PHYSICAL LAYER:

 High efficiency PA: linear radio frequency PAs play a major role in terms of base station
energy consumption and heat dissipation. More efficient base station PAs are a crucial factor in
the evolution of mobile systems. Reducing the energy consumed by radio base stations will
also reduce the environmental impact of the radio access network.

NETWORK LAYER:
 Energy Efficiency: After a decade of intense research, motivated by both economic and
operational considerations, and by environmental concerns, energy efficiency has now become
a key pillar in the design of communication networks. With the advent of the fifth generation of
wireless networks, with millions more base stations and billions of connected devices, the need
for energy-efficient system design and operation will be even more compelling. The efficient of
the power at the base station is one of the key research topics.

 Spectrum sharing. Shared and unlicensed spectrum will permit 5G

networks to offer greater capacity, better spectrum utilization, and
unique deployment scenarios. A key takeaway from 5G research is that
spectrum sharing will allow mobile operators with licensed spectrum
as well as those without licensed spectrum to take advantage of 5G
New Radio (5G NR) technologies.

You can look at the feasibility of if and how satellite (and drones) will be part of 5G. The only
thing thats stopping them is the latency of communication over long distances. On the other
hand they can provide connectivity over large areas which can be important for massive IoT
communications.

Advanced Spectrum Management Techniques for future (5G) Wireless Networks:

A Survey of Recent Advances and Research Challenges

 An Enhancement Approach for Reducing the Energy Consumption and heat dissipation for radio
base stations

OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BASE TRANSCEIVER STATIONS

Minimization of Power Consumption in Base Stations

Energy Consumption Optimization Approach for Radio Base Stations:

A case study of Long Term Evolution

Related Works The problem of communication infrastructures able to efficiently support smart city
applications and services in complex, distributed, and diverse environments has been, and continues to
be, the subject of intense research investigations. For this reason, in the literature there are several
papers related to this topic, especially for the smart grid context. Among others, the aim of [1,2] is to
offer a comprehensive review of the application of wireless communication technologies to smart
environments by discussing their challenges, future trends, and standardization activities. In [3], various
communication technologies, both wired and wireless, are compared, and their suitability for
deployment