cPpksa dks dfork lquok,¡A
dfork dk ljykFkZ
ckj&ckj vkrh -------- vrqfyr vkuan!
ljykFkZµdof;=kh vius cpiu osQ e/qjre iyksa dks ;kn djrs gq, dgrh gS fd eq>s vius cpiu
dh e/qj ;knsa ckj&ckj vkrh gSaA cpiu chr tkus ij O;fDr mldh ;knksa esa [kks tkrk gSA dof;=kh
mu ;knksa esa dgrh gS fd esjs thou dh eLr [kqf'k;k¡ cpiu osQ tkus osQ lkFk gh pyh xb±A fpark
jfgr gksdj [ksyuk] [kkuk vkSj fcuk fdlh Mj osQ LoPNan :i ls ?kweuk dof;=kh dks ;kn vkrk
gSA og dgrh gS fd cpiu osQ vrqfyr vkuan dks os Hkqyk ugha ldrhA
m¡Qp&uhp dk Kku -------- vkckn fd;kA
ljykFkZµcpiu esa f'k'kqvksa dks m¡Qp&uhp dh le> ugha gksrhA os Nwr&vNwr dks ugha le>rsA
>ksaiM+h esa jgus ij Hkh vkSj iQVs&iqjkus diM+ksa esa vius dks jkuh ls de ugha le>rsA dof;=kh dk
vk'k; gS fd f'k'kq gj ckr ls vufHkK gksrk gSA mls Nwr&vNwr] m¡Qp&uhp dk Kku ugha gksrkA
iQVs&iqjkus diM+ksa esa Hkh os vius dks jktk&egkjktkvksa ls de ugha le>rkA
jksuk vkSj epy -------- izkÑr foJkafrA
ljykFkZµcPps viuh fdlh ph”k dks ikus osQ fy, ekrk&firk ;k cM+ksa osQ lkeus jksdj ;k epy
dj fn[kykrs gSaA muosQ jksus ij og ph”k mUgsa fey Hkh tkrh gSA blh ckr osQ vk/kj ij dof;=kh
dgrh gSa fd os iy fdrus vkuan osQ Fks tc jksdj vkSj epydj fn[kykrs FksA cM+h&cM+h vk¡lw
dh cw¡nsa vk¡[kksa ls fudky vk¡lqvksa dh t;ekyk igu ysrs FksA dof;=kh rM+idj mu fnuksa dh ;kn
djrs gq, dgrh gSa fd vks esjs cpiu fiQj ykSV vk vkSj viuh fueZy 'kkafr thou esa okil ys
vkA dof;=kh vius cpiu ls vkxzg djrh gS fd cpiu osQ {k.k O;koqQy O;Fkk dks feVk nsaxs vkSj
izÑfr iznRr foJkafr dks nksckjk mlosQ thou esa ys vk,¡xsA
57
og Hkksyh&lh -------- oqQfV;k esjhA
ljykFkZµdof;=kh dks yxrk gS fd cpiu mlosQ thou esa vxj ykSV vk,xk rks mlosQ eu dk
larki feV tk,xkA dof;=kh cpiu osQ thou dks fu"iki dgrh gSa D;ksafd og Hkksyk vkSj ljy
gksrk gSA dof;=kh dks 'kadk gS fd cpiu ykSVdj mlosQ eu osQ larki dks D;k feVk losQxkA vHkh
dof;=kh vius cpiu osQ liuksa esa [kksbZ gqbZ Fkh vkSj chrs dy dks cqyk jgh Fkh fd rHkh mldh
fcfV;k ?kj esa izos'k djrh gS vkSj mldh cksyh ls dof;=kh dh NksVh&lh oqQfV;k uanu ou dh
Hkk¡fr f[ky mBrh gSA
ek¡ vks dgdj -------- >yd jgkA
ljykFkZµdof;=kh dh fcfV;k Lo;a feV~Vh [kkdj vkbZ Fkh mlosQ gkFk esa Hkh feV~Vh Fkh tks viuh
ek¡ dks f[kykus osQ fy, ykbZ FkhA og ek¡ dks iqdkjrs gq, ?kj esa izos'k djrh gSA og [kq'kh ls >we
jgh Fkh mldh vk¡[kksa esa dkSrwgy Nyd jgk FkkA eq¡g ij [kq'kh dh ykfyek NkbZ gqbZ Fkh vkSj feV~Vh
[kkdj vkus osQ dkj.k eq[k ij fot; xoZ >yd jgk FkkA
eSaus iwNk -------- uothou vk;kA
ljykFkZµdof;=kh us viuh Hkksyh fcfV;k ls iwNkµ;g D;k ykbZ gks\ rc mlus viuh rqrykrh
”kcku esa dgk fd ek¡ [kkvksA dof;=kh mldh rqrykrh cksyh ls vkuafnr gks mBh vkSj mls I;kj ls
cksyh fd og [kqn gh [kk,A dof;=kh dk ekuuk gS fd mlus viuh fcfV;k osQ :i esa viuk cpiu
ik;k gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd cpiu csVh cudj gh vk x;k gSA mldh lqanj ewfrZ ns[kdj dof;=kh
dks uothou fey x;k FkkA
eSa Hkh -------- fiQj ls vk;kA
ljykFkZµdof;=kh dgrh gS fd csVh osQ lkFk og [ksyrh o [kkrh gS vkSj rqrykrh cksyh cksyrh
gSA og mlosQ lkFk Lo;a cPph cu vkuan mBkrh gSaA dof;=kh dk dguk gS fd os cjlksa ls ftls
[kkstrh Fkh mldks csVh osQ :i esa ik fy;k gSA dof;=kh [kq'k gS fd tks cpiu mUgsa NksM+ x;k Fkk
og csVh osQ :i esa mUgsa fey x;kA
vH;kl
dfork dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) lqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgkuA
([k) dof;=kh dks ckj&ckj vius cpiu dh ;kn vkrh gSA
(x) cpiu dk fpark jfgr [ksyuk] [kkuk] fuHkZ; gksdj ?kweuk&fiQjuk Hkwyk ugha tk ldrkA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
58
(d) dof;=kh osQ vuqlkj cpiu esa f'k'kq vius vk¡lqvksa dh t;ekyk Lo;a gh igurk FkkA
tc dksbZ ckr iwjh ugha gksrh rks f'k'kq jksdj epydj viuh ckr euok ysrs gSaA ,sls
esa vk¡[kksa ls fudyus okys vk¡lw t;ekyk dh rjg yxrs gSaA
([k) csVh vius gkFk ls viuh ek¡ dks feV~Vh f[kykus ykbZ FkhA
(x) cpiu dk vkuan blfy, ugha Hkqyk;k tk ldrk D;ksafd rc dksbZ fpark ugha gksrhA ge
LoPNan :i ls fuHkZ; gksdj ?kwers&fiQjrs gSaA ,slk vkuan thou&Hkj ugha Hkqyk;k tk
ldrkA
(?k) NksVh&lh oqQfV;k uanu ou&lh blfy, f[ky mBh D;ksafd dof;=kh dh NksVh csVh mlosQ
lkeus vk tkrh gS vkSj viuh rksryh Hkk"kk esa cksyrh gSA rc dof;=kh dk ?kj vkuan
ls Hkj mBrk gSA og ftl cpiu dh ;kn esa [kksbZ gksrh gS] og mlosQ lkeus csVh osQ
:i esa izR;{k gks mBrk gSA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) dof;=kh us cpiu dks fu"iki blfy, dgk gS D;ksafd cpiu m¡Qp&uhp] Nwr&vNwr
vkfn HksnHkkoksa ls vufHkK gksrk gSA og Hkksysiu esa viuk thou O;rhr djrk gSA
blfy, dof;=kh cpiu dks fu"iki dgrh gSA
([k) dof;=kh vius chrs gq, cpiu dh ;knksa esa [kksbZ gqbZ gksrh gSA ysfdu rHkh mldh csVh
gkFk esa feV~Vh ysdj vkrh gS vkSj ek¡ dks mls [kkus dk vkxzg djrh gSA bu ckrksa osQ
jl ls dof;=kh [kq'k gks tkrh gSA
(x) dfork esa ek¡ vius chrs cpiu dks ;kn dj fog~oy gks tkrh gS ysfdu rHkh csVh dh
vksj mldk è;ku tkrk gS tks [kqn Hkh feV~Vh [kkdj vkbZ gS lkFk gh ek¡ dks Hkh f[kykus
osQ fy, gkFk esa feV~Vh ykrh gSA mls ns[k ek¡ chrh ckrksa ls fudy orZeku esa ykSV
vkrh gS vkSj vius [kks, gq, cpiu dks csVh osQ :i esa ikdj vkSj vf/d iziqQfYyr
gks mBrh gSA
(?k) (i) m¡Qp -------- tkuhA
cpiu m¡Qp&uhp vkSj Nqvk&Nwr ls vufHkK gksrk gSA bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; gS
fd cpiu esa dof;=kh dks u rks m¡Qp&uhp dk Kku Fkk vkSj u gh og NqvkNwr
dks tkurh FkhA
(ii) uanu -------- esjhA
dof;=kh dk dguk gS fd tc mldh NksVh&lh fcfV;k mlosQ thou esa vkrh
gS rks mldh oqQfV;k uanu ou dh Hkk¡fr f[ky mBrh gSA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) eLr [kq'kh ([k) yTtk ls Hkjh (x) vk¡[kksa esa
2- (d) dof;=kh us csVh osQ :i esa cpiu ik;kA
([k) eatqy ewfrZ csVh osQ fy, dgk gSA
(x) eSaus] mldh] eq>esa] eSa] mlosQ] Lo;a
59
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) jk?ko osQ fcuk ?kj lwuk yxrk gSA
([k) unh osQ ikl o`{k yxs FksA
(x) vkdk'k dh vksj ns[kksA
(?k) ?kj osQ ikl LowQy FkkA
(Ä) ek¡ osQ lkFk xfjek ck”kkj xbZA
2- (d) vutku ([k) gkFkksa&gkFk
(x) izfrekl (?k) ;FkklaHko
(Ä) ;Fkk'kfDr (p) vkthou
(N) cseryc (t) chpksa&chp
3- jksuk µ lksuk feyki µ foyki 'kkafr µ dkafr
vkuan µ LoPNan fcfV;k µ oqQfV;k Nyd µ >yd
4- m¡Qp µ uhp Kku µ vKku 'kkafr µ v'kkafr
fueZy µ efyu fuHkZ; µ vHk; e/qj µ dVq
mnkl µ [kq'k thou µ ej.k fot; µ ijkt;
5- (d) [ku[kukgV ([k) pgpgkgV (x) >ek>e
(?k) xM+xM+kgV (Ä) fVi&fVi (p) lulukgV
6- FkdkoV] jksikbZ] cqukbZ] fn[kkoV] i<+kbZ] vkyL;
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
• (d) e/qj ([k) t;ekyk (x) feV~Vh (?k) csVh (Ä) cpiu
60
14- fe=krk
lkekU; mn~ns';
l fuca/&ys[ku ls ifjp; djkuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l dkjd vkSj mlosQ Hksnksa dh tkudkjh
l dj.k vkSj viknku dkjd esa varj igpkuuk
l izR;; tksM+dj u, 'kCn cukuk
l n~oano lekl osQ 'kCn igpkuuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
ikB dk izkjaHk
l fe=kksa dk pquko lksp&le>dj djuk pkfg,A
l lPpk fe=k /S;Zoku gksrk gS] ges'kk lkFk nsrk gS] ”k:jr osQ le; lkFk fuHkkrk gS] lgkuqHkwfr j[krk
gS vkSj iwjh rjg ls Hkjkslsean gksrk gSA

l fe=kksa dk pquko djrs le; gesa cqn~f/ vkSj foosd ls dke ysuk pkfg,A
l izk;% ge yksxksa osQ ckgjh :i&jax ls izHkkfor gksdj muosQ laca/ esa jk; dk;e dj ysrs gSa tks
ges'kk lgh ugha gksrhA gesa O;fDr osQ vkarfjd xq.kksa dks ij[kuk pkfg,A
l cqjs fe=k gesa cqjkbZ dh vksj ys tk,¡xsA vr% ,sls O;fDr;ksa ls nwjh j[kuk gh mfpr gSA
l ge fdrus Hkh vPNs D;ksa u gksa] ge ij vius fe=k osQ vkpj.k dk izHkko iwjk&iwjk iM+rk gSA
blfy, ;fn gekjk fe=k cqjkbZ esa fyIr gS rks ml cqjkbZ esa gekjs Hkh fyIr gks tkus dh vk'kadk
jgrh gSA
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa dks igys ikB i<+ok,¡A ikB le>kus osQ ckn mUgsa è;kuiwoZd i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA
l iwNsaµos vius fe=kksa dk pquko fdl izdkj djrs gSa\ lgh fe=k dh igpku os oSQls djsaxs\ os
nwljksa osQ lkFk Lo;a oSQlk O;ogkj djrs gSa\

l cPpksa dks lh-Mh- osQ n~okjk Hkh ikB dk vè;;u djk,¡A
61
ikB dk lkjka'k
MkW- jkepanz 'kqDy us bl fuca/ esa fe=krk dh vko';drk] lPps fe=k dh [kwfc;k¡] lPph fe=krk osQ
y{k.k] fe=kksa osQ drZO;] oqQlaxfr dk nq"ifj.kke vkSj ge oSQls yksxksa dks viuk fe=k cuk,¡ vkfn
lHkh i{kksa dh foospuk dh gSA ys[kd osQ vuqlkj ;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd dksbZ lk/kj.k oLrq Hkh
ysuh gks rks Bksd&ctkdj] tk¡p&iM+rky djosQ yh tkrh gS foaQrq fe=k cukrs le; ckgjh :i&jax]
cksy&pky ns[kdj gh fu.kZ; ys fy;k tkrk gSA vko';d gS fd ge tk¡p&ij[kdj lgh fe=k dk
p;u djsaA lPpk fe=k iFk&izn'kZd] fo'oklik=k] le; ij dke vkus okyk vkSj lkFk fuHkkus okyk
gksuk pkfg,A gesa fe=kksa dk p;u djrs le; vius foosd dk bLrseky djuk pkfg, vkSj cqjh laxfr
ls cpuk pkfg,A
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
l ekSf[kd
(d) ?kj ls ckgj fudyus ij ukStokuksa dks igyh dfBukbZ fe=k pquus esa gksrh gSA
([k) oqQlaxfr ls viuh ln~o`fRr rFkk cqn~f/ dk uk'k gksrk gSA
(x) baXySaM dk fon~oku vius HkkX; dks blfy, ljkgus yxk D;ksafd og ,sls yksxksa dh
laxfr ls cp x;k tks mldh vkè;kfRed mUufr esa ck/d curs gSaA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) fo'oklik=k fe=k feyus ij le>uk pkfg, fd [k”kkuk fey x;kA
([k) oqQlax dk Toj Hk;kud gksrk gSA
(x) ckY;koLFkk esa gekjk eu dPph feV~Vh dh ewfrZ osQ leku gksrk gSA
(?k) vkRef'k{kk dk ekxZ vPNs fe=k dh enn ls ljy gks tkrk gSA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) ckY;koLFkk esa ge fdlh dk g¡leq[k psgjk ckrphr dk <ax] lkgl ns[kdj mls viuk
fe=k cuk ysrs gSaA ge mls viuk fe=k eku ysrs gSa tks gekjs ckyeu dks vkuan nsrk
gSA tcfd ;qokoLFkk esa ge FkksM+k ifjiDo gks tkrs gSaA eu Hkh 'kkar o xaHkhj gks tkrk
gSA ge vPNs o cqjs dk varj Hkh le>us yxrs gSaA ckY;koLFkk esa tks vPNk yxrk gS
ogh fe=k cu tkrk gSA tcfd ;qokoLFkk esa fe=k dk p;u lksp&le>dj djrs gSaA
([k) fe=k dk pquko djrs le; gesa dbZ ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A tSlsµfe=k dk
vkpj.k] O;ogkj rFkk LoHkko vPNk gks] tks gekjk ekxZn'kZu djs] izksRlkfgr djs] gekjs
nks"kksa dks nwj djus esa lgk;d cus] foosd'khy rFkk fo'oklik=k gks] lR;fu"B o n`<+
ladYi okyk gks] fouez gks vkfnA
62
(x) fo'oklik=k fe=k dh miek vkS"kf/ ls dh xbZ gSA ftl izdkj vkS"kf/ gekjs jksxksa dks nwj
djrh gS] mlh izdkj fo'oklik=k fe=k gekjh leL;kvksa rFkk ijs'kkfu;ksa dks le>dj
mUgsa nwj djrk gSA
(?k) gj O;fDr leku ugha gksrkA dbZ ckj ge ,sls O;fDr dks viuk fe=k cukrs gSa tks
LoHkko o izÑfr esa gels loZFkk fHkUu gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k gS ge viuh dfe;ksa
dks fe=k esa ugha ikrs rks gesa mlls ,d izdkj dk cy o lkgl feyrk gSA tSls ,d
papy O;fDr ;fn fdlh 'kkar O;fDr dks fe=k cukrk gS rks 'kkar O;fDr dHkh&dHkh
vius fe=k dks 'kkar cuk nsrk gS D;ksafd fe=k dk izHkko vijks{k :i ls ge ij iM+rk
gSA
(Ä) fe=k cukrs le; gesa lko/ku o lroZQ jguk pkfg,A dHkh Hkh ,sls O;fDr dks fe=k
ugha cukuk pkfg, tks gesa grksRlkfgr djs] ge ij gkoh gks tk, vFkok gesa nck,A
vkSj u gh ,sls yksxksa dks viuk fe=k cukuk pkfg, tks gekjh gj ckr dks Lohdkj dj
ysA ,sls fe=k gekjs O;fDrRo osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;d ugha cu ldrsA
(p) (i) ftl izdkj ,d vPNk oSn~; jksxh dh uC”k ns[kdj jksx dks tku tkrk gS vkSj
mldk funku djrk gS] mlh izdkj lPph fe=krk esa Hkh ,d oqQ'ky oSn~; tSlh
n`f"V gksrh gSA ,d ek¡ Hkh viuh larku osQ nks"kksa dks vius /S;Z o dksey O;ogkj
ls nwj djus dk iz;Ru djrh gSA
(ii) bu iafDr;ksa esa ys[kd dguk pkgrs gSa fd tc ge ,d ckj dhpM+ esa iSj Mkyrs
gSa rks gesa xanxh dk irk ugha pyrk D;ksafd dhpM+ esa rks pkjksa vksj xanxh gksrh
gSA Bhd mlh izdkj ,d ckj cqjh laxfr esa iM+ tkus ij mlls ckgj fudyuk
dfBu gks tkrk gSA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) vf/d n`<+ ladYi okys ([k) mRre oSn~; dh (x) oqQlax
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) lacks/u dkjd ([k) vf/dj.k dkjd (x) laca/dkjd
(?k) viknku dkjd (Ä) laiznku
2- (d) viknku ([k) viknku (x) dj.k dkjd
(?k) viknku (Ä) dj.k dkjd (p) dj.k dkjd
3- (d) nq;ksZ/u esa foosd ugha FkkA
([k) bl o`{k dh Nk;k cgqr ?kuh gSA
(x) bl ckj dk ijh{kk&i=k cgqr dfBu FkkA
(?k) vkidh o`Qik ls esjk lc dke Bhd ls laiUu gks x;kA
(Ä) Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks viuh laLÑfr ij xoZ gSA
(p) izkr%dky Hkze.k djuk LokLF; osQ fy, vPNk gSA
63
4- tks idk u gks µ v/idk Nk=k dh voLFkk µ Nk=kkoLFkk
iFk fn[kykusokyk µ iFk izn'kZd tks dyad jfgr gks µ fu"dyad
lR; esa ftldh fu"Bk gks µ lR;fu"B vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus gksus okyk µ izR;{k
ftldk mRlkg VwV x;k gks µ fu#Rlkgh LosPNkiw.kZ vkpj.k djusokyk µ LosPNkpkjh
5- izHkq µ izHkqRo i'kq µ i'kqRo usrk µ usr`Ro
ca/q µ ca/qRo nso µ nsoRo O;fDr µ O;fDrRo
6- thou&ej.k] ekrk&firk] ysu&nsu] [kVj&iVj] m¡Qp&uhp] mrkj&p<+ko] lp&>wB] lq[k&nq[k
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
5- cPps Lo;a djsaA
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- dkty dh dksBjh ls rkRi;Z gS fd dkty dh dksBjh esa vki fdruh Hkh lko/kuh ls tk,¡
FkksM+h cgqr dkfy[k 'kjhj ij yx gh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj cqjh laxfr esa jgus ij oqQN cqjh
vknrsa vk gh tkrh gSaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
• (d) n~oan~o lekl ([k) lkekftd (x) dksey (?k) oku (Ä) tM+
15- 'kghnksa osQ i=k

lkekU; mn~ns';
l i=kksa n~okjk ohjksa dk ns'k osQ izfr lEeku vkSj leiZ.k dk Hkko n'kkZuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn ls ifjp; djkuk
l ewy'kCn ls izR;; vyx djuk
64
l fo'ks"k.k 'kCn igpkuuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
ikB dk izkjaHk
l Lora=krk dk vkanksyu ,d foy{k.k vkanksyu Fkk ftlesa u tkus fdrus ohjksa us viuh oqQckZfu;k¡
nhaA gesa 'kghnksa dh mu oqQckZfu;ksa dks ;kn j[kuk pkfg,A

l gesa vk”kkn ns'k osQ oklh gksus dk xkSjo gksuk pkfg,A Lora=k jgus dk Hkko ,d vR;ar lq[kn
o foy{k.k Hkko gSµgesa mldh dnz djuh pkfg,A

l vius ns'k osQ izfr gesa iwjh rjg ls fu"Bkoku vkSj lefiZr gksuk pkfg,A
l ge ns'k izse dh Hkkouk dks ns'k osQ izfr vius drZO;ksa dk fuokZg dj vfHkO;Dr dj ldrs
gSaA buesa ls oqQN drZO; gSaµvius vklikl osQ ifjlj dks lkI+kQ j[kuk] lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ls nwj
jguk] iznw"k.k u iSQykuk] izÑfr] isM+&ikS/s] oU;&thou dk laj{k.k djuk] cM+ksa dk vknj djuk]
lcls leHkko j[kuk] lgkuqHkwfr j[kuk] vkilh n~os"k dks feVk nsuk vkSj ,d tkx:d ukxfjd
osQ :i esa lefUor O;fDrRo dks gkfly djukA
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa dks ikB i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA
l ekuork] Js"B] vlaxfBr] egku] v/hj] lefiZr tSls 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx djus osQ fy,
dgsaA
l iwNsa fd bu nksuksa i=kksa ls mUgsa D;k izsj.kk feyh\ os viuh ekr`Hkwfe ls fdruk izse djrs gSa\
l cPpksa dks lh-Mh- osQ ekè;e ls Hkh ikB i<+ok,¡A
ikB dk lkjka'k
izLrqr ikB esa nks 'kghnksa ykyk yktirjk; vkSj jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ nks i=k fy, x, gSaA tgk¡ ,d
vksj ykyk yktirjk; us /jrh ek¡ dks ueu djrs gq, muosQ izfr viuh vVwV vkLFkk O;Dr dh
gS] ogha jkeizlkn fcfLey us viuh ek¡ dks lacksf/r djosQ i=k fy[kk gSA nksuksa i=kksa esa tgk¡ ,d
vksj ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr vVwV izse dh vfHkO;fDr gS] ogha vius Hkkjroklh gksus dk vkSj ns'k osQ fy,
'kghn gksus dk vfHkeku Hkh iwjh rjg >ydrk gSA Hkkjr dh vk”kknh dh yM+kbZ esa yk[kksa Lora=krk
lsukfu;ksa us viuk ru&eu&/u yxk fn;k FkkA bu cfynkfu;ksa us ns'k dks Lora=krk fnyokus osQ fy,
gj izdkj osQ d"V lgs] izrkM+uk,¡ >syha] vR;kpkj lgs] tsy osQ d"V Hkksxs foaQrq g¡lrs&g¡lrs viuh
tku dh ckth yxk nhA 'kghnksa dh mlh nhokuxh dh >yd bu i=kksa esa gSA
65
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) ykyk yktirjk; us ;g i=k Hkkjr ek¡ dks lacksf/r djrs gq, fy[kk gSA
([k) ykyk yktirjk; bZ'oj ls Hkh vf/d I;kj viuh ekr`Hkwfe ls djrs FksA
(x) jkeizlkn fcfLey viuh ekrk dks viuh mUufr esa lgk;d ekurs FksA
(?k) ;g i=k jkeizlkn fcfLey us tsy ls fy[kk FkkA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) ykyk yktirjk; viuh ek¡ ls tqM+h gj oLrq ls I;kj djrs gSaA os ekr`Hkwfe osQ ioZr]
ufn;ksa] ?kkfV;ksa] eSnkuksa] iwQyksa] iQyksa vkSj jsfxLrkuksa ls I;kj djrs gSaA
([k) ykyk yktirjk; dh u”kj esa ekr`Hkwfe dh larkusa vlaxfBr] ns'kizseghu] va/fo'oklh
gSaA ijarq mu lcls mudks I;kj gSA
(x) jkeizlkn fcfLey dh bPNk Fkh fd os ,d ckj Jn~/kiwoZd ek¡ osQ pj.kksa dh lsok
djosQ vius thou dks liQy cuk ysuk pkgrs FksA
(?k) jkeizlkn fcfLey us ekrkvksa dh ekrk Hkkjrekrk dks dgk gSA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) ykyk yktirjk; viuk izse ek¡ osQ pj.kksa esa lefiZr djuk pkgrs Fks D;ksafd Hkkjr
mudh tUeHkwfe gS vkSj lfn;ksa ls fons'kh vkozQkarkvksa ls ihfM+r gSA
([k) ykyk yktirjk; ns'kokfl;ksa esa vlaxBu vkSj va/fo'okl dh Hkkoukvksa dks ns[krs gSaA
mUgsa ns'kokfl;ksa esa ns'kizse dh Hkkouk dk Hkh vHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ijarq os fiQj Hkh
mUgsa ugha NksM+ ikrs D;ksafd mUgsa Lo;a Hkkjrekrk ls I;kj gSA blh dkj.k os Hkkjr ls
tqM+h gj ph”k ls izse djrs gSaA
(x) nksuksa gh i=k ekrk dks lacksf/r dj fy[ks x, gSa ijarq nksuksa esa varj Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
ykyk yktirjk; tgk¡ Hkkjr Hkwfe dks ekrk osQ :i esa lacksf/r dj vius izse dks mu
ij lefiZr djrs gSa ogha nwljk i=k jkeizlkn fcfLey viuh tuuh dks lacksf/r dj
fy[krs gSaA os viuh ekrk dh lsok djuk pkgrs gSa ysfdu mUgksaus ekrkvksa dh ekrk
Hkkjrekrk dh lsok esa viuk thou lefiZr dj fn;k gSA os Hkkjrekrk osQ fy, 'kghn
gksdj viuh ek¡ dk eLrd m¡Qpk djuk pkgrs gSaA
(?k) jkeizlkn fcfLey us viuh ek¡ dks fy[kk Fkk fd mudk uke bfrgkl esa mTToy v{kjksa
esa fy[kk tk,xkA D;ksafd mudk iq=k g¡lrs&g¡lrs ekr`Hkwfe dh lsok esa viuk thou
lefiZr dj x;kA mUgksaus Hkkjr dks Lora=k djkus osQ fy, iQk¡lh dh Hkh ijokg ugha
dhA os Hkkjrekrk osQ fy, 'kghn gks x, FksA mUgksaus viuh tuuh dk flj ges'kk osQ
fy, m¡Qpk mBk fn;k FkkA
66
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) eSa Hkkjr esa iqu% tUe yw¡ ([k) fcfLey dh e`R;q dk laokn
(x) jkse&jkse ls izse djosQ (?k) Hkkjrekrk osQ pj.kksa esa
2- (d) ys[kd dks mldh ekrk us izseHkjh ok.kh lqukbZA
([k) og viuh ekrk ls cgqr vf/d I;kj djrk gSA egku ls egku ladV esa Hkh ek¡ us mls
v/hj ugha gksus fn;k blfy, og izR;sd tUe esa ,slh gh ekrk pkgrk gSA
(x) ys[kd ,d ckj Jn~/kiwoZd viuh ekrk osQ pj.kksa dh lsok djuk pkgrk gSA ysfdu
e`R;q fudV vkus osQ dkj.k ;g bPNk iw.kZ gksrh ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) okg! ([k) vjs! (x) cki js! (?k) 'kkck'k! (Ä) /U;! (p) /r~!
2- ewy 'kCn izR;; ewy 'kCn izR;;
ekuo rk /eZ bd
laxBu br Jn~/k iwoZd
lekt bd va/fo'okl b
3- (d) oanuk] ek¡] iQk¡lh] laokn] vafre
([k) laca/ dkjd
(x) ,sfrgkfld] vkfRed] /kfeZd] lkekftd
(?k) dey osQ leku pj.k_ ikyu vkSj iks"k.k
(Ä) vlger] fujk'kk] foyac] vliQy] nkuork
4- (d) lc cPps nkSM+ x,A la[;kokpd
([k) eSaus iks'kkd cuokus osQ fy, ik¡p ehVj diM+k [kjhnkA ifjek.kokpd
(x) ;g lM+d cgqr yach gSA ifjek.kokpd
(?k) og ck”kkj ls nl fdyks pkoy yk;kA ifjek.kokpd
(Ä) vkt eSaus cgqr [kkuk [kk;kA ifjek.kokpd
5- ân; µ fny n`<+ µ e”kcwr lnSo µ ges'kk
d"V µ eqlhcr Lok/hu µ Lora=k bPNk µ pkg
6- tuuh vlaxfBr
/kfeZd oSKkfud
ikjaifjd vkfRed
lkfgfR;d ,sfrgkfld
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
67
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
5- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- fdlh O;fDr esa ns'k osQ fy, mRdV izse] R;kx o cfynku dh Hkkouk] LokFkZ ls mQij mBdj
lcosQ fy, lkspus dh Hkkouk mls ns'k osQ fy, loZLo U;ksNkoj djus osQ fy, izsfjr djrh
gSA
• (d) o~Q $ v $ ×k~ $ p~ $ v $ u~ $ v
([k) i~ $ mQ $ t~ $ vk
(x) 'k~ $ v $ g~ $ bZ $ n~ $ v
(?k) l~ $ v $ e~ $ e~ $ vk $ u~ $ v
16- vtark ,yksjk dh xqiQk,¡

lkekU; mn~ns';
l Hkk"kk laca/h Kku dks c<+kuk
l laLej.k ys[ku ls ifjp; djkuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l okD; osQ Hksn igpkuuk
l fuikr ls ifjp; djkuk
l fojke fpg~u yxkuk
l fozQ;k dh igpku djuk
l funZs'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk
l eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ pquuk
ikB dk izkjaHk
l gekjh lkaLÑfrd /jksgjsa gekjk vfHkeku gSaA ;s ns'k dk xkSjo c<+krh gSaA
l bu xqiQkvksa esa Jfedksa dk Je >ydrk gSA dyk osQ izfr mudh leiZ.k dh Hkkouk fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA
68
l ;gk¡ fganw] ckSn~/ o tSu /eZ dks lefiZr xqiQk,¡ loZ/eZ leHkko osQ Hkko dks iznf'kZr djrh gSaA
l gesa Hkkjr dh bu /jksgjksa dks lgstuk o l¡Hkkyuk pkfg, rkfd Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa rd bUgsa lqjf{kr
igq¡pk;k tk losQA
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa dks ikB m¡xyh j[kdj i<+us osQ fy, dgsa ftlls os 'kCn vkSj okD;ksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr
le>saA
l vki Lo;a ikB i<+rs gq, muls iz'u iwNsa rkfd ikB osQ izfr mudh vfHkjQfp cuh jgsA
l lh-Mh- osQ ekè;e ls ikB dks i<+k,¡A blesa fn, fp=k cPpksa dks ikB osQ izfr vkdf"kZr djsaxsA
ikB dk lkjka'k
;g ikB laLej.k fo/k esa fy[kk x;k gSA ,d ckj ys[kd vius pkpkth osQ ?kj vkSjaxkckn esa
vtark&,yksjk dh xqiQk,¡ ns[kus fe=kksa osQ lkFk x;k FkkA bu xqiQkvksa osQ chp yxHkx 100 fdyksehVj
dh nwjh gSA ys[kd crkrk gS fd vtark dh xqiQk,¡ ,d igkM+ dks dkVdj cukbZ xbZ gSa tcfd
,yksjk dbZ igkfM+;ksa dks dkVdj cukbZ xbZ xqiQk,¡ gaSA ;s 7oh- 'krkCnh esa cuh Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh dk
loksZRre mnkgj.k gSaA bu xqiQkvksa esa feyus okyh ewfrZ;ksa vkSj fp=kksa esa fganw] ckSn~/ rFkk tSu èkeZ dk
izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA bu xqiQkvksa dks lcls igys 1819 esa fczfV'k lsuk osQ vf/dkjh tkWu
fLeFk us ns[kk FkkA bu xqiQkvksa esa cqn~/ dh izfrek,¡ eu dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSaA ;s xqiQk,¡ euq";
n~okjk fufeZr cstksM+ xqiQk,¡ gSa ftUgsa izfrfnu vla[; lSykuh ns[kus vkrs gSaA bu xqiQkvksa ij ckjhdh
ls fd, x, dk;Z lHkh dk eu eksg ysrs gSaA
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) ikB esa vtark&,yksjk dh xqiQkvksa dh ;k=kk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
([k) vtark&,yksjk vkSjaxkckn esa fLFkr gSA
(x) bu xqiQkvksa osQ fp=k 7oha 'krkCnh esa cus FksA
(?k) bu xqiQkvksa osQ fp=kksa ij fganw] ckSn~/ vkSj tSu /eks± dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
(Ä) vtark esa oqQy 30 xqiQk,¡ gSaA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) bu xqiQkvksa dh lcls igyh [kkst 1819 esa fczfV'k lsuk dh enzkl jsftesaV osQ ,d
lsuk vf/dkjh tkWu fLeFk us dh FkhA
([k) bu xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k yxHkx 1000 o"kZ rd fd;k x;kA ysfdu ewfrZ;ksa dh dykRedrk
eas ”kjk&lk Hkh I+kQoZQ ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA
69
(x) bu xqiQkvksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaµvtark dh xqiQkvksa dks ,d igkM+ dks dkVdj cuk;k
x;k Fkk tcfd ,yksjk esa dbZ igkfM+;ksa dks dkVk x;k FkkA ;s Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh dk
loksZRre mnkgj.k gSaA bu xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z 1000 o"kZ rd pyk ysfdu brus
o"kks± rd dk;Z pyus ij Hkh ewfrZ;ksa dh dykRedrk esa ”kjk&lk Hkh I+kQoZQ ns[kus dks
ugha feyrkA ;s xqiQk,¡ ?kksM+s osQ uky osQ vkdkj esa cuh gSaA buesa ckSn~/ fHk{kqdksa vkfn
dh fp=kdFkk,¡ iSQyh gqbZ gSaA ;gk¡ dh f'kYidyk,¡ vius vki esa cstksM+ gSaA buesa vusd
izdkj osQ iwQy] ifRr;ksa] o`{kksa vkfn ls ltkoV dk dke fd;k x;k gSA
(?k) vtark dh xqiQkvksa esa cqn~/ dh ewfrZ;k¡] tkrd dFkk,¡] iwQy&ifRr;k¡] o`{kksa] i'kq
vkÑfr;ksa vkfn dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA
(Ä) ,yksjk dh xqiQk,¡ Tokykeq[kh; cslkYVh iRFkjksa dks dkVdj cukbZ xbZ gSaA
(p) ,yksjk esa 34 xqiQk,¡ gSaA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) oSQyk'kukFk eafnj ,yksjk xqiQkvksa esa gS vkSj ;g okLrqdyk dk vn~Hkqr uewuk gS ftls iRFkj
osQ osQoy ,d [kaHks ij uDdk'kh dj cuk;k x;k gSA bl eafnj esa ,d izos'k n~okj] eaMi]
lHkk d{k] Vkoj vkSj ,dkar d{k Hkh gSA
([k) vtark ,yksjk dh xqiQkvksa osQ ckjs esa cPps ikB ls tkusa vkSj vius 'kCnksa esa fy[ksaA
(x) vtark esa in~eikf.k cqn~/ dh izfrek cjcl eu dks [khap ysrh gSA blesa fofHkUu dks.kksa
ls cqn~/ osQ psgjs ij fHkUu&fHkUu Hkko fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA nkfguh fn'kk ls cqn~/ fparu djrs
gq, tcfd lkeus ,oa ckb± vksj ls 'kkar vkSj è;kuLFk eqnzk esa cny tkrs gSaA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) jk"VªowQV ([k) ckSn~/ /eZ (x) 1819
2- (d) ;s 'krkfCn;ksa ls ckSn~/] fganw vkSj tSu /eZ osQ izfr lefiZr xqiQk,¡ gSaA
([k) bu fp=kksa esa iwQy&ifRr;k¡] i'kq vkÑfr;ksa ls ltkoV dk dke fd;k x;k gS tks vkil
esa ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA bUgsa vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
(x) xqiQk uacj NCchl esa cqn~/ dh ysVh gqbZ fo'kky izfrek cuh gqbZ gSA
(?k) fHkfRr fp=k xhys IykLVj ij cuk, tkrs gSaA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) la;qDr okD; ([k) la;qDr okD; (x) ljy okD;
(?k) feJ okD; (Ä) ljy okD;
2- (d) Hkh ([k) Hkh (x) gh (?k) rks (Ä) Hkh] gh
3- (d) izkphudky esa Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk /kfeZd Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr FkhA
([k) iqjkrRo foHkkx us ,d] nks] rhu --- djosQ xqiQkvksa dk ozQekad Mkyk gqvk gSA
(x) buosQ ckjs esa irk oSQls pyk gksxk\
70
(?k) bl eafnj esa ,d izos'kn~okj] eaMi] lHkk] d{k] Vkoj vkSj ,dkar d{k Hkh gSaA
(Ä) vksg! vki ogk¡ tk pqosQ gSaA
4- (d) yM+dk lks jgk gSA vdeZd
([k) vuU;k g¡l jgh gSA vdeZd
(x) lkFk esa nks fe=k Hkh FksA ldeZd
(?k) vtark dk Lo:i eB tSlk gSA ldeZd
(Ä) ;s lHkh NSuh vkSj gFkkSM+s ls rjk'kdj cukbZ xbZ ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA ldeZd
5- (d) uacj] IykLVj
([k) ifRr;k¡] fHkUu] fHkfRr] izlUurk] iPphdkjh
(x) ifRr;k¡] xqiQk,¡] ewfrZ;k¡] lhf<+;k¡
(?k) v'kkafr] y?kq] foèoal] I+kQk;nk] vusdkar
(Ä) fo"kerk dykRedrk lgu'khyrk
(p) izfrfnu µ izfr iqjkrRo µ iqjk
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
1- izkphu dky esa ekuoh; Je vf/d yxrk Fkk tcfd vk/qfud dky esa euq"; dh fnekxh
[kkst us vR;k/qfud e'khusa rS;kj dj yh gSa ftlls dk;Z oqQN gh fnuksa esa laiUu gks tkrs gSaA
• (d) cgqr m¡Qpk gksuk ([k) vkjke djuk
(x) eqf'dy dke djuk (?k) frrj&fcrj djuk
(Ä) >xM+k djuk
17- 'kfDr vkSj {kek

lkekU; mn~ns';
71
eq[; mn~ns';
l in&ifjp; ls igpku djkuk
l milxZ&izR;; ls 'kCn cukuk
l ^t* izR;; yxkdj 'kCn dk vFkZ fy[kuk
l fo'ks"k.kksa osQ fy, mi;qDr fo'ks"; fy[kuk
l ^j* osQ fofHkUu :iksa osQ 'kCn fy[kuk
l lgh foxzg pquuk
dfork dk izkjaHk
l gesa lnSo fouez ugha jguk pkfg,A dHkh&dHkh yksx fou;'khyrk dks Hkh dk;jrk le> ysrs gSaA
l le; iM+us ij gesa viuh 'kfDr dks Hkh fn[kkuk pkfg,A
l Lo;a vR;kpkj lguk dk;jrk gSA iyV djosQ okj djus esa gh viuh lqj{kk gSA
l ges'kk {kek djrs jgsa] R;kx djrs jgsa] n;k djrs jgsa rks gesa yksx dk;j iq#"k le>us dh xyrh
dj ldrs gSaA blfy, le; iM+us ij vius cy dk izn'kZu Hkh djuk pkfg,A
ikB ;kstuk
l dfork dh iafDr;ksa dks igys vki Lo;a i<+dj mldk ljykFkZ cPpksa dks crk,¡A
l vc cPpksa ls dfork dk ljykFkZ Lo;a djus osQ fy, dgsaA
l dfBu 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k cPpksa ls ckj&ckj djok,¡A
l lh-Mh- n~okjk cPpksa dks dfork dk vH;kl djk,¡A
dfork dk ljykFkZ
{kek n;k -------- mruk ghA
ljykFkZµ;gk¡ Hkh"e firkeg ;qf/f"Bj dks le>krs gq, dgrs gSa fd rqeus {kek] n;k] ri] R;kx]
eukscy lcdk lgkjk fy;k ijarq jktikV rqEgsa ugha fey ik;k D;ksafd nq;ksZ/u dHkh Hkh] dgha Hkh
rqels ugha gkjkA rqe vius 'k=kq osQ lkeus ftrus fouez gq, vkSj ftruk {kek'khy cus jgs nq"V dkSjo
rqEgsa mruk gh Mjiksd vkSj dk;j le>rs jgsA
vR;kpkj lgu djus -------- ljy gksA
ljykFkZµ;qf/f"Bj dks le>krs gq, Hkh"e vkxs dgrs gSa fd vR;kpj lgus dk ifj.kke cqjk gh gksrk
gSA euq"; dksey gksdj vius iq#"kRo osQ cy dks Hkh x¡ok nsrk gSA {kek tSlk vkHkw"k.k mlh lk¡i
dks 'kksHkk nsrk gS tks fo"kSyk gks] narghu] fo"kjfgr dks ugha vFkkZr~ fouez vkSj ljy iq#"k dh {kek
dks dksbZ egRo ugha nsrkA
72
rhu fnol -------- jke osQ 'kj lsA
ljykFkZµHkh"e firkeg Jhjke dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd fdukjs cSBdj rhu fnu rd Jhjke
leqnz ls jkLrk ek¡xrs jgsA mlls I;kjs&I;kjs Nan lqukdj vkxzg djrs jgs ysfdu tc lkxj us mRrj
ugha fn;k rc muosQ iq#"kRo dh vkx //d mBh vkSj v/hj gksdj mUgksaus /uq"k&ck.k mBk fy;kA
fla/q -------- txex gSA
ljykFkZµJhjke osQ ozQks/ dks ns[kdj lkxj =kkfg&=kkfg djrk gqvk mudh 'kj.k esa nsgLo:i esa
vk x;kA nkl :i esa muosQ pj.kksa dh iwtk djus yxkA og ew<+ vKkuh ca/u esa c¡/ x;kA Hkh"e
dgrs gSa fd lp iwNk tk, rks fou; dh ped ck.k esa gh clrh gSA le>kSrk djuk mlh osQ fy,
'kksHkk;qDr gS tks thrus dh 'kfDr j[krk gksA
var esa dfo dgrk gS fd lgu'khyrk] {kek vkSj n;k dk xq.k ftlesa gS mls tx rHkh iwtrk
gS tc mlesa 'kfDr dk vfHkeku txex pedrk gksA
vH;kl
dfork dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) dfork esa Hkh"e firkeg ;qf/f"Bj ls ckr dj jgs gSaA
([k) ;qf/f"Bj us nq;ksZ/u dks le>kus osQ fy, {kek] n;k] ri] R;kx] eukscy vkfn dk lgkjk
fy;k FkkA
(x) Hkqtax dk xq.k mldk fo"kSyk gksuk gSA
(?k) ftlesa fot; izkIr djus dh lkeF;Z gksrh gS] mlh dk laf/&izLrko ekU; gksrk gSA
(Ä) dfo us dkSjoksa dks nq"V blfy, dgk D;ksafd mUgksaus ikaMoksa dh fouezrk dks mudh
dk;jrk le>kA
(p) Jhjke osQ jkSnz :i dks ns[kdj leqnz Hk;Hkhr gks x;k vkSj nsg /kj.k dj muosQ lkeus
izdV gks x;kA
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) Jhjke us leqnz nso ls 'kkar gksdj mUgas ekxZ iznku djus dh izkFkZuk dhA
([k) leqnz Jhjke osQ jkSnz :i dks ns[k ^=kkfg =kkfg* dgrk gqvk muosQ pj.kksa esa fxj iM+kA
(x) ftl O;fDr esa ohjrk gks mls gh fouezrk dk xq.k 'kksHkk nsrk gSA
(?k) lalkj esa {kek vkSj n;k dks rHkh lEeku fn;k tkrk gS tc cy dk ikS#"k lkFk gksrk
gSA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) dfork esa nq;ksZ/u dh miek O;k?kz ls nh xbZ gSA ftl izdkj O;k?kz vkØked vkSj fgald
gksrk gS] mlh izdkj nq;ksZ/u dks Hkh viuh 'kfDr dk vgadkj Fkk vkSj og ikaMoksa ij
73
lnSo vkØe.k djus osQ fy, vkrqj jgrk FkkA ikaMo Hkh cy'kkyh Fks] ij os fouez Hkh
FksA nq;ksZ/u us lnk mudh fouezrk dks mudh dk;jrk le>k rFkk vius dks ikaMoksa ls
vf/d cy'kkyh vkSj ijkØeh ekuk vkSj lnk mudk vfgr gh fd;kA
([k) dkSjoksa us ikaMoksa dh fouezrk dks mudh dk;jrk ekukA ;g tkurs gq, fd ikaMo Hkh
dkSjoksa osQ leku gh ijkØeh gSaA os ;g tkurs Fks fd ikaMo dHkh dkSjoksa osQ mQij
vkØe.k ugha djsaxs] gkFk ugh mBk,¡xsA mudh blh ckr dks os mudh dk;jrk le>rs
FksA
(x) Jhjke /hj] xaHkhj o fouez FksA mUgksaus leqnz ikj djus ls iwoZ leqnz nso dh vkjk/uk dhA
mUgsa 'kkar gksdj ekxZ iznku djus dh fourh Hkh dhA foaQrq rc Hkh leqnz us mUgsa ekxZ u
fn;kA tc leqnz dh m¡Qph ygjsa 'kkar ugha gqb± rks jke dks Øks/ vk x;k vkSj mUgsa vius
/uq"k dh izR;apk ij ck.k p<+kuk gh iM+kA
(?k) 'kfDr vkSj {kek nks fojks/h xq.k gksrs gq, Hkh ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gSaA 'kfDr osQ fcuk
{kek dk vFkZ ugha vkSj {kek osQ vHkko esa 'kfDr dk vknj ugha gksrkA fouez O;fDr
dks Hkh dHkh&dHkh vius cy dk izn'kZu djuk iM+rk gSA tc ,d 'kfDr'kkyh O;fDr
fdlh osQ lkFk fouezrk ls O;ogkj djrk gS rks mldh 'kfDr dk egRo vkSj Hkh c<+
tkrk gSA
(Ä) (i) fo"kSys liZ dks ns[k lHkh Hk;Hkhr gksrs gSa D;ksafd mldk fo"k O;fDr dh e`R;q
dk dkj.k rd cu ldrk gS foaQrq ;fn ogh liZ jkLrk NksM+dj pyk tk, rks
lHkh jkgr eglwl djrs gSaA ogha nwljh vkSj narghu fo"kjfgr osaQpqvk ;k dksbZ
vU; tho gekjs le{k vk tk, rks gesa Hk; ugha yxrkA
(ii) bu iafDr;ksa n~okjk dfo crkuk pkgrs gSa fd fouezrk dk xq.k mls gh 'kksHkk nsrk
gS ftlesa fouezrk osQ lkFk&lkFk cy o ijkØe Hkh gksA tks O;fDr ;k ns'k@i{k
fot; izkIr djus dh lkeF;Z j[krk gS] mlosQ n~okjk ;fn fe=krk dk lans'k Hkstk
tk, ;k og fe=krk osQ fy, gkFk c<+k, rks mldk lHkh vknj djsaxsA D;ksafd
'kfDr'kkyh gksus ij Hkh og fouez gSA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) dksey gksdj ([k) rhu fnol (x) egkHkkjr
2- (d) ^'kj* esa fou; dh ped clrh gSA
([k) iwtk osQ ;ksX;
(x) laf/ opu mls gh 'kksHkk nsrs gSa ftlesa thrus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) enkjh µ tkfrokpd laKk] iq#"k] ,dopu] drkZ dkjd
fn[kk jgk gS µ ldeZd fØ;k] iqfYyax] ,dopu
rek'kk µ tkfrokpd laKk] iqfYyax] ,dopu] deZ dkjd
74
([k) lkroha µ la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k] L=khfyax] ,dopu
esa µ vf/dj.k dkjd] laca/cks/d vO;;
(x) vjs! µ foLe;kfncks/d vO;;
dkSu µ iz'uokpd loZuke] iqfYyax] ,dopu] drkZ dkjd
(?k) rktegy µ O;fDrokpd laKk] iqfYyax] ,dopu] deZ dkjd
us µ drkZ dkjd] laca/cks/d vO;;
(Ä) rqe µ eè;e iq#"k loZuke] iqfYyax] ,dopu] drkZ dkjd
cgqr µ ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k] iqfYyax] ,dopu
è;kuiwoZd µ jhfrokpd] fØ;k fo'ks"k.k
2- (d) lqoqQekj lqfuf'pr
([k) laosnu'khy iap'khy
(x) n;kjfgr lqxa/jfgr
(?k) varghu jDrghu
(Ä) lEeku laokn
(p) oqQ:i oqQik=k
(N) foHkkx fons'k
3- (d) iq#"kRo ([k) ew[kZ (x) =kkfg&=kkfg] I;kjs&I;kjs
(?k) laLÑr Hkk"kk (Ä) cqjk iQy (p) ohj] lTtu
4- (d) euq $ t ¾ euqt euq"; ls mRiUu
([k) ty $ t ¾ tyt ty esa mRiUu (dey)
(x) iad $ t ¾ iadt iad esa mRiUu (dey)
(?k) vxz $ t ¾ vxzt igys mRiUu gqvk (cM+k HkkbZ)
(Ä) vuq $ t ¾ vuqt ckn esa mRiUu (NksVk HkkbZ)
(p) n~fo $ t ¾ n~fot nks ckj iSnk gksusokyk (czkg~e.k] nk¡r] i{kh)
5- (d) laLÑfr ([k) iqLrd (x) uhe
(?k) O;fDr (Ä) unh (p) vke
6- ^j* ls cuk 'kCn µ jtuh Z ls cuk 'kCn µ 'keZ
chp esa vk;k ^j* µ xje ^#* dk 'kCn µ #i;k
( ª) dk 'kCn µ jk"Vª ^xz* dk 'kCn µ xzg.k
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
75
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
5- vR;kpkj lguk Hkh dk;jrkµ l 'kks"k.k vkSj 'kksf"kr esa varj l 'kks"kd oxZ dk lekt esa
LFkku l 'kks"k.k gksrs gq, lekt dk pqipki ns[kuk l feydj vkok”k mBkuk l 'kks"kd oxZ dk
iQu oqQpyuk l lH;] tkx:d lekt dk fuekZ.k l vR;kpkj osQ fo#n~/ yksxksa dks tkxzr djuk
l vkiosQ fopkj
6- cPps Lo;a djsaA

1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- {kek euq"; dks fouez cukrh gSA tgk¡ viuh xyfr;ksa ij ekI+kQh ek¡xuk O;fDr dk uSfrd drZO;
gS ogha nwljksa dks {kek djuk O;fDr osQ ekufld fodkl dks n'kkZrk gSA
3- vaxzs”kksa ij lSU;cy gksus ij Hkh Hkkjrokfl;ksa us lR; vkSj vfgalk dk ekxZ viuk;k vkSj viuh
lgu'khyrk vkSj fouezrk osQ n~okjk vaxzs”kksa dks Hkkjr ls tkus dks foo'k dj fn;kA
• (d) bZ'oj dk HkDr ([k) ftldk vkfn u gks (x) ou esa okl
(?k) nhuksa osQ ukFk (Ä) lsuk dk ifr
18- foKkiu gh foKkiu

lkekU; mn~ns';
l fuca/&ys[ku ls ifjp; djkuk
eq[; mn~ns';
l dkjd ls ifjp; djkuk
l deZ/kj; vkSj cgqczhfg esa varj le>kuk
l 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx djuk
l lgh fodYi pquuk
ikB dk izkjaHk
l vkt gj nqdku] lM+d] xyh] iqy vkfn ij foKkiuksa dk ”kksj gSA bu foKkiuksa dh ped us
O;fDr dks vlarks"k vkSj /S;Zjfgr cuk fn;k gSA

76
l fujarj c<+rs foKkiuksa osQ izdksi us lalkj dks ,d ck”kkj cuk fn;k gS vkSj izR;sd O;fDr dks
[kjhnkjA vDlj bu foKkiuksa ls vkdf"kZr gksdj gh ge ph”ksa [kjhnrs gSaA
ikB ;kstuk
l cPpksa ls ikB dk okpu djk,¡A ckdh lHkh cPps /S;ZiwoZd ikB dks lqusaA
l iz;kl djsa fd vf/d ls vf/d cPps ikB dk okpu djsaA
l lh-Mh- n~okjk Hkh ikB cPpksa dks lquok,¡A
l dfBu 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k vkSj fy[kus dk vH;kl djk,¡A
ikB dk lkjka'k
ys[kd eksgu jkosQ'k us foKkiuksa osQ c<+rs izdksi ij pqVdh ysrs gq, fy[kk gS fd jkr gks ;k lqcg
Hktu] xhr] x”ky lc txg izlkfjr gksus okys foKkiuksa dh mUgsa vknr gks xbZ gSA mudk ekuuk
gS fd lc fdlh&u&fdlh ph”k dk foKkiu cu x, gSaA ys[kd dgrk gS fd pkjksa vksj gj ph”k
dk ,d u;k ewY; mHkj jgk gSA dksbZ ph”k ,slh ugha tks fdlh u fdlh ph”k dk foKkiu u gksA
ys[kd eafnjksa] fdyksa] [kaMgjksa rd dks foKkiuksa ls f?kjk ikrs gSaA euq"; us Hkxoku dh bl nqfu;k esa
foKku osQ peRdkjksa dks foKkiu osQ ekè;e ls gh tu&tu rd igq¡pk;k gSA mRrjh èkzqo ls nf{k.kh
/qzo rd dksbZ dksuk ,slk u cpk gksxk ftldk fdlh&u&fdlh ph”k osQ foKkiu osQ fy, mi;ksx
u fd;k tk jgk gksA gj ph”k] gj txg vius vykok fdlh Hkh ph”k vkSj fdlh Hkh txg dk
foKkiu gks ldrh gSA ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd bu foKkiuksa dh yisV ls cp ugha ldrsA ys[kd
dks vans'kk gS fd ,slk ;qx vkus okyk gS tc f'k{kk] foKku] laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR; vkfn dk mi;ksx
osQoy foKkiu dyk Hkj osQ fy, gh jg tk,xkA foKkiu dyk dh n`f"V ls lc ph”kksa dk vkil
esa vU;ksU;kfJr laca/ gSA
vH;kl
ikB dh ckr
1- ekSf[kd
(d) ys[kd dks lqcg ls jkr rd pk;] rsy vkSj fljnnZ dh fVfd;ksa osQ foKkiu lquus dks
feyrs gSaA
([k) xhr Hkjs foKkiu fnuHkj ys[kd dk ihNk djrs gSaA
(x) foKkiuksa us lHkh dks izHkkfor fd;k gS ;gk¡ rd fd vtark&,yksjk dh ewfrZ;ksa dk
osQ'kfoU;kl rsy dh 'kh'kh dk] rks mudh vk¡[ksa ,d iQkesZlh dk foKkiu izrhr gksrh
gSaA
(?k) pk;okys yM+osQ dh eqldjkgV ys[kd dks DyksjksfiQy oaQiuh dh ;kn fnykrh FkhA
77
fyf[kr
y?kq mRrjh; iz'u
(d) xhrksa vkSj x”kyksa dks fdlh&u&fdlh ph”k osQ foKkiu osQ :i esa igpkuk tkus yxk
gSA
([k) ns'k osQ eafnj] [kaMgj] LraHk] Lekjd ;s lc blfy, gSa fd yksxksa esa ;krk;kr osQ izfr
#fp tkxzr gks vkSj i;ZVu O;olk; dks izksRlkgu feysA rkfd yksx fons'k ls vkdj
mudh rLohjsa [khapsa vkSj viuh fiz;rekvksa osQ ikl HkstsaA
(x) cukZMZ 'kk osQ ukVd fczVsu esa izsl dh NikbZ dh mRrerk tkuus osQ fy, cuk, x, gksaxsA
(?k) cgqr&lh ph”ksa Lo;a viuk foKkiu gSaA tSlsµmins'k] vkykspuk] usrkfxjh bR;kfnA
nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u
(d) ys[kd Hkfo"; osQ izfr blfy, vk'kafdr gS D;ksafd mls yxrk gS fd vkus okys ;qx
esa f'k{kk] foKku] laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR; dk mi;ksx osQoy foKkiu dyk osQ fy, gh
jg tk,xkA
([k) ys[kd us cph gqbZ txgksa ij bl izdkj ls foKkiuksa dh lwph cukbZ gSµnok dh 'khf'k;ksa
esa eD[ku osQ fMCcksa osQ foKkiu] eD[ku osQ fMCcksa esa nok dh 'khf'k;ksa osQ] fp=k
xSyfj;ksa esa rsy osQ vkSj rsy dh cksryksa ij fp=kdyk izn'kZuh osQ] oaQcyksa vkSj nq'kkyksa
esa pk; vkSj dksdks osQ] uens vkSj xyhpksa ij jcj&lksy osQ] cSadksa dh nhokjksa ij ykVjh
vkSj jsl dkslZ osQ] jsl dkslZ esa cpr dh Ldheksa osQ foKkiu] jsy] gokbZ tgk”k osQ
fVdVksa ij chek oaQifu;ksa osQ rFkk vLirky dh nhokjksa ij oSokfgd foKkiu yxk, tk
ldrs gSaA
(x) foKkiuksa dh Hkjekj us ys[kd dks bl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k gS fd mls gj txg foKkiu
gh foKkiu fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA tgk¡ foKkiu gks ogk¡ Hkh vkSj tgk¡ u gks ogk¡ HkhA ys[kd
dk fnekx] gj psgjs] gj vkok”k vkSj gj uke dk laca/ fdlh&u&fdlh foKkiu osQ
lkFk tksM+ nsrk gSA
(?k) vk/qfud ;qx esa foKkiu dks egRo blhfy, fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd vkt dh
Hkkxrh&nkSM+rh f”kanxh esa euq"; osQ ikl ph”kksa dks ns[kus o ij[kus dk le; ugha gksrkA
foKkiu osQ ekè;e ls ge oLrq osQ ckjs esa rqjar tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
cgqfodYih; iz'u
(d) yky fMCcs esa can csch feYd dh ([k) yhoj lkWYV
2- (d) xn~;ka'k osQ vuqlkj foKkiuksa ls cp ugha ldrsA
([k) ?kj esa can gksus ij foKkiu jks'kunkuksa osQ jkLrs gok esa rSjrs gq, vk,¡xsA
(x) foKkiu gesa nksjkgksa] pkSjkgksa] lM+dksa osQ [kaHkksa vkfn ij ns[kus dks fey ldrs gSaA
78
oqQN O;kdj.k ls
1- (d) deZdkjd ([k) laiznku dkjd (x) deZdkjd
(?k) deZdkjd (Ä) laiznku dkjd (p) deZdkjd
2- (d) pkSjkgk n~foxq lekl
([k) uojkf=k n~foxq lekl
(x) vko';drkuqlkj vO;;hHkko lekl
(?k) dk;ZoqQ'ky rRiq#"k lekl
3- fgalk djusokyk µ fgald
lnk lR; cksyus okyk µ lR;oknh
ftl ij fo'okl fd;k tk losQ µ fo'oluh;
gkFk ls fy[kh fyfi µ gLrfyfi
tgk¡ pkj jkgsa feyrh gSa µ pkSjkgk
Lej.k gsrq cukbZ xbZ bekjr µ Lekjd
4- (d) ewY; µ ck”kkj esa gj ewY; dk lkeku feyrk gSA
ewy µ fØ;k 'kCn /krqvksa osQ ewy :i ls curs gSaA
([k) izek.k µ bl ckr dk dksbZ izek.k ugha gS fd pksjh eksgu us gh dh gSA
iz.kke µ f'k";ksa us xq#th dks iz.kke fd;kA
(x) L=kh µ foosd us L=kh mRFkku dh ckrsa vius Hkk"k.k osQ nkSjku dghaA
iRuh µ lq"kek us vius iRuh gksus osQ drZO; dks fuHkk;kA
(?k) n'kk µ /hjs&/hjs mldh n'kk fcxM+us yxhA
fn'kk µ mldk ?kj nwljh fn'kk esa gSA
1- foKkiuksa esa v'yhy izn'kZuµ l uSfrdrk dk fxjrk Lrj l cPpksa osQ ekufld fodkl ij
vlj l jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- ij foKkiuksa dh Hkjekj l vkiosQ fopkj
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a cuk,¡A
1- foKkiu gesa ,slh jaxhu nqfu;k dk LoIu fn[kkrs gSa tgk¡ lc oqQN glhu gksrk gSA foKkiuksa dh
bl cukoVh nqfu;k ls cPps&cM+s lHkh vkdf"kZr gks tkrs gSaA bl fo"k; esa cPps Lo;a vius
fopkj izLrqr dj ldrs gSaA
79
• ek¡ us cPps dks nw/ fiyk;k
D;k vki igyh ckj vk, gSa\
ns[kks rks] dkSu vk;k gS\
eSaus ihNs&ihNs nkSM+ yxkbZA
iqfyl us pksj dks idM+ fy;kA
· Hkkjr osQ iwoksZRrj jkT;

Hkkjr dk mRrj&iwohZ; {ks=k gjk&Hkjk vkSj vuwBh laLÑfr;ksa esa jpk&clk {ks=k gSA bl {ks=k osQ vkBksa
jkT;ksa dh laf{kIr tkudkfj;k¡ ;gk¡ nh tk jgh gSaA cPpksa dks ;g ikB i<+krs gq, bu {ks=kksa ls mudk
ifjp; djk,¡A
iQkWjesfVo ijh{kk&1
(ikB 1 ls 4)
1- (d) iwoZtksa osQ mins'kksa osQ vuqlkj euq"; dh mUufr pfj=k fuekZ.k esa lfUufgr gSA
([k) euq"; dk thou pkj vkJeksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gSµczg~ep;Z] x`gLFk] okuizLFk vkSj laU;klA
(x) uxjksa osQ dksykgy ls nwj] ouksa esa xq# osQ vkJe esa fon~;kè;;u djosQ fon~;kFkhZ
ln~x`gLFk cuus ;ksX; gks tkrk FkkA
(?k) gekjk thou pfj=k dh uhao ij [kM+k gSA
(Ä) fuekZ.k µ foèoal dksykgy µ 'kkafr
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- (d) iq.; µ iquhr fur µ fuR; ix µ ik¡o
([k) xq#ins'k] gjh'k] lR;kxzg
(x) rkjh[k µ frfFk] fnukad
nhu µ xjhc] nfjnz
'k=kq µ fjiq] nq'eu
l[r µ dBksj] dM+k
(?k) loZgkjh] loksZRre
vR;f/d] vfr'k;
(Ä) iquhr µ ifo=k izfrdkj µ cnyk
oaQnjk µ xqiQk 'kiFk µ iz.k
4- (d) (i) xaxk ;equk ([k) (ii) rhu ufn;ksa dk laxe (x) (iii) ekr`Hkwfe
(?k) (i) ix&ix
80
5- (d) fo'ks"kK us jktk ls
([k) 'kadjkuan us cStw ls
(x) rkulsu us cStw ls
6- (d) P ([k) × (x) P
iQkWjesfVo ijh{kk&2
(ikB 5 ls 8)
1- (d) (iii) deZohj ([k) (ii) vkylh
(x) (ii) tks dke djus ls dHkh mdrkrs ugha (?k) (iii) ohj
(Ä) fofo/ µ dbZ rjg osQ vku µ ladYi] izfrKk
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- (d) jktk $ ½f"k uj $ banz egk $ mRlo panz $ mn;
([k) n'kk µ voLFkk] fLFkfr
'kh'kk µ niZ.k] vkbZuk
cnlwjr µ vlqanj] oqQ:i
(x) lIrkg] freaftyk
(?k) ;g µ fu'p;okpd loZuke fdlus µ iz'uokpd loZuke
(Ä) Hkweè; µ Hk~ $ mQ $ e~ $ v $ /~ $ ;~ $ v
,sfrgkfld µ ,s $ r~ $ b $ g~ $ vk $ l~ $ b $ o~Q $ v
4- (d) cqn~/u o`{k dh Nk;k esa ysVk gqvk FkkA
([k) cqn~/u dks i{kk?kkr us vpy dj fn;k FkkA
(x) xksoqQy cqn~/u dk iq=k FkkA
(?k) vof'k"V vFkkZr~ cpk gqvkA
5- (d) iks[kjh osQ uke ls pkrd mldh xanxh dks lkspdj flgj mBkA mlesa iRrs] lw[kh MaBysa
vkfn fxj&fxjdj lM+rs jgrs gSaA mlesa dhM+s oqQycqykrs gq, fn[krs gSaA
([k) vaxzs”k dks iqjkuh ph”kksa dks ,d=k djus dk 'kkSd FkkA
(x) nknkth us lqu;uk dks le>k;k fd gesa fdlh ls uI+kQjr ugha djuh pkfg,A os cksys
;fn os chekj gks x, ;k mUgsa fdlh nq?kZVuk esa pksV yx xbZ rks D;k lqu;uk muls ?k`.kk
djsxhA ;g lqudj lqu;uk lksp esa iM+ xbZ vkSj mldk ân; ifjorZu gks x;kA
81
iQkWjesfVo ijh{kk&3
(ikB 9 ls 12)
1- (d) (ii) liQyrk osQ fy, iz;kl djukA
([k) (iii) tks y{; ls vf/d Lo;a ls I;kj djrk gSA
(x) (i) y{; dks ikus osQ fy, vosQys gh iz;kl djuk iM+rk gSA
(?k) (ii) tc ge dfBukbZ ls tw>rs gSaA
(Ä) (i) liQyrk
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- (d) xka/h th dks ûed pksj* dgus dk dkj.k xka/hth n~okjk ued dk dkuwu rksM+uk Fkk
tks mUgksaus vaxzs”kh gqowQer osQ f[kykI+kQ tkdj rksM+k FkkA xka/hth us lkcjerh vkJe
ls nkaMh rd 241 ehy rd dh ,sfrgkfld nkaMh ;k=kk dh vkSj vaxzs”kh ljdkj n~okjk
ued dj yxk, tkus dk fojks/ fd;kA
([k) ^fHk[keaxksa dh nqfu;k* ls dfo dk vfHkizk; gS fd nqfu;kokys dHkh lq[k&lqfo/k osQ
fy, rks dHkh eu dh 'kkafr osQ fy, oqQN&u&oqQN ek¡xrs gh jgrs gSaA
(x) v"VkoozQ us iqjk.k] o.kZ] O;lu vkSj Le`fr;ksa dh la[;k vBkjg crkbZA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
5- O; µ O;; vO;;
"V µ d"V u"V
X; µ vkjksX; HkkX;
6- (d) (i) f=kHkqt ([k) (ii) vuqdj.kh; (x) (ii) fujfHkeku (?k) (iii) uhjn
7- eaMy $ vkdkj es?k $ vkPNUu lw;Z $ vLr flag $ vklu
8- uhyk gS ftldk vacj µ cgqczhfg lekl
nks igjksa dk lewg µ n~foxq lekl
lq[k vkSj nq[k µ n~oan~o lekl
9- gesa lcdks leku le>uk pkfg, rFkk lcdk lEeku djuk pkfg,A
iQkWjesfVo ijh{kk&4
(ikB 13 ls 18)
1- (d) dVqok.kh vkSj 'kL=kksa osQ ?kko esa varj gS fd 'kL=kksa osQ ?kko fpfdRlk ls Hkj tkrs gSa
ij ok.kh osQ ?kkoksa dh fpfdRlk ugha dh tk ldrhA
([k) dVqok.kh osQ ?kko eu ij yxrs gSa ftl dkj.k mudh fpfdRlk ugha dh tk ldrhA
(x) dVqok.kh cksyus okys ls yksx ckr djuk ilan ugha djrsA og vuknj dk ik=k cu
tkrk gSA
82
(?k) Hkxoku cqn~/ us dHkh vius dV~Vj 'k=kqvksa rd dks dVq opu ugha dgs] blfy, var
esa os muosQ pj.kksa esa vkdj >qd x,A
(Ä) ok.kh dk izHkkoA
3- (d) (ii) efyu ([k) (i) br (x) (iii) ve`r (?k) (ii) Hk;
4- (d) vukfn µ ftldk vkfn u gks
bZ'ojHkDr µ bZ'oj dk HkDr
lsukifr µ lsuk dk ifr
ouokl µ ou esa okl
([k) laiwT; µ le~ $ iwT;
jkes'oje µ jke $ bZ'oje
dykfHk#fp µ dyk $ vfHk#fp
(x) osQ fcuk
5- (d) (i) cpiu dk ([k) (ii) m¡Qp&uhp dk (x) (ii) fuMj
6- (d) fe=k dk pquko djrs le; gesa dbZ ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A tSlsµfe=k dk
vkpj.k] O;ogkj rFkk LoHkko vPNk gks] tks gekjk ekxZn'kZu djs] izksRlkfgr djs] gekjs
nks"kksa dks nwj djus esa lgk;d cus] foosd'khy rFkk fo'oklik=k gks] lR;fu"B o n`<+
ladYi okyk gks] fouez gks vkfnA
([k) jkeizlkn fcfLey us viuh ek¡ dks fy[kk Fkk fd mudk uke bfrgkl esa mTToy v{kjksa
esa fy[kk tk,xk D;ksafd mudk iq=k g¡lrs&g¡lrs ekr`Hkwfe dh lsok esa viuk thou
lefiZr dj x;kA mUgksaus Hkkjr dks Lora=k djkus osQ fy, iQk¡lh dh Hkh ijokg ugha
dhA os Hkkjrekrk osQ fy, 'kghn gks x, FksA mUgksaus viuh tuuh dk flj ges'kk osQ
fy, m¡Qpk mBk fn;k FkkA
(x) dof;=kh us cpiu dks fu"iki blfy, dgk gS D;ksafd cpiu m¡Qp&uhp] Nwr&vNwr
vkfn HksnHkkoksa ls vufHkK gksrk gSA og Hkksysiu esa viuk thou O;rhr djrk gSA
blfy, dof;=kh cpiu dks fu"iki dgrh gSA
(?k) fe=k cukrs le; gesa lko/ku o lroZQ jguk pkfg,A dHkh Hkh ,sls O;fDr dks fe=k
ugha cukuk pkfg, tks gesa grksRlkfgr djs] ge ij gkoh gks tk, vFkok gesa nck,A
vkSj u gh ,sls yksxksa dks viuk fe=k cukuk pkfg, tks gekjh gj ckr dks Lohdkj dj
ysA ,sls fe=k gekjs O;fDrRo osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;d ugha cu ldrsA
83
lesfVo ijh{kk&1
(ikB 1 ls 9)
[kaMµd
1- (d) (ii) ekr`Hkwfe dh ([k) (i) nksuksa gekjk ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gSa
(x) (iii) ekr`Hkk"kk (?k) (iii) dfBu ifjfLFkfr ls xqtjuk
(Ä) (iii) ekr`½.k
2- (d) bu iafDr;ksa esa fxfjjkt fgeky; dk xq.kxku fd;k x;k gSA
([k) tc ckny ioZrksa ls Vdjkrk gS rks ikuh&ikuh gks tkrk gSA rwI+kQku Bksdj [kkdj lks tkrk
gSA
(x) ns'k ij foifRr vkus ij yk[kksa xka/h mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA ns'k osQ ohj toku vkxs c<+dj
foifRr dk lkeuk djrs gSaA
(?k) fgeky; dh m¡Qph fo'kky Nfo rwI+kQkuksa dks jksd ysrh gSA uUgs&uUgs fpjkxksa dh 'kfDr
osQ vkxs rwI+kQku Hkh 'kjek tkrs gSaA vFkkZr~ ohjksa osQ cy dks ns[k nq'eu Hkkx tkrs gSaA
(Ä) fpjkx 'kCn dk vFkZ nh, :ih ohj toku ls gSA
[kaMµ[k
[kaMµx
5- (d) (i) lw{erk ([k) (ii) voxq.k (x) (i) fj'or
(?k) (iii) unh (Ä) (ii) fo'ks"kK (p) (i) vfHk;qDr
(N) (iii) fgr $ mins'k (t) (i) lw $ mfDr
6- (d) xksoqQy µ mn~ns';
,d txg dke ij tkrk FkkA µ fo/s;
([k) ykyk >kmQyky osQ ikl dkSu&lk yksVk Fkk\
(x) g"kZeXu gksdj µ iwoZdkfyd fØ;k
xk jgs FksA µ la;qDr fØ;k
(?k) nqvUuh µ nks vkuksa dk lekgkj
;FkkLFkku µ LFkku osQ vuqlkj
?ku';ke µ ?ku osQ leku ';ke
xaxk ty µ xaxk vkSj ty
84
(Ä) ;g µ fu'p;okpd loZuke
(p) osQ µ laca/dkjd
7- cPps Lo;a djsaA
[kaMµ?k
8- (d) dfo osQ vuqlkj tks nhu&ghu gSa ;k fiQly x, gSa mUgsa viekfur u djksA u mudks
vieku&tfur 'kCn dgksA
([k) tks fiQly x, gSa mUgsa Lusg ls l¡Hkkyuk pkfg,A
(x) ^l[r ckr* ls dfo dk vfHkizk; viekutud 'kCn ls gSA
(?k) Lusg dk i;kZ; gSµizseA
9- (d) jktk us Hkz"Vkpkj dks bZ'oj osQ leku blfy, ekuk D;ksafd fo'ks"kKksa us Hkz"Vkpkj dks bZ'oj
osQ leku lw{e] vxkspj vkSj loZO;kih crk;k FkkA
([k) cStw ckojk osQ gkFkksa us tSls gh flrkj ctk;k turk czg~ekuan esa Mwc xbZ vkSj o`{kksa osQ
iRrs fu'py gks x,A fgju Nyk¡xsa ekjrs gq, vk, vkSj cStw ckojk osQ ikl [kM+s gks x,A
fgju eLr FksA cStw us flrkj gkFk ls j[k fn;k vkSj oaQB ls iwQyekyk dks mrkjdj mUgsa
iguk fn;kA fgjuksa dks FkksM+h nsj ckn tc gks'k vk;k rks os pkSdM+h Hkjrs gq, Hkkxdj
o`{kksa esa fNi x,A bl izdkj cStw osQ gkFkksa us flrkj ctkdj dkSrwgy fd;kA
(x) dfo osQ vuqlkj nhokuksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaµ
l os vkt ;gk¡ rks dy dgha vkSj pys tkrs gSaA
l os mYykl cudj vkrs gSa vkSj vk¡lw cudj cg tkrs gSaA
l os tx ls oqQN ysdj vkSj mls oqQN nsdj tkrs gSaA
l dHkh os g¡lrs gSa rks dHkh jksrs gSaA
l os viuk I;kj LoPNan :i ls yqVkrs gSaA
l muesa vius&ijk, dk HksnHkko ugha gksrkA
l os lq[k&nq[k dks ,d Hkko ls xzg.k djrs gSaA
(?k) cVqvk feyus ij xksoqQy igys rks lksp esa iM+ x;k fd bls [kksydj ns[ks ;k ughaA
cVqvk VVksyus ij mls ekywe gqvk fd blesa #i, de ugha gSA mls FkksM+h nsj ckn
è;ku vk;k fd oqQN nwj mlus ,d xkM+h tkrh gqbZ ns[kh FkhA mlesa dku esa eksrh&fijksbZ
lksus dh ckyh igus gq, ,d egrs cSBs FksA gks ldrk gS ;g cVqvk mUgha dk gksA ;gk¡
oqQ,¡ ij xkM+h jksddj mUgksaus ikuh fi;k gksxkA mlus nkSM+dj ml xkM+h dks idM+k vkSj
egrs dks mldk cVqvk ykSVk fn;kA
(Ä) yksVs dh dher dk iSQlyk bl izdkj gqvk fd igys fcyoklh th us ipkl #i,
dh is'kd'k dh rks vaxzs”k us lkS cksysA fiQj fcyoklh th us Ms<+ lkS #i, dk izLrko
j[kkA bl ij vaxzs”k us nks lkS dgsA rc fcyoklh th us <kbZ lkS #i, dgrs gq, ykyk
>kmQyky osQ vkxs <kbZ lkS osQ uksV isaQd fn,A lkgc dks rko vk tkrk gS vkSj os ik¡p
85
lkS #i, nsrs gSaA fcyoklh th pqipki vius #i, mBkdj ,d fdukjs gks tkrs gSa vkSj
vaxzs”k ik¡p lkS #i, esa yksVk [kjhn ysrk gSA
11- cPps Lo;a djsaA
lesfVo ijh{kk&2
(ikB 10 ls 18)
[kaMµd
1- (d) euq"; dk /eZ gSµijfgr djukA
([k) euq"; viuh {kerk vkSj lkeF;Z osQ vuqlkj ijfgr dj ldrk gSA
(x) lezkV v'kksd us LFkku&LFkku ij oqQ,¡] rkykc vkfn [kqnokdj rFkk o`{k yxokdj turk
dk midkj fd;kA
(?k) fdlh dks ladV ls cpkuk] fdlh dks oqQekxZ ls gVkuk] fdlh nq[kh vkSj fujk'k O;fDr
dks lkaRouk nsuk ijfgr osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA
(Ä) ijfgr gh lPph ekuork gSA
2- (d) pk¡nuh jkr esa fuLrC/rk gksrh gS vkSj pkjksa rjI+kQ LoPN pk¡nuh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
([k) gj fn'kk fujkuan gSA
(x) jkf=k osQ va/dkj esa fu;fr dk dk;Zdyki pyrk jgrk gSA
(?k) losjk gksus ij lw;Z vksl dh cw¡nsa cVksj ysrk gSA
(Ä) lksuk µ Lo.kZ] lksus dh fØ;kA
[kaMµ[k
3- cPps Lo;a djsaA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
[kaMµx
5- (d) (i) laxfr ([k) (ii) vkfRed (x) (iii) ou esa okl
(?k) (i) vdeZd (Ä) (iii) 'kadj $ vkuan (p) (i) rr~ $ yhu
(N) (iii) rjy (t) (iii) vozwQj
6- (d) dk;k µ 'kjhj] nsg
vfHkeku µ xoZ] vgadkj
lefiZr µ vfiZr] leiZ.k
([k) vkx µ vfXu
86
vke µ vkez
u;k µ uo
(x) mRrh.kZ µ vuqRrh.kZ
o`QrK µ o`Qr?u
izR;{k µ ijks{k
(?k) oSKkfud] lkfgfR;d] vlaxfBr
(Ä) o"kkZ uhyoaQB vkSj jk/k dh lcls fiz; ½rq FkhA
(p) eu µ ân;] rksy er µ oksV] fu"ks/
7- cPps Lo;a djsaA
[kaMµ?k
8- (d) LraHkdkj dks vk”kknh osQ igys Lok/hurk laxzke osQ fnu ;kn vkrs Fks tc ns'k osQ
usrkvksa osQ dysaMj ck”kkjksa vkSj ?kjksa esa Hkjs gksrs FksA
([k) lkjs lekt esa ns'kHkfDr dh ygj txkus esa jk"Vªh; usrkvksa osQ dysaMjksa dk cM+k gkFk
FkkA
(x) xka/h] fryd] usg:] iVsy] lqHkk"k] jktsanz ckcw] ekSykuk vk”kkn] Hkxrflag] panz'ks[kj
vkfn usrkvksa osQ dysaMj ck”kkj esa feyrs FksA
9- cPps Lo;a djsaA
10- (d) vkt f[kykfM+;ksa] fI+kQYeh psgjksa osQ fp=k egkiq#"kksa osQ uke ij cuk, tkus yxs gSaA usrkvksa
vkSj nsoh&nsorkvksa osQ fp=kksa dh txg fI+kQYeh ghjks ;k [ksy txr osQ flrkjksa dh rLohjsa
cukbZ tkrh gSaA
([k) iafMr oanu us ijkftr gksus ij ;g jgL; mn~?kkfVr fd;k fd os jktk o#.k osQ iq=k
gSaA muosQ ;gk¡ Hkh ckjg o"kks± esa iw.kZ gksusokyk ;K py jgk FkkA ml ;K osQ vuq"Bku
osQ fy, lkr Js"B iafMrksa dh vko';drk FkhA ty esa Mqcksus osQ cgkus ls mUgsa ;K esa
Hkstk tk jgk FkkA
(x) uhyoaQB [kjxks'k dks lk¡i osQ paqxy ls NqM+kus ls iwoZ nwj mQij >wys esa lks jgk FkkA lk¡i
us NksVs ls f'k'kq [kjxks'k dks viuk f'kdkj cuk;kA mldk vk/k fiNyk 'kjhj lk¡i osQ
eq¡g esa nck FkkA og /heh vkok”k ls pha&pha djus yxk rHkh ml ean Loj dh O;Fkk
uhyoaQB igpku x;k vkSj rqjar uhps vk x;kA mlus lk¡i dks iQu osQ ikl iatksa ls
nck;k vkSj fiQj pksap ls brus izgkj fd, fd og v/ejk gks x;kA idM+ <hyh gksus
ij [kjxks'k dk cPpk eq[k ls fudy vk;kA
(?k) ykyk yktirjk; viuk izse ek¡ osQ pj.kksa esa lefiZr djuk pkgrs Fks D;ksafd Hkkjr
mudh tUeHkwfe gS vkSj lfn;ksa ls fons'kh vkozQkarkvksa ls ihfM+r gSA
(Ä) cPps Lo;a djsaA
87
eqDr ikB lkexzh (OTBA)
1- laLÑfr euq"; osQ laLdkjksa dks ltkrh o l¡okjrh gSA laLÑfr ekuo thou dks lqanj cukrh gS
mlosQ xq.kk/ku laLdkj dks c<+kdj lekt esa mldk ewY; c<+krh gS vkSj lEeku fnykrh gSA
cPps Lo;a Hkh mRrj nsus dh dksf'k'k dj ldrs gSaA
2- euq"; thou esa osnksa dh Hkwfedk vge jgh gSA blesa Hkkjrh; ½f"k;ksa us yksdeaxy dh dkeuk
ls nzfor gksdj ekuoh; xq.kksa dks nSoh; mPprk ls foHkwf"kr djus osQ fy, laLdkjksa dh vR;ar
oSKkfud ,oa lkoZdkfyd lkoZHkkSfed O;oLFkk nh gSA
3- laLÑfr dk mn~ns'; ekuo thou dks lqanj cukuk gS tcfd laLdkj ekuoh; xq.kksa dk mRFkku
djrs gSaA buesa ekewyh&lk Hkh varj ugha gSA laLdkj vkSj laLÑfr dk vFkZ gSµ/eZA /eZ dk
ikyu djus ls gh euq";] euq"; curk gSA
4- cPps Lo;a djsaA
88

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New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati

First Published 2016

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l dforkvksa osQ ekè;e ls muesa dYiuk'kfDr dks c<+kuk

l 'kCn&HkaMkj dks vkSj vf/d le`n~/ djuk

l laKk vkSj mlosQ Hksnksa dks igpkuuk

l 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fy[kuk

l foykse 'kCn fy[kuk

l 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx djuk

l i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy[kuk

l lgh fodYi pquuk

l ge lHkh dks viuh ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr xoZ gksuk pkfg,A

l vc cPpksa ls dfork dk ljykFkZ Lo;a djus osQ fy, dgsaA

l dfBu 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k cPpksa ls ckj&ckj djok,¡A

l lh-Mh- n~okjk cPpksa dks dfork dk vH;kl djk,¡A

l gkL;&O;aX; ij vk/kfjr dgkuh izLrqr djuk

l 'kCn&HkaMkj dks vkSj vf/d le`n~/ djuk

l laf/ ls igpku djkuk

l 'kCnksa ls milxZ vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx djuk

l mnwZ 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ; fy[kuk

l okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fy[kuk

l vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx djuk

l chp&chp esa iz'u iwNsaµ

l jkT; esa fdldks ysdj gYyk epk Fkk\

l jktk us fdldks ;kstuk cukus osQ fy, dgk\

l njckfj;ksa us jktk osQ lkeus fdls is'k fd;k\

l dgkfu;ksa osQ izfr jQfp txkuk

l 'kCn&HkaMkj dks vkSj vf/d le`n~/ djuk

l okD; osQ Hksn igpkuuk

l fo'ks"; osQ fy, fo'ks"k.k fy[kuk

l okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn pquuk

l i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy[kuk

l fons'kh vkxr èofu;ksa ls ifjp; djkuk

l lgh fodYi pquuk

l iz;kl djsa fd vf/d ls vf/d cPps ikB dk okpu djsaA

l lh-Mh- n~okjk Hkh ikB cPpksa dks lquk,¡A

l dfBu 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k vkSj mUgsa fy[kus dk vH;kl djk,¡A

l ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk fodkl djuk

l dforkvksa osQ ekè;e ls muesa dYiuk'kfDr dks c<+kuk

l 'kCn&HkaMkj dks vkSj vf/d le`n~/ djuk

l la;qDr O;atu vkSj n~foRo O;atu osQ chp varj tkuuk

l vuqukfld vkSj vuqLokj esa varj dh igpku djuk

l vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa ls okD; cukuk

l foykse 'kCn fy[kuk

l i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy[kuk

l 'kCnksa dks o.kZekyk osQ ozQe esa yxkuk

l lgh fodYi pquuk

l cPpksa dks dfork è;ku ls lquus osQ fy, dgsaA

l dfork dk HkkokFkZ le>kus osQ ckn cPpksa ls Hkh lqusaA

l dgha jQdus ;k vVdus ij mudh enn djsaA

l dfork osQ dfBu 'kCnksa dks cksyus o fy[kus dk vH;kl djk,¡A

5- dksVj vkSj oqQVhj

l dgkfu;ksa osQ izfr jQfp txkuk

l 'kCn&HkaMkj dks vkSj vf/d le`n~/ djuk

l loZuke vkSj mlosQ Hksn tkuuk

l mfpr LFkku ij fojke&fpg~u yxkuk

l loZuke 'kCnksa ls fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djuk

l ;qXe 'kCn ikB esa ls <w¡<+uk

l fyax cnydj okD; fy[kuk

l milxZ vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx djuk

l mfpr 'kCn ls [kkyh LFkku Hkjuk

dks liQyrk osQ f'k[kj ij igq¡pkrh gSA