SEDCAD™ 4

for Windows® 95/98/NT/2000/Me/XP

Dr. Richard C. Warner

r University ofKentucky
~ Biosystems and Agricultura! Engineering Department
r, Cooperative Extension Service
r
r Ms. Pamela J. Schwab
Civil Software Design
r
r Mr. Dennis J. Marshall, AIA
r
 -
1 ,--..

1
,-.
r ' SEDCAD™ 4
r ..
for Windows® 95/98/NT/2000/Me/XP
- Design Manual
And
,....,.
' User's Guide

r-
r
r
r

Dr. Richard C. Warner

University of Kentucky
Biosystems and Agricultura! Engineering Department
Co~perative Extension Service

Ms. Pamela J. Schwab

Civil' Software Design
r-
r- Mr. Dennis J. Marshall, AIA
2 -
Information in chis documenc is subject to change without notice. Names and
daca used in examples are ficririous unless otherwise nored. The SEDCAD™
software has been copyrighred by Pamela J. Schwab, and che SED CAD Design
Manual and User's Guide has been copyrighced by Richard C. Warner, et.al.,
with all rights reserwd. The software described in chis manual is furnished un-
der a license agreemenc or nondisclosure agreemenc. A condition of installing
che software is your agreement to che written license agreemenc, displayed dur-
ing che installation procedure. Your rights to license che SEDCAD program
are limired to those expressly provided in the writi:en license agreement. Under
copyright laws, neirher che documencacion nor che software may be copied,
phococopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or
machine readable form, in whole or in part, without che prior written consenc
of rhe author(s).

SEDCAD 4 for Windows Design Manual and User's Guide

Copyright© 1998. Richard C. Warner, Pamela J. Schwab, and Dennis J. Mar-
-
.._)

shall. All righrs reserved.

SEDCAD 4 for Windows (computer software)

Copyright© 1998-2010. Pamela J. Schwab. Ali rights reserved

SEDCAD is a U .S. rrademark of Civil Software Design.

Microsoft Windows is a U.S. registered trademark ofMicrosofi:Corporation.

Civil Software Design, August 1998

2nd princing - October 1998 -

3rd princing - Augusc 1999

4th princing-April 2001

5th princing - January 2004

6th printing - November 2006

7th printing - Oecember 2008

8th princing - September 201 O

r
3
Contents

Acknowledgemencs .......... ................ ..................................... .... 9

What's New? ...................................................... 11
lnstalling SEDCAD 4 ........................................ 13
Lost Hardware Locks ... .......................................... ....... ......... . 13
lnstallation Troubleshooting ................................................... 13
Uninscalling SED CAD 4 ......... ............................................... 14
Software Copying ..... ............... .... ........... ......-... ..... ...... ............ 14
How to Contact Us ............................................ 15
SEDCAD Updare Version Support Policy .... ....................... ... : 16
Year 2000 (Y2K) Compliance Srarement ... ...... ....................... 16
How to Use Help ............................................... 17
Program Navigation ............. ............... ..................... .... .... ..... .. 17
Table Navigation ....... ...... .... ........... .......... ........ ................... ... 17
Getting Started .................................................. 19
File Menu ............. ........ .. ... .............. ........ .. ............................. 19
Preferences ........... ..... ................. .... ....... ......................... ......... 20
Main Screen ..... ... ... ..................... ..... ... .... ......... ......... ....... ...... 20
General Tab .... .................... ............................. ....... ........ 20
Designer box .................. ......... ... ..... ........ .. ........... .... 20
Project Title box ........................................... ............ 20
Comments box .... ........ ... ..... ...... ............ ........ ........... 20
Last Modified box .......... ... ..... ... ................ .... . ,......... 21
Design Tab .. ................................ ....... ................ ... .. ....... 21
Resulrs Tab ... ... ...... .. .. ...... .... .... .. ... .. ......... , ...................... 21
Storm Information ............................................. 23
Storm lnformation ......................... ......... ............ .. ................. 23
Storm Type ........ ........... .................. ...... ........ ... ........ .. ........ ... .. 23
NRCS Distribution Determination ...... ..... .... ...... ........... 23

- 49 pt or 241 pt NRCS Distribution - A Comparison ...... 24

Historical Perspective ...... .............. ...... ........ .. ... ......... 24
Peak Flow Considerations ..... .............. .. .. ........ .......... 24
Implicarions of Distribution Selection ........ ...... .... .... 24
Effect of Distribution on Size of Con trol Structures .. 25
Culvert Design Assessmenc .... ....... .. ............. ...... 25
Whac does ic all mean? ............. ...................... ... 26
Channel Design Assessmen t ......... ... .. .... .............. ..... 27
Pond Design Analysis ...... .... ...... ... ..... ......... ... .. ... ...... 27
User-defined Rainfall Distribution .... .... ......... ......... ..... ... 28
Input Storm Event .... .. ..... .. ... ... .. ....... .. .... ...... ................. . 28

r
4

-
Design Storm ............................................................ ............. 29
Rainfall Depth ..... ......... ......................................... .......... ....... 29
Graph Storm ........... ................................ ............................... 30
RStorm .................................................................................. 31
Sedimentology ................................................... 33
Particle Size Disrribution ............................ ~ ....... .................... 33
-
Input O ptions ................................................................. 33
Create New button .............. ..................................... 33
Open Existing button .......... .......... ........... ................ 33
Add o/o Finer button ............................................... .. 33
-
Change o/o Finer Name burton ................................. 33
_,J
Graph button ........................................................... 34
Partide Size Grid ....... ................................... .................. 34
Specific Gravity ........................................................ 34
Submerged Bulle Specific Gravity .............................. 34
Comments ............................................................... 35
Particle Size Distribution Laboratory Analysis ................. 35
Particle Size Classificarion .................. .. ......................... .. ........ 36
Total Sediment and Settleable Solids ....................................... 36
Networking ........................................................ 39
-
Structure Networking ................................ ................. .. ........... 39
Struccure Linkage ................................................................... 39
Scrucrure Numbering Example ............................................... 40
Input of Scructure Network ............... .... ......................... 4 1
Subwatershed Information ................................. 43
Subwatershed Hydrology Input lnformation ........................... 43
Subwatershed Area ......................................................... 43
Time of Concentration ....................... ........ ................... . 43
Muskingum Routing ...................................................... 44
Routing Calculator .................................................. :45
Curve Number ................. .............................. ................ 45
Hydrologic Soil Group ... ............ .............................. 46
Unir Hydrograph Response Shape .................................. 47
T R-55 Emulacor .............................. ....................... . 47
Hydrograph and/or Sedimentgraph G raph Button .................. 48
Hydrograph .................................................................... 48
Sedimentgraph ......................... ...................................... 48
Subwatershed Sedimentology Input Information .................... 48
Erodibility (K) factor ............ ......................................... . 49
Textura! Triangle .............. ......................................... 49
Wischmeier Nomograph .......................................... 50
LS Factor ........... ............... .... ................................... .. ..... 50
L Factor .................................................................... 50 -
 5
Representative Slope Length - L ........................ 50
L far a Con cave Slope ...................... ................. 51
L far Transitions to Concentrated Flow ... .......... 52
L forTypical Slope Lengths ........ ....................... 52
L Factor Accuracy and Sensitivity ...................... 52

-- S Factor ....... ............................................................. 52

Representative Slope - S .............................. .... .. 53
C Factor ......................................................................... 53
C Factor tables in SEDCAD 4 .................................. 53
Canopy Effects ......................................................... 53
Surface Cover Effects ................................................ 53
Soil Surface Roughness ............................................. 54
P Factor .......................................... .......... ...................... 54
Structure Design ................................................ 55
Structure Types .. ...... .... ......... ................... .. ........ ..................... 55
PoND DESIGN .... ....... .... ........ ...... ........ ....... ...... ... ..... ..... 57
Elevation - Area ...................................................................... 57
Stage lncrement ............. ...... .......................... ................. 58
Pond Spillways .................. .... .................................................. 58
Pond Spillways, Drop lnlet ............................................. 59
Pond Spillway, Straight Pipe .............................. ............. 59
Pond Spillway, Perforated Riser .................... ................... 60

- Pond Spillway, Weirs ...... ............. ........ ........................... 60

Broad-crested Weir .. ................................................. 60
Sharp-crested Weir ................................................... 61
Side-contracting Weir .. ........................................ ..... 61
V-norch Weir ............... ............................................. 61
Pond Spillway, Siphons ......... ........... .. ............................. 6 1
Fixed Siphons .... .............. ......................................... 6 1

- Floating Siphon ................... .............................. .. ..... 62

Pond Spillways, Emergency Spillway ............ .................. 62
Estimating Inicial Pond Spillway Elevations
· and che Top of Dam ............ .... .... ...... .......... ......... 62
Estimating che Crest Length of an
Emergency Spillway ............................................. 63
Bottom Width and Sideslope Sizing
for Emergency Spillways ....................................... 63
Pond Spillways, User-defined ...... .................................... 63
Pond Sedimentology ................................ ....................... ........ 64
Sediment Storage .............. ............................................. . 64

- Do Not Reset Zero Stage .......................................... 64

R Annual Method ......... ......... .................................. 64
Disturbed Acres Method ................ ...... .................... 65
Contributing Acres Method .... ..... ............ .. ............... 65
6
Inflow Sediment Tons Method ................... .............. 65
User-dcfined Sediment Storage ................................. 65
Dead Space ..................................................................... 65
POND DESIGN EXAMPLE .. ...• ..... ............. ·· ······ .. .... ... ........ 66
Problem Statement .............................................................. .. . 66
-
-'
Storm Input ............... .................................................... 66
Parride Size Distribution ................................ ................ 66
Nerworking .................................................................... 67
Subwatershed Information .................... .......................... 67
Subwatershed Hydrology lnputs ............................... 67
Subwatershed Sedimentology Inputs ........................ 70
Graphs ..................................................................... 7 1
-
Structure # l SWS Report ......................................... 71
Pond Inputs: Hydrology ................................................. 72
Elevation-Area .......................................................... 72
Elevation-Discharge ................................................. 72
Pond Inputs: Sedimentology ..... .......... ............................ 73
Results and Discussion ................................................... 73
Contrasting Permanent Pool and Passive Dewatering .............. 74
Additional Alternative Design ......................................... 75
SILT FENCE DESIGN .... ... ........ .. ·· ····· ·· ...... ..... ··· ····· ······ · ... 76
Silt Fence Design Example ...................................................... 76
Storm Input ................................................................... 77
Particle Size Distribution ............ ............................ ...... .. 77
Networking ... ................................................................. 77
-
.....)

Subwatershed Information .............................................. 77

Subwatershed Hydrology and Sedimentology lnputs 78
Graphs ..................................................................... 80
Silt Fence Design Parameters .................................................. 80
Silt Fence Flow Rate ....................................................... 80
Silr Fence Width Along che Contour .............................. 80
Silt Fence Height .............. ...... ........................................ 81
Silt Fence Upgradient Land Slope ................................... 8 1
Silt Fence Tie-back Distance ........................................... 81
Silt Fence Additional Weirs ............................................. 81
Silt Fence Design Results .............................. .................. 82
Silt Fence Design with Dedicated Sediment Storage ........ 83
GRASS FILTER DESIGN .. ............ ... ..... .... . .... . ......... ....... .... 84
Grass Filter Design Example ............................................. ...... 84
Networking ................................... ................ ................. 84
Grass Filter Design Inputs .............................................. 85
Grass Filcer Roughness Coefficient ........................... 85
Grass Hydraulic Spacing ... ............................. ........... 86
Grass Sriffness Factor ................................................ 86
-
 7
Grass Height .......................................................... .. 86
Grass Filter lnfiltration Rate .............................. ....... 86
Grass Filter Dimensions ...... ................................... .. 86
Grass Filter Design Results ............................................. 87

- Grass Filter Repotts ............. ..................................... 88

Structure Summary: ........................... ............... 88
Silt Fence Reports: ............................. ............... 88
Grass Filter Reports: ............................... ........... 89
CHECK ÜAM ÜESIGN ............... ....... .. ...... . .. .... .. ...... ........ 90
Check Dam Design Example .................................................. 90
Storm Input ............................................. ............ .......... 90
Panicle Size Distribution ...... .. ........................................ 91
Necworking ................ ........ ........... ................. ................ 91
Subwatershed Information ............................................. 91
Subwatershed Hydrology and Sedimenrology Inputs 92
Check Dam Design lnputs ...... ....................................... 93
Porous Rock Check Dam Design Results ........................ 93
CHANNEL ÜESIGN .. . .. .... .... •. .. ............ .. ....... ... ... ..... ... .. . .. 94
Channel Shape ...................................... ................................. 94
Freeboard ..................................................... .......... .. .............. 94

- NONERODIBLE CHANNEL ÜESIGN ..... ......... ......... .. .... ......

Nonerodible Channel Example .... ........................................... 95
ERODIBLE CHANNEL ÜESIGN ..... .... ... ...... ..... ... ................
95

96

-- Erodible Channel Example ..................................................... 96

VEGETATED CHANNEL ÜESIGN .. .. ..... .. .... ............. .. ... . ..... 98
Recardancc Class ........ ............................................ ................. 98

- Vegetated Channel Stability Analysis ................. ..................... 99

Vegecated Channel Capacity Analysis ...... .......................... ...... 99
Vegetated Channel Example ............... ................. ................... 99
ROCK RIPRAP CHANNEL ÜESIGN ........ .. ....... ............ .. . ... 1 O1
Simons/OSM Method ........................................... .. ............. 101
Riprap C hannel Example - Simons/OSM ......... .... ........ 102
PADER Method ..................... .............................................. 102
Riprap Channel Example - PADER .... ........ .................. 103
CULVERT ÜESIGN . ........... ... ...... .... ...... .......................... 104
Culvert/Straight Pipe Flow Regimes ...................................... 104
Culvert Dcsign Example .......... .................................. ........... 105
Culvert Design ............................... .............................. 105

r-- PLUNGE POOL ÜESIGN .... .. .. .... ..... .... ........ ............... ... . . 108

- PI unge Pool Design Example ........................ ........................ 108

Reports ......................... ........... ........................ 111
Report Viewer ................. ........... ........ .................... .............. 1 12
8
-
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Installation Questions ........................................ ................... 11 5
Printing Questions ........................ .. ................. .. ...... .. .......... . 116
Appendix - Maps . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
I soERODENT (R ANNUAL)
I SOERODENT (R ANNUAL)
MAP OF EAsTERNU .S........... 117
MAP OF WESTERN U.S ......... 118
--
ISOERODENT (R ANNUAL)
ISOERODENT (R ANNUAL) MAP OF ÜREGON AND
MAP OF CAUFORNIA ............. 119

WASHINGTON . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .• .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . 120 --
References . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . 121

__,

--
-
__,

--
- Acknowledgements
9

We continually lcarn from our users. Through our technical support program
of one-on-one consultation and shon courses, you provide us with your
requirements needed to solve more diverse and complex problems. SED CAD
version 4 for Windows 95 and NT (SEDCAD 4) was designed to meet your
needs of increased productivity and case of use. Although it is perhaps un usual
to acknowledge software users, ir is each of you who has ta.Icen thc time to call
us, who shared ideas or real-world problems, who needed more capabilities; ir
is you that created the form of version 4. We appreciate and thank you for
your advice and extensive feedback.

Government agencies that design and review stormwater, erosion and sediment
control programs have been essential to providing insights to regulatory needs.
The Office of Surface Mining (OSM) Western, Mid-continental and Eastern
Coordination Centers have been active participants in the design and review of
program capabilities. They have been especíally instrumental in providing
guidance in the formar of output opcions that facilitare a thorough and rapid
review of permits. The Technical Info rmacion Processing System (TIPS) of the
Office of Surface Mining has been especially helpful in providing us with the
opportunity to test Beta versions of SED CAD 4 through in-house shorr
,- courses. OSM provides SEDCAD ro the 24 states with primacy under the
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) for use in
permit review and in the design of Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) reclama-

- tion projects and remediation plans for bond forfeiture sites. OSM uses
SEDCAD to review permit applications from indust~y. OSM also utilizes
SEDCAD in preparation of Cumulative Hydrologic lmpacc Assessments
(CHIA's) to determine the cumulative hydrologic effects of multiple mining
operations on adjacent lands and watersheds during and afi:er mining.

Consultants, industry and government agencies are using SEDCAD to design

and evaluare stormwatcr, erosion and scdimcnt control syscems for highways,
utilities, residencial and commercial developments, waste disposaJ facilities,
silviculturc opcrations and in the development of environmcncaJ impact
assessments as mandated by che Nacional Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
Feedback from this wide diversity of users and applications has enabled us to
further our development of SEDCAD 4 to cncompass cross-fertilization of

- ideas generaced by our users.

Dr. Bruce Wilson has provided us with che framework equacions and numer-
ous algorithms that he developed while at che University ofKentucky. We are
always grateful to Bruce for his insighrs inro sediment control processes and
especially his pioneering research in predicting the performance of sediment
basins.

Dr. Benjamin C. Dysarc III continues to be Richard's mentor. Ben's insights

on how to view aspects of che wo rld, thereby creating che opportunity fo r
10
consuuctive change, are again grarefully acknowledged. Through Richard,
Ben's counsel and influence continues to expand and has positively touchcd the
lives of Pam, Dennis, and many ofRichard's current and former students. --
Our spouses, Beth and Chuck, and our children Srephen, Brian, and Lauren,
continually pur our lives in perspecrive. SEDCAD 4 is only one of our
dreams.

-
-

-
-
- 11

WHAr's NEw?
r
,-
Welcome to SEDCAD 4 for Windows!

Whatwedíd ...
• Programmed for speed utilizing a 32-bit processor
• Re-derived equations and wrote new algorichms
• Stripped ali code to basic equations
• Created che foundation for rapid future developments

Results ...

Windows 95 and NT program

• Fully implements Windows 95 and NT using standards of
graphical user interface (GUI) design
• Use ofWindows printer drivers provides sophisticated report and
extensive graphing capabilities

- Networking is virtually unlimíted and unrestricted

• "Junction and branch" nomenclature is no longer used
• Structures can be placed at any location and in any sequence
• Large mines, subdivisions and landfills can be modeled in a single
dynamic run

- Dynamíc design mode implemented

• The calculations are always running in background mode
• Once subwatershed parameters are entered, the peak flow, peak ·
sedimenr concentration, hydrograph and sedimentgraph are
immediarely available to design che structure

Add/delete/change Structures and Subwatersheds with a click

r • Structures can be inserted anywhere
• The impact of alrernative srructures can be readily evaluated

Rapid Full Screen Editing

• Simply poinr-and-click to move to the desired input screen

Silt Fence designs

• Determine rhe sedimenr trap efficiency and effiuent concentration

NRCS (SCS) TR-55 emulator

• Emulare rhe TR-55 unit hydrograph and obtain a peak flow which
closely marches TR-55

r
12
Graphical viewing and outputs
• Zoom in capabilicy on all graphics
• Print graphics using Windows primer drivers
• Save graphic file (.bmp, .eps, .wmf)
-
... And much more!
• Extensive Help tables, figures and guidance
• New 'C faccors' and mining spoil erodibilicy 'K facrors'
• Curve Number tables available with a dick
• Semicircular and circular nonerodible channcls
• Save and rccall erodible particle size distributions
-
• Save and recall utilities
__,
• SEDCAD 4 Repon Viewer

-
All of this and tbe (opcional) SEDCAD-AutoCAD interface!
We hope you enjoy che program!

--

-
-
__,

-
-
 13

INSTALLING SEDCAD 4
To install SEDCAD 4 for Windows, use the SETUP.EXE program on the CD

- or disk #1.
• Plug the hardware lock into the parallel port on your computer. A
printer may then be plugged into the lock. Be sure not to plug the lock
into a serial port! The end with the prongs on the lock (male) will go to
thc computcr.
• Start Windows 95 or NT. As a precaution, shut clown any applications
that may be currently running.
• Insert the CD into the drive on your system.
• If you have Autorun enabled on your system, the setup routine should
automatically start after a few moments. If it does not, select "Run"
from the "Start" menu. Enter "D:\SETUP" in thc dialog box (replace
D: with your CD-ROM drive) and dick OK.
Follow thc instructions on the screen to verify where to insta!! the program.
You will need to restart your computer after loading SEDCAD 4.

The first time you run SEDCAD 4, the program will ask you for your serial
number. This is located on the sticker on the CD sleeve. Once this number is
entered, it should not be needed again unless you install the software onto
another machine. Be sure to keep che CD , serial number, and hardware
lock(s) in a safe place!

r
Lost Hardware Locks
Lost hardware lock(s) are replaced at the additional copy price, applicable at
the time of arder. lt is therefore very important that you keep track of the
hardware locks issued with your purchase.

- lnstallation Troubleshooting
If, after you install the program, the computer does not recognize the hardware
lock, it is usually a network drive that has conflicted with the installation. To
remedy, do the following:
• Remove the local machine from the network by logging off (this is
temporary!).
• Select "Run" from the "Start" button. Type into the dialog box:

- C:\SEDCAD4\HWKEY\SETUP /Q4
and click OK.

-
14
• This should bring up the Sentinel Driver Setup Prograrn window. Pul!
clown the Functions menu, click on "Insta!! Sentinel Driver".
• The prograrn will decect what operating system you are running. lt will
ask for the appropriate path. The path will be either:
C:\SEDCAD4\HWKEY\WIN_95 (Windows 95)
Or
C:\SEDCAD4\HWKEY\Win_NT\1386 (Windows NT)
(assuming C: is the hard drive leuer, and SEDCA04 is the subdirectory
narne)
• Click on OK to load the driver. You should get a message indicating the
driver was installed and that you should restan your system. -
Uninstalling SEDCAD 4
_,
To uninstall SEDCAD 4 for Windows, use the Add/Remove icon on the
Control Panel. From the Start Button on the Desktop, go to Settings>Control
Panel. Double-click on the Add/Remove Prograrns icon. Click on SEDCAD
4 from the lower list, then press Remove.
Ali SEDCAD 4 programs and registry seccings will be removed. Generated
files and folders (e.g. *.sc4 and *.srp) are not removed.

If, during the Uninstall, you receive the message that a particular file (usually a
*.dll) is not used by other prograrns and should you remove, you may answer
safely "No to AH", to keep the file in the System folder. This does not affect
your machine at ali. If you choose to remove the file, your machine will
probably function fine, but there is a chance thac if sorne other program that is
noc registered in the Windows registry uses the file, that program would
become unusable and would need to be installed again.

Software Copyi ng
-
Unauthorized copying of software is illegal.
No matter how easy it is ro.copy a file from a disket te or CD-ROM to your
PC, no matter how infrequently you plan to use the software, no matter if you
promise to buy it after you try it out, no matter how good your intentions -
unauthorized copying of software is íllegal.

Who is Responsible?
If you make an unauthorized (illegal) copy of a software application, you are
considered personally responsible for any damages. This personal liabiliry
could cose you $25,000 or more for each illegal copy yo u make and for each
time you use the copy.
-
r-
15

r
How ro CoNTAcT Us
We strive to develop a continuing relationship between our clients and our-
selves. Your input and advice is very important to us. Many of our enhance-
r
- ments directly address your needs for more capabilities, ease of use, and further
increases in productivity.

SEDCAD is one of the very few software packages where you actually talk to
the developers when you cal! for assistance. Since 1987, we have been for-
tunate to help thousands of callers with a wide variety of applications . We
believe that we also can help you with one-on-one consultation.

To most efficiently use your time we recommend that you use this guide in
contactíng the program developers.
• Website: www.mysedcad.com
Start here far most of your needs. The site has information, download-
able updates and order forms, FAQ's and contact information.

r • Pam Schwab, Civil Software Design

P.O. Box 706, Ames, IA 50010
Phone and FAX: (515) 292-4115
email: pschwab@mysedcad.com
• Ordering SEDCAD 4 for Windows
• Price Information
• Accounts/Billing
• Promotional Literature
• Windows questions
• Suspect Errors
• Hardware questions

• Richard Warner
Biosystems and Agricultura! Engineering, University of Kentucky
128 Agricultura! Engineering Building
Lexington, KY 40546-0276
Phone: (859) 257-3000 ext. 217 (office)
FAX: (859) 257-5671
email: rwarner@mysedcad.com and/or rwarner@bae.uky.edu
• Overview of SEDCAD 4 capabilities

-- • One-on-one consultation
• Description of methodologies
• New application requirements
• Reference materials
• Short Course Scheduling
• Eroded particle size analyses and questions
,.....
16

• Dennis Marshall
2725 North Anthony
Fort Wayne, IN 46805
-
Phone: (219) 373-1945
email: marshald@ipfw.edu
• SEDCAD4 - AutoCAD Interface Questions
• AutoCAD File Transfers

SEDCAD Update Version Support Policy -

In excess of 95% of our users upgrade within 6 months of the release date of a
new version. Upgrades significandy increase ease of use, add substantial
increases in capabilities, and vasdy increases productivity. All users are
encouraged to rake advantage of these features.

--
To better serve our clienrs our policy is ro support the newesr release.
SEDCAD version 3 support (primarily free disk swaps and/or resct codes) will
be discontinued 6 months after the release of SEDCAD 4 for Windows 95 and
NT.

Year 2000 (Y2K) Compliance Statement

-
SEDCAD 4 for Windows is compliant with the year 2000. lt has been
tested under Windows 95 & Windows NT 4.0 with a system date greater than
12/31/1999. No part of this product uses the hardware or system date for any --
purpose, other than for display or informational purposes. Where a date is
displayed, it is displayed with the full century (i.e. 01/01/2000).
-_,
-
-
-
--
 17

How To UsE HELP

-- Exrensive Help rabies, figures, and guidance have been entered inro
SEDCAD 4. There are several ways to view topics of interest:
• Click the Contents tab to browse by category
• Click the Index tab to see a list of index entries: either rype the word
you're looking for or scroll through the list

- • Click the Find tab to search for words or phrases that may be contained
in a Help topic

Program Navigation
- To move from box to box in rhis program, you use standard Wíndows naviga-
rion rechniques. Generally, the TAB key wíll move to the nexr field, or you
may always left-click on the desired field with the mouse.

Table Navigation
The following shortcut keys work when navigating tables (e.g. Particle Size,
Stage-Area-Capacíty, etc.):
r
- To move to:
... next column
.. .lasr column
... the previous column
Press:
TAB, or RIGHT ARROW
END
SHIFT +TAB, or LEFT ARROW
... the first column on current row HOME
... the nexc row on current column DOWNARROW
... the last row and last column CTRL+END
... che current colurnn in previous row UPARROW
... che first column in the first row CTRL+HOME

-
18 -
-
-
-
-
 19

-- GETTING STARTED

When you start SEDCAD 4, che Main Screen will be the initiaJ startup screen.
lt contains alJ che menus and commands needed to run a program.

The fust time you run the program, it is a good idea to go to the
FilelPreferences menu, and enter the default inforrnation for design storms and

- direcrory locations. The defauJts may be overridden in che program, as well.

To evaluate a design storm and structure network, everyching necessary far

results wiJI be entered frorn the Design Tab. Storrn information, eroded
partide size distributions, structure networking, and watershed and structurc
design parameters will alJ be accessed from the Design Tab.

File Menu
New Project Clear ali work in progress. No filename is specified.
Open Project ... Retrieve fiJe from disk
Save Save current information to the fiJe currently specified. If
no fiJe is specified, chis acts the same as Save As.
SaveAs ... Save file ro disk under a new filenarne.

ReportView Print a saved report using the SEDCAD Report Viewer

program

Preferences View and change prograrn preferences

recent files List of the 4 most recendy accessed files

Exit Close and exit program

--

-
20
Preferences
Get to the preference screen by pressing FilelPreferences. The screen allows
defau!t values ro be specified.
• Default scorm type, distribu-
tion, and associated rainfall
depths
• Default file locacions
• Change Designer list
• Default measurement system
• Default company information
for display on cover page

Main Screen
This screen is your main point of
navigacion through the program.
There are a series of pull-down
menus at the top, and also the main
;......---r:-:3
·p-.r--,
..!: ~
_,___ -
,w,:;, o!

-
index tabs.
t.--·-r·-~
,...... .... .
· ·-

- __,,... -:= . ~~--..

5 ~

.,_e

~~i

General Tab
-~ ..... ·
This tab holds general administracive
informarion.

Designer box
• type in your name, or
-
• click on the drop-down button and pick ir from che list
Once you have entered your name, ir will automacically be added to the drop-
down list for ali fucure runs. -
Project Title box '-'

Anyt:bing entered here will appear as the ticle on the cover page of the report.

Comments box
Detailed comments may be made here. These will also appear on the cover
page of the report.

--
 21
lnformational yellow background boxes - boxes with a yellow back-
ground are not editable or changeable. They contain information that has
either been calculated or determined from somewhere else.

For example, che file narne is shown when the current run information has
been saved to a file. The file name can be entered anytime during the entry of

- input data. To save to a file, click on the File!Save As rnenu locaced at che
upper left of che screen.

You rnay also open an existing file by clicking FilelOpen or one of che
filenames from the recent files list.

The filename will then appear in the box.

Last Modified box

This box shows che date and rime chat che file was lasr modified.

- Design Tab
The Design Tab is where you launch most of your design screens. There are

- chree (3) rnain areas:

• Storm lnformation
• Sedimentology
• Structure Networking and Design

- Results Tab
The Results Tab is where you will format and view your reports.

,.-
22

-
-
-

-
-
23

STORM INFORMATION

1
1
Storm lnformation Sl,,:m J~ <JNRCSTJ'll" II z:j 1
This is where you enter the design storm
l)e!ign$loon'Fo~- 2ú.- !!1 »
Barl.il~ ]_ 4.200 ,~ ~
for the run. If you have specified values
ilRts~Rod..&n 1 t
in the preferences screen, your default

- values will automatically be entered.

Storm Type
.r-,J,l!lt'Sil!l!iÍl'J~ ·:
, G·#RCS~rtp1ó;.~ ;; a,~s(O¡m
._ .•• - ···---- _J .· ~ :
~ - L~:~J
1

.1 . ••• ,
i1
·'

Click on the drop clown button to obtain a listing of available types of rainfall
distributions. The geographic bounds for the Natural Resources Conservation

-
Service (NRCS), (formerly Soil Conservation Service, SCS) are shown:

The NRCS Storm Type Distributions are considered very conservative - i.e.
, -. the peak Bow predictions based on these Type Distributions will be higher than
,-. almost any actual measured storm.

I'"""' Two other options are available - User-defined distribution and rainfall
event.

O r,.,.u

- NRCS Distribution Determination

~r,.,.111

A very simplified description of the methodology to determine NRCS distribu-

tions follows:

Assume that the incremental rainfall values are known for 10 years of storms
throughout the applicable region of a Type Distribution. For exarnple, for che
Type II distriburion data would be available frorn pares or ali of 40-plus states.
r- The entire record is scanned to determine the highest 3-minute rainfall
intensity. Similarly the highest 5, 10, 15, 30 minute values are determined for
thé en tire geographical area. Also, the highest 1, 2, 3 ... hour rainfall intensi-
ties are listed. These observed highest intensities are then placed in a rainfall
24
disrribution by purting the most incense value
at a given temporal locarion of che design '
storm, then proceeding to place che next
highest onto che righc, and chen on the lefr,
then on che right, etc.
f:j: :¡!:J¡···!!iti !!!••! jil
!'_ : ! i i i! : i i : i .1l í¡
0
o & e ~ » it
!¡
2 .1 10 12 " • 11
..,o,,¡
1

49 pt or 241 pt NRCS Oistribution - A Comparison

Historical Perspective
Most regulations specify a design storm, such as a 10 year-24 hour storm.
These regulacions do noc specify che required design distribution. SEDCAD 4
enables the user to specify various NRCS Type distributions or entera user-
defined distribucion based on analysis of rainfall data far a geographical region.
Additionally, SEDCAD 4 provides two options for fitting a NRCS distribu-

--
tion, namely 49 point and 241 poinr distributíons. The 49 poinr disrribution
is traditionally used in texrbooks and is used in SEDCAD version 3.1. The
SCS used the 49 point method in che 1975 version ofTR-55, and appeared to
change to the 241 point distribution wich che 1986TR-55 version. In 1986,
NRCS distribucions appear ro have been curve-fitted to provide data ar 0.1
hour increments, whereas, che 49 poinc disrribution uses 0.5 hour íncrements.
Boch che 49 poinc and che 241 poínr disrributions concain identica/ data poincs
--
at 0.5 hour incremencs. The only difference between these two distributions is
chat far che 49 point disrribution, a linear incerpolation between 0.5 hour
values was applied and far the 241 poinc distribution curve fitting was used.

Peak Flow Considerations

The type of distribution selected and the choice of number of poincs used in
fitting a discribution affeccs che peak flow. Using che 241 poinr discribution
will result in a higher peak flow than using che 49 point distríburion. Ocher
-
factors char affecr peak flow are curve number, time of concencration and the
shape of che dimensionless unir hydrograph. SEDCAD 4 provides faur
climensionless unir hydrograph shapes to enable che user to more dosely
account far che hydrologic response of a subwatershed. Obviously, when
diffcrcnc paramercrs are sclected and diffcrcnc discributions or fit of distribu-
tions are chosen and differenc peak flows resulc, che user müst decide which
parameters or distribution selections are most appropriate for a given applica-
rion.

lmplications of Distribution Selection

At first a user may assume that che O.1 hour time increment more closely
captures the rainfall intensíty and is cherefore more accurate. Or it.could be
-
assumed that whatever discribucion, or parameters, creating the highest peak
 25
flow is most conservative and therefore will provide rhe highest level of
protection. The user is cautioned to also consider rhe model being used, the
design storm frequency, geomorphology of natural streams and the liability for
downstream flooding when selecting a dimibution or distribution fit.

Natural streams l:low ar bankfull at a recurrence of bet:ween 1.5 and 2 years

(Rosgen, 1996). Any storm with a recurrence interval greater than 1.5 to 2
years will temporarily inundate the floodplain. A 10 year-24 hour design
r-" storm will flow into the floodplain, be temporarily stored, and rhen flow back
r-" to the stream. The temporary storage significantly attenuates the peak flow.
With models such as HEC-2 or WSPRO, which require extensive surveyed
input data of the longitudinal profile of the stream and numerous cross-
sections of the stream and adjacent floodplain, it would be appropriate to use
che. 241 point distribution fit. The higher predicted peak flow of rhe 241 point

- fit, which occurs for approximately 6 minutes, is accounred for in rhese models
rhrough modeling the floodplain and backwater effects.

Models such as SEDCAD 4, TR-55 and HEC- 1 use simplified routing

techniques that do not require such an extensive srream input darabase as che
HEC-2 program. These simplified scream rouring techniques are completely
justified for these types of models. Since these models do noc account for
floodplain storage, use of the 241 point distribution will result in an overdesign
of natural channels for storms with recurrence inrervals greater than 1.5 to 2
years. This overdesign is based on a 6 minute interval when the highest peak
,-..
flow occurs.

-- Effect of Distribution on Size of Control Structures

Culvert Design Assessment
The design of culverts has traditionally been accomplished by passing rhe peak
flow without completing a backwater analysis, which would require surveying
rhe up-gradienr ponded area of the culvert. The headwater-discharge relation-
ship is established for a specified culvert invert, type, length, slope, and
tailwater condition. From these input data, a culvert pipe is sized. Tradicional
culvert design disregards rhe up-gradient stage-storage relationship. Again, if a
comprehensive backwater analysis is to be completed; and the user is taking
credit for the attenuation of peak flow using the stage-storage relationship of
the ponded up-gradienr storage area then che 241 point distribution is
appropriate. If che standard culvert procedures are employed rhe 49 point
procedure is recommended.

- Example:
A comparison of the 49 point and rhe 241 point NRCS Type II distributions
for a 1O acre disturbed watershed is discussed herein. Precipitation values are
for Chicagó, IL. The 1O year-24 hour Type II distribution is used with a
rainfall depth of 4.0 inches. The curve number is 86, che rime of concen tra-
tion is 0.13 hrs, and rhe dimensionless unir hydrograph shape is Fast.
26
Culvert Assessment
The peak discharge for che 49 point and 241 point distributions is 22.88 cfs
and 32.09 cfs, respectively. The associated culverts are 24 and 30 inches,
-
respectively. Culvert design was analyzed without backwater storage consider-
ations, which is the standard practice for most applications. The 241 point
distribution generated a peak flow about 9 cfs higher than the 49 point
distribution. Viewing the hydrograph for the 241 point distribution it can be
seen rhat discharge excceds 22.88 cfs for 22 minutes.

Now let us consider accounting for che stage-storage effect up-gradient of a 24

inch culvert for the 241 point distribution. This will contrast the 49 point
standard culvert design with che 241 point backwater culvert design. The
ponded area is assumed to increase from 40 by 40 ft at elevation 650 ft to 80
by 80 ft at 655 ft elevation. The pond structure was used for rhis analysis.
Results show that the Peak In was 32.09 cfs, and the Peak Out was 23.26 cfs.
This is very similar to the standard culvert analysis used in rhe 49 point
distribution resulting in 22.88 cfs being discharged through a 24 inch culverr.
Thus the results are equivalent.

Contrasting further, let us consider whether the 30 inch culvert would be

selected anyway based on the 241 point distribution. Again backwater is
accounted for using the pond routine. The results show a Peak In of32.09 cfs
and Peak Out of 27 .07 cfs. Thus, rhe diffcrence in selecting a 30 inch versus a
24 inch culvert is an increase in discharge of3.81 cfs (16 %). The backwater
associated wirh the 24 inch and 30 inch culverts is 3.76 ft and 3.07 ft,
respectively. The tradeoffs become apparent. The 241 point distribution
results in a 30 inch culvert, based on standard culverr design methodology. If
rhis is selected in conrrast to a 24 inch culvert, the headwater is reduced by
0.69 ft and the discharge is increased by 16 percent. Also, culvert cost is a
consideration.

Another point to be considered is that a 24 inch and 30 inch culvert can

-
discharge 26.90 cfs and 40.05 cfs at 4.5 ft headwater, respectively. The
dewatering time for the entire flow to pass through the 24 inch and 30 inch
culverr is 19 and 14.5 minutes, respectively. The length of time that the
culvert is discharging above 23 cfs is 3.5 and l O minutes for the 24 inch and
-
30 inch pipe, respectively.

What does it ali mean?

The tradeoffs berween a 24 inch and a 30 inch culvert for che peak discharge
of 32.09 cfs resulring from the 241 poinr disrriburion being selecred and
backwater being analyzed are:
1. The 30 inch culvert coses more
2. Discharge is higher by 16% for che 30 inch pipe
-
3 . Discharge above 23 cfs will exir the 30 inch culvert for 3 times longer
than for the 24 inch culvert
 27
Ali of these items are considered to be negatives in that cost is higher and
downstream flooding is porentially increased and susfained for a longer period
of time.

Advantages of the larger culvert are:

l. The flow capacity at 4.5 ft headwarer is greater by 13 cfs than for che
24 inch pipe
2. Headwater is less by 0.7 ft
3. The entire storm is discharged about 5 minutes faster for che 30 inch

-
culvert
The conclusion, for chis situation, is that the choice of the 49 point or the 241
point distribution is essentially inconsequential, unless cose or potencial
downstream flooding is a majar concern.

Channel Design Assessment

For the sarne 10 ac disturbed watershed, a channel analysis was completed.
Again, che peak flow for che 49 poinr and che 241 point distributions is 22.88
,.... and 32.09 cfs, respectively. Channels analyzed are
1. a 2 ft wide, 2: 1 sideslope concrete channel on a 2% slope
2. an 8 ft wide, 3: 1 sideslope earchen channel transporting sediment
ladeo water on a l % slope
3. a grass waterway, 8 ftwide, 3: 1 sideslopes anda 2% chan nel slope
The result is chat ali channels are stable as design for both peak flows and the
only change is an increased channel depth of about 0 .1 to 0.15 ft for che 49
point versus the 24 I point distribution.

Again che conclusion is chat no consequential change in channel design

occurred dueto che choice of distribution, and chata 1.2 to 1. 8 inch difference
in channel depch is wichin construction specifications for channels.

Pond Design Analysis

A similar analysis was conducted for a pond receiving runoff from a 50 ac
r watershed. Tbe difference in embankment beigbt for che two different
distributions is less than 0.2 ft.
28
User-defined Rainfall Distribution
This selection is located w1der the Storm Type option.
-
For a given geographical region, sorne SEDCAD users have developed storm
type discributions based on actual rainfall data for the
region. Usually about 30 years of incremental rainfall data
is needed to conduce such an analysis. The bene.lic of
conducting this type of analysis is that the storm type
_,
" 1 •=i. distribucion is specific to that regíon. From very limíted
_.~ i~-~..: -:- -!5 : observations by che SEDCAD authors, the resulting
_m ~=í
--
disrribution is less intense than the NRSC Type distribution
. ~ - ~l _ ;,; f ". that was formulated for a muCh larger geographic area. The
___ -_.m.~-~-_ii~Lt result is ª 1ower predicred peak flow value for ª given design
,...;¡ l ,, !*i ¡ storm frequency and duration than predicted using the
-~ .f -.:.LJ NRCS distribution.

To enter a user-defined distribution, encer

• the distribution name
• the accumulated dimensionless depths far each one half-hour time
-
increment. The final entry corresponding to the 24 hour mark should
be 1.00.
The user-defined discribution will now appear as a selection when the Storm
Type drop-down button is clicked for fumre runs.

Input Storm Event

-
This selection is located under che Storm Type opcion.

To en ter a storm event, enter the

-
-
• accumulared rime (real time, in hours)
• accumulated rainfall depth (real depth, in inches)
for the storm being modeled.

The Rainfall Evenc optíon is very useful for research

that is being conducred to assess che predictive capabili-

--
tíes of SEDCAD. The predicted vs. observed
hydrographs can be evaluated. A single parameter
sensitivíty analysis can be conducted to determine the
best fit of observed values vs. runoff volume, predicted peak flow, or a com-
plete hydrograph.

Additionally, che NRCS (SCS) Curve Number (CN) can be determined for che
--
actual storm event based on measured runoff volume. Wich enough storms
from a warershed with a constan e land use, the SEDCAD user can ascertain an
average CN far that land use. For example, che CN associated with a graded
 29
,-. spoil can be decermined for a series of storms and a represencative CN can be
selected for future designs. Similarly, chis same cype of analysis can be
conducced for a 3% vegetated crown of a landfill, a desert pavement in semi-
arid areas, or agricultural pasture lands.

-
r
The RainfaJJ Event option is very usefu!'co avoid or conduce litigation in court
proceedings. Assume that che incremental rainfaU was recorded for an actual
storm (on-site or ac a nearby aiiporc) anda mining company, commerciaJ
development, landfill, etc. is involved in litigation because of downstream
flooding. The SEDCAD user can show che pre-development peak flow and
compare chat value wich che during construction peak flow, wich controls such
as sediment basins in place, and show chac flooding would have been worse
during pre-development conditions. Likewise, a downstream entity could
prove chat an ineffeccive stormwacer control plan was che cause of flooding and
sue for damages.
,....
Design Storm
The design storm is described by frequency (recurrence incervaJ) (years) and
storm duration (hours). You can choose from a list of often used design storms
by clicking on che drop-down buccon and chen choosing che desired design
storm. You may aJso designace a different storm frequency and duration by
choosing "Other" scorm seleccion. You will have che opportunicy to specify che
frequency and durarion, and it will automacically be added to the list of design
scorms for fucure design options.

-
r"'
Note that you can designate che Design storm as a defaulc opcion using
preferences.
, -.

Rainfall Depth
lnformarion on storm depchs associated wich a specified frequency and
duration may be found in severa! references:
• Eastern U.S. - Hershfield, D.M. 1961. RainfaJI frequency atlas of che
Uniced $caces for durations from 30 minutes to 24 hours and retum
periods from 1 to 100 years. U.S. Department of Commerce, Weacher
Bureau Technical Paper No. 40. Washington, D.C. (out of print).
r These maps are located in che Appendix.
•Western U.S. - Miller,J.F., R. H. Frederick, and R.J. Tracey. 1973.

- Precipitation-frequency atlas of the Western United Stares. U.S.

Department of Commerce, Nacional Weacher Service, NOAA Atlas 2,
Silver Springs, MD.
Volumc I Montana
Volume 11 Wyoming
Volumc III Colorado
30
Volume IV New Mex.ico
VolumeV Idaho
VolumeVI Utah
VolumeVII Nevada
VolumeVIII Arizona
Volume IX Washington
VolumeX Oregon
VolumeXI California
• Alaska - U .S. Department of Commerce. 1963. Probable Maximum
Precipitation and Rainfall-Frequency Data for Alaska. U.S. Depamnent
of Commerce, N ational Oceanic and Atmospheric Admistration
Technical Paper No. 40, Washington, D.C.
• Eastern and Central U.S. - Frederick, R. H ., V. A. Myers and E. P.
Auciello. 1977. Five ro 60 minute precipitation Frequency for the
-
Eastern and Central Unired States. U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admisrration Technícal Memoran-
dum NWS HYDR0-35, Washington, D.C.
• Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) amounrs have been published
in the U .S. National Weather Service Hydrometeorological Reports
-
(1943- 1984).

Graph Storm
Thís visual display will show the intensity of various Type Distributions. The
steepest segment of the accumulated curve creares the peak flow. It is recom-
mended that the user view alternative 1ype curves ro see the differences among
each distribution .
Comparison between Type II and Type III Distributions
•·· · - .. .-• ~ M m' ~
--
!.~.s TvP~_?t,__~_o__yr_: 24 _tu: stortll?; SCSTypelü,_ 10yr_~24~~tnnnj !

E
.
¡¡ ••• ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' •

f:1:::~::r::::::.¡:::¡:::::
·.: ' : : ! ! ! : : : : :

5
ryff.TI-:;:::¡::
:::---f.-:r:
¡·¡·
1: - -: - : -L1JJ:: r: r:rr+-
1 ·1 11· iíl.
, 1
• 6 • m 12 14 16 11:1 ..o 11. 2-4 i o 2 -4 6 a m 12 1, 1s ~ ~ n ~ 1
o '
lim,; (lu,¡) i Timt{luii)

The Incremental Rainfall option provides a display in 0.05 hour increments.

From this display rhe construcrion of a storm distribution can be readily seen.
Again it is recommended that you concrast various Type Distributions using
the incremental mode selection and pay particular attention to the different
rainfall intensiries associated with each distribution. The duration of various
design storms can also be observed.
-
-
 31

- -----=
"'·-· ·=· - · - --= ---··--=·-- ----~~-- -- - - -- ,

r:: .J.LL.( L. :..u... i...u.. i

f
1

--
{ ¡··-¡¡!--~1i···11··--l-··f
¡:. .[. :.+-:---11 :---¡---¡--¡··1··
0 O I • o I
l··+ -1¡ -··f¡ -+·J1
t O O O i
f: t Li;1 ¡iiHi,
DDo 2 , 6 e rn n 1, 1s n 1¡
~~
~ ~ ~

- -~- ~- _:__·~~~· ~ ~ 22 ,. J __ ___________ r..,.¡.,¡ !¡

- Comparison between Type II and Type fil Distributions

R Storm

-
The R-storm value is used in the pond sediment storage R-annual calculation
method. In this method, the required sediment storage is determined as a
function of the R-storm, average annual R, and number of years of sediment

-
storage desired. See R-annual method for a more detailed explanation of this
procedure.

R-storm is based on the rainfalJ quantity and storm distribution specified in

the Storm Type, Design Storm and Rainfall Depth input values, and is

- calcuJated using the updated equation by Brown and Foster (1987) which
includes more data for its developmenr :md ha.~ a hetter functional forro at low
intensities (Renard, K. G., et. al, 1997).

-
-
,-.
 .__,
32
..._,,

-
_,¡

--
-
,_./

....1

-
_,,
,_¡/

__,
--'
__,.
....1

._,
,_,,
-
,_./

._,
._,

--
._,
._,

-
__,.

--
.._¡

--
__,.

-
 33

SED IMENTOLOGY
r
,.:¡ .•• ~.- . • •. •...
r .·- .- · - ... ..--r---·~, Í The sedimentology option button is functional when it is
[ checked. Otherwise only hydrologic calculations will be
~
,,•i preformed. To en ter particle size distributions the sedimen-
¡ tology button must be turned on.
"----=--~
· ··-· ·-· -·-·· - ~-~--- ~

- Particle Size Distribution

Eroded particle size distributions (EPSDs) should be entered whenever
significant changes in soil (or spoil) texture are found. For exarnple, the A-
horizon and B or C-horizon soil textures may be quite different since the lower
horizon soils may have significantly higher clay contents, Similarly, freshly
placed spoil and weathered spoil in the Appalachian coa! mining areas may
have significancly different EPSDs, Another EPSD might be entered for a soíl
used for reclamation that is essentially a composite of different soíl horizons or
different so il textures.

Input Options
Create New button
r
This is used to input a new eroded particle size distribution for a particular
project or location. You will be prompted for:
• a filename and location to save the EPSD
• a name for the first percent finer distribution
r The file will be saved with a ".pfn" extension.

Open Existing button

This will open a dialog box allowing the specification of any previously-saved
particle size distribution file. When the file is chosen, the data will be filled in
the particle size grid.
,-
Add % Finer button
,-

- This allows the addition of a EPSD, corresponding to the current particle sizes.
Note that ali particle size distributions in any one file must have the same mm
sizes, while the percent finer values differentiates between the distributions.
34
Change % Finer Name button
Since the o/o Finer Name is used in the rest of the program as list-box choices
and rcporrs, ir is imporrant that each distribution be dearly labcled. If you
need to change the label for a discribution, you click this button.
-
Graph button
This will show a graph of ali particle size discributions entered in the current
file.

Particle Size Grid

t
'
.e~'S~(inaí)! . %fll161
~
-
Enter the eroded particle sizes, in mm, and the
corresponding percent finer distribution. The mm
sizes will normally correspond to standard sieve
sizes. For rhe finer sediment size fraction, mm
sizes usually correspond to the standard procedures
-
assocíated with pípette or hydrometer procedures.

Standard table navigation applies to this grid. Often, ir is easier ro enter al!
mm sizes by using the clown arrow, then moving to the next column. To enter _i
the percent finer distribution, use che clown arrow.

Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of sands, silts and clays normally ranges from 2.61 to 2.67.
In the case of eroded soils, aggregates commonly occur and are very stable until
dispersed. Soil aggregates consist of clay and silt size particles chemically and/
or physically bonded together. As such, air is entrained between the bonded
particles. Depending on the size of the aggregate, the specific gravity ranges
from approximately 1.6 ro 1.8 gm/cc. A representative specific gravity for a
soil that has individual sand, sílt and day size particles, and soil aggregates is
about 2.5. This is the default value used in SEDCAD.
-
Submerged Bulk Specific Gravity
This parameter is used in modeling particle settling in the Imhoff cone. As a
settling soíl parcicle approaches the bottom of an Imhoff cone, the water
_,
contained berween previously deposited particles muse be displaced. The _,
submerged bulk specific gravity is a function of the deposited sediment size
discribution. It is assumed thar the majority of sand sizes have been deposited
_,
within up gradient sediment controls. Ir is further assumed rhar a significant
portion of clay particles will not settle within the one hour time-frame of the
Imhoff cone test. Therefore the bulk submerged specific gravicy is based on a
mixture of particles that contain a small fraction of sand, a relatively small
-
fraction of clay and a significant percentage of silt. Based on these assump-
tions, the range of bulk submerged specific gravicy is from approximately 1.05
to 1.35 gm/cc. A default value of 1.25 is used in SEDCAD .
 35
Comments
The EPSD will often contain sand, silt and clay-size particles. With respect to
the performance of sedimcnt control structures such as filter fabric fcnces,
sediment traps, sediment basins, etc., the most important rangc of scdimcnt
sizes is from medium silt (0.031-0.016 mm) to very fine silt (0.008-0.004
mm). The sand and coarse silt size fractions will often be substantially
deposited within a sediment control structure. The day fraction will substan-
tially pass through sediment control structures, unless natural or artificial
,-.., flocculation occurs. With this in mind, it should be realized that the eroded
percent finer values of the sand and clay fraction are not as critica! as that of
the silt fraction.

Thc cxception to this is if a small sediment trap receives a high inflow gener-
ated from a large storm. In this case, a fraction of the coarse silt and very fine
sand may pass through the sediment control.

SEDCAD is a rather unique model in that it tracks the change in particle size
distribution as sediment-laden flow proceeds from the slope where it originares
to the subwatershed ouclet, routed to a structure, passcs through a sediment
control structure, and finally down-gradient. Changcs in PSDs will occur
through deposition while being routed, as a function of the performance of

- sediment controls, and as different PSDs are combined from various

subwatersheds.

The change in PSD (and therefore the performance of sediment controls) can
be readily seen through two sediment basins operating in series. The up-
gradient basin may have a sediment trap efficiency of 85%, whereas the second
basin trap efficiency may be reduced to 30% since the more readily deposited
sedirnent particles have previously been removed by the firsr basin.

Be cautioned that simplified methods, such as tables and charts or simple

programs (which only predict the independent performance of individual
sediment controls) will yield erroneous results when applied to sediment

-
controls in series.

Particle Size Distribution Laboratory Analysis

The EPSD is normally determined from a laboratory experiment using a
rainfall simulator. There is notan ASTM or ASAE standard. A representative
composite soil (or spoil) is placed in an expanded metal pan. The soil should
be air-dried but not ground and no dispersing agent should be used. The pan
,...... is placed on about a 9% slope. A rainfall simulator is used to produce the
required rainfall intensity and drop size distribution mimicking the highest 1-
hour rainfall intensity of the specified Type storm distribution for the specified
design storm. The sediment-laden runoff is routed to a series of standard
sieves. Water passing the lowest sieve (usually a 200-mesh sieve) is retained in

-
36
a bucket for further processing. After rainfall is completed, the sediment
remaining in the sieves is lightly washed from sieve to sieve, paying particular
attention to the sedirnent remaining on the 200-mesh sieve. A representative
sample is collected from the bucket containing the fine fraction sediment
(passing the 200-mesh sieve), and is further processed by using a pipette,
hydrometer or particle size analyzer to find the percent finer of various silt and
-
clay size particles. No dispersing agent should be used on the sample, to
mainrain and mimic conditions of eroded soils.

To determine the required 1-hour storm intensity for a 10 year-24 hour, 4.2-
inch, Type II distribution, enter the values inro the Srorm Information section
of SED CAD. Click on Graph Storm button. Move approximately ½-hour to
each side of the inflection point of the storm (occuring near 12-hours for a
Type II). At 12.5 hours the accumulated rainfall is about 3.1 inches and for
11.5 hours the accumulated rainfall is about 1.2 inches. Therefore the highest
1-hour intensity is about 1.9 inches per hour. This value should be used to
perform the rainfall simulator experiment. The run time should be between ½
to 1 hour.
--
Particle Size Classification
Size, in mm
16.00 - 8.00
8.00 - 4.00
Class Description
Medium grave!
Fine gravel
-
4.00 - 2.00 Very fine gravel
2.00 - 1.00 Very coarse sand
1.00 - 0.50 Coarse sand
O.SO - 0.25 Medium sand
0.25 - 0.125 Fine sand
0.125 - 0.062 Very find sand
0.062 - 0.031 Coarse silt
0.031 - 0.016 Medium silt
0.016 - 0.008 Fine silt
0.008 - 0.004
0.004 - 0.002
0.002 - 0.001
Very fine silt
Coarse clay
Medium clay
-
0.001 - 0.0005
0.0005 - 0.00024
Fine clay
Very fine clay
-
Total Sediment and Settleable Solids
Severa! different sediment values are outpuc to meet various user needs. Tons
of sediment in and out of the basin are provided to determine the overall pond
. efficiency and to understand che total sediment loading of the down-gradient
waterbody. Sediment concentrations are providcd as both peak and volume
weightcd.
 37
Sediment concentrations are given for total sediment and settleable solids.
Toca! sediment is decermined by evaporating water from the sample and
weighing the remaining sedimenr. Settleable solids are determincd in the
laboratory using an Imhoff cone. The one lirer sample is allowed to setde for
one hour and rhe quantity of settleable solids is read from the scale on the
Imhoff cone. In SEDCAD 4, settleabie solids are determined from a math-
ematical representation· of the Imhoff cone and Stoke's law.

Potencial fluvial impact can be determined from these various parameters. For
example, a large portion of total sediment load could potentially be deposited
in a large down-gradient reservoir and partially reduce its efficiency for
recreational, water supply, or various mulriple uses. Secdeable solids are

- important for determining the pocential impact of deposition on spawning

arcas which can also degrade potencial food sources. The total sediment load
(which should primarily consist of fines, silts and clays) directly affects the

-- turbidity, light penetration, and the ability of a srream to perform its various
functions. Sediment concentration and duration are most important in
assessing the impact on fish and aquatic invertebrates.

--
--

--
-
,.....

,--
 ._;
38

.,_,
_,/

._.¡

_.,,
._;

--'
._;

--'
__.
-
._;

--
__,

-
 39

NETWORKING

- There are no restrictions in networking structures with regard to number of

- structures or spatial placement.

·, - '.,.--;,,,:~,,,· .......,_.

,--.,

Structure Networking
- lnformation to be encered is the
• structure type
• strucrure linkage

- • Muskingum routing paramecers (to next struccure)

• strucrure description, useful in output clarity
Strucrures can be entered by clicking the Add Structure button, or optionally
may be imponed from the SED-ACAD interface.

The networking of structures begins with numbering each structure. The

numbering of structures is a user preference and can be done any way that che
user is most comfortable with. We recommend numbering from the upmosc

- gradient scrucmre down to the confluence of two streams and chen continuing
the numbering sequence at che up-gradient section of che adjacent stream.
Structures can be added or deleted. Structures can be readily changed, e.g.
from an erodible channel to a grass-waterway. Only one structure can be
routed to the total watershed outlet, the out!et being designated as O (zero).
The only requirements are that the most down-gradienc structure muse be
routed to the Ooutlet, and there can be only one O outlet.

We recommend that che user firsts sketch che location of structures and label

- them by structure number and type.

- Structure Linkage
Linkage among structures is accomplished by designating that .water flows
from struccure number X ro structure number Y. Y is the rarget structure. The
flow from one or more structures may discharge ro a single down-gradient

-
,-
structure.
40
Example 1
Struccure 1 flows to
-_,
__,,

scructure 4, scructure 2 Null

flows to 4, and structure ·--..~-·~·"·-N~¡¡-·---~-·-
4 flows to che outlet(O) is
a vaJid necworking
- · · Null ·~- . ..
........~ ~ - . a .............;.~~~""'--------~~-.:;..;:_..;.;:._....:..~

option. In this case, srructure 3 was once in che necworking and since been
-
deleted. Struccure numbers are aucomaticaJly assigned sequentially as scruc-
tures are added, and deleced from rhe list if che structure is deleted.

Hint: whenever possible, try to simpiy change a structure type (by pulling down the
list on the right hand edge and choosing the new type) instead ofdeleting it
-
permanentiy. Deleting structttres reduces the total m,mber ofstructures available to
the run, new mbwatershed information wiil need to be added, and overail
networking may be compromised unless rechecked carefuily.
Every scructure muse have a designated down-gradient target structure. The
target struccure is che next scructure immediately down-gradient of che
previous structure.

Example2
As another example of linking struccures, assume that cwo channels convey
-
runoff to a common culvert which discharges to a down-gradient channel that
conveys che discharge to a pond. We can designare each of che channels as
Structure 1 and 2 (S l and S2), che culvert as S3 che down-gradient channel
and pond as S4 and S5, respeccively. To link, Sl flows to S3; S2 flow to S3, S3
flows to S4 and $4 flows t0 $5 which flows to the oudet (O).
0

Structure Numbering Example

This schemacic shows
one way to number che
scructures. The only
requirement is chac che
most down-gradient CIJLV 1

scruccure be routed to che O

labeled struccure. All
struccures to be designed muse
1;
pp •• ,'
Ji / /

be numbered. •, ¡/ /

-
f{7 '"' .,/

' (•'
As shown, che discharge from
·,
• Scructure 1 (S l - erodible
channel) flows to Struccure 2 !
($2 - pond sediment trap)
l --
S10 M.JlL

--
 41

- • Structures 2 and 3 (S2 - pond and S3 - erodible channel) both flow to

Srructure 4 (S4 - culvert)
• Scructure 4 (S4 - culvert) flows to Structure 5 (S5 - riprap channel)
• Structure 5 (S5 - riprap channel) flows to Structure 6 (S6 - pond
sediment basin)
• Structure 6 (S6 - pond) flows to Structure 7 (S7 - plunge pool)
• Structure 8 (SS - grassed waterway channel) flows to Structure 9 ($9 -
culvert)
• Structure 7 (S7 - plunge pool) and Structure 9 (S9 - culvert) flow to
Structure 10 (S10 - null)
• Structure 10 (S10 - null) exits the watershed, designated with a O {zero}

- Channel - eiodible
--··---- Pond - ....._ _ _
Channel - erodible
-,~,---~·---- ·~·-···<··-·--- ----
Culvert
. Channel - riprap
Pond .
·<' " • .,.. .V ~ ~ _Y "'~ ~ ,.,..

Networking Screen

- Input of Structure Network

The Networking Screen shows che entry of structure linkages. lt is highly
recommended that the SEDCAD 4 user initially draw a schemacic of che

- problem and !abe! ali structures.

Hint: An easy method to input infarmation quickly is first to add all structures
(using the "Add Structure" button far each strttcture), and select the structure type
far each structure. Next, click on the "flows into" strncture number area, fil! in the
"flows into" /inkage nttmber, then use the stf~.:i¡~.¡¡
down arrow to proceed to the next strucure. 4' o!..,
Then fil! in the ''Description" column, 4' J;..,
again ming the down arrow key to navigate
to the next fine. The last infarmation to
enter is any "Routing" to next structttre. n2
Panel
Click on the Routing edit button to enter
in these values.
- These linkages can also be viewed with
the "Show Linkages" button.
116
Pond

-
42

--

--
-
-
--

--
-
 43

SUBWATERSHED INFORMATION

AH information for watersheds and detailed srructure parameters are input in

che design section. The design sequence, for each structure, is to en ter the
hydrograph and sedimentgraph inputs for all contributing subwatersheds, and
chen encer che detailed structure inputs.

The screen automatically defaulcs to the lowest numbered structure (usually

- S 1) and to hydrology in puts for a watershed. Click on Add SWS

(Subwatershed) and che hydrology (and sedimencology) input records appear
with SWS 1 entered.

- Subwatershed Hydrology Input

lnformation
-- For each subwatershed, (SWS) data is needed for the:
• area
• time of concemration
• K and X routing ro che structure (opcional)
• NRCS (SCS) Curve Number (CN)
• selection of a dimensionless unit hydrograph shape

Subwatershed Area
The area of che subwatershed is simply entered after being calculaced by using
a planimeter, from a surveying or earthwork package, digitized using
SEDCAD-AutoCAD, or it may be automatically entered using the SEDCAD-

-
AutoCAD input program.

Time of Concentration

-- The time of concentracion is used to determine how long it takes runoff from
the entire SWS to reach che ouclet of che SWS. To determine chis, che hydrau-
lically longest flow path is needed. Normally che time of concentracion
consists of an overland flow component and a channel flow component.
Overland flow is calculared by the NRCS (SCS) upland curve mechod (NRCS ,
1975). Channel flow can be estimated using the equacions developed for large
gullies, diversions and low flowing srreams (cacegory 8 in che Roucing Calcula-
tor) or ful! bank flow in streams (category 9), or using Manning's equation to

- determine a time.
44
Time of concentration affects peak flow and hydrograph shape. lt does not
effect runoff volume. A larger time of concentration results in a lower peak
flow.

Time of concentration is not used to determine time from the subwatershed

-
__,

outlet to the structure, unless the subwatershed outlet is locaced at the srruc-
ture. lt is strictly decermined within the SWS boundary. To route from the
SWS outlec ro the down-gradient structure, use the Muskingum Routing .__,
parameters.

Muskingum Routing

-
Muskingum routing is used to route flow from an up-gradient to a down-
gradient location. Ir is used for:
• routing between srructures
• routing from a subwatershed outlet to irs structure, when the oudet of a
subwatershed is not located at che structure -
Routing is completed from che otttlet of the up-gradient snucture ro che otttltt
of the down-gradient strucrure. Muskingum routing is che vehicle used to
attenuate a hydrograph while it is being spatially transferrecl. The Muskingum
parameters are K and X. K accounts for the time it takes to proceed from an
--
__,
up-gradient to a down-gradient location. Muskingum K cherefore equates ro
the total hydraulic routing time between structures or che time from che ouclet
of a subwatershed to a structure. Muskingurn X is functionally related to the __,
average stream reach velocity and accounts for the attenuation of che
hydrograph such chat X= (0.5 V)/(1.7 + V).

The hydrograph routed along a stream is atcenuated due to che flow resistance
along the stream bed and banks. Attenuation can be viewed as a spreading out
of che hydrograph, chereby lowering che peak flow. As Muskingum K increases
and as Muskingum X approaches zero, hydrograph attenuation increases
thereby furcher reducing che peak flow during routing.

--
The Muskingum routing parameters can be estimated using two derived
equations in SEDCAD 4. The fust category (referred to as 8 in che Routing
Calculator) is for large gullies and smaU streams. The velocity-slope relation-
ship is V= 3 x square root of 5(%). lt is generally applicable ro steams flowing
about 2/3 to l ft deep. Examples of channels where category 8 is applicable
are:
-
• a parabolic gully on a lo/o slope flowing about I fr deep and conveying
10 cfs
• a 7 ft wide trapezoidal channel, with a gravelly to small cobble bed,
conveying 15 e& along a l % gradient ata flow depch of 2/3 ft
-
• a 20 ft wide trapezoidal channel with 2: l side slopes, a l % bed slope
and conveying 40 cfs at a flow depth of 2/3 ft --
 45
• a trapezoidal channel with 4: 1 side slopes conveying 80 cfs at 2/3 ft
depth on a 3 to 4% slope
The second category (designated 9 in the Routing Calculator), is for channels
flowing generally 4 to 5 ft deep, i.e. near bank full. The velocity slope
relationship is V= 9 x squarc root of 5(%). Exarnples of the type of stream
that would be modeled by category 9 are:
i---,
• a trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 25 ft and 3: 1 sideslopes
that conveys 1800 cfs along a 2% bed gradient ata depth of 4 ft
,...., • a trapezoidal channel with a 4% bed slope and a bottom width of 1O ft
,...., and 3: 1 sideslopes conveying 2500cfs at 18.3 fps at a depth of 5 ft
These two categories are applicable to a wide range of channel configurations.
Generally category 8 should be used for streams flowing about a foot deep
conveying a clischarge of 10 to 100 cfs, whereas category 9 should be used for
strearns flowing at bank fulJ conveying substantial discharge quantiries.

If the SEDCAD 4 user would like to determine an exact solution for

Muskingum routing pararneters, SECAD 4 channel utilities can be used to
determine the velocity. With knowledge about the stream length and velocity,
time is calculated which is equated to Muskingum K, and Muskingum X=
(0.5 V)/(1.7 + V).

Routing Calculator
Use of the calculator is straight forward. The calculator is used fo r both time
of concentration determination, and for Muskingum routing determínation.

For example, assume that a stream reach is 4000 ft long and the elevation
difference is 80 ft. Also assume that the flow depth is expected to be about 1 ft
deep. Muskingum Routing pararneters are desired. Click on Add a Flow Path
and select category 8. Tab to the Vertical column and enter 80. Tab again to
the Horizontal column and enter 4000. Press the Tab or Enter key, and the
results of K = 0.262 hours and X= 0.357 appear. Click on OK and rhese
r answers are entered into the spread sheet. Similarly, the Slope column could
have been used instead of Vertical. The slope is often used when an actual
channel design is being evaluated .

The routine checks for 2 of 3 categories (in the order of Slope, Vertical, and
Horizontal), and calculates the remaining one.

Curve Number
The N RCS (SCS) Curve Number (CN) is used to calculare runoff. CN is a
r function ofland use and hydrologic so il group. T he tables
,-... • Runoff Curve Numbers for Urban Arcas
,...., • Runoff Curve Numbers for Cultivated Agricultura! Lands
r-
46
• RunoffCurve Numbers for Other AgriculturaJ Lands
• Runoff Curve Numbers for Arid and Semiarid Rangelands
provide Curve Number as a funcrion ofland use and Hydrologic Soil Group
(HSG).
--
A higher CN will generare a higher runoff volume and a higher peak flow.

Hydrologic Soil Group

Definition of SCS Hydrologic Soil Groups:
--
-
A These soils have a high infiltracion rate. They are chiefly deep, well-
drained sands or gravels. (Low runoff potencial) . (> 0.30 in/hr)

B These soils have a moderare infiltration rate when rhoroughly wet. They
are chiefly moderately deep, well-drained soils of moderately fine to
moderately coarse texrure. (0.15 - 0.30 in/hr)

C These soils have a slow infiltration rate when wet. They are chiefly
moderately deep, well-drained soils of moderately fine to moderately
coarse texture. (0.05 - 0.15 in/hr)

D These soils have a very slow infiltrarion rate. They are chiefly clay soils
with a high swelling potencial, soils with a permanencly high water rabie,
soils with a clay pan ar or near the surface and shallow soils over nearly
irnpervious materials. (High runoff potencial). (O - 0.05 in/hr)
-
The NRCS has classified more than 4,000 soil series into four HSG's according
to their mínimum infiltrarion rate for approximately saturated bare soil
conditions (NRCS, 1986).

The county soil survey will list soil series for ali soils in the county. Hydrologic
soils groups are given as a function of soil texture and corresponding infiltra-
tion rate for disturbed and uncompacted soils in Table ticled NRCS Hydro-
logic Soil Groups. (NRCS, 1986; and Brakensiek, et. al., 1977.).

In selecting an HSG, consideration should be given to compaccion by heavy

equipment. Depending on the soil moisture content, earth-moving equipment
may compact a soil !ayer resulring in reduced infiltracion. Where compaction --
is evident, an increase in rhe HSG from, e.g. B to C, may be appropriate.

Unit Hydrograph Response Shape

-
The unir hydrograph methodology is used in SEDCAD. A double rriangle
dimensionless unit hydrograph shape (DUHS) is used. The user has a choice
among three DUHS, anda TR55 Emulator. Having three DUHS provides
the model user with the opportunity to obtain a refined· prediction of the
storm hydrograph. The fast DUHS should be used for urban areas and arcas
where a rapid hydrologic response is anticipated such as disturbed soils that

-
-- have been subjected to compaction by heavy equipment and for desert
47

pavement. The medium UHS is appropriate for pasture land, land in row
crops, small grain and legumes, pastures with less than 50% ground cover and
semi-arid mountain brush mixture an.d sagebrush with a grass understory and
30% or less ground cover. The slow DUHS was developed for heavily forested
areas with thick ground residue covering greater than 75% of the surface. It is
also applicable to areas that have a high infilttation rate and a delayed hydro-
logic response such as meadow land that is maintained in continuous grass and
mowed for hay and pasture land with greater than 75% ground cover.

The difference in peak flow between che fast and medium DUH is relatively
small whereas the difference in peak flow becween the medium and slow DUH
is much greater. A slow DUH shape will substanrially decrease the peak flow

- to reflect the delayed runoff response of heavily forested areas with a thick !ayer
of detritus.

-- TR-55 Emulator
To provide the user with the capability of approximating the NRCS TR-55
(1986) hydrograph peaks and runoff volumes, the TR-55 emulator was
developed. The TR-55 emulacor uses a single ttiangle dimensionless unit
hydrograph shape, whereas the NRCS TR-55 program uses a single gamma
function type curve. Use of the single triangle in SEDCAD 4 creates a higher
peak flow of about 2 to 8 percent above that of che NRCS TR-55 program.

-
For example, considera 1Oyr-24 hr NRCS Type II storm of 4.2 inches. Usiog
a curve number of 86, the following comparison is made:
NRCS TR-55 TR-55 emulator
0986) Program 241 pt resolution
10 Acres, Tc=0.35 hrs 134 cfs 144 cfs
100 Acres, Tc~0.5 hrs 226 cfs 239 cfs
Of course the runoff volume is idenrical becween che cwo methods, since only
the curve number influences the runoff volume.

-
48 _)
Hydrograph and/or Sedimentgraph Graph -
Button -
_,
Hydrograph
This button will display rhe hydrograph(s) for set of subwatershed(s) corre-
sponding to the current structure. A combined total hydrograph is also shown,
however, this combined hydrograph is only for the current contributing
subwatersheds immediately down-gradient of the previous structure. lt does
not include any flow from the previous structure. For the combined
hydrograph reaching a structure, click the hydrograph button on the structure
design screen.

Sedimentgraph
This button will display the sedimentgraphs(s) for the current subwatersheds.
A combined total is not shown as a view option, since sedimentgraphs are not
additive the way hydrographs are. After a sedimentgraph is created at a
subwatershed, it is then routed and added to the combined upstream
-
__,
sedimentgraph. Each subwatershed sedimentgraph is combined with the total,
as flow continues downstream. To view a combined total sedimentgraph, click
the sedimentgraph button on the structure design screen.

Subwatershed Sedimentology Input

lnformation
Sedimentology data is only entered if the Sedimentology option on the Main
-
Design Tab has been turned on. The quantity of sediment eroded and
transported to the oudet of a subwatershed is derermined by the peak flow,
runoff volume, soil erodibiliry, representative slope length and gradienr, the
type of soil cover, and control practices such as terraces, contour furrows, and
srrips of vegetation. The peak flow and runoff volume are calculated in the
hydrology rourine. For each subwatershed, data is entered for the:
• soil erodibility - K factor
• representative slope length - L
• representative slope - S
• type of soil cover - e factor
• control practices - P factor
• one of the input eroded particle size distributions

-
 49
Erodibility (K) factor

-
,-
A soil's susceptibility to erosion is determined by its resistance to detachment
by rainfall and flowing water.

The factors that effect a soil's resistance to erosion are the size of the soil
particle, aggregation, or bonding, of soil particles by organic material, ferrous,
aluminum or silica oxides and infiltration capacity. Coarse to medium sands
have a high infiltration rate, low runoff potencial and are easily detached but
,- relatively large. The K for coarse textured soils ranges from 0.05 to 0.2. Clays
have a low infiltration rate, high runoff potential and are difficult to detach
dueto being aggregated. The K for fine-textured soils ranges from 0.05 to
0.15. Medium-textured soils, such as a silt loam, have moderare infiltration
rates, moderate runoff potencial and are modcrately susceptible to particle

- detachment. K-values range from 0.25 to 0.45. Soils with a high percentage
of silt size parcicles are especially susceptible to erosion. K values for high silt
content soils range from 0.45 to as muchas 0.65 (Weesies, 1998).

- The texcural triangle can be used to classify soils in the United States Depart-
ment of Agricultura! (USDA) system. The percent sand, silt and clay are for
the parent soil.

-- Soil K-factors can often be found in NRCS soil surveys published for each
county. Sorne publications have K-factors as a function of soil horizon, i.e.,
various depths.

-- Textural Triangle
Two textura! triangles are shown here. The first shows the textura! triangle
used to classify soils in thc United States Department of Agricultura! (USDA)
systcm. The percent sand, silt and clay are for the parent soil.

The second shows the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) superim-
posed onto the USDA textura! triangle.

--
-
50
Wischmeier Nomograph
The nomograph can be used to determine approximate K-values for subsoil
and spoil. The inputs are: percent silt and very fine sand (O.OS to 0.10 mm),
percent sand minus very fine sand ( 0.10 to 2.0 mm), percenc organic material,
soil structure, and permeability. lnformarion on soil structure can be readily
-
obtained from a soil sciencist. Permeability ranges from very slow to rapid.

lWischmeier, W.H., et. al., 1978)

-
-
~

-
.....
&LH'J •'-
••" .......
..........
~

,::~.:.--···· --
LS Factor
The effect of topography on erosion is determined through the LS-factor. The
LS-factor is calculated from the representative length, L, and the representa-
tive slope, S. SEDCAD 4 uses the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation
(MUSLE) with che addition of che new S-factor developed for the Revised
-
USLE. MUSLE enables the user to calculare the soil loss from a subwatershed
based on USLE parameters, volume of runoff and peak flow.

L Factor
L factor equals 1 for che standard plot length of72.6 ft. L is greater for longer
slope lengths and less than one for shorter lengrhs.

Representative Slope Length - L

Definition:
The representative slope length is che distance from the origin of overland flow --
to a location along the slope where either the gradienr decreases to the extent
that transpon capacity is reduced enabling deposition or where overland flow
becomes concentrated in a defined channel.
-
__,

--
 51
Typical slope lengths (Dissmeyer and Foster, 1980).

-
-- • Slope A - lf undiscurbed forest soil above does not yield surface runoff,
the top of slope starcs with edge of undisturbed forest soil and extends
downslope to windrow if runoff is concemrated by windrow.
• Slope B - Point of origin of runoff to windrow if runoff is concentrated
bywindrow.

- • Slope C - From windrow to flow concentration point.

• Slope D - Point of origin of runoff to road that concentrates runoff.
• Slope E - From road to flood plain where deposition would occur.
• Slope F - On nose ofhill, from point to origin of runoff to flood plain

- where deposition would occur.

• Slope G - Point of origin of runoff to slight depression where runoff
would concentrare.
(Renard, K.G., et. al., 1997)

L for a Concave Slope

A rule-of-thumb for determining che length, L, on a concave slope is thar ir
can be assumed that deposition begins where the gradient is one-half of che
average gradient for the concave slope. For example, assume a concave slope
decreases from 18 to 2 percent. The average gradient is 10 percent and one-
half of this is 5 percent. The representative slope length is from the origin of
overland flow to where the slope gradient is 5 p ercem. For flatter concave
slopes, there may be no deposition and the representative slope length will be
,-. the entire length of rhe slope. For example, a concave slope decreases from 6
to 2 percent. The average gradient is 4 percent and one-half of this is 2
percent. Since the end of the slope is 2 percent, no significant deposition is
expected (Schroeder, 1998).
52 --'
L for Transitions to Concentrated Flow
The transition from overland flow to concentrared flow in a defined channel is
anorher derermination of slope lengrh. For a head-of-hollow fill constructed
on a 2: 1 (H:V) slope with benches located every 25 ft vertically che representa-
tive slope length is 50 fr. Similarly for a landfill wirh benches located every 25
ft vertically on a 4: 1 slope rhe representative slope length is 100 fr. For
disturbed area rhat drains into a perimeter or road ditch rhe representative
-
slope length is from rhe origin of overland flow to the ditch.

L for Typical Slope Lengths -

__,
For undisturbed watershed conditions overland flow usually concentrares into
channels in less than 400 ft although sorne slope lengths can reach 1000 fr.
Under earth disturbance activities and during reclamation ir is possible to
creare long slope lengths. SED CAD 4 liinits the user to 1000 ft for a represen-
--
tative slope length. The user is cautioned rhat slope length is often overesti-
mated using USGS topographic maps since it is difficult to ascertain che
location depositional or concentrated areas from a 20-fr contour map
(Schroeder, 1998). Examples of representaóve lengrhs are illustrated.

L Factor Accuracy and Sensitivity

L factor accuracy
The bese estimares of soil loss are for slope lengths ranging from 50 to 300 ft
which is rhe range for experimental data. Accuracy is somewhat reduce for
-
slope lengths ranging from 20 to 50 ft and from 300 to 600 fr. Accuracy for
slope lengths greater than 600 ft is most likely lower since relationships for
these lengrhs are extrapolated beyond che data base {Schroeder, 1998).
-
L-factor sensitivity
Differences in slope length estimares of 10 percent are quite acceptable since
chis is not a very sensitive parameter, especially for flatter slopes, compared to
the representative slope gradient, S-factor (Schroeder, 1998).

S Factor
The S factor is usually easier ro ascertain rhan che L factor. A representative
slope gradient, S, should be selected based on the topography of the
-
subwacershed. Under dynamically changing earrh disturbance condirions an
average condition should be estimated. Accuracy is bese for slopes between 3
and 20 percenc, which is che predominant data base. Accuracy decreases for
gradients becween 1 and 3 percent and from 20 to 35 percent. For slope
gradients greater than 35 percent very little daca exists and equations have been
extrapolated.
 53

-
í"
Representative Slope - S
The representative slope is the typical or representative gradient associated witb
the representative L for overland flow for each subwatershed.
~

C Factor
r The C factor represents the influence of cover material on or just beneath che
surface of the soil. A C-factor of 1 represen es che base line condition of a plot
maintained in a clean-tilled, continuous fallow state. The C-facror accounrs
for canopy, surfuce cover (such as residue, grasses, weeds, mulches), and surfoce
roughness.

C Factor tables in SEDCAD 4:

-
• Typical C Factors Reported in the Literature
• C Factors for Mechanically Prepared Woodland Sites
• C Factors for Permanent Pasture, Rangeland, Idle Land, and Grazed
Woodland
• C Factors for Undisturbed Woodland
• C Factors for Rock Covers

--
• C Factors for Mulch Under Cons.truction Conditions
• C Factors for Bare Soils Under Construction Conditions

Canopy Effects
Canopy represents plants that intercept raindrops, reducing fall velocity and

- hence erosion, but these planes do not significantly effect surface runoff. The
effect of canopy can readily be seen in the C Faccors for Permanent Pasture,
Rangeland, Idle Land and Grazed Woodland table. Considering only the
canopy cover as a function of fall height, for a given percent canopy, e.g. 75 %
and for zero percent ground cover, as the fall height increases from 0.5 to 4 m
the C-factor increases from 0.17 to 0 .36. The shorter canopy vegetation is
about rwice as effective as che taller crees in reducing erosion. This reflects that
the raindrop faU velocity is faster from being shed from the cree canopy than it
is from the mucb shorter heigbt of the tall weeds or short brush.

,..... Suñace Cover Effects

Surface cover is material attached ro the soil that intercepts raindrops and
delays runoff. lt includes ali types of materials such as grasses, straw mulch,
and commercia1 products.
,--
The key element is that surface materials muse be somehow held in place by
roots, commercial tacifiers, netting, etc. such that materials are not removed by
runoff or wind. The extent of contact berween the surface material and the
soil is a critical element. If a straw mulch or excelsior mat is placed on a soil
54
surface chac is rough and has small rills, it will be less effeccive chan when
placed on a smoocher soil surface because runoff will flow berween che soil and
che mulch.

The C Factors for Permanent Pascure, Rangeland, Idle Land, and Grazed
Woodland table illustraces che effecc of surface cover. Por the no canopy
condition the effectiveness of grass as an erosion control material can be
viewed. The C factor changes from 0.20 for 20% ground cover to 0.003 at
95-100% ground cover.

The table of C Values for Mulch Under Construction Conditions illustrates

the effectiveness of straw mulch and the combination of straw mulch with rock
fragments on che surface as a function of slope gradient and fill or stripped
topsoil and subsoils. fu che quantity of straw mulch increases, che C value
decreases. Por example C values for a 6% slope consisting of a fill slope or
-
placed topsoil decrease from .29 to .18 to .07 for ½, 1 and 2 tons straw mulch,
respectively. This table also shows that the effectiveness of straw mulch is
slighrly reduced as the slope gradient increases. Also illustrated is that straw
placed on a cut slope (stripped topsoil) is more effective than on a fill slope
-·-
(placed topsoil). This is because the cut slope is assumed to contain the root
structure of the removed vegetation within the soil matrix thereby resisting
eros10n.

Soil Surface Roughness

fu given in the C Values for Bare Soils at Construction Sites table it can be
seen that a fill slope is more prone to erosion than a cut slope. The fill slope
consists of relatively loose soils that have not had an opportunity to consolidare
or aggregate. A cut slope is viewed as a more compacted soil and is more
-
resistant to erosion. This is especially true for a cut slope where only che
surface vegetation has been removed leaving che root structure of che grasses
which hold the soil in pace and resise erosion (Kuenstler, 1998).
-
P Factor
The P factor accounts for specific support practices such as contouring,
---
-
terracing, and deposition at the base segment of a concave slope. It also
accounts for sediment control barriers such as grass buffer strips, straw bales,
grave! or filcer barriers, and sciff-grass hedges {Wendt, 1998). A P value of 1.0
is che default value when no control practices are utilized.

For SEDCAD 4, rhe model user is encouraged ro explore RUSLE version 1.06,
which is dueto be released in fall 1998 by the Office of Surface Mining,
--
Western Regional Coordinating Cemer, Office ofTechnology Transfer, Denver,
CO. This RUSLE program was specifically developed for mining and con-
-
scruction. The publicacion will be entitled "Guidelines for che Use of the
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) on Mined Lands, Construction
Si tes, and Reclaimed Lands".
--
 55

r STRUCTURE DESIGN

Structure design is done dynamically, i.e. , once the contributing watershed

data is entered, SEDCAD runs in a background mode and automatically
calculates and routes hydrographs and sedimentgraphs to the structure. For
channels and culverts, the peak flow is automatically entered as a structure
design input. Alternative structure design scenarios are then investigated until
an acceptable design is achieved. Then subwatershed information is entered
for the next structure and the process is repeated until the entire design of a
stormwater, erosion and sediment control system is completed.

The dynamic nature of the design process will change the way you work. We
have experienced large increases in productivity.

Structure Types
N ull Structure
The Null structure is used to output data ata specified location. It can also be
used as a place-holder where alternative control structures can be substituted
r- .
for the Null structure. This enables the user to determine the effectiveness of
alternative controls, ata specific location, versus having no control.

Pond
The Pond structure type can be used for a sediment basin, or retencion basin if
only hydrology is being used, a sediment trap, and an elongated sediment
control such as a terrace or bench with a controlled outlet.

Silt Fence
A silt fence (or filter fabric fence) is a structure that is located in series on the
flow path of a slope or at the lower section of a slope. In series, it reduces the
1 slope length, L, in the RUSLE algorithm. A silt fence creares backwater,
thereby reducing transport capacity and enabling sediment deposition of
eroded particles.

Grass Filter
A grass filter is a vegetated filter. lt is only listed as an option when sedimen-
tology is enabled.

Porous Rock Check Dam

The check dam is a porous rock check dam located in a channel.
Nonerodible Channel
The nonerodible channel is simply solved using Manning's equation and the
continuity equation. lt is used for concrete channels and commercial channel
protection produces, such as gabions, concrete blocks, etc.
56 __,
Erodible Channel
A channel consisting of bare soil or spoil is modeled asan erodible channel.
The limiring permissible velocity method is used that accommodares the
design of channels conveying both dear and sedimenc-laden water. Various
commercial products that base their design on a specified critica! velocity can
be designed using this algorithm. Erodible channels are often designed to
convey sediment-laden water to sediment concrols.

-
Vegetated Channel
A vegetated channel is a grass waterway. Ir is used to permanently stabilize
arcas during che final phase of reclamation or site development. Designs are

-
based on channel stability and capacity requirements.

Riprap Channel
Rock riprap is used ro stabilize a channel conveying a large quantity of runoff
on steeper slopes. lt may be a remporary or pc:rmanent channel stabilization
method.

Culvert Sizing -
Culverts are used to convey runoff beneath roads. The culvert design routine
sizes the pipe based on headwatc:r, tailwater, pipe characterisrics, and peak flow
requirements.
-
Plunge Pool
A plunge pool is often used to dissipate energy at the clown gradient outlet of a
pipe to avoid developing a scour hole. -,-_
-
--
--
-
--
__,
- 57

- Pond Design
A sediment basin is one of the most common sediment control methods used

- to reduce peak flow to near pre-devclopment flow conditions, reduce che

sediment load, and reduce total and settleable sediment concentration emanac-
ing from a disturbed site. The sediment basin routine is also applicable to
escimating che effectiveness of sediment traps.

The effecciveness of a sediment basin is a function of che shape of che inflow

hydrograph and sedigraph, size and depch of che permanent pool, length to
widch ratio of che basin, the inflow partid e size distribution, and che type and
location of discharge devices .

The primary functions of a sediment basin are to reduce che peak flow and che
discharged sediment load. A good dcsign basis is to reduce che peak flow
discharged from the basin during development to below the pre-development
r leve!. Various sediment standards exists. Mining and sorne land developments
have che standard to reduce the peak settleable solids concentration generaced
by the 10 yr-24 hr design storm to 0.50 ml/1 or less. Other regulations require
an 80% sediment trap efficiency.

There are two basic inputs needed in the pond routine: (1) to determine
storage from an elevation-area relationship; and (2) a stage-discharge relation-
ship. The elevation (stage)-capacity relationship is decennined from user input
of elevation-area for the pond. The overall stage-discharge relationship is
determined from the combined stage-discharge relacionship for ali individual
spillways and is used for routing the inflow hydrograph through che pond.

- Input parameters are:

-
• pond elevation-area
• spillway elevacion-discharge (for each spillway)
• a dedicated volume for sediment storage (six alcernative rnethods)
• pond dead space (short-circuiting)

- Elevation - Area
The screen shows the two primary input categories, capacity and discharge,
and che inflow design inputs for discharge and sediment concentrations. Click
on Capacity and enter the elevation-area values, from che bottom of che pond
to che top.

Notice that pond capacity values are automatícally calculated. Once the
SEDCAD 4 user gains experience in the design of ponds, these values will
provide information on the associated height of the embankment needed to
meet various effiuent regulacions.
58
On this screen is where a desired Stage lncrement may be entered, and the
table to view (input or calculated elevation-area values). The Input cable is
used ro enrer additional elevacion-area values. The Calculate table provides
calculated elevation-area values for che specified scage increment. The calcu-
lated values also provide immediace pond design guidance to che experienced
user. Click on calculare to obtain incremental elevation capacity values. Click
on graph to view che elevation-capacity relationship.

If che SED-ACAD interfaced is used, simply en ter the top width of che dam,
front and back sideslopes and chen click on the elevation contour of one side of
che dam. Next click on che other side of che centerline of the dam and che
-
embankment volume and elevation-areas will be drawn and automarically
calculated.

Once the user draws the centerline and top widch of che embankment, and
front and back sideslopes thc area for each selectcd elevation can be digitized or
the SEDCAD-AutoCAD interface program can be used. These are input into
SEDCAD 4, and the elevation-capacity relationship for the pond is deter-
._.,
mined.

Stage lncrement --
The pond stage increment is used to specify the reporting increment for che
pond capacity. Since side slopes of excavared ponds are relatively constant only
a few inputs are rcquircd into che elevation-area rabie. For non-excavated
ponds, more frequent elevations are recommended to bener determine che
elevarion-capacity relationship.

The stage increment default value is 0.5 ft, which works well for dam heights
of 15 to 30 fr. For dams abouc 10 ft in height, a stage increment of 0.25 is
-
suggested.

Pond Spillways
There are 9 principal spillways options, an Emergency Spillway, and an option
to input your own elevation-discharge values available on the Pond Discharge
screen. The prirnary principal spillways are:
• Drop Inlet
• Straight Pipe (exacdy like a culvert, except pipe diameter is input)
.......
• Perforated Riser (a drop inlet wich perforations)
__,
• 4 types of weirs (Broad-crested, Sharp-crested, Side Contracting, and V-
notch)
• 2 types of siphons (Fixed Siphon and Floating Siphon)
-
The chree primary principal spillways are a drop inlet, straight pipe and a
perforated riser. The drop inlet and the straight pipe have traditionally been -
- che most popular principal spillways. More recently, we have been recom-
59

mending consideration of rhe perforated riser and rhe combination of a

straight pipe with a siphon tube. Boch rhe perforated riser and the combina-
tion spillway provide rhe added advanrages of a passive or controlled dewater-
ing sysrem.

Pond Spillways, Drop lnlet

-
Inputs for the drop inlet are:
• diamecer of the riser
• heighr (lengrh) of the riser
• barrel diameter

-- • length of the barrel

• barrel slope

- • Manning's n of che barrel

• elevacion of the top of the drop inlet riser
The design discharge is determined from che mínimum flow associated with
che discharge equations of weir flow, orífice flow, and pipe flow. Pipe flow is
based on che elevarion difference between che water stage and the outlet. Head
drop from the top of the riser is determined from the riser height, barrel
length, and barrel slope. Note that two drop inlets can hav.e identical inler
elevations but one may be located nearer the embankment chao che orher, such
that the riser heights of the two drop inlets may díffer.

- Pond Spillway, Straight Pipe

The algorithms to determine the elevation-díscharge relationship for the
straight pipe are identical to those of the culvert routine, except that a pipe size
is specified. The culvert routine determines che mínimum size requirement for
r
-
r
specified design parameters. Input paramerers for the Straight Pipe spillway
are:
• pipe diameter
~1
• pipe length
1
T\J
• pipe slope
• Manning's n of the pipe 1 . ;
1--- -- - - Le,· y lh ~--------J

- • invert elevation
• entrance loss coefficient
• tailwater depth
Culve tt Nomenclotu re 1
60
Pond Spillway, Peñorated Riser
Design inputs for che perforated riser are nearly idencical to those of the Drop
Inlec, excepc that round holes are added at specified elevations. The number of
holes ar ali specified elevations must be constanc, e.g. 4 boles per elevation.
The size of holes is specified on the elevation-discharge table by clicking at the
input location for each elevation where hales are needed and ryping in the hole
diameter, in inches.

Perforated risers are used for passive dewatering. Severa! states require that the
portian of the permanent pool that is to be dewatered must be achieved in 2 to
7 days.

The rule-of-thumb that we use is rhat 60% of che dewatered volume should be
completed in 24 hours, and thac che remaining volume to be dewatered should
-
--
occur in che next 48 to 72 hours. The reasoning is that a convective storm can
occur the next afternoon or evening, chus che requirement for 60% dewacering
in 24 hours. A frontal storm usually occurs no more frequently than 72 to 96
hours, thus the remaining dewatering should occur during chis time. The
tradeoff considers:
• slower dewatering to achieve better sediment trap efficiency and lower
--
--
sediment concentration during dewatering
• the need to have storage capacity prior to the next storm to achieve
greater retention of che next inflow hydrograph, and thus better
sediment trap efficiency of che next storm event

Pond Spillway, Weirs ~

Input for ali weirs is simply the weir elevation and weir length or nocch angle. ...;

SEDCAD+ WEIR CONFIGURA'JlONS Broad-crested Weir

Shaip Crested Welr Sido Conlrac1ed Welr Sometimes a single spillway will

~
be used and modeled as a broad-
cresced weir. This algorithm is
also useful in the design of the
(Must be vcnlíla!ed)

-
ouclet of a plunge pool energy
dissipater.
V.ffotc.hWelr Broad CniSled We/r
lt should be noted that chere is a
--+------ difference berween a broad-
.~ crested weir and che emergency
spillway algorithms. The
elevation-discharge relationship for the broad-crested weir is simply that ._.,
discharge is directly proporcional to the weir coefficient, weir length, and
headwater; whereas che emergency spillway routine generares backwater cu1ves
based on the resistance to flow along che control (leve!) section of the spillway.

-
 61
Por a short crest length, an emergency spillway elevation-discharge will be
similar to that of the broad-crested weir, but for longer lengths the emergency
spillway discharge will be less than that of the broad-crested weir.

Sharp-crested Weir
A sharp-crested weir is primarily used in channels and for flow measurements.
lt is also used as a flow splitter.

Side-contracting Weir
A side-contracting weir simply has vertical sidewalls.

V-notch Weir
The V-notch is often 90°.

- Pond Spillway, Siphons

lnputs for both the fixed and floating siphon are identical. The floating siphon
skims just below the surface of the pond water, whereas the fixed siphon inlet
elevation is specified by the design professional. Design parameters are crest,
inlet and outlet elevation and pipe diameter, length and Manning's n.

The chree most important design parameters are the crest elevation, inlet

- elevation and the pipe diameter. As the water leve! in a pond is rising, no
discharge will occur until the crest elevation of the siphon is reached. There-
fore, if the crest is located relatively high, smaller storms may not raise the
pond water elevation to a leve! that facilitates discharge through the siphon.
The siphon inlet obviously defines were dewatering stops. Pipe diameter is che

-
controlling mechanism for discharge rate.

Siphons are used to provide either a passive or active dewatering capabilities.

Siphons are recommended and have the same benefits as other dewatering

- devices. To operare passively, the pipe outlet is open, and to operare actively a
valve is manually operated. Benefits of an active siphon are that the water
quality can be tested prior to discharging. Por example, storm water remaining
in the pond below the primary spillway (drop inlet or straight pipe) can be
ueated for iron, manganese, pH, heavy metals, nutrients, or to flocculate fines,
etc. Once the required water quality is achieved, che valve is opened allowing a
controlled release.

Fi~ed Siphons
Our most recent design philosophy is to use two siphon tubes. The crest of che
larger diameter siphon is located 2 to 3 ft below the primary spillway and its
inlec is 3 ft above the sediment storage elevation. The smaller siphon crest is
located 4 to 5 ft below the primary spillway and its inlet is only .5 to 1 fr above
,-.
the sediment storage elevation. The lower (smaller) siphon is used for smaller
62
storms and to slowly dewater che remaining volume from medium to large
storms, whereas the higher {larger) siphon passively dewaters medium to large
storms at a higher rate.

Floating .Siphon
The floating siphon functions like che fixed siphon except chat rhe inlet
maintains a constant elevation below rhe surface of the water (usuaJly 9 to 12
inches), rhereby aJways discharging che cleanest water. Research has not been
complered to account for the entire benefit of a floating siphon. Ir is modeled
very similarly to the fixed siphon.

Pond Spillways, Emergency Spillway

In the emergency spillway algorirhm, backwater is determined from the height
of water wichin rhe pond discharging through the emergency spillway.
Required inputs are:
• elevarion of rhe inverc or crest (bottom of rhe emergency spillway)
• crest length (length of rhe control or leve! section in rhe direction of
flow)
• bottom widch, and right and left sideslopes of rhe emergency spillway
--
channel

Estimating lnitial Pond Spillway Elevations and the

Top of Dam
To determine the intial estimare of che emergency spillway location, multiply
rhe runoff volume by 0.75. View the calculated capacities from the Elevation-
Area screen, and note where 75% of the runoff volume would occur.

The top of dam should provide 2 ft of freeboard. The flow through the
emergency spillway is often 0.5 to 1 ft deep such that rhe top of dam should be
between 2 and 3 ft above the emergency spillway.

The principal spillway is expected to be 1 to 3 ft below che emergency spilJway

-
for many dcsigns.

Pond Design Example

For the Pond Design Example, the runoff volume from rhe combined dis-
turbed and undisturbed SWS's is 3.83 ac-ft. This can be obtained from rhe
-
structure #1 SWS repon or from the SWS combined hydrograph view.
Multiplying 3.83 times 0.75 resulcs in 2.87 ac-ft. Looking at the calculated
elevations, notice that rhe 2.87 capacicy is available at an elevation between
2534 and 2534.5. Since chis is justan approximation method, select 2534 for
the inicial location of the emergency spillway.
-
 63
Adding 2.5 feet to the emergency
spillway location results in the top of
dam at 2536.5. Make the initial
selection for the principal spillway 3 fr
below the emergency spillway, at
elevation 2531.

-
Estimating the Crest
Length of an Emergency
Spillway
- The crest length can be estimated by
using this rule-of-thumb:

-- • crest length approximately equals embankment widch + 5 times the

difference in elevacion between the top of dam and che invert of the

- emergency spillway
For the Pond Design Example, the embankment width is 15 fr and the
elevation difference is 3 fr. Therefore che first estímate of the crest length is 15
+ (5 X 3) = 30 fr.

Bottom Width and Sideslope Sizing for Emergency

Spillways
The bottom width and sideslopes of the emergency spillway are based on a
tradeoff between the potencial for catastrophic failure of the embankment and
the cost of an emergency spillway. We usually recommend an over-design of
the emergency spillway to provide additional protection againsc a cacascrophic
failure.

Our recommendation is to assume that the principal spillway(s) are clogged

and the emergency spillway muse pass the 100 yr-24 hr design storm wich one
fooe of freeboard. This may seem draseic to sorne design professionals, bue it
adds only a very marginal incremental cost to the entire project and provides a
needed elernent of safety.

Pond Spillways, User-defined

Although SEDCAD 4 accommodaees 10 spillway configuracions there are
,-.
always sieuations that the design professional encouneers thae are noe direcdy
covered by SEDCAD 4. For ehese sicuations, elevaeions and associated
discharge values can be directly eneered.

--
64
Pond Sedimentology
Sediment Storage
SEDCAD 4 internally redefines the zero stage (lowest input elevation of the
pond) to correspond to che top of the designated sediment storage volume. Ic
is assumed thac all sediment that is deposited across the elevarion designed far
sediment scorage is retained and no resuspension of sediment is allowed.

One implication of not allowing resuspension of previously deposited sediment

is that the design professional needs to locate spillways sufficiently above the
top of che sediment storage elevation such that velocities into the spillway are
-
relatively small. We suggest that a mínimum two faot elevation difference
exisrs between the invert of the principal spillway and the top of the sediment
storage area. If a slow passive dewatering syscem is employed, the elevation
difference can be reduced to 0.5 to 1 ft, depending upan the size and flow rate
of the lowest dewatering inlet.

SEDCAD 4 will check to determine if the pond capacity is adequate to store

the calculared sediment load from the design storm. If the total storage
capacity of the pond cannot contain the designated or calculated sediment
storage, SEDCAD 4 will not reset the zero stage. Otherwise, the zero stage will
-
be reset. If any spillways were located wichin the new sediment storage volume,
a warning message will be displayed.

There are 6 options far estimating the needed volume for sediment storage:

Do Not Reset Zero Stage

The Do Not Reset zero option should only be used when the user has provided
sufficient sediment storage below the lowest elevation input in the elevation-
area relationship. This oprion is rarely used except in specíalized applications.

R Annual Method
The average annual R mechad is used to determine the sediment storage needs
based on the ratio of che RUSLE annual R factor ro the calculated R srorm
--
value and the the annual sediment yield to che storm sediment yield.

Since storm sedimenr yield is calculated, R storm is calculared as a function of

the rainfall amounr and distribution, and R annual is input by the user, then
che only unknown is the annual sediment yield.

Sediment Requirement =Y* (Ss * (Ra/Rs))

-
where Y=number of years, Ss=predicted storm sediment yield, Ra=R annual,
and Rs=R storm. Y and Ra are input values.
-
 65
Disturbed Acres Method
This sediment scorage volume mechod is based on using a rule-of-chumb, such
as 0.125 ac-ft of sediment storage per acre disturbed. When the SEDCAD 4
user checks that a subwatershed is disturbed (in the subwatershed input
screen), chen ali of those designated disturbed areas, up-gradient of a sediment

- control structure but down-gradient of the previous sediment control struc-

ture, are added together aod chis cummulative area is multiplied by che
specified rule-of-chumb factor.

Contributing Acres Method

This mechod is similar to che Disturbed Acres method, but the total contribut-
ing area (regardless of disturbed status or any up-gradient sediment control) is
used instead of only the designated disturbed areas.

lnflow Sediment Tons Method

This method is only used in coa! mining in Kentucky. A multiplier of
0.000883 is che default value, and is multiplied with the inflow sediment
tonnage.

User-defined Sediment Storage

The user simply enters the ac-fr of pond storage to be dedicated to sediment

- storage. The easiest way to use chis is to review the calculated elevation-area-
capacity table aod note at what elevation sediment will be removed from che
sediment basin. Encer che corresponding ac-ft of storage.

- Dead Space
Dead space refers to che volume of a pond that does not significaotly cootrib-
ute to mixing. For a pond with a length to average width ratio of 2: 1 at che
principal spillway, a dead storage space of 20% is recommended. Length
,- would be defined from the inlet of che pond to che principal spillway inlet.
Width is generally perpendicular to the length. For a 1: 1 ratio we suggest

- using 30%.

r'-

-
66
Pond Design Example

Problem Statement
The site is in the northwest U.S. The down-
gradient watershed will remain forested while
the up-gradient watershed is clear-cut. A
sediment basin is proposed to be built in the
lower portion of the down-gradient water-
shed in anticipation of further silviculture
operations. After the up-gradient watershed
is reestablished, che lower watershed will be __,
clear-cut in three sections. The concern is
for the water quality of the small trout
stream immediately down-gradienr of the
sediment basin. Design a sediment basin
that will cffectively reduce the sedimenr load
for the 1O yr-24 hr design storm. For chis
exarnple" the analysis will be conducted only
for the up-gradient disturbance.

The design information that needs to be

entered prior to the design of the sediment
basin is the:
•
•
Storm Input
Eroded Particle Size Distribution
-
• Nerworking
• Subwarershed Information

__,
Storm Input
Information is needed about the storm
1"=400'
10' Contour lntervol distribution, i.e. Srorm Type and che rainfall
Sediment Bosin Design Exomple amount associated with the 10 yr-24 hr
design storm. The Storm Type is an NRCS
Type II distribution. Referring to the NOAA atlas, che rainfall arnounr for che
_,
1O yr-24 hr storm is 3.2 inches. We suggest the NRCS 49 pt Distribution.

Particle Size Distribution

The erodcd particle size distribution is input by first sclecting the sedimentol-
ogy option button. Click the Particle Size Distríbution button, then the Creare
New bucron. Príor to entering the data, the filename and first distributíon
label will be prompted for. Enter che following data:
-
 67

- Filename (example): Western sed basin ex

Label: (as shown below)

Particle Size (mm)

Percent Finer (%)
Subsoil
Percent Finer (%)
Topsoil
4 100 100
2 90.0 91.6
1 78.2 80.4
0.5 68.5 72.1
0.25 63.4 65.2

-- 0.125
0.063
0.031
0.016
53.4
44.3
36.6
28.7
54.1
46.0
39.8
29.2
,- 0.008 20.6 18 .2
0.004 14.4 11.1
0.002 6.6 4.2
0.001 o o
,....
Networking
Networking for tbis example is straightforward - simply click on the Network-
ing button, then click tbe Add a Structure button, and selecta Pond. Since
only one structure is used, structure #1 automatically flows to che outlet
(designated as zero) and no Muskingum routing between structures is needed.

,-

-- Subwatershed lnformation
Two subwatersheds are specified for this example, as shown in the figure.
SWS1 is assumed to be clear-cut such that ali timber is removed, 20% residual
cover remains on the forest floor with stumps left in place, and numerous
random surfuce depressions 2 to 6 inches deep exist. SWS2 is undisturbed
forest.

Subwatershed Hydrology lnputs

Area
SWS1: area is 16.7 ac. The area can be determined from various methods,
software packages, or with che SEDCAD - AutoCAD (SC-AC) interface.
SWS2: area equals 61.7 ac.
Time of Concentration
SWSI: the hydraulically longest flow path is estimated to be 480 ft of
overland flow and channel flow length of abouc 700 fr. The vertical elevacion
diff-erence for the overland flow segment is 70 ft, and the vertical drop is also
70 ft for the stream flow path.
Flow path 1: To enter chis information and determine the time of concentra-
tion, click the edit button, click Add a Flow Path button, select Nearly Bare
... , en ter 70 under Vertical Distance, click or tab to Horizontal Distance and
68
enter 480. The slope,
overland flow velociry and
incremental time of
concentration are displayed
after tabbing or pressing
Te Chonn~! A ow --,,-+-H+Nl
the enter key. The slope, (18)
overland flow velociry, and Te OVe.rtond fl ow
(,11 )
time of concentration for
the overland flow portion Te Chonoel Row
are 14.58%, 3.81 fps and {18)

0.035 hours, respectively.

Flow path 2: Next account
for the channel flow
portion of che time of
concenrration. Click on
Add a Flow Path bunon,
~OL.l t i.,g
· SWS1 to S1 -
select Gully, diversion ... ,
tab over and enter 70 for
the vertical elevation drop,
tab and enter 700 for the
horizontal distance, and 1·-·00·
10' Contour lnterval
then tab to view the Subwotot'Shod Te ond Routil'lg

incremental and total time

of concentration for SWS 1. The resulting time of concentration is 0.055
hours.

SWS2: the time of concentration flow path consists of an overland flow

-
~- -~ -- ..,,_. ,_,.,. ' . · -.· . . . ' .-
¡
"

S,"4<: . "E~fü3~ . . ·,: . f

1
f·•
1
t...,¡a,,,,coodiioo \,;¡
º lol!e · Vl!!!!M
'.Í)~ ¡ f t ] i),iíó,íc
«• "'tlr ·tir.<iJ!vr ......,_·._1,-_,.:,f,

cacegory of heavily forested land with a vertical drop of abouc 60 fe and a

horizontal flow distance of about 280 fe. At first consideration, one may figure
a longer flow path but ir is difficult to see small gullies on a scale of 400 fi: per
inch. The next flow path is #8 for a vertical drop of about 80 ft and a horizon-
-
tal distance of about 400 fe. This is followed by a vertical drop along the main
stream of SO fe with a horizon cal distan ce of 1100 ft; using category 8.
- Category 8 is recommended for most channel situations, since che velociries
69

associated with category 9 are only representative of srreams with very efficien r
,..... flow conveyance. The time of concen trarion is 0.126 hours.

Muskingum Routing
SWSI: Routing from the outlet of SWSI to Sl is needed since the outlet of

- the subwatershed is not at the structure. To accomplish this click on the edit
button for routing from s ubwatershed, click on the calculator, click on Add
Flow Path. Select # 8, en ter 50 for vertical and 1150 for horizontal, which
results in a Muskingum K of 0.051 and X of 0.393. So the hydrograph exiring
SWS1 will be slightly attenuated hetween SWS1 outlet and the entrance to the
pond at SI.
SWS2: There is no routing needed since the outlet of SWS2 is at the inlet of
Sl.
Curve Number
SWSI: The curve number can be estirnated by clicking on the edit button.
Select Hydrologic Soil Group B, since this is a sandy loam. Selecc Other
Agricultura! Lands. There is no description that exaccly fits che "clear-cuc"
land use with 20% residue and 2 to 6 inch random roughness. The brush,
brush/weed, brush major element may be applicable if the residue, consisting
of cut limbs, is in concact witb tbe soil surface. The curve number for brush is
67. Sin ce cut limbs would not afford the same protection of the soil or
significantly increase the infiltration rate a nearly bare soil condicion may be

-- more appropriate for chis example. Under che Agricultura! category, fallow
bare soil has a CN of 86 and under che Urban category, newly graded lands
also have a CN of 86. These values are expected to be a bit too high since
significanc surface storage is expected in the depressions and the trimmed limbs
srill provide sorne interceprion of rainfall. Depending on che condition of the
clear-cut area, a CN of perhaps between 82 and 84 may be most representa-
tive. For chis example, type in a CN of 83 .
SWS2: The Curve N umber for a heavily forested wacershed can be obtained by
,--
clicking che edit button, proceeding to Ocher Agricultura! Lands, seleccing
Hydrologic Soil Group B, and then considering woods in fair or good condi-
tion wich CN's of 60 and 55, respectively. The foresced wacershed is consid-
ered to be between fair and good condirion so a CN of 57 is used for chis
example.

Unit Hydrograph Shape

SWSI: The dimensionless un it hydrograph shape is expected to be fase due to
che land use previously described. Since the time of concentration is less chan

- 0.126 hours che unir hydrograph method will noc be used - inscead che
inscantaneous runoff procedure is employed. Thus, che unic hydrograph
selecced is noc used in calculacing che storm hydrograph for SWS's wich a time

- of concentration ofless chan 0.126 hours.

SWS2: The dimensionless unit hydrograph shape is considered to be slow
70
which simulares rhe high infiltration rate, storage and release of runoff in the
detritus and interflow which is characteristic of heavily forested watersheds. -
__,
Subwatershed Sedimentology lnputs
K Factor
SWS 1 and SWS2: An estimare of the K factor (soil erodibility) can be
obtained by cliclcing on its edit button and selecting the row containing sandy
loam which yields a K factor of 0.24.
-
Representative length and Slope
The represemative SWS length and corresponding slope gradiem can be
estimated by viewing the flow of runoff ar severa! locations within the SWS.
-
The user is cautioned that the longest flow path sho11/d not be 11sed. A representa-
tive length is needed. The applicable definition to keep in mind in determin-
ing the representative length is the distance from the origin of overland flow to
where concentrated flow or where significant deposition occurs. There are
sorne opportunities for significant deposition in a landscape that has approxi-
rnately 20% ground litter. Also it should be kept in rnind that the data base
has slope lengths to about 400 ft. A longer slope length may be realized, but
the slope would almost have to be regraded or terraces utilized, such as during
surface mining reclamation.

SWSI: Viewing the example figure, the represencative slope length is probably
between 200 and 300 ft. Enter 250 ft for RUSLE Length and 16% for the
representative gradient.
SWS2: gullies appear to be spaced further apart then in SWS1. But in an
undisturbed SWS that is heavily forested, there are numerous opportunities for
significant deposition. Since the C factor will be low for an undisturbed forest

-
the selection of L and S are nor especially critica!. Enter a Representative
Length of 150 anda Slope of 20%.

C Factor
SWSI: To estimare the C factor, click che edit button, select the C factor table
for Mechanically Prepared Woodland Site. Considering a site in fair condition,
select Fair, no cover from the Soil and Weed Cover list. Click on the 20%
Ground Cover and the Disked, raked or bedded row. A C value of 0.40 is
selected.
-
__.

SWS2: the Undisturbed Forest C factor cable is applicable. Select the row with
85 to 75% effective canopy, which corresponds to a 70 to 40% forest litter,
yielding a C factor of 0.003.

P Factor
SWS1 and SWS2: accept the P factor of 1.0.

Disturbed
SWSI: is flagged as disturbed, strictly to provide inforrnation for the option of
--
using a "disturbed area" rule-of-thurnb method of specifying sediment storage
for che sediment basin.
 71
Graphs
Click on the Hydrograph Button. The hydrograph from SWS1 rouced to 51
combined with the hydrograph from SWS2 yields a peak flow of29.82 cfs.

Contrtbutlng SWS Hydrograph(s) for Structure I 1 ¡

_ ___(d_o_•_s _not lnclude upmam flow) ;

30 --~- - .. - - - - -........ . .. - . ~-- .. -ComblnedSWSPeak flaw

',i
' H' ' ' ' 29.82cfsat 12.10 h,s

~ ~ --!--¡ !j'iM-!-!-!--
~
1
t

~
1

¡
1
l--!--:--:--:--:--:--:- i-
1 l
1 1

¡ ¡¡l l ¡¡
f
1 1
1
j
,
t 1 1 1 o 1 1 1 o
-
-
•-
--·
sws1 l
SIJ'!.i
~:-::::,., .1«~ j
21

o 10 -++ '--:---~--:--{·+++· t·++ -:---:--- 1

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : t
1 1 '· '1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t I f
: :
1 1 l~ ' \,.._,. : : : : : : : : : :
~ 1 ............. , 1 1 , , 1 o
i
1

°s 1~·7, · 12 1~ -;~~5 ; ·17 18 ·,g· ; ·:,.~-~ ·;~ 25 1

-----------.---···-··:::.::_>- ..
- Structure #1 SWS Report
.1

Now go to reports and select Structure #1 SWS's. Again the peak flow is 29.82

-- e&. The 17 .6 ac clear-cut site con tributes the majority of runoff with a peak
flow of28.38, whereas the 61.7 ac forested SWS has a peak flow of only 5.53
cfs. The combined peak flow is 29.82. This is not simply the addition of the
individual peak flows, since the time to peak for che two SWS's is different,
and SWS1 is roµted to Sl attenuating the peak flow from SWS1. Runoff
volunies for SWS1 and SWS2 are 2.24 and 1.59 ac-ft, respectively.

The sedimentology portion of che output shows that almost ali of the sediment
is associated with the clear-cut site; 424.6 tons compared to the LO ton
generated from the forested site. Similarly, the peak sediment concentration
r
and settleable solids for the clear-cut site are 236,802 mg/1 and 143.42 ml/1,
respectively. ;
; Subwatershed Hydrology Detall:
The forested
site peak
..., BWS 6WSA-u
•I
. .
1
(,e)

16100
11 .....
~
0.095
M.ulcK
(hn)
O.OSI
""ikx
o.m
>t.mbor
83000
LHS

M
Dlsd,.,..
Id"
28311
"""'"
Volume
,.J.>
2-24
OIN O
~··
sediment
concentration ;¡;
2 SL.00
71,480
0.126 O.OIXI O.OIXI :17,000 s 5.S3 1.,9
$,IS .....
is 1,317 mg/1
Subwatershed Sedimentology Oetail:
and settleable
soJids peak
<;:oncentration
BWS
-.
•I
!toilK . L(f,)

1
S(1f>)

0.2«)
e
29],00
SEdlment ~:m~ sede~.
' PS• (1DM) ~~ O>nc. (ml/1)
1600 0.4000
2~,M

l,OClOO 1 42t,6
.....
236.BtlZ
-··
rm/11
143.42
'ª"°

- .....
1,0
2 0.2«) 1:0.00 2(10) O.OCllO l ,OIXIO 2 1,317 0.5' 0.3 1
is 0.59 ml/1. L ZZfi.056 138.83 $3.37

The effect of
dilution can readily be noted by viewing the pood inflow sediment concentra-
tion which represents the commingling of the effiuent from both SWS's.

Also note that tÍl!le of concentration and M_uskingum SWS routing details are
located on this report.

r
72
Pond lnputs: Hydrology
Elevation-Area
Referring to the example figure, an embankment has been drawu connecting
the 2520 elevation for the centerline of the
embankment. Also the top width and
sideslopes are drawn. The initial embankment
is 20 ft high. Since this is a firsr estimare of
the design , 1O fe elevarions will be used.

Elevation-Discharge
This example will initially employ an emergency spillway and a drop inlet.

Emergency Spillway
To input spillway parameters, click on the Discharge button, click Add, and
select an Emergency Spillway from che list of spillways. For chis design
example, use an emergency spillway elev~tion of2534, anda length of 30 fr.
The emergency spillway will usually be placed adjacent to the dam.
-
-'
For this design example, use an initial bottom width of 8 ft, and 2: 1 side
slopes.

Drop lnlet
For the inicial Pond Design Example, drop inlet design parameters are:
•
•
24 inch riser diameter
l O ft riser heigh t
-
• 18 inch barre! diameter
• 80 fe barre! length
•
•
•
2 percent barre! slope
Manning's n of0.015 (corrugated metal spiral barre!)
inlet elevation of 2531 -

-
 73
Pond lnputs: Sedimentology
Sediment Storage
For this example, click on Average Annual R, then enteran R annual of20 and
2 years of sediment storage.

DeadSpace
Default to the 20% dead spa~ value, since the length to width ratio is greater
than 2:1.

--
r
Results and Discussion
Once ali input parameters have been entered on the Pond Design Screen,
SEDCAD 4 automatically calculates ali results.

Severa! key output pararneters are displayed on the design screen. The peak
flow was reduced from 29.82 to 17 .31 cfs. The pre-development peak flow
was 7 .03 cfs, which is about one half this discharge. Sediment trap efficiency is
77.1 %. Effiuent concentration for Total Solids is 35,724 mg/1, which consists
of silts and clays. Peak settleable solids are 1.79 ml/1. The peak elevation of
-. the 10 yr-24 hr design storm is 2532.32 ft.

The peak discharge should be reduced to pre-development conditions.

Sediment trap efficiency should be increased to 80+ percent and peak effiuent
settleable sediment concentration should be reduced to below 0.50 ml/1. A
cost-effective way to try and accomplish these objectives is to use passive
dewatering. The simplest approach is to replace the drop inlet with a perfo-
rated riser.

Change the drop inlet to a perforated riser by clicking on the Design button,
thcn click on the drop inlet pull-down triangle, and select a perforated riser
(instead of the drop inlet). Riser and barre! parameters are idencical to the
drop inlet parameters, and two l ½ inch holes are placed every foot beginning
at elevation 2527 (4 elevations).
74
\Y/ith the perforated riser, the results are changing in the right direction. Peak
discharge is now 7.88 cfs which is nearly the same as the pre-development
discharge. Peak settleable solids has been reduced to 0.24 ml/1 which is less
-
than che 0.50 ml/1 standard. Trap efficiency increased from 77.1 to 81.0%.
The other advantage is
that the peak elevation
decreased from
2532.32 ft to 2531.56
ft, which is a reduction
of about ¾ fr. Thus,
the advantages of a
passive dewatering
-
system are evident.
Peak flow, settleable
solids, and peak
elevation are ali
reduced and trap
efficiency is increased.

Contrasting Permanent Pool and Passive

Dewatering
Using the Pond Design Example numbers:

Sediment Storage (ac-fr)

Permanenr Pool (ac-ft)
Drop Inlet
0.19
1.18
Perforated Riser
0.19
O. 16
--
Permanent Pool Elev 2531 2527
-'
Peak Discharge(cfs)
Sediment Discharge (tons)
Peak Sediment Conc. (mg/1)
Peak Sediment Conc. (ml/1)
17.31
97.5.
35,724
1.79
7.89
80.8
46,457
0.24
-
_,
24VW (ml/1) 1.07 0.11
Peak Elevation 2532.32 2531.56

-
Trap Efficiency (%) 77.08 81.00
Dewarering Time (days) 0.60 2.47
Output design parameters for both the permanent pool (drop-inlet) and
passive dewatering (perforated riser) principal spillway options are shown. The
advantages of a passive dewatering system are evident. The permanent pool is
much smaller such that if an embankment were to fail, only 0.16 ac-ft would
be released versus 1.18 ac-ft in rhe drop inlet situarion. The peak discharge is
about ½ that of the permanent pool option. Trap efficiency is increased by
nearly 4%. Peak settleable sediment effiuent concentration is reduced by a
factor of7. Volume weighted average is likewise reduced. The only advantage
of the pcrmanent pool can be seen in the peak total sediment concentration,
which is approximately 36,000 mg/1 for che permanent pool versus 46,000
- 75
mg/1 for the passive dewatering option. This is due to the inicial dilution effect
of the much larger permanent pool. The permanent pool is assumed to consist

-- of clean water prior to che design storm. Secdeable solids are notas greatly
affected by dilucion, since che fati velociry is so much greater chan chac of clay
and very fme silt parcicles. Deposition rare factors exceed che dilution effect
for settleable solids.

It should be noted chat severa! interactions are being combined to obtain the
,-.. final results. A larger permanent pool provides dilution of incoming sediment-
laden flows. However, che larger permanent pool has disadvantages of

-
releasing discharge at higher rates chan the passive system, almost immediately
since no storage below che crest of che principal spillway exists. Also, che
permanent pool has che disadvantage of a greater fall depth for sediment

-
particles to enter che sediment storage zone where they are assumed to be
permanently trapped. These disadvantages are manifested in a higher peak
stage, higher peak discharge, lower overall sediment trap efficiency, and higher

-,.....-
settleable solids, peak and volume-weighted effiuent conditions. The advan-
tage of the large permanent pool is dilution of incoming sediment-laden water.

In contrast, the passive dewatering system has very little diJution effect, but
especially during early storm flows, a much shorter sediment faJI depth. The
disadvantage of a much lower dilution potencial during che initial sediment
discharge combined with a much lower discharge, (i.e. chrough che lowest
perforations, results in a higher inicial peak sediment concentration than that
of che permanent pool.

If this final point is only viewed in the perspective of actual peak values, than a
very essential point is missed. Although the peak sedimént concentracion is
higher for the passive system in comparison to the permanent pool system, chis
higher value is associaced wich a very smaJI discharge which is easily diluted
upon entry into the fluvial system.

Additional Alternative Design

Tradeoffs among dilution, sediment particle falJ depth, as they affect peak

- discharge, trap efficiency, peak total sediment concentration, peak total

sediment concentration, peak and volume-weighted settleable sediment
concentration, etc. can be evaluated through basin paramecer changes such as
storage capaciry for permanent pool and sediment pool and rype, number, size,
location, and configuration of principal spillways.
76
Silt Fence Design
A silt fence is effective if properly installed and placed on the contour. The
ends of the silt fence must be installed sufficiently upgradient of the contour
such that the sílt fence functions as a miníature dam and runoff is not allowed
to flow around the edges. Obviously, íf the silt fence is undermined, íf runoff
-
goes around the edges of the silt fence, or íf the silc fence is filled with sedimenr
such that runoff overflows the fence, its effectiveness may be significantly
reduced.

Silt fence sediment trap efficiency is influenced by che peak flow, eroded
particle size distribution, slurry flow rate through the silt fence, and prior
sediment deposition.

Silt Fence Design Example

Silt Fence Example
-
Problem Statement:
A critica! wetland habitar --- ------------
is near a proposed
highway construction
project in che coastal
plains of Maryland.
Sediment control is
required to protecc che
wetland. Due to the -----------------
--;;..-;;.- ------ ----------------6,0-
relatively small draínage
- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ¡:d9• ol ~·~~~~-" 606-
area and the close -~---- - . ...._-_::...:..:.-=---·-:...:...:.--
proximity to the wetland,
the use of a silt fence is SILT FENCE / GRASS FILTER EXAMPLE
suggested. The soil is
classified as a sandy loam
and the hydrologic soil group is A. The vegetared areas consist of grass with
approximate 60 percent ground cover. No ocher significant vegetation is
present. Regulations require a 10 year-24 hour design storm.

The design information thac needs to be entered prior to design of che silt
fence is che:
• Storm Input
• Particle Size Distribution
• Networking
• Subwatershed Informarion

-
 77
Storm Input

-- lnformacion is needed for the srorm cype and the rainfall amounc associaced
with the 10 year-24 hour design storm for the Maryland coascaJ plains area.
For the coast of Maryland, where rhis project is located, a Type II scorm

- discribucion is appropriace. The help screen for the 1O year-24 hour design
storm in Maryland shows a precipication depth of approximately 5.5 inches.
We suggest the NRCS 49 pt Distribution.

Particle Size Distribution

The sedimentology option butcon needs to be chosen for any erosion or
sediment control applications and prior to entering eroded parcicle size data.
Click the particle size distribution button and then the create new button.
Enter the eroded particle size daca for the subsoil ar the sice. (Refer to the
Particle Size Oistribution Laboratory Analysis procedure described in decail. If
further assistance is needed, picase con tace Richard Warner.) Accepc che
defuulc values for Specific Gravicy and Bulk Submerged Specific Gravity.

-
, -.
Filename (example): MD Sandy Loam
Label: (as shown be!.ow)

- 4
2
Percent Finer (%)
Particle Size (mm) MD Sandy Loam
100
96
1 74.6
0.5 62.8

-- 0.25
0.125
0.063
0.031
48.4
41.2
36.2
24.2
0.016 18.3
0.008 16.2

-- 0.004
0.002
0.001
12.8
10.6
O

Networking
The networking for this projecc is scraight forward, simply click on the
Networking button, then click the Add a Struccure button, and selecc a "Silc
Fence". Since only one scruccure is used, struccure #1 automatically flows to
che outlet (designaced as zero) and no Muskingum routing is needed.

Subwatershed lnformatiori
Click on the Oesign button. When che Struccure Design/Subwatershed screen
78
appears, click the "Add SWS" button. The area, time of concencration,
Muskingum routing parameters for routing from a subwatershed outlet to a
srrucrure, NRCS curve number, and unir hydrograph shape are input on this
screen. Three subwatersheds are specified for this example. Since the two
pasrure areas are separated by disturbed areas, these will be considered as
-
separare subwatersheds. The inputs for the mosr upgradient subwarershed will
be detailed from this point on.

Subwatershed Hydrology and Sedimentology lnputs

Enter the following numbers for 3 subwatersheds:
Area Te Musk. K Musk.X CN UHS
0.88 0.017 0.057 0.203 49 Medium
2
3
2.20
1.24
0.040
0.012
0.012
o
0.256
o
77
49
Fasr
Mcdium
-
.K
0.24
Re12. Length Ree. Slo12e
80.0 2.5
~
0.04
r PSD
MD Sandy
Disturbed
No
-
2
3
Notes:
0.24
0.24
160.0
70
1.25
5
0.85
0.04
MD Sandy
MD Sandy
Yes
No -
-
• The watershed area is straight forward and can be determined from
many places, or you can use che SEDCAD-AutoCAD Interface.
• For rhe time of concentrarion, the longest overland flow distance is
abour 80 ft and the change in elevation is about 2 ft. Overland flow will
occur across pasture land that was described as having about 60%
ground cover. CJick the edit button, click "Add a Flow Pach" butcon,
selecr "Short grass pascure", en ter 2 under Vertical Distance, click or cab
to Horizontal Distance and enter 80, then click the "OK" button. The
time of concentration is 0.017 hours. The user should be aware that if
rhe time of concentration is less than 0.125 hours, then the unit
-
hydrograph methodology is not used and instantaneous runoff is
assumed. -
--
Hint: To save input time far smaíl watershed, where the time ofconcentration is
less than 0.125, simply type in 0.1 hours and the results wi!i be the same as ifa
lower time ofconcentration was calcu!ated.
• Routing from the subwatershed outlet to the silt fence structure is
necessary. Whenever the subwatershed outlet is not AT the structure,
routing is needed. Since ali runoff is expected to be transponed by
overland flow, routing will be done using the overland flow paths listed
in the calculation table. Click on the edit button, then add a flow path,
selccc "Bare soil", en ter a vertical drop of 2 ft and a horizontal distance
of 160 fr. For the second segment of the calculations (routing through
--
SWS3), add a (second) flow path, select "Short grass pasture", enter 2 ft
vertical drop and 80 ft horizontal length, and then click OK. The result
is a Muskingum K of 0.057 hrs and X of 0.203.
--
 79
• The curve number can readily be located by a click on its edit button.
Select Hydrologic Soil Group A as specified in the problem statement.
The table Other Agricultural Lands lists pasture land. The fair condi-

- tion pasrure land is chosen since the problem statement specified 60%
ground cover and the fa.ir caregory is for between 50 and 75% ground
cover. A curve number of 49 is selected.
• The lasr entry is the dimensionless unir hydrograph shape. A Medium
response is appropriate for pasture land in fair condition. Note that
since che time of concentration is less than 0.125 hours che unir
hydrograpb shape will not acrually be used.
Hydrology inputs for the other subwatersheds follows tbe same procedures.
For SWS2, the disturbed arca, a curve number of77 (Urban Arcas, newly
graded area, HSG - A, or Cultivared Agricultura! Lands, Fallow bare soil, HSG
-A) is selected. Also, the hydrograph would have to be ro~ted from the ouclet
of SWS2 to its structure (the silt fence) through SWS3 via overland flow. Por

- SWS3, no Muskingums routing is required since che ouclet of SWS3 is ac the

silt fence.

The subwatershed sedimencology inputs are the soil erodibility (K factor),

representative slope length, representative slope, cover (C) factor, Practice (P)
factor, and designation of which eroded particle size distribution to use.
• To estímate che K factor (soil erodibility) , click on its edit button and
select sandy loam which yields a K factor of 0.24.

-
• The representative length is obtained directly from tbe example figure.
The representative slope is also estimated from the example figure.
• To estímate the C factor for SWS's 1 and 3, click the edit button, select
the C factor table for Permanent Pascure, click on percent cover and
select 60, and select no appreciable canopy, yielding 0.042. For SWS2,
select the C factor table Values for Bare Soil at Conscruccion Sites and

- then select rough graded fill, which seems to best describe an active
construction site.
• Accept the P factor default of 1.
• Since chis is a small site and has one predominant soil texture, simply
select the only particle size distriburion encered from the dropdown list
for all SWS's.
• SWS2 is flagged as disturbed to give us che option of using a rule-of-
chumb method of specifying sediment storage for the silc fence. The

- rule-of-thumb is usually 0.1 or 0.125 ac-ft/ac disturbed. SEDCAD 4

adds up the area upgradicnt of each structure when flagged as disturbed,
and multiplies that arca by the user-specified rule-of-thumb value.

.,--
80
-
l.
Graphs
Click the hydrograph button.
Turn off the combined hydrograph
option to view only the three :1......, .. ~~':t'a'• .
-
individual hydrographs. The
hydrograph shows a peak discharge 1: :::::::i·\:::::!::::::::i:::::::::i::::::::
~ :' : : :
·······r· ··-----
-~I·
~ - :;1/,G t:
.:.':':,-~- _f;roa .:~-

of 8.87 cfs. 2 : . : :
1 ------·-\t···-·-;--------;------··-;--------
!-----~-- , ! -,•._... ., ••..

--
0• • • ·----;.. ~ -- :, ,,. - ---
D ID ~ ~ ~ ~

Tima(h1~J

Window in around rhe 12th hour and

Conbibuting sws Hydroeraph(s) for Structun 1 1 j
ffoViJ.,.•._ .. J
-~ -- .,······ (doe9 not_íneluda_upstiugrn_ _ be sure to window slighrly below the
X-axis. As can be seen in the plot,
peak flow for SWS1 is about 0.86 cfs
- EH!j and for SWS3 the peak flow is about
1.21 cfs. These low peak flows
: direccly reflecc a curve number of 49.
-
Now review rhe sedimenrgraph . .AJ;
expected the vast majority of sediment
is associared with the disturbed area.
__,
Detailed subwatershed inputs and outputs can be viewed by dicking on the
Repon Tab on the main screen, and selecting Structure 1 SWS(s). The peak
sediment concenrration from SWS2 is about 19,000 mg/1. This is reduced by
combining with the more dilute flows emanating from the pasture lands.

Silt Fence Design Parameters -

Click 011 che "Strucrure Design" button to enter che silc fence design screen.

Silt Fence Flow Rate

The flow rate is obtained from the specific manufacturer's technical literarure.
Usually two flow rates are lisred - distilled water and slurry flow rare. The
-
slurry flow rate is the appropriace one to use in SEDCAD 4. The range of
slurry flow rates is between 0.1 and about 15 gpm/sq ft. A cypical value is 0.3
gpm/sq ft, which is entered for chis example.

Silt Fence Width Along the Contour

-
_,
The silt fence should be located as close on che concour as is reasonably
possible. The widch is not che en tire length of che fence, because tieback
distance will be
 -
,......
calculated ánd/or overridden. The width is simply the length of silt fence
81

-
installed along che contour. Encer 600 ft for Silt Fence Width.

Silt Fence Height

Two silt fence heights are commonly used: 30 inches and 36 inches. Proper
installation of a silt fence requires that 6 inches be placed in a dirch and
backfilled. Therefore, silt fence height refers to che height of fence above che
ground surface. Enter 2.5 ft for chis example fence height.

Silt Fence Upgradient Land Slope

The silt fence algorithm is based on backwater, the flow rate, and sedimenta-
tion algorichms that dynamically account for mixing and settling of different
size particles. The up-gradient land slope is used in conjunction with che silt
fence height and rouring of the inflow hydrograph based on che slurry flow
cate. The land slope is used to derive the stage-storage relationship for che silt
fence. Enter 5% for chis example. Note this is the same slope used for SWS3.

Silt Fence Tie-back Distance

- This is calculated in SEDCAD 4 as a funcrion of the silt fence height and the
upgradient bnd slope. The tie-back distance is determined by projecting a line
from che top of the silt fence upgradient until it intersects the land surface,
which is a function of che land slope. For example, a 2.5 ft silt fence height
,--. and a land slope of 5% yields a tie-back distance of 50 ft.

The tie-back distance informs che user about the length of silt fence that
should be installed upgradient to avoid flow around che outside edges of the
fence as che water elevation rises to che total height of che silt fence. The

- override button can be used to modify chis value. A message will appear chat
gives che allowable height of water on che silt fence corresponding to che
specified tie-back distance. That is, if che water is higher than chat calculated
maximum height, sorne runoff will flow around the edge of che silt fence.
(

r Silt Fence Additional Weirs

The use of a weir cut into a silt fence has proven to be useful in our work. lt
functions as an emergency spillway providing structural relief to che silt fence.
Such weir(s) enable the silt fence to remain functional even during large storm
events that normally would cause che fence to structurally fail. The weir is
modeled as a sharp crested weir in SEDCAD 4. Rock is placed down-gradient
of che weir to avoid scour that could undermine the silt fence.

When "additional weirs" is checked, che addicional input needs are che number
,- of weirs, weir depth, and weir width.
82
How Many Weirs?
Since the flow rate through a weir is so great with respect to that of a silt fence,
-
-
rhe nu.mber of weirs is nota critica! Ítem. Placement every 100 to 300 ft seems
to work out well at construction sites. Obviously a weir will not effect the
performance of rhe silt fence unril flow is actually discharged through tbe weir.
Even than, since so much of the storm volume is detained behind the silt
fence, a silt fence performs quire well. Enter 1 for the example.

Weir Depth
-
The depth of the weir is che distance between the top of the silt fence and the
bottom of the weir. This type of weir is usually cut out using a knife and then

-
the remaining portian of the fabric artached to sorne sort of reinforcement
such a 1 by 1, that in turn is atrached to che silt fencc stakes. Enter 0.5 fr for
the example.

Silt Fence Weir Width

The weir width is usually determined by the spacing between silt fence stakes.

-
Depending on the which manufacturer is used and the installation method
employed, spacing is normally berween 6 and 1O fr. En ter 8 ft for this
example.

Silt Fence Design Results

The silt fence design screen immediately shows that the peak flow was reduced
from 8.87 to 0.67 cfs. This is expected because ali flow was discharged
-
through the silt fence. The heighr of water (peak stage) was 1.6 ft. To dewarer,
ir will cake 0.75 days or about 18 hours. Dewatering is calculared assuming
only flow through tbe silr fence . Addirional dewarering will occur as infilrra-
tion.

The peak effiuent sediment concentration is abour 2,200 mg/1. Thus che
concentration was reduced .. ¡;~. -· --·-·-·--- ·· ' ' 1
• t'\;to'#~pt,a...;,:_ r-iJJ ... u..,~-----:-- . ______,.. t
from about 16,600 to ;,.,.Jl,....,arw(II) 1 ~
2,200 mg/1 . Th e pea k
settleable concentration
--¡;-¡
Fi..t,ai,r:--z:.
r---¡:¡¡;
T.r,,,u..-.. c;¡ r---so:w·r o.-
,
~--,--'-- ¡'
o....,<~ iWr
• ·r..o-...ia;q •0101 u71 f
""'f=•$1,v,llí r--.:; ~! ¡
r; -..,111.., _...., r , ro;. _&j
was reduced from 11 .0 to
O ml/1. That is, ali
"'"'-~ ¡---os
--11ti--ro
- ,¡;;......,-,..;;- - • ~=
!0- ''"'l<'w u,,
l ,._,.,,¡ ui, !
1¡

j
sercleable solids were
retained and only a
Portian ofth e fin e soi 1
fraction was released
i·
1/I ~
·
1, :;=':'- !
'
.,,. f
¡:• r e;.;,.....-- l
f ~
~ ~~'\= 1 mi Wll
·<,;
..
r
• •
,,,,.....
I ··~I

e-:;-
,!t. .,,.,
OJI)

WI
__ " ~. ~
lj

i
-
through the silt fence. The
overall sedimen t trap efficiency is 91.1 percen t.

Graphs of inflow and outflow hydrographs and sedigraphs can be viewed by

clicking on the graph buttons, respecrively.
--
 83
Silt Fence Design with Dedicated Sediment Storage
There are rnany methods to specify sediment capacity. The user-defined
method will be illustrated for this example.

Selecr che user-defined option, and then en ter .05 ac-ft. As can be seen,
dedicating 0.05 ac-ft to sediment storage increases the sediment trap efficiency
to 92.3% versus 91. 1%. Also the peak stage was increased to 2.08 ft from
1.59 fr. The difference
in stage is due to the
sediment storage. The
peak flow discharge was
increased from 0.67 to
1.48 cfs. Because of the
higher peak discharge
which occurred earlier in
the event, dewatering
time was increased to
0.89 days. The peak
effiuent concentration
decreased from 2,216 to 1,968 mg/l.

-
The SEDCAD 4 user needs to be aware that chere is an ini:erplay among many
variables occurring in the sedimentology algorichms. The imporranr variables
are incremental stage-storage, time dependent stage-discharge, increasing or

- decreasing surface area of the silt fence with various scenarios, changes in the
distance between various modeled sediment layers and che sediment storage
elevation, i.e. particle fall depth, and temporal concentration changes within
the 10 model sediment layers.

The interrelationship arnong these numerous temporally varying factors

primarily change the sediment trap efficiency and effiuent sediment concen-
tration. For insrance, one would assume rhar as more volume is dedicared to
sediment storage chat che sedimenr trap efficiency would decrease. This is
sometimes che case but often times not so. For example, for che example
problem, if we dedicare O.OS, 0.10 and 0.15 ac-ft to sediment storage, che trap

-
,-
efficiency changes from che original 91.1 % to 92.3%, 91.7% and 89.7%,
respectively. What we see here is the interplay among many pararneters.

,-..
r-
84
Grass Filter.Design
-
A grass filter is designed to trap sediment chat enters by overland flow.
SEDCAD 4 only rnodels the effectiveness of a grass filter that receives uniform
overland flow. If concentrated flow enters che grass filter sediment trap
efficiency is greatly reduced. The concentrated flow situation is not modeled
in SEDCAD 4.

The grass filter creates backwater, reducing rhe velocity of upgradient flow
resulting in deposition. Sedirnent laden overland flow transponed through che
grass fi!ter is further trapped by impinging the grass blades. lnfiltrated water
within the grass fil ter also slightly reduces the peak flow and runoff volume.

To achieve uniform overland flow, a flow spreader can be consrructed. This is

rather expensive and perhaps not reasonable far a temporary condition that
exists at a construction site. The rnost cost effective method is to install a silt
fence upgradient of a grass filter.

The silt fence perforrns numerous functions that increase the efficiency of a
grass filter. lt traps perhaps 80 to 95% of the entering sedirnent, reducing the
impact of sediment deposition within the grass filter. This reduces che needed
length of the grass filter since the grass filter does not have to be designed to
accomrnodate large quantities of sedirnent. lt reduces the peak flow and
discharges a very low flow rate uniformly through the silt fence to the grass
filter. The silt fence can be viewed as a primary sediment control facility,
whereas che grass filter can be considered as a secondary treatment facility
-
working in conjunction with the silt fence. Refer to the Silt Fence Grass Filter
Design Example. The grass filter research was initiated by Tollner (I 976) and
advanced by Hayes and others, 1979.

Grass Filter Design Example

The Silt Fence Design Example will be expanded by adding a grass filter
immediately downgradient of the silt fence. Ali storrn, partide size, structure
-
nerworking, watershed parameters, watershed hydrology, and watershed
sedimentology inputs are detailed in rhe Silt Fence Example

The example grass filter is approximarely 70 ft in length, 600 fr wide and has
an approximate slope of 4.5%. The grass filter consists of fescue in good
condition. The grass height varies from 3 to 6 inches. An ·average value of 4
wíll be used.

Networking
-
-
A grass filter srruccure will be added ro che silr fence in che Silt Fence Example. ..-
 85
If you created che example file for the silt fence example:
• open the silt fence cxample file
• click on the D esign Tab

-
• click on the Networking button, rhen Add a Structure
• Structure 2 will appear, and selecr a Grass Filter
• Now the designation of structure flowing ro another structure is needed.
Highlight the "To Structure No" for the silt fence (currently a "O") and
-change it to "r
If you have not created an exampJe file for the silt fcnce example and want to
run this example, you will need ro creare the file with the parameters specified
in rhe silt fence example

Grass Filter Design lnputs

To design an effective grass filter, consideration muse be given to achieving
uniform a_nd shaJlow overland flow throughour che grass filter. This can be
most easily achieved by combining a grass filter with an up-gradient silt fence
as is illustrated in this example. If the flow depth and associared velocity
cxceeds a critica! velocity, the grass blades will collapse and the grass filter will
function like a grass waterway. For this condition the grass fi.lter is assumed to

-- fail and the trap efficiency is considered zero.

Severa! inputs are based on determining if this failure condition occurs. The
critica! velocity is a function of the type of grass, its condition, and the height
of grass. The pulldown input tables provide guidance for severa! grasses and
growth condition. For a given grass type and condition, you can obtain
• Roughness Coefficient
• Grass Hydraulic Spacing
• Grass Stiffness Factor
Other input parametcrs are
• Grass Height
• Grass Filter lnfiltration Rate (function of the soil Hydrologic Soil
Group)
• Grass Filter Length, Width, Slope

Grass Filter Roughness Coefficient

The roughness coefficient is based on an algorithm of shallow flow through
smaU rectangular channels existing betwecn blades of grass. Click on the drop
clown list button to view roughness coefficients for various grass types and
conditions. The example problem stat ement stated that the filter consists of
fescus and good condition. Selecting a good stand of fescue yields a roughness
coefficient of 0.01 4 1.
86
Grass Hydraulic Spacing
The hydraulic spacing is a function of the grass species and condition of
growch. Ir is used in decermining che hydraulics of flow chrough che fi!ter. A
value of 0.67 was automatically encered when the grass type and growch
-
condition were selected for che Grass Filter Roughness Coefficient.

Grass Stiffness Factor

Different grasses are more or less resistanc to bending over during flow. The
stiffness factor is a function of grass species and growch condition. A value of 2
N-sq m is _used for a good stand of fescue.

Grass Height
The grass height affects sediment storage capacity wichin che grass filter and is
used in determining if a selected grass species will collapse as a function of che
depth of flow in relation to che grass height. Simply en ter a grass height of 4
inches for rhis example.

Grass Filter lnfiltration Rate

Grass filters are often used to provide added procection of adjacenc streams or -
nearby wet!and areas. The soils adjacenc to streams often have higher infiltra-
tion rates chan upgradient soils. The sandy loam, for chis example, is in
Hydrologic Soil Group A. The following cable shows rough estimares for
-
steady-state infiltration rates:
Soil Group
A
lnfiltration Rate
> 0.30 in/hr
-
B 0.15 - 0.30 in/hr

Soil Group A:
Soil Group B:
C
D
O.OS - O. 15 in/hr
O- O.OS in/hr
deep sand, deep loess, aggregated silts
shallow loess and sandy loam
--
Soil Group C· e/ay loams, shallow sandy loamr, roil umally high in e/ay
Soil Gro11p D: soil ofhigh rwelling point, heavy plartic clayr
En ter 0.3 iph for chis example. This may be low for flood plain soils and may
be increased depending especially on che existence of macropores. A higher
-
infiltration rate will increase che sediment trap efficiency.

Grass Filter Dimensions

Grass Filter Length
-
Length is a rather sensitive parameter. le is especially critica! for values less
chan about 50 fr. As length increases, sediment trap efficiency increases and
effiuent concentration decreases. Enter 70 for chis example. --
 87
Grass Filter Width
For chis example, filter width corresponds with the section of right-of-way
being comrolled by che silt fence - grass fil ter combination. Filter width affects
the depth of flow, thereby influencing velocicy and the depth of flow. Emer
600 ft.

Grass Filter Slope

From the example schematic, a slope of about 4.5 % is measured. Slope
influences velocity and depth of flow.

Grass Filter Design Results

Once the final entry (i.e. Grass Filter Slope) is made and the tab key is pressed
(or shift-tab or mouse click), results appear. The inflow values emanating from
the silt fence are automatically passed and displayed on the screen. These
values are 1.48 cfs and 1,967 mg/1 peak sediment concentration. Settleable
solids are zero since the larger size sediment fraction was previously retained by
the silt fence.
G,~f¡;,:p, ~~ -~ ., ""~·" (' -~ '
The trap effi-
ciency of the grass
filter alone is 93.5
· ,- - .. ·-ra...-hmo&ni&ij;'fu3 .,,
·-'-ITTI
1

·, ' ' . Toól

·f!o1<,ii,t,l 1'-"""'
•;t;<,¡,,¡
·.
. do- ~ S!;t!·rd,· ~ .rdhfl)'S~l%J.
,:,.,e.,,
,. )u_v.r_ tll"
·1f1,
.
.. -
J
.
. .¡
. j

- percent. The silt

fence retained
92.3 % of the
inflow sediment
load and the grass
filter retained
93.5 of the inflow
from the silt

-
fence. Thus the overall trap efficiency of the silt fence - grass filter sediment
control syscem is 99.5%:
Silt fence untrapped sediment (1 •· 0.923 = 0.077 [7.7%])
Grass filter umrapped sediment (1 - 0.935 = 0.065 [6.5%])
Overall untrapped sediment (0.077 x 0.065 = 0.005 [0.5%])
Overa!! trap efficiency (1 - 0.005 = 0.995 [99.5%))

The peak discharge was attenuated to l. 19 cfs from 1.48 cfs. Peak effiuent
concentration was drastically reduced from 1,967 to 311 mg/1. This reduction
was caused by fine size particles being retained within the grass filter and due
to infiltrated waters.

r-
88 -
Grass Filter Reports
Structure Summary:
--
structure SUJT1111arv:
lmmedate
G,rtributing
!>,ea
(acl
Tola!
G,rtributiog
/Jte•
(ocl
Pe,k
Disch¡rga
(ás)
Tdal
Runcff
~oltrne
(acftl
Se:dimert
(ton;)
Peak
Sodimert
Úlr<: ,
(m,,m
Peak
s.ui..1::1.
Corc,
(mW
24\/W
(mlj) -
8 .87 0,71 8,2 16,602 10.~7

-
[n 5.57
#1 4.320 4,320
0.Jt l.4il 0,71 0,6 1,%8 0.00 o.oo
[n 1,48 0.71 0.6 1,%7 0,00 0.00
#2 0,000 4 ,320
0.Jt 1.1~ 0.33 o.o 311 o.oo 0.00

The contríbuting area ímmediately upgradíent of each structure and the total
contributíng watershed acreage are listed. For chis example, no additíonal up-
gradient watersheds exíst between che silt fence and the grass filter. Peak
discharge and total runoff volume are shown in the next columns. For the
grass filter, runoff volume decreased from 0.71 ac-ft to 0.31 ac-ft dueto che
slow inflow rate and the infiltration rate of che grass filter. As the inflow rate
decreases, Grass Fílter lnfiltration Rate, or Grass Filter Length increase, the
runoff volume decreases.

Tons of sediment decrease due to che retenáon of sediment by the sílt fence
-
and then by .the grass filcer. The peak sediment concentracion in mg/l contin-
ues to decrease from about 16,600 to 2,000 to 311 as runoff proceeds from the
watersheds out of the silt fence and through che grass fil ter. All settleable solids
have been removed by the silt fence. Essentially the combination silt fence -
grass fil ter removes almost all of the eroded sediment. lt proves to be a very __,
effective combination for this example.

Select "Ali Scructures" repon from thé list. Detailed information about each
structure is provided in these output tables.

Silt Fence Reports:

-
The silt fence inputs are lisced as well as peak elevation, dewarering rime and
trap efficiency. Proceeding down che report, che Stage~Capacity-Discharge
Table provides che Fcnce Stage and Water Stage and associated incremental
area, capacity, díscharge and dewatering time. As can be seen, the water stage
begins ar 0.61 ft. Sediment storage is provided beneath this stage. The area
-
and capacity ar che 0.61 fe leve! are 0.17 ac and 0.05 ac-ft, respectively.

Notice that the water stage value is reinitiated at O.O and that discharge is only
allowed above che sediment stage. This is a slightly conservative assumption
thac che dedicatcd sedíment storage volume is not used for storage of runoff
and cherefore discharge is not allowed below che sediment storage elevation.
--
--
Note also that although che discharge rate per unir fence area is constant, the
discharge rate slightly increases as elevacion is increased from 0.61 to 2.0 ft duc
to a proporáonally greater fence area being contacted by che water. The
second page of the report shows che remaining Stage-Area-Discharge Table,
followed by the Grass Filter inpurs.
--
,-- 89
Grass Filter Reports:
Grass filter results lisr che infil tration volume and rate, a peak flow depth of
0.054 in, che critica! prone velocity of 0.8122 fps, a wedge location of O ft, a
,-- sediment depch in zone D of 0.0042 in ches and the trap efficiency of che grass
fil ter. The very low flow depch accounts for che overall efficiency of che filrer.
The prone velocity is a function of grass species, growth condition and grass
,-.. height. If the actual velocity exceeds che prone velocity, che grass is assumed to
collapse and che trap efficiency is assumed zero. The wedge cefees to che

-- locarion of che leading edge of deposited sediment that forms a triangular edge
as ir procceds clown gradienr along che grass filter slope. Since the vast
majority of sedimenr was removed by che silr fence, no significanr wedgc build
up occured. Zone D sediment refers to the most down-gradient seccion of che

- sediment depostion. A value of 0.0042 inches is insignificant.

--

-
-
-
90
Check Dam Design
Porous rock check dams are used in channels to create backwater, therefore
reducing flow velocity resulting in deposition of sand-sized particles up- ._
gradient of the check dam.

The algorithm for porous rock check dams is currently limited to trapezoidal
channels. No credit is given for a reduction in peak flow. The flow tate
rhrough rhe check dam is simply a function of the effective cross-secciona! area
based on the porosity of the check darn. This algorithm has only been verified
-
based on limired data collected by USGS at one highway construction site
(Reed, 1978). A new algorithm is currently under development.

Check Dam Design Example

Problem Statement:
-
Mining exploration is being
conducted in the Four Cornees
.
,.. area. The area disturbed for the
dril! rig, associated equipment,

u•
2.8"

/ and access is 0.24 ac. As shown

in the example figure, a porous
rock check dam is to be
-
\ \ constructed downstream of the
\ exploration site. The design
storm is a 1O yr-24 hr event and

·~· the Hydrologic Soil Group is C.

The design information that

needs to be entered prior to the
-
design of the porous rock check
dam is rhe:
•
•
Storm Input
Particle Size Distribution
-
Porous Rock Check Dom Example
•
•
Networking
Subwatershed Information
-
Storm Input
lnformation is needed for rhe storm type and rhe rainfall amount associated
-
wirh the 10 yr-24 hr design storm for rhe Four Corners area. From rhe Srorm
Type help screen, in can readily be seen that a NRCS Type II distribution is
applicable. From the NOAA Atlas, the rainfall dcpth for the 1O yr-24 hr
design storm is approximately 2.4 inches. As always, the 49 pt Distribution is
recommended.
 ,--
,-- 91

-
, --
Particle Size Distribution
The Sedimentology option button needs to be sclected prior to entering an
eroded particle size distribution. Click the Particle Size Distribution button,
and then the Creare New button. Prior to entering che data, the filcname and
first distribution label will be prompted for. Enter che following data:

Filename (example}: Fow· Cornm

Label: Topsoil
Percent Fmer (%)
Particle Size (mm) Topsoil
4 100
2 98
1 94

-
, --
0.5
0.25
0.125
88
82
72

-- 0.062
0.031
0.016
0.008
64
48
33
20
0.004 15.5
0.002 6
0.001 0.5

- Networking
The networking for chis exarnple is quite simple since only a single sedimenc
control structure is being analyzed. Click on che Networking button, chen
click the Add a Structure button, and select Check Dam. Since only che
performance of one structure is being asscssed, structure #1 automatically flows
to thc outlet (designated as zero) and no Muskingum routing between
structurcs is needed. Click OK.

-- Subwatershed lnformation
Click on che Design button and then click on Add SWS button. The

-- subwatershed area, time of concentration, Muskingum routing, NRCS curve

number, and unit hydrograph shape are input on chis screen.

Two subwatersheds are specified for this example. The up-gradient

-
, --
subwatershcd (SWS 1) is the 0.24 ac exploration site, and che down-gradient
subwatershed (SWS2) consists of desert shrub in fair condition, i.e. 50 to 75%
aeriaJ coverage. The up-gradient subwatershed is designed SWS I and

-- Muskingum routing will be needed since SWS l 's outlet is not at S l, the
porous rock check dam. No Muskingum routing is needed for SWS2 since the
outlet of SWS2 is at S 1.
.,.....
92
Subwatershed Hydrology and Sedimentology lnputs
Enter the following numbers for 2 subwatersheds:
Area Te Musk. K Musk. X CN UHS
1 0.24 0.018 0.0 12 0.334 91 Fast
2 0.90 0.04 1 o o 81 Fast

K Rep. Length Rep. Slope ~ r PSD Disturbed

1 0.32 80.0 1.5 0.80 Topsoil No
2 0.32 250.0 3.5 0.36 Topsoil No
Notes:
• The area can be derermined from various methods, software packages, or
with the SEDCAD - AutoCAD (SC-AC) interface.
• Time of Concentration
SWS1 : the longest flow path is estimated to be 80 ft and the ground
slope is given as 1.5%. Since the area is disturbed, land use caregory 5 is
appropriare. Overland flow is che only component of the time of
concenrration for SWS 1 since no channel flow is needed. Time of
concentration will generare a hydrograph ar the subwatershed oucler
only - Muskingum routing will ro ute the generated hydrograph from
the ourlet of SWS 1 to S l.
SWS2: the overland flow length and gradient are 250 ft and 2.8%,
respectively. Since a desert pavement is expecred, caregory 5 will result
in a rather fast overland flow velocity, representative of such a pave-
ment ..
• Muskingum Routing .,
Routing from the outlet of SWS l to S 1 is via a gulch with a 1.3% slope
and a length of abour 150 ft. Category 8 is selected.
• Curve N umber
SWS 1: opcional curve numbers can be viewed by a click on the edit
button. Specífy Hydrologic Soil Group C and select cultivated agricul-
tura! lands and then select Fallow, resulting in a CN of 91.
SWS2: selecr Arid and Semiarid Rangeland and within this category
-
, .__;

select Deserr Shrub . .. in fair condirion, resulting in a CN of 81.

• Unit Hydrograph Shape
The unir hydrograph shape for both SWS1 and SWS2 is fast.
• K Factor
The K factor (soil erodibility) for both subwatersheds can be estimated
by clicking on tbe edit button and selecting loam, resulting in a K of
0.32.
• Rcpresentative Length and Slope
-
SWS 1: represeutative length is 80 ft, representative slope is 1.5%
SWS2: representative length is 250 ft, represenrarive slope is 3.5%. The
3.5% slope is thc average of the 2.8 and 4.3 % slopes.
-
 93
• C Factor
SWS1: clic!{ the edit button, select Typical Values Reponed in che
Literature and then select Bare Soil Loose to 12 inches, rough, yielding a
C factor of0.8.
SWS2: select Permanent Pasture, Rangland . .. , sdecr 0% ground cover,
and select Canopy of rall weeds or short brush (0.5 rn tall) with 25%
canopy cover. The C factor is 0.36.
• P Factor
Accepc the P factor default of 1.
• PS Distribution
Since chis is a srnall site and has only one soil texture, sirnply selecr che
only eroded particle size disrribution frorn rhe dropdown list for borh
SWS's.

Check Dam Design lnputs

Two inputs are required for che porous rock check darn: check dam heighr and
r porosity. Three channel inputs are needed: channel bed slope, Manning's n of
r the channel, and channel sideslopes.

- For this example

assume thar the
porous rock check ,,.....n.,,H.;,tc~ ¡-;:s
~Om f.on)it?-1?.},tsffoo

-
darn will be con- 'Dúw,d~,,m,...m ~
strucred 3.5 ft high.
The porosity of rock
""""'"-'"~
~ e,.
R>lb/Z.1~ ~50
check dams is expected
to be between 40%
and 55%. Herrera
(1989) determined
porosities ranging from 44.2% to 46.9% for ½ inch to 1 inch diarneter grave!.
Current research with Appalachian mine spoil has found porosity to be
between 50% and 56% for spoil sizes between 2 and 8 inches. Enter 50% for
,-.
porosity.

Channel input pararneters are a channel bed slope of 1.3%, Manning's n of

0.040, and channel side slope of 2.5:1.

Porous Rock Check Dam Design Results

The Strucrure Surnmary table provides a summary of rhe performance of the
check dam. Peak inflow is 1.24 cfs. Since no routing of the hydrograph is
conducted for porous rock check dams, the peak outflow is also 1.24 cfs. This
is a conservative assumption.

The overall sediment trap efficiency is 26.8% (frorn the structure design derails
table) . The trap efficiency of a porous rock dam is anticipared ro be less than
94
30%. Only the sand fraction is expected to be trapped. Setcleable solids were
reduced frorn abour 14.3 to 9 .3 rnl/l and rotal solids reduced from about
24,000 to 17,000 mg/1. -
__,
Channel Design
Four types of channels may be rnodeled in SEDCAD 4:
•
•
Nonerodible Channel
Erodible Channel
-
• Vegetated Channel
• Riprap Channel

Channe1Shape
Ali four channels modeled by SEDCAD 4 can be designed for a trapezoidal
and a triangular shape. Additionally, nonerodible, erodible, and vegetated
channels can be designed with a parabolic shape. Finally, nonerodible channels
can accomrnodate rectangular, circular and semi-circular shapes.

Free board
-
Freeboard is added to the channel design depth as a safeguard against overflow-
ing the channel.

Freeboard is necessary for numerous reasons. To predice the peak flow, severa!
assurnpcions ,rnd judgments are made concerning the design storm, storm
--
distribution, hydrograph shape, land use, soil texture, and factors affecting che
time of concentration. Also construction quality may vary, stream roughness
may change due ro scour or deposicion of soil, growch of vegetation, fallen cree
limbs, etc. Once Manning's roughness coefficient is changed, and especially if
rhe initial design hada Fraude Number near 1.0, specific energy will change
resulting in potentially two alternating flow depths for a given discharge.
Designs in SEDCAD 4 assume straight channels so super-elevated flow (which
-
occurs in channel bends and especially bends with a small radius of curvature)
is nor calculaced but can vary the flow depth by ½ foot.

SEDCAD 4 has rhree methods of accounring for freeboard:

• specify an additional depth to be added ro the design depth
• specify a % ofthe design flow depth
• specify a multiplication factor times the velocity times depth
-
If en tries are made for two or three of che methods, che maximum resulting
freeboard depth is used.
--
-
 95
Nonerodible Channel Design
- The methodology used to solve for flow depth is simply Manning's equation
coupled with the coutinuity equation (Q=VA). This routine is applicable to

-
nouerodible materials such as concrete, asphalt, ere. This routiue can also be
used to evaluate commercial produces such as gabions, arriculated concrete
blocks, geotextile filled with concrete, etc. To use this routine for commercial
products, the suggested Manning's n listed in the technical literature provided
r- by the manufacturer, is entered and the resultant dcsign velocity is compared
r- ro rhe maximum permissible velocity provided in the manufacturer's technical
literature.
r-

Nonerodible Channel Example

r-
The design discharge is generated based on design storm and watershed
characteristics. Channel utilities are identical to those in the main design
r- program except that the design flow is entered manually in utilities. Channel
shape, slope, width, and side slopes are entered. Side slopes are horizontal to
vertical. Channel materials and associated Manning's n are located through
the Table Input butron, or may be entered.

- As an example, consider a permanent concrete highway diversion that is

trapezoidal in shape, constructed on a 1.8% slope, and has a bottom width of
2 ft with 2:1 side slopes. The design discharge to be evaluated is 45 cfs anda
0.5 ft freeboard is used. Enter the values in the Channel Utility section.

The design velocity is 10.06 fps ata flow depth of 1.08 ft and the channel
constructiori depth (also accommodating freeboard) is 1.58 fr.
,.....
,--

r-
t'

!- ~ - - -
. l ....
!---·---
!t r -,;. o10...i,: ,-:-;,,V•!l
--···- - j!jLJ
1; ' .... --·H ... ·- - - -·-·-.. . . . ,_,_,. , . , ,. ~~-~,-.-,,,. .,. ··~·•·!

-
96
Erodible Channel Design

-
The design methodology used in SEDCAD 4 is .based on the limited permis-
sible velocity method, which has been widely used since its introduction over
70 years ago (Portier and Scobey, 1926).

Permissible velocity is a function of the type of channel soil. If the actual

design velocity is less than the permissible velocity, the channel is 'Srable, i.e.
non-erodible as designed.

A distinct advantage to the permissible velocity method is that both clear and
--
sediment laden water can be modeled. Clear water is more erosive than
sediment laden water since it has a greater capacity to transpon sediment.

The sediment laden algorithm should be used for channels that convey runoff
from disturbed areas to a sedimenc trap ora sediment basin. Bare earthen

--
channels receiving large quantities of sedimenc from steep or highly erodible
lands may not erode at ali and may be subjected to deposition. Channel soil
type and channel slope are che most sensitive parameters.

Erodible Channel Example

Channel urilities from the main screen will be used to illustrate an erodible
channel design. -
Assume that a temporary perimeter erodible channcl is to be designed for a
mining operarion in the Appalachian mouncains. The channel is to convey
runoff from a disturbed site to a sediment basin. The peak flow, generated for
-
rhe design storm and watershed charactéristics, is 15.5 cfs. The channel slope
is 0.8% and it is constructed from spoil consisting predominantly of shale and
sorne sandstone. The channel is to be constructed using a D-7 dozer resulting
in a bottom with of 12 ft and 2:1 side slopes. Will this channel be stable as
designed?
-
--
--
--
 97
To select the channel material

- and corresponding Manning's n

and permissible velo.city, click on
the Table Input button. The
Limited Velocity Screen displays
·21.75
.ar ·-·

~~~==tll_ ji:
available options.

- At the bottom of that screen,

clíck on the Sediment-laden
option button and then click on
"Shales and Hardpans" to
highlight and select that material. Note that the permissible velocity is 6 fps
since this is not an easily eroded material, especially when the channel is

- transporting significant quantities of sediment. Note that sands and silts are
much more erodible, and therefore channels constructed from these materials
are much more difficult to stabilize.

Add a freeboard of 1 ft, since it is assumed that consrruction will be done

without a great deal of surveying and the channel is expected to potentially
deposit incoming sediment since the design velocity is only 2.85 fps.

The final design shows a design velocity of2.85 fps anda construction depth
,- of 1.42 ft.

-.
-
98
Vegetated Channel Design
-
__,
Vegetated (or grass) waterways are ofren used to convey higher flows andar
higher velocities chan can be accommodated by erodible channels. Vegetation
inherently stabilizes the channel soil by binding the soil with plant roots and,
for taller grasses, bending over under higher flows affords additional protection
by the blanket of grass .

Vegetative channels generally only convey intermittent flows such as srorm

runoff and are not designed to convey sustained base :flow. Ifbase flow exisrs
and a grassed lined channel is desired, then a composite channel wirh a low
flow channel consisting of rock, or equivalent material, would be appropriate.

The design of vegetated channels is accomplished under two conditions, shorr

grass and long grass. Short grass is used for Vegetated Channel Stability
Analysis and long grass is used for Vegetated Channel Capacity Analysis. A
Retardance Class is selccted for boch stability and capacity analysis.
,_)

Retardance Class
Experimental work conducted by Ree, 1949, and widely used by che NRCS
(SCS, 1947), shows che relationship between flow resistance and che combina-
tion of velocity and hydraulic radius.

.2 3
Vtlaollf. • Hydroulic RaditJa
4 5 6 8 lO 20
-
Consider the C retardance class. As discharge is increased from a Iow to a
slightly higher value, che Velocity x Hydraulic: Radius term will increase. As
VR increases flow resistance (as represented by Manning's n) decreases.

Assume the retardance class ofD is selected for short grass condicions and rhat
-
a B retardance class is appropriate for tall grass conditions. As discharge
increases from a relatively low value to a relatively high value VR increases for
both retardance classes, che roughness coefficient decreases.
-
 99
Vegetated Channel Stability Analysis
Under short grass condicions, che channel is more prone to being eroded chan
during rall grass conditions. Thus, channel stability muse be checked during
short grass conditions. During low discharge, there is significant resistance to
flow by the short grass because it is essentially very shallow flow. As discharge
increases and che flow depth significant!y exceeds the height of the short
grasses, flow resistance decreases. Retardance Class of C through E (and
r especially D and E) are used for stability analysis of vegetared channels.

Vegetated Channel Capacity Analysis

- The situation for tall grass is exact!y opposite from that of short grass. Tall
grass affords a great deal of protection to the channel soil by laying over during

- high flows . Resistance during low flow for tal! grass is high, for medium flow
resistance is still quite high, and flow resistance does not decrease until che tal!
grass bends over and lays on che channel bottom. Because there is more
resistance from che call grass chan from che short grass, the depth of flow for
tal! grass is much higher rhan the depth of flow for short grass . Retardance
Class A through C (especially A and B) are used for capacity analysis. Tal!
grass is used to determine the construction depth of a vegetated channel.

Vegetated Channel Example

Channel utilities will be used to illustrate the design of a vegetated channel. A
grassed waterway is to be used for a permanent channel for a subdivision.
Based on storm, watershed, and alternative development scenarios che highest
design peak flow is expected to be 1O cfs. Due to righc-of-way limitations , che
bottom width cannot exceed 8 fe and for mowing che side slopes need to be
3: 1. The channel slope is 2 percent anda grass mixture with retardance D for
short grass and B for tal! grass are to be used . These inputs are che most
commonly used in designs. A 0.5 fe freeboard is to be used. The soil is a silty
clay loam and is considered to be erosion resistant.

This screen shows

inputs and
outputs for che
short grass
condition. As
can be seen the
design depth of
flow is 0.52 fe,
velocity equals
2.01 fps and the
roughness
100
coefficient (represented by M anning's n) is 0.061. Let's contrast this with long
grass conditions:
-
Now the flow
depth is grearer,
0.96 ft versus
Sl!'l"" JT,_,;dd .:.)
-
0.52 ft. The si.,,.~¡--roo
velocity is lower,
1.05 fps versus
2.01 fps, and the
roughness

-
coefficien r is F1~d·

higher, 0.181 ro:fü 11. r-. z~-o10.,.,.

'
r-.r\!•D ·!
..- ,....... .. " .,
_.,. , .-.,..,;..:;.;

versus 0.06 l.

All of chis makes scnsc. For che taller grass, there is more resisrance to flow as
shown by a higher roughness coefficient, thereby yielding a higher deprh of
flow and a lower velociry. The construcrion depth is always taken from the
capaciry analysis (1.46 fr for chis example), which is the design depth of0.96
plus a freeboard of 0.5 fr.

-
-
-
 101
Rock Riprap Channel Design
There are over a dozen procedures to determine the stability of a rock riprap
channel. SEDCAD 4 provides the user with two options, Simons/OSM
(Simons, et. al., 1982) and PADER (Pennsylvania Department ofEnviron-
mental Resources, Stover, 1990). The Simons/OSM Rock Riprap Channel
Design merhod uses two d.ifferenr algorithms depending upon the Fraude
number of the initial design being less than or greater than 0.8. The PADER
Rock Riprap Channel Design procedure is an iterative solution of Manning's
and the continuity equations, with Manning's n being a fuoction of the depth
of flow and the rock riprap 050 size. Comparing these two merhods to six
r other rock riprap design procedures shows the Simons/OSM methodology is
mosr conservarive resulring in rhe largest D50 for given design parameters.
r
For borh design methods, a mixture of severa! rock sizes is needed to fill the
voids between the larger rock partides. A filrer bed stone should be sized or
alternatively, a geotextile should be selected based on rh~ underlying soil, rock
riprap size and rhe equivalent opening size of rhe geotextile. Also, in general a
2: 1 side slope should be used for a trapezoidal rock riprap channel to obtain an
economical design. The design procedures are for rock riprap and if other
lighter rnaterials with a lower specific gravity are used, other design procedures

- should be employed.

Simons/OSM Method
The solution procedure is to first solve for a mild slope and check if the Fraude
number is less than 0.8. If this is true the rock riprap design solution is valid.
If the Froude number is equal to or greater than 0.8, the routine is transferred
to the steep slope methodology.

A mild slope should be viewed in a hydraulic perspective, meaning thar the

Fraude number is less than 1, i.e. subcritical flow. The Simons/OSM method
is more conservative than this because a mild slope is considered only for a
,......
Fraude number less than 0.8 .

The mild slope methodology is based on a procedure adopted by rhe Denver

Urban Drainage and Flood Control District as described in Simons, et. al.,
1982. D50 is a function of the channel side slope, velocity and hydraulic
radius.

If the Froude number determined by the mild slope methodology is equal to or

greater than 0.8 than the steep slope procedure is used. The steep slope
algorithm is based on the relationship developed by Bathurst, 1979 as reported
by Simons, et. al., 1982. For steep slopes, Barhurst based his developed
relationships on flume studies that mimic natural mountain streams, such that
the flow depth was about the same size as the rocks. Water was nonuniform -
,-- cascading around the rocks rather than flowing over them.
102
The design procedure can be considered conservative. Fifteen feer per second
-'
is considered the maximum stable velocity without having to consider rock
durability ar higher flows. lt should be noted thac for the Simons/OSM sceep
slope method, no database exiscs for a channel gradienr less than 5%. There-
fore for channels ·with a Froude number grearer than 0.8 (steep slope method-
--
ology) and with slopes less than 5%, a conservative approach is taken by using
a slope of 5%.

Riprap Channel Example - Simons/OSM

A channel is being designed for a ski resort that is under coustruction in
Colorado. For rhe 25 year-24 hour design storm and che conrriburing
watersheds che peak flow was decermined ro be 73.2 cfs. A rock riprap channd
is proposed rhat is trapezoidal in shape wirh a 14 ft wide base, 2:1 side slopes.
The channel slope is 8 percent.

The channel urility

screen shows that the
050 is 6 inches for a
stable channel design
using the steep slope
algorithm. The
-
riprap thickness
corresponds to a
Dmax of7.5 inches
and the smallest rock
in the mixture is 2 inches.
-
PADER Method
The PADER method is based on an iterative solution to the Manning's and
-
conrinuity equaáons, with Manning's n being a function ofboth depth of flow
and D50 of the rock riprap. Por a given D50 riprap size, as the flow depth
increases Manning's n decreases. The rate of decrease in Manning's n is highest
for flows between 0.5 and 1.5 ft and for che larger rock riprap sizes.

-
-
 103
The PADER method will selecta D50 riprap size for incremental velocities to
correspond to standard rock riprap sizes rhat can be purchased. The permis-
sible velocities and corresponding D50s are:
D50 (in) Max. Velociry {fps)
0.75 2.5
1.5 4.5
,-. 3.0 6.5

- 6.0
9.0
12.0
9.0
11.5
13.0

- 15.0 14.5
The maximum allowable velocity is 14 .5 fps. The maximum DlOO and
corresponding rock riprap thickness has been modified from the values listed in
Stover, 1990, to correspond wirh rhose determined in rhe Simons/OSM mild
slope method.

Riprap Channel Example - PADER

A channel is being designed for a ski resort chat is under construction in
Colorado. For che 25 year-24 hour design storm and che concributing
watersheds che peak flow was determined to be 73.2 cfs. A rock riprap channel
is proposed chat is trapezoidal in shape wich a 14 ft wide base, 2: 1 side slopes.
The channel slope is 8 percenc.

The results show a D50 of 6 in ches with a maximum riprap size of 9 inches,
which also corresponds to the thickness of che rock riprap. The design vdocity
is only 6.57 fps and the depth of flow is 0.72 ft. Manning's n for these
conditions is 0.048. The flow is supercritical since che Froude number is
greater than 1.
r-

,.....

-
-
104
Culvert Design
.....,¡
The needed culvert diamerer is derermined for rhe design flow, which is
calculared from contributing up-gradient subwatershed(s), headwater,
tailwater, and pipe design characteristics of slope, length, Manning's n, and an
entrance loss coefficienc.
-
Culvert dcsign equarions are based on rhe cighr possible flow regimes as
illusrrared in Culvert/Straight Pipe Flow Regimes. These flow regimes include
ali possible combinations of submerged and non-subrnerged inlet and outlet
flow conditions for circular pipes. The algorithm enables calculation of
-
.,_¡
transitions between flow regimes.

The Culvert Design Example illustrates watershed inputs, culvert design

pararnerers and reports. The culvert design not only provides the required
culverr size, bur complete performance curves are created for the required pipe
size and for one pipe size larger and smaller.
-
__,

Culvert/Straight Pipe Flow Regimes

Unsubmerged ln!el Submerged lnlel

-
Tl'Pª 1 (OU!let cor.voij

- ~ . •) • sn:::...y:.v;..
~
~ ~~
-~,
--
Type 2 (Oul!et ControO 1ypa 8 (OuUel Control)

-
Type 3 (lnlet ControQ Type 7 (Outlet Con11oij

-
Type 4 (lnlet Cont!Qij Type 8 (lnlsl ConlrOI)

-
- Culvert Design Example
Culverts may be designed in either the culvert utiliry or in che main design
105

section of SEDCAD 4. The difference between the two is simply that in the
utiliry, the design discharge is entered by the user, and in the main program,
che design discharge is calculated from the design storm and up-gradient

- watershed characteristics.

To design a culvert for a watershed start with storm input parameters, chen
click on the network button, add a structure, select a culvert and proceed by
clicking on the design button.

--
For example:
The storm inputs are entered as a 49-poinr fir Type II distribution anda 10-
year 24-hour storm of 4.3 inches. Watershed characteristics are a 60 ac pasture
site in fair condition, hydrologic soil group C and a Medium unit hydrograph
shape because it is pasture land. The time of concentration for chis wacershed
r- is represented by an overland flow condition of pascure grass (3) with a slope
length of 400 ft being conveyed to che culvert by a small stream (flow condi-
tion 8) ata slope of 1.5 o/o and a length of 1600 ft. As seen in the
subwatershed Slfuclu1e Oe~u!J"

design screen, che

resulting time of
Jií~ .¡ ,¡
concentration is
. 0.218 hours. A
curve number of
79 wich
Hydrograph
Response Shape of
r- Medium is
applicable.

Culvert Design
To proceed in designing the culvert, click on the Structure Design Button. The
culvert design screen will appear with a peak flow of 89.69 cfs. Entera lengch
of 60 ft and a pipe slope of 1 percent. At Manning's n, click on the adjacent
edit button to view and select a Manning's n for a specified pipe. Select
"corrugated metal, spiral", and che Manning's n of O.O 15 is highlighted,
displayed, and entered.

-- Headwater is measured from the bottom of the inlet of the pipe (invert).
Headwater may be restricted by the road elevation, backwater onto an adjacent

-
property or perhaps safety considerations. A good rule-of-chumb is to have at
least two feet of soil above che culverc to protect it from being crushed. For
roads that may experience traffic containing heavy loads, this thickness should
be increased.
106

~ 1
1
T\J

Cu lvert

After gaining sorne experience wich SEDCAD 4, che user will have che ability
to estimare rhe size of culverr associaced with a given design peak flow. Based
on chis, headwarer should be 2 ft greacer than che estimated culverr diamecer.
Far example, a culvert to convey 90 cfs will be between 42 and 54 inches. So
unless ocher circumstances override chis choice, headwater should be first
approximated by 4 ft (far che pipe) plus 2 fe added, resulting in 6 fr. Enter 6 fe
far the maximum headwater in this example.

Tailwarer is measured at rhe pipe exit from rhe bottom of che pipe. Tailwater
conditions commonly occur if backwater is created in a stream which is
relacively fiar or when a ditch runs adjacent to che road and conveys runoff.
Tailwarer can be calculaced by using one of the four channel structures
-
available in SEDCAD:4. Assume zero tailwater far this example.

The entrance loss coefficient reflects how easily flow transitions inro che
culvert. The most common situation is a culvert that protrudes from che road.
The entrance loss coefficient is 0.9. Click on che edit button adjacent to the
-
entrance loss coefficient to view and select an entrance loss coefficient. Click
on "CMP projected from fil], no headwall".

Notice a 45 inch diameter culvert is required. This is based on zero tailwater

andan en trance loss coefficienr of 0.9, which are the defauh valués.

-
Click on che Graph Performance Curves button. The graph shows the
complete headwater - discharge relationship far che specified pipe and far one
pipe size larger and smaller. This is very useful since you can readily see if
raising che headwarer will downsize che culverr to the next smaller pipe,
chereby saving money.

-
From che performance curve graph, ic can be seen thar the 42 inch culvert
performance curve is just below tbe intersection of che design discharge -
headwater lines. Thus a slight increase in headwater will reduce che culverc
size. Change che head water from 6 fr to 6.5 ft. The minimum culverc size is
reduced to 42 inches. --
 107
. ~,.-,~-- ~ - - . . .. ····----------- - ------.-·········-··-··-
Culvert Pelfo~~-c! Cu'_".'.~•.:.Structur_•.. • .J ¡
160
: : : : : : : _,,··
140 ----.r-~=:~r-·:__
----~----r ~---(··--(·- -i-- --
120 ----:--·--:-·--:----:--·-t··- -_-,~:-· ;:·~---
~ 100 --+---~---·:····-~---~;-·'' ... : ---~---- i
1

i~!~TE:
n
o
~,:-~:
s e g
¡
1
HeactNater(ft) i
' .... ___... ,., .... . '.

- To view outputs for this simple culvert design, click on the Repon Tab and
refer to the Struccure Summary, Structure #1 Details, and Struccure #1 SWS's
tables.

-
-
-
,.....
r
108
Plunge Pool Design _,
A pi unge pool is used to dissipate rhe energy of water being discharged from a
pipe. Ir is usually used in conjuncrion wirh a culverr ora principal spillway
conveying water from a pond. The advanrage of a plunge pool compared to a
rock riprap apron is rhat the stored water dissipates energy thereby réducing
the size of the plunge pool.

To design a plunge pool energy dissipater, information is needed about the

culvert/pipe discharge, elevarion difference berween the pipe invert and the
water leve! in thc plunge pool, depth of water flowing over the ourlet weir and
elevation of the oudet weir. The key design parameters are the size of the rock
riprap placed in rhe plunge pool and rhe elevarion difference between rhe pipe
ourlet and the water leve! in rhe plunge pool. Both are sensitive design
paramctcrs.
-
Safery is a concern in the design of plunge pools, especially in areas where
children may be presenr. The design depth of water in a plunge pool should
not exceed about 2.5 ft:. Fortunately, such a design also tends to minimize
cost.

Cost tradeoff:
For a small rock riprap size, money is saved because the thickness of rock is
relatively small but rhe quantity of rock is increased due ro the larget length,
width and depth of rhe plunge pool. In conrrast, for a larger rock riprap size,
the thickness of rock is increased bur che quantity of rock may decrease since
-
the lengrh, width and especially depth of the plunge pool are decreased. The
major cost item is rhe quanciry of rock required . The Plunge Pool Design
Example illustrares inputs and design tradeoffs. A tradeoff exists among rock
riprap size, rhickness of rhe rock layer, and rhc lengrh, width, and depth of che
plunge pool.

Plunge Pool .
..,
-BSJ
~ .,62

Design Example
Since plunge pools are
designed in conjunction with a PLUNGE POOL EXNJPLE

discharging pipe, the Culvert

Design Example will be modified for this examplc. The same design storm
and warcrshed inputs are used in both examplcs.

In rhe Nerworking screen, enter 2 structures: a culvert anda plunge pool. If

you are using the same file as used in the culverr design example, the culvert
will already be listed as Structure 1. Add a plunge pool as the second structure.
Structure 1 (the culvert) flows to Strucrure 2 (the plunge pool), and Strucrure
2 flows ro che outlet (zero).
 109
Now dick on the Design button . The culvert subwatcrshed information will
already be listed, assuming you are using the cuJvert design example. If nor,
please revíew the culvert design cxample for subwatershed information
enrering the culverc. ·

Click the plunge pool to highlight that structure. Next dick on the Structure
Design button, since no addirionaJ watershed exists.

The pipe diameter from

the culvert design
example is 45 inches and
the pipe slope is 1%. The

- º"''~~B<,,ulr;
Fldl,,v:; ~ ~
!'ooil~ r-ffii
p~~""'"'ioUJ!"~15.93
Pi,eEst t:,C«•d.!.ef~ -{ 1 ,1
,,..,r,;.,c,,,,.,,,""""'F.---U.
,,....,\11'"""'º"""11,,,i~
'/eloc@dJo<l....,.....,,,j,,,, ~
;,..,...,~ !~., .:is, '._¡
-¡ ·pipe outlet elevation is
taken at the outlet of the
pipe and is assumed to be
860 ft for this example.
The tailwater elevation
pool is assumed to be 1 fe
,,I below the pipe outlet, at
859 ft (i .e. A I ft
cantilever exists).

The height the water flowing over the ouclet crest is a function of the design
discharge (89.69 cfs for this example) and the selected width of the exir weir

- for the plunge pool. To determine the stage-discharge relationship for a broad
crested weir, go ro the pond.uciliry.
• Enter the pond utility from the rnain screen. Click the capacity button,
which will allow calculation of the srage-discharge relarionship from O ro

-
, --
4 ft at 0.05 ft increments. Proceed by clicking on the Discharge button,
add a broad crested weir for the spillway. Enter 0.01 for the spillway
elevation. Now, the srage-discharge relationship for various weir wídths
can be qu.ickly evaluated. For exarnple, entera 10 ft weir width. As can
be seen on the Discharge Screen, 89.69 cfs occurs at about 2.05 ft.
Hence this discharge will flow over a 1O ft outlet weir of the pi unge pool

- at 2.05 ft above the outlet crest elevation. The outlet crest elevacion, for
this example, is 859 ft minus 2.05 ft or 856.95.
Evaluare a rock riprap D50 size of 0.75 ft. The pi unge pool length, width and
depth are 25.12, 23.54 and 5.93 ft, respectively.

-
The plunge pool shape is gen erally thar of an ellipse. It is suggesred thac once
the design dimensions are calculated that an approximately rectangular shape
be provided with the mínimum length and depth, thus facilitating construc-

- tion. NRCS recommends that the excavated side slopes of the pi unge pool be
adjusted to acceprable grades for layout and riprap placement. Por example, if
a 2: 1 slope is used the plunge pool will basically reach a very narrow base.

r
110
Selecring a larger 050 rock riprap size (for example 1 fr)will decrease che
plunge pool lengrh, widrh and depth to J 1.16, 8.85 and 2.23 ft, respectively.
This may be a better des ign.
-
Review reports entitled General Informarion, Structure Sumrnary, Ali
Srrucrure(s), and Ali Srructure SWS(s). The General lnformacio n repon
displays design srorm information and a graphical display of networking
between srrucrures.
-
Nore rhac rhe exir velocity is simply based on Q=VA (assuming full pipe flow).
This is che case for many design situations. For culverts on sreep slopes, che
cu1vert may flow parrially full and che critica! depth needs to be calculaced to
determine che actual exir velocity of che pipe.

__,

--
-
-
r
111

REPORTS

The listar che left edge of th e folder shows the following available repons:
• Cover Page
• General Information

- • Networking
• PS Disrriburion-Structures
• Structure Summary
• Structure Details
• Subwarershed Details
• Ali Reports
A generaced repon may also be saved to a SEDCAD Report file using che Save
bucton {bmc SaveRpr.BMP}. This will simply save the formatted repon to a
file that can be readily viewed (not run) in the SEDCAD Report Viewer.

Generated reports are not compatible with ocher word processing packages,
since chere is a concern by sorne regulatory agencies chat che user may modify
sorne output values. However, you may print out a saved reportar any time
using the Report Viewer.

To display a report. click on che desired report on rhe list. The speed ar which
che repon is generated is 90% attributable to che printer driver used , i.e. a top-
of-the-line heavy duty laser printer will be 3 to 4 times fasrer rhan a low-cosr
desktop inkjet.

The printed filename and date is shown at the bottom of each page. Page
numbers (beginning with 1) are displayed in che upper right-hand comer.

To navigate chrough the pages in a report, use che page navigation buttons at
che bottom of rhe folder. To enlarge or reduce the screen view, use the zoom

- buttons. To scroll a page, either use the scroll bars at che bottom and right
edge of che view, or simply (left) click on che page and drag. To prinr a repon,
first verify either che page range or all pages, then click print.

Cover Page
The title on che cover page is obtained from che Project Title field on che
General Tab. Additional comments (from che Comments field) are also
displayed. Other information, such as Designer and Company Information is
shown if che fields are non-blank on che General Tab screen.

General lnformation

- This contains rhe srorm information and input eroded partide size
discribution (s).

,-.
112
Networking
The srruccure nerworking is shown borh in rabular form and in "graphic"
form. If thc Routing Calcula cor was used for Between Suucrure Routing, then
those derails show up in chis report, as well.

PS Distribution-Strucrures
This repon will only be availablc: if sedirnenrology is enabled. The combined
parricle size disrriburion is shown enrcring (and exiting) each structure.

Structure Summary
--
This shows a concise surnrnary for the enrire run. For each struccure, the
irnmediare conrriburing area, total conrriburing area, peak discharge and coral
runoff volume is shown . If sedirnencology is enabled, che total sedimenc, peak
sediment concentration, peak setrleable concentration, and 24hour volume
weighted average concencration is also shown. The structures are listed in up-
gradient to down-gradien r order, i. e. for any particular srructure, che conrribur-
ing structure informarion will preceed it in the rabie.

Structure Details
This repon is really a series of reports. Under chis caregory, there is the option
to prinr/view ali strucrure details or individual structure details. If you are
-
interested only in a particular structure and che file is large, it will be much
faster if you view only che structure in question.

Subwatershed Details
This repon· is also a series of repares. Under chis category, there is the oprion
to prinr/view ali subwacershed details or only individual srructure
subwatershed details. Again, che report will be displayed faster if only che
structure to be reviewed is selected. This report also contains any routing
parameter details from che subwacershed outlet ro the structure, chac were used
in che Routing Calculator for subwatersheds.

Ali Reports
This will print ali reports out in entirety. Depending on the size of the run
and the pri.nter driver used, this may take a "long" time. We recommend that
once you have a job compleced, chat you print out Ali Repares, then save the
report to a SEDCAD Report file to be viewed ata later time with the
SEDCAD Report Viewer.

Report Viewer
--
This is listed under the File Menu. This program simply displays and allows
printing of a previously saved reporc from che Main (Report) section of
SEDCAD 4. lt differs from che Results Tab, in that the numbers are not rerun
and the results are not re-formatted, as in the Resulcs Tab.

Navigation through severa! pages is done by clicking on the page buctons at che

__,
 113
borrom of che form. You may also enlarge or reduce che view wich che zoom
buttons.

To scroll, you may either grab rhe scroll bars at rhe bottom and righr edge, or

-
simply click and drag on the report irself.

,-.

-
,.....

-
-
-
 -'

-
114

_ ,¡

._,)

'--'
.....,,
~

-
.....1

_,¡

.....,
-
.....1

....;

_,¡

._.,¡

--
.....,,

--
-1
.__,,

--
-
.....,
._.;

,._,¡

....,
--
_ .¡

-'
.....1
 115

-- TROUBLESHOOTING

If you have trouble wich SED CAD 4, please read chrough this section. We
have tried to address most commonly asked quesrions here.

We have completed extensive testing to distribute an error-free program,

however wich any software program, there may be bugs encountered. If you
run into a problem, we want to know about ir! Pl ease document any problem
as thoroughly as possible, and lisr events so chat we can recreare it. This is a
very important step. Also, if a file is involved , please attach the file (.sc4
exrension) to the message (a hard-copy of the file may be printed out through
either the Windows Notepad or Wordpad applications) . Picase include your
serial number (lisred in che About screen). If you need to call us, please refer
to che "How to contact us" screen for che best persoo ro contact.

If you are really stuck, then rhe best way to get help is to document che
problem as thoroughly as possible and send an email ro:
PSchwab@compuserve.com

Also refer to che Navigation screen for informatioo oo Windows navigation

basics. ·

r-, lnstallation Questions

[ have installed the progmm and mtarted my computer. However, lm getting a
"Secttrity Key Not Fottnd" error, and the program won't start. What should Ido?

If, after you install the program, the computer does noc recognize che hardware

- lock, ir is usually a network drive that has conflicted wich che installation. To
remedy, do che following:
• Remove che local machine from the network by logging off (chis is
temporary!).
• Select "Run" from che "Start" button. Type into the dialog box:
C:\SEDCAD4\HWKEY\SETUP /Q4
and click OK.
• This should bring up che Sentinel Driver Setup Program window. Pull
clown the Functions menu, click on "lnstall Sentinel Driver".
• The program will detect what operating system you are running. 1t will
ask for tbe appropriate path. The patb will be eitber:

- C:\SEDCAD4\HWKEY\WIN_95 (Windows 95)

Or
C:\SEDCAD4\HWKEY\Wm_ NT\1386 (Windows NT)
(assuming C: is the hard drive letter, and SEDCAD4 is che subdirectory
name)
116
• Click on OK to load the driver. You should get a message indicating the
driver was installed and rhat you should restan your sysrem.

Printing Questions
V?hm l click on a rcport, especially the "Ali Reports" option, the program seems to
take a ver)' long time to displc1y the 1.:port. Why?
-
Thc spced at which the repon is generared is 90% attributable to che printer
driver uscd, i.c. a top-of-the-line heavy duty laser printer will be 3 to 4 times
faster than a low-cosr deskrop inkjet.
-
_.

-
-

-
.-
-
-
 117

APPENDIX - MAPS
(ji-om Renard, et. al., 1998)

lsoerodent (R Annual) Map of Eastern U.S.

-
-
r-

-
118 __,

lsoerodent (R Annual) Map of Western

u.s.
--

._.¡

.....,/

._!

-
. _,¡

--
--
,._.,,
_,
 119
lsoerodent (R Annual) Map of California

--

-
-

-
120
lsoerodent (R Annual) Map of Oregon and
Washington
-
-
••

__,

-
__,

....,/

__,
-

-
--
 121

REFERENCES

Brakensiek, P.L., W.J. Rawls and W.R. Hamon. 1977. Applicacion on an

Infiltromerer Sysrem for Describing Infilrration into Soils. American Sociery

- of Agriculrural Engineers Winter Meeting, Paper No . 77-2553 , ASAE Winrer

Meeting, Chicago, IL.

- Brater, E.F. and H. W. King. 1976. Handbook ofHydraulics. McGraw-Hill, NY.

Chow, V. T. 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill , NY.

Chow, V. T. (ed.) 1964. Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, NY.

Oiss meyer, G . E. and G. R. Poseer. 1981. Estimaring the Cover-Management

Factor (C) in rhe Universal Soil Loss Equarion for Forest Conditions. Joumal
of Soil and Water Conservation 36(4):235-240.

Portier, S. and F. S. Scobey. 1926. Permissible Canal Velocicies. Transactions

American Sociery ofCivil Engineers 89:940-984.
,.... Frederick, R. H., V. A. Myers and E. P. Auciello. 1977. Five-to-60 Minute
Precipitation Frequency for the Eastern and Central United Sta.tes. National

- Oceanic and Acmospheric Administtation Technical Memorandum NWS

HYDR0-35, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.

- Griffin, M. L., B. J. Barfield, and R. C . Warner. Model Studies of the Hydraulic

Efficiency of Sediment Ponds. Transactions American Sociery of Agricultura!
Engineers. 28(3):779-804. May-June, 1985.
,-. Ha.yes, J. C. 1979. Evaluation of Design Procedures for Vegetal Filtration of
Sediment from Flowing Water. Unpubl. Ph.D . Dissertation, Agricultura!
Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Hershfield, D.M. 1961. Rainfall Frequency Atlas ofthe Unired Sta.tes. Technical

-
Paper 40 , U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Washington,
o.e.
Hirschi, M.C. 1985. Modeling Soil Erosion with Emphasis on Sceep Slopes and

- the Rilling Process. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertacion, Agricultura! Engineering

Department, Universiry ofKentucky, Lexin·gton, KY.

Hudson, R. G. 1944. The Engineers Manual. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

- lsraelsen, C. E., C. G. Clyde, J. E. Fletcher, E. G. Israelsen, F. W. Haws, P. E.

Parker, and E. E. Farmer. 1980. Erosion Control During Highway Construc-
tion and Manual as Principies and Practiccs. National Cooperative Highway
Research Program. Report No. 221 . Utah Sta.te Universiry, Logan, UT.

-
122
__,
Kuenst!er, W. 1998. Guidelines for che Use of che Revised Universal Soil Loss
Equacion on Mined Lands, Consrruction Sires, and Reclaimed Lands -
Chapter 5 - C Factor: Covcr Management. U.S. D epanmenc oflnterior,
Office ofSurfacc Mining, Office ofTechnologyTransfer, Denver, CO.

Lane, E. W. 1955. Design ofStable Channels. TransaccionsAmerican Societyof

Civil Engineers. 120:1234-1260.

McCool, D. K. , L. C. I3rown, G. R. Fo,ccr, C. K. Mutchler, L. D. Meyer. 1987.

Reviscd Slope Scccpncss Factor for che Universal Soil Loss Equacion . Transac-
rions American Society of Agricultura! Engineers 30(5).
--
Mdsaac, G. F., J. K. Mitchcll, and M.C. Hirschi. 1987. Slope Steepness Effccts on
Soil Loss from Disrurbcd Lands . Transactions American Socicty uf Agricultura!
Engineers 30(4).
-
iv1cycr, L. D., C. B. Joh nsun, anJ C . R. Fostcr. 1972. Stonc and Woodchip
Mulches for Erosion Control on Construction Sites. Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 27(6):264-269.
-
NOAA. Pn:cipitation-frequency Atl as of rhc Western U. S. NOAA Arl as II. Sup.
Of Documents, U.S. Governmenc Prinring Office, Washington, D.C.

NRCS (formerly SCS). 1947. Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water
Conservation. SCS TP-61, NRCS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D.C.
--
NRCS (formerly SCS). 1951.Engineering Handbook, Hydraulics Section. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

NRCS (formcrly SCS). 1968. Hydraulics ofBroad-Crested Spillways. Technical

Release No. 39, Engineering Division, U.S. Oepartment of Agriculcure,
-
Washington, O.C.

NRCS (formerly SCS) . 1969. Entrance H ead Losses in Drop Inlet Spillways.
Design Noce No. 8, Engineering Oivision , Oesign Branch, NRCS, U.S.
Oepartment of Agriculrure, Washington, O .C.
--
NRCS (formerly SCS) . 1972. Hydrology Section 4, ses Nationa1 Engineering
H andbook, U.S. Oepartment of Agriculture, Washington, D .C.

NRCS (formerly SCS). 1973. A Method for Esrimating Volume and Rare of
Runoff in Small Wacersheds. ses TP-149, U.S. Oepartmenc of Agriculture,
-
Washington, O .C.

NRCS (formerly SeS). 1975 . Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds. Technical
Release No. 55, NRCS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

NRCS (formerly SCS). 1978. Water Management and Sediment Control in

Urbanizing Arcas. U.S. Oepartment of Agriculture, C olumbus, OH.
 123
NRCS (formerly SCS). 1986a. Urban Hydrology for Srnall Watersheds. Technical

-
Release No. 55 , N RCS, U.S. O epartm enr oí Agriculture, Wash ington , O .C.

N RCS (forrnerly SCS). 1986b. Plun ge Poo l Analys is. Engineering Oepartrnent
N ote No. 6, 2 nd ed ition (2 1O-VI-D N-6 , 2 nd ed.), U.S. Departrnent of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D .C.

N RCS (forrnerly SCS). 1988. Po nds Plan ning, Design, C onstruction. Agricultura!
Handbook N o. 590, U.S. D cparcm ent o í Agriculture. Washingto n, 0 .C.

Overton, D. E. and E. C. C rosby. 1979. Effects of Con tour Coa! Strip Mining on
Scorrnwarer Run off and Q uali cy. Report to U.S. Department of En ergy, D epr.
of Civil Engineering, Universicy ofTennessee, Knoxville, TN.

- Ree, W. O. 1949. Hydraulic C haracteristics ofVegetation for Vegetated Waterways.

Agricultura! Engineering 30: I 84- 187, 189.

Reed, L. A. 1978. Effecriveness of Sedirnenr-Con rrol Tcchniques Used During

- Highway Constructio n in Central Peonsylvania. U.S. Geological Survey

Water Supply Papcr 2054 .

- Renard, K. G ., G . R. Foster, G. A. Weesies, D . K. McCool, and O. C. Yoder.

1997 . Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Planning
with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) . U.S. Departrnent of
Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook N o. 703, Washington, D.C.

Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morphology. W ildland Hydrology Books, Pagosa

Springs, CO. ·

Schroeder, S. A. 1998. Guidelines for the Use of the Revised Universal Soil Loss
Equation on Mined Lands, ·Construction Si tes, and Reclaimed Lands -
Chapter 4 - LS Factor: Hillslope, Length and Steepness. U.S. Oepartmenr of

- Interior, Office ofSurface Mining, Office ofTechnologyTransfer, Denver, CO.

Schwab, G. O., R K. Frevert, K. K. Baroes, and T. W. Edminster. 1971. Elemen-

tary Soil and Water Engineering. 2 nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
NY.

- Schwab, P. J. and R. C. Warner. 1989. Unpublished derivarions.

Simons, O . 1982. Surface Mining Water Oiversion D esign Manual. U.S. Depart-
menr oflnrerior, Office ofSurface Mining, OSM/TR-82/2.

Stover, M. 1990. Erosioo and Sediment Pollutioo Control Program Manual.

Pennsylvania Srate Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Soil
and Water conservation, Division of Soil and Resources and Erosion Control,
Harrisburg, PA.

Tollner, E. W., B. J. Barfield, C. T. Haan, and T. Y Kao. 1976. Suspended

Sediment Filtration Capacity of Simulated Vegetation. Transactions American
Society of Agricultura] Engineers 19(4):678-682.
r-
124
U. S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Bureau. 1963. Probable
Maximum Precipi tat ion and Rainfall- Frc:qucncy Data for Alaska. Technical
Public,ttion No. 47, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. --
Warner, R. C, B.N. Wilson, B. J. Barfield, D. S. Logsdon, and P. J. Nebgen. 1982.
A Hydrolob'Y and Scdimentology Watershed Model. Part JI Users' Manual.
Departmtnt of Agricultura] Engineering Repon, University ofKentucky,
-
Lexington, K.'Y.

Warner, R. C. , M. C. Hirschi. 1983. Modeli ng Check Dam Trap Efficicncy.

Ame rican Socicry of Agricultural Engineers National Summer Conference,
--
-
ASAE Paper No. 83-2082, Bozeman, MT.

Warner, R. C. and P. J. Schwab. 1989. Alternative Designs of Sediment Basins:

Environmenral and Economic Considerations. American Sodety of Agricul-
tura! Engin ccrs Nacional Summer Conferencc, ASAE Paper N o. 89-2020,
Quebec, Canada.

\Y/arncr, R. C. 1992. Dcsign and Management ofWatcr and Sediment Control

Systerm, Chaprcr 12. 1. Society ofMining Engineers Mining Engineering
H andbook, 2"'1 cd. , SME, Litdeton, CO.

Warner, R. C. 1997. Mining Environmental Handbook - Chapter 6.3.2.1:

Sediment Control Systems. J. J. Marcus, ed., Imperial College Press, London,
England.
--
Wendt, G . W. 1998. Guidelines for the Use of the Revised Universal Soil Loss

--
Equation on Mined Lands, Construction Sites, and Reclaimed Lands -
Chapter 6 - P Factor: Support Practice. U .S. Department oflnterior, Office
of Surface Mining, Office ofTechnology Transfer, Denver, CO.

Williams, J. R. 1975. Sediment Routing for Agricultura! Watersheds. Water

Resources Bulletin 11(5):965-974. -
Williams, J. R. 1976. Sediment Yield Prediction wich Universal Equation Using
Runoff Energy Factor. Present and Prospective Technology far Predicting
Sediment Yields and Sources, ARS S-40, Agricultura) Research Service, U. S.
Departmenr of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Wilson, B.N., B. J. Barfield, R. C. Warner, and l. D. Moore. 1981. SEDIMOT II:

-
A Design Hydrology and Sedimentology Model far Surface Mine Lands.
Proceedings 1981 Symposium on Surface Mine Hydrology, Sedimentology,
and Reclamation, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
-
KY.

Wilson, B.N., B. J. Barfield and l. D . Moore. 1982. A Hydrology and Sedimen-

cology Watershed Model. Part I Modeling Techniques. Department of
Agricultura! Engineering Repon, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. -
--
~

J
 125
Wilson, B.N. 1983. Modeling Sediment Deposicion, Resuspension, Mixing and
Bed Degradacion in Derention Pontk llnpublishcd Ph .D. Dissertation,
Agricultura! Engineering Dcpanmcn t, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Wischmeier, W. H. 1959. A Rainfall Erosion Index for a Universal Soil Loss

Equation. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 23:246-249.

Wischmeier, W. H. and D. D. Smith. 1965. Rainfall Erosion Losses from Crop-

land East of the Rocky Mountains. Agriculture Handbook No. 282, U. S.
r Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Wischmeier, W. H., C. B. Juhnson and B. V Cross. 1971. A Soil Erodibility

Nomograph for Farmland and Conscruccion Sites. Journal Soil and Water
Consenration 26(5): 189-193.

Wischmeier, W. H. 1975. Estimating the Soil Loss Equations Cover and Manage-
ment Factor for Undisturbed Lands. Prescnt and Prospective Technology for
r Predicting Sediment Yields and Sources, ARS S-40, pp 118-125, Agricultura!
Rcsearch Scrvicc, U. S. D.:parum:nt uf J\griculturc, 'X'a.sl1ington, D.C.

Wischmeier, W. H. and D. D. Smich. 1978. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses A

Guide to Conservation Planning. Agriculture Handbook No. 537, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

,-.

~ - '
12 6 '-
_,

-
._.¡

.....,¡
f
._.¡

-
-
-'

, _¡

._,/

--
--
_,

-·
-
.....J

· ,_;¡

--
'-.,

_,¡

,_
1
.._;

.._;

-
, _¡

'...,.¡

.....,¡,

--
....,J

__,
,-
'-../ (
.r
ccrcccrccccccccccrccccccccccccccrrc