‘US008487484B 1 «2 United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,487,484 B1 Miller, Jr. et al (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 16, 2013 (51) PERMANENT MAGNET DRIVE APPARATUS $090 441978 Kelly AND OPERATIONAL METHOD ‘4151431 A 4/1979 Johnson Gleraet A Sib al (95) vers: MaroldL. Mile, Je St. Augustine FL SHRED A | IDI Rey suo (US), Andrew Es Colson, dry Watchung, Steten 4+ Most Antes aan wits) S855 A" ito Mw ca Saree A "DIR Rood (73). Assignee: Torque Multipliers, LLC, Watchung (Continued Nuts) POREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS, (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this CA. 2598229 AL 812006 Patent is extended or adjisted under 35. CN ioseaes AL Stoo USC. 154(6) by 0 das (Continved) (21) Appl. Now 13421,219 OrtiER PUBLICATIONS, 1 Hyp, “Anszing Magne Powered Motor” Since & Mecha, (22) Filed: Mar 15,2012 asia aren (51) Int. Cl Primary Examiner — Thanh Lam WU2K 4002 (2006.01) ee ea faa (04) storey, Agent, or Firm — Walter W. Daft USPC nnn MOAZL 10/1215: 310115 (57) ‘ABSTRACT (68) Feld of Cassication Search s are Du0mi2 412.5, 13-15.108, 80 “caring and son penn age rae ‘See application file for complete search history. ‘ments. An intermediate magnet carrier disposed between the ca on {ist and second magnet carriers caries thin? pemanent S. PSTENT DOCUMENTS A TU88S Kate tr A 1929 Worthington ‘es A= 41987 Pocket 103 2OAII6 A+ 61960 Spoia 310103 BsaNbIs A Gi1967 Bakker eal A Taser Mectare fa70403 A 911969 Bey Saste9 A 121060 Kune yi9408 A ‘O9TT Sheridan So3391 811972. Homeret al Vokes & 111079 Taye S106 A 'S1974 Kink 99.703 A+ 8197S. Kinnison aio Dorid6 A * 61976 Howard 31080 Sorta? A+ S197? Seholin 3108 SoWiI0s A 41977 Davie ‘magnet arrangement, The magnet canes are armnged for rotation relative to each other such thatthe magnet arrange- rents produce magnetic interactions that result in poser stroke forees causing the magnet carriers to undergo relative reciprocation in first and second stroke directions daring power zone portions of the relative rotation. The magnetic Jleractions impart substantially no povver stoke Forces dur ng dead one portions ofthe relative rotation. The dead zones include magnet cartier lative rotation positions wherein ‘opposing magnetic poles are mutually coal aligned but produce a substantially equal balance of push and pull mag- ‘elie frees, The apparatus may be synchronized so that the dead zones coincide with top dead center and bottom dead ‘center relative reciprocation positions. 25 Claims, 18 Drawing SheetsUS 8,487,484 BI Page 2 USS. PATENT DOCUMENTS 2on00071S61 AL Chiu eta 44s04503 A ot043 alee. 3ooso1siss7 AL Goovener panne evisu Wea 2ovarsssie Al Kunde! 4.631455 A 12/1986 Taishot? oneonreee A Mitatovic venta | iaieestomeel 20080122299 AL Cristo et domast “61090 Viale 20100308601 AL 122010 Walden Sinse930 A R981. Bisel ea Shnsr724 A 101991 Paton ole BALES MaeNs) SdivoM A “6.1903 Westlam ow Lsrst4 A 92002 SS7M9 A 101995 God cw rotsts9s4 A 11 2008 Sso2i0x6 A '11997 Pine DE SLI7877 AL 12/1982 Es042 A * 1097 Minato 31012 DE 19880314 AL 112000 Seeman A 41999 0 re 261764 AL“ L'1089 Sposoe A= 5.1999 sors FR dss760 AL 92005 o4@o43 B1e 12001 Sols GB 11992 6204989 BL 2001 Cehivame ce 41086 1352.80 B2_ 412003 Hay ea GB. A 6K 15700248 B2° 3.2004 Long 3108 GB S201 SUI BD 62004 Hashimoto ea » A Ai9o1 SSS0N682 Bi 10.2004, Thiruarayan ea 3p aoostseet 43003 a9.720 2 'S'2006 Danday kr toorss6r0 B19 2007 THSL332 B2 122006 Kunde KR 20080085485 8 9 2008 72ssoxs B2 “62007 Wise NI tor7oss C1 32006 7392:106 26008 Kunde RU 2177201 Cl 122001 740006 B2 72008 Kundel RU drooies C2 ‘62003, T4640 B2 112008. Mitalovie Wo wos AL IL 1982 782.721 2 '1/2009 Kobayahi WO wo2006088232 42 ‘52006 20020014411 AL 4/3002 Mo WO WO200v088I4s AT 72009 dongorzisis AL 9.2002 Sullivan 2004183387 AI? 9.2008 Moe 310182 *eited by examinerU.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 1 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1U.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 2 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1U.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 3 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 FIG. 5 ap ve DEAD | TONE — A A SEg WS es meU.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 4 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 AOTATION OTATION WAG. CARRIER 4 MAG. CARRIER 12 WAG, CAFRIER 8 - MAG, CAPRIER 12 EAD ZONE a - am PecIAATION a Ole) WI ® OIC) ©O'@ FIG. 6AU.S. Patent Tul. 16, 2013 Sheet 5 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 ROTATION POTATION NAG. CARRIER 4 - HAG. CARRIER 12 WAG, CARRIER 8 - MAG. CARRIER 12 PECIPROCATION 180" EAD ZONE 180° FIG. 6FU.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 6 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1U.S. Patent Tul. 16, 2013 Sheet 7 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 100 100 106 108 10F 140AU.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 8 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 FIG. 108 om 120, ys 48 rn 414A @ 48 14a 44a, e a" FIG. 10CU.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 9 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 FIG. 10DUS 8,487,484 BL Sheet 10 of 18 Sul. 16, 2013 U.S, PatentU.S, Patent FIG. 9 FIG. a a F. 3 Sul. 16, 2013 ee es » 430 4 Sheet 11 of 18 US 8,487,484 BLU.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 12 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 1 oo 2. a 8 ; Fie. 1900S" 2S. . eS es Fig. 96 \-" Qo -U.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 13 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 gh ~~ -€ FIs. 13 47 eo) a 1 @ Le we ist eeU.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 14 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1U.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 15 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 FIG. 15U.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 16 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1US 8,487,484 BL Sheet 17 of 18 Sul. 16, 2013 U.S, PatentU.S. Patent Jul. 16,2013 Sheet 18 of 18 US 8,487,484 B1 FIG. 20US 8,487,484 BI 1 PERMANENT MAGNET DRIVE APPARATUS AND OPERATIONAL METHOD BACKGROUND |. Field ofthe Invention ‘The present invention relates to mechanical drives that ‘convert input forces or torques (applied at drive input) t0 ‘output forces or torques (delivered ata deve output). More particularly the invention concems reciprocating drive sys- ‘emis that perform force or torque conversion hy way of mag- Acie field interctions betwoen permanent magnets 2, Description ofthe Prior Art By way of background, there are numerous patents, pub= lished patent applications and other literature proposing the use of permanent magnets to actuate reciprocating drive ‘devices, such a motion couvertes, power tansmiters, ‘motors and other apparatus. In many cases, the proposed ‘devices refleet conceptions that have likely never been built, tnd which would be unlikely to peetuce practical benefits i they ever were constricted. This is not 10 say that such dis- closures are inoperative. Indeed, many permanent magnet drive systems have been constructed, and one need only con- sul the popular You Tube website to sce various videos “depicting such devies. ‘Yet no one, it seems, has upproached permanent magnet «drive eonsteetion from the standpoint of an engine designer having in mind basic principles of reciprocating engine ‘operation. An apparently unrocognized requirement is the red to peridicilly relax the dive components in oder to facilitate continuous reciprocating movement. AS fae as known, this problem has not been addressed to date and my be one reason why’ permanent magnet reciprocating drives have largely remines the domain of hobbyists and linkers SUMMARY, the art is provided by a magnetic drive apparatus having a novel magnet arrangement that s particu Jarly suited for reciprocating operation, In an embodiment, the magneticdrive apparatus includes rst and second magnet ‘carriers carrying first and second permanent magnet aratge= mens, An intermediate magnet carrier is disposed between the first and second magnet carriers, and caries third per- ‘manent magnel arrangement, The intemnediate magnet ca rier and the fist and second magnet carriers are arranged for rotation relative to each othe (relative tation). During such relative rotation, the magnet arrangements produce magnetic Jneractons that result in power stroke forces. The power stroke forces cause the intemmediate magnet carrer and the first and second magnet carriers to undergo reciprocation relative to each other (relative reciprocation) in first and sec- ‘ond stroke directions during power zone portions of there tive rotation, The magnetic interactions impart substantially ro power stroke forces during dead zone portions of the relative rotation. The dead zones encompass relative ota- tional positions of the magnet cariers wherein opposing ‘magnetic poles ofthe fist, second and thied permanent mag net arrangements are muttally coaxially aligned but produce 4 substantially equal balance of push and pull magnetic Trees, The relative rotation and the relative reciprocation between the intermediate magnet carrer and the frst and second magnet cariers canbe synchronized so thatthe dead ‘ones oecir proximate to top dead center and bottom dead ‘center relative reciprocation positions ofthe magnet eatirs (Gshich s where relaxation of power stoke forces s desired). ‘and so thatthe power stroke foreesoccur between thetop dead 0 o 2 ‘eater and bottom dead center relative reciprocation posto (hich is where maximum magnetie force i desire), In an embodiment of the magnetic drive apparatus, tan sition zone exist at cach transition between one of the dead ‘zones and one of the power zones, Fach transition zone rep- resent transition period hetween the magn caries expe- riencing substantially no power stroke forees and substan- tilly maximom power stroke forces nan emboxtiment ofthe magnetic drive apparatus, the ist permanent magnet arrangement, the second permanent m- ‘et arrangement andthe third permanent magnet arrangement cach comprise a set of magnets arranged ina magnet pattern. ‘The magnets are created on their spective magnet careers {o presenta first magnetic pole ona frst magnet carrer side and second magnetic pole on a second magnet eatie side ‘Hach magnet pattern may have an even numberof magnets (On any given magnet carrer side, there may be an equal number of Nand S poles aanged in at last a fist n-magnct arooping having n adjacent magnetic poles ofa first polarity fad atleast a second a-magaet grouping having n adjacent ‘magnetic poles ofa second polarity, with "n being an even umber Tnan embodiment ofthe magnetic drive apparatus, the first ‘magnet carrer has an interior side that faces a first side ofthe {termediate magnet cartier o form a ftst magnetic interac- ‘ion zone, andthe second magnet carrier has an interior side that faces a second side of the intermediate magnet carrer 10 orm a second magnetic interaetion zone, In this configura sion, the power stoke forces wll he imparted when al oppo ‘ng magnet pols in the frst and second magnet inerac~ tion zones are eaaxally aligned in the power ane portions of relative magnet carrer oation to either mutually repel oF atiaet each oer. In particular, the power stoke forces will produce relative reciprocation nafirst direction when oppos- dng magictic poles in the fist magnetic interaction zone are all coaxially ‘aligned to muwually repel each other while ‘opposing magnetic poles inthe second magnetic interaction ‘one are all coawialy aligned to mutually attract each other, Conversely, the power stke forces will procice relative reciprocation in second direction when opposing magnetic poles in the first magnetic interaction zane are all coaxially Aligned to rnually attract each other while opposing mage relic poles in the second magnetic interaction zone are ll coaxially aligned to mutually repel each other, The poser ‘ones may also exten for some rotational distance on ether Side of the coaxial alignment positions In an embodiment of the magnetic drive apparatus, each dead 7one includes relative rotation postion of the magnet carriers wherein one half ofthe opposing magnetic poles in the fist and second magnetic interaction ones are coaxially aligned to mutually repel ech other and the other half ofthe ‘opposing magnetic poles in the first and second magnetic interaction zones are coaxially aligned to mutually ateaet tach other. The dead zones may also extend for some rota- tional distance on ether side of the coaxial alignment posi- nan embodiment ofthe magnet drive apparatus, a main shaft may extend through each of the magnet carriers. The shaft may have a central longitudinal axis and may be rolatable about, and capable of reiprocation along, the fon- aitudinal axis, A fist end portion ofthe main shaft may be Adapted for operative eoupling to an input component that rotates the main shaft, second end portion ofthe main shaft ‘may be adapted for operative coupling to an output compo- ‘ent that is driven by reciprocation of the main shaft. TheUS 8,487,484 BI produces the relative rotation between the intermediate mag net carrier and the first and second magnet eaeries. The main shaft may be axially coupled to either the intermediate mag- net carrer or the fist and second magnet carrer, such that reciprocation of the main shaft along is longitidinal axis produces the relative reciprocation between the intermediate ‘magnet carrier and he first and second magnet caries in the fist and second stroke directions. For example, the interme- diate magnet carrier may be fixed to 8 main shaft for both reciprocation and rotation therewith, andl the fist and second ‘magnet carriers may not be operatively connected othe main shaft tall, TInan embodiment of the magnetic drive apparatus, the fist and second magnet eatiers may be arrange for adjustable Positioning toward and away from the intermediate magnet ‘carrier in onder to adjust the strength ofthe magnetic interae> tions. The fist and sccond magnet carriers may be adjustably Positioned toward and away from the intermediate magnet ‘carrier by a power-driven magnet carrer positioning system, ‘In another aspect of the disclosed subject matter, @ mag- netic drive torque converter apparatusis provided by combin- ing a magnetic drive appara as disclosed herein with an ‘input component and an output component. The input com- ponent may be operatively coupled to either the intermediate ‘magnet carrier or the fist and second magnet carriers 10 produce the relative rotation between the intermediate mag- ret carrer andl the fist and second magnet carters. The ‘ourpat component may be operatively coupled to either the ‘mermediate magnet carrier or the first and vecond magnet cartiers such thatthe relative reciprocation between the inter- mediate magnet carrer and the first and second magnet car- riers in the fst and socond stroke directions actuates the ‘output component Than embodiment of the magnetic driver lone converte appara, the magnetic drive apparatus may include a min shaft that extends through each of the magnet carriers. The ‘main shaft may be as previously deseribed, having a centeal longitudinal axis and being rotatable about, and capable of reciprocation along, the longitudinal axis. first end portion ‘ofthe main shaft is operatively coupled to the input compo- ‘nent, which rotates the main shaft.A second end portion ofthe ‘ain shall is operatively coupled to the output component which is driven by reciprocation ofthe main shal. As men- tioned above, the main shaft may be rtutaly coupled 10 ‘ther the intermediate magnet carrier or the fist and second, ‘magnet carriers, such that rotation of the main shaft about ts Jongitudinal axis produces the relative rotation between the Jnermediate mognet carier and the fst and second magnet ‘carriers Likewise, the main shaft may be axially coupled to ‘either the intermediate magnet carrer or te fist and second magnet carriers such that reciprocation of the main shaft ‘longi longitudinal axis produces the relative reciprocation between the intermediate: magnet carrer and the frst and second magnet carriers in the fst and second stoke diree- In an embodiment ofthe magnetic drive torque converter apparatus, a synchronization devices operatively coupled 10 ‘ytchronize the min shaft with respect to its rotational and reciprocation positions so that the dead zones coincide with the main shalt being proximate to the op dead evater and bottom dead center reciprocation positions, For example, the main shaft may be synchronized so thatthe dead zones are ‘centerad onthe top dead center and bottom dead center reip- rocation positions. Altematively, the main shaft may be syn ‘chronized so thatthe dead zones are dynamically adjusted in positon or size 0 o 4 mbodimeat of the magnetic drive torque couverter appar, the synchronization devicemay be provided by the input component, the output component, and sensor/feed- back system for controling the input component based on positioning of the output component. Tn an embodiment ofthe magnetic drive torque converter apparatus, the input component may include a rotary drive ‘motor and the outpot component may inchide a crankshaft ‘connected tothe main shaft by a connecting od. In that case, the sensor feedback system may include a sensor arranged to sense rotation of the crankshail and a coateoller operable to control the rlary drive motor in response to a crankshaft positon signal fom the sensor. Tn another aspect of the disclosed subject matter, a mag- netic drive apparatus is embodied as a two-magnet carrier Apparatus instead of a three-magnet carrier apparatus. The ‘wo-magnet carrier apparatus includes opposing ist and sec- ‘ond magnet carriers instead of the first, second and interme- iste magnet carriers provided in the three-magnet carrier ‘appanitus. The Wo opposing magnet carriers respectively carry opposing magnet eerangements tht are configured t0 produce magnetic interactions when the opposing magnet ‘arrers undergo relative mtation. The magnetic interactions rade power stroke Forces that cause the opposing magnet ‘arrest undergo relative reciprocation in first and second stroke directions during power zone portions ofthe relative rotation. The magnetic interactions produce substantially no power stroke forees during dead zone portions of the relative rotation. The dead zones comprise relative rotational pos ‘ions ofthe magnet carriers wherein opposing magnetic poles ‘of the opposing magnet arrangements are mutually coaxially aligned but produce a substantially equal balance of push and pull magnetic forces. Te relative rotation and relative rcip- rocation between the magnet carirs ae synchronizable so that the dead zones occur proimate to top dead center and bottom dead center relative reciprocation positions of the ‘magnet carers, and so thatthe power zones occur between the top dead center and bottom dead center relative recipeo- cation positions. Tn another aspect of the disclosed subject mater, a set of plu magnetic drive apparatus may be powered by one oF ‘more input components to drive a single output component. “Each st of plural magnetic drive apparats may inclide two ‘or more three-magnet carrier drive apparatus, S60 OF More ‘wo-magnel carrer drive apparatus, or any desired combin- ‘ion of one or more three-magnet carrer apparatusand one or more tWo-magnet carrier apparatus. In another aspect of the disclosed subject matter, a mag: netic drive method is provided. Inan example embodiment of the method, opposing, magnet carriers are provided that respectively carry opposing magnet arangements. Relative rotation is induced between the opposing magnet carriees 10 produce magnetic interactions. The magnetic interations pradce power stroke frees that cause the opposing magnet carriers to undergo relative reciprocation in frst and second Stoke dirseions during posser zone portions ofthe relative ‘lation. The magnetic inleractions produce substantially no power stroke forees during deal zone portions of the relative rotation. The dead zones encompass relative rotational posi- ‘ions ofthe magnet carriers wherein opposing magnetic poles ofthe opposing magnet arrangements are mutually coaxially ‘aligned but produce a substantially equal balance push and pull magnetic fore, The relative rotation and the relative ‘eiprocation ofthe magnet carriers may be synchronized to achievea desired effect. For example the synchronizing may Jnclde timing the relative rotation and relative reciprocation of the magnet carriers so that the dead zones are centered onUS 8,487,484 BI 5 top dead center and bottom dead eater relative eciprocati positions, and so that the power zones occur between the top ‘eu center and bottom dead center relative reciprocation positions. Altematively, the syschronizing may include i fing the relative ation and relative reciprocation of the mg- net carirs so thatthe dead zones are dynamically adjusted in Position or size. In another aspeetof the disclosed subject matter, @ mag~ netic drive apparatus has opposing magnet carriers respec- tively carrying opposing mapnet arrangements. The opposing ‘magnet arrangements have oppesing maaneti¢ poles and are ‘configured t produce magnetic interactions when the oppos- ing magiet carriers undergo relative rotation. The magnetic ineractions produce power stroke forces that eause the ‘opposing magnet carriers to undergo relative reciprocation in fist and second stroke directions during power one portions ‘of the relative rotation. The relative rotation further includes rotational dead zones wherein the opposing magnetic poles oF the opposing magnet arrangements are mutually coaxially aligned to define an equal numberof same: polarity and oppo- site-polarty opposing poe pairs BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS. The foregoing and other features and advantages will be parent from the following more particular description of ‘exumple embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying Drawings, in which FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing an ‘example throe-magnet carrier magnetic deve apparatus in 3 fist operational position: TIG. 2 is diagrammatic perspective view showing the magnetic drive apparatus of FIG. 1 in a seeond operational position: FIG, 3 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing the magnetic drive apparatus of FIG. 1 in a third operational position; TIG. 4 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing the magnetic drive apparatus of FIG. 1 in a fourth operational position FIG. 5s timing diagram showing an example timing of the magnetic drive apparatus of FIG. 1 FIGS. 6A-6H are further timing diagrams showing an ‘example liming ofthe magnetic drive upparatus of FIG. 1 IG. Visa perspective view showing an example constr tionof the magnetic drive apparatus of FIG. 1 in combination ‘with an input component and an output component o provide ‘a magnet drive torque converter apparatus: FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing another example ‘construction of the magnetic drive apparatus of FG. 1 in ‘combination with an input component and an output compo- rent to provide a magnetic drive orgue coms eter apparalts TFIG. 9 is atop plan view showing the example magnetic dive apparatas constriction of FIG. 8; TIG. 10, js. ctoss-setional view taken along line 10A= 10A in FIG. 9 FIG. 108 js a cross-sectional view taken slong line 108 108 in FIG. 9% FIG. 10 js a cross-sectional view taken slong line LOC 10C in FIG. 9 FIG. 10D is a cross-sectional view taken slong line 10D- 10D in FIG. 9; FIG. 108, 108 in FIG. 9: IG. 10P is crose-setional view taken along line 10F= 10F in FIG. 9) 1 cross-sectional view taken along line 10P- 0 o 6 FIG. 11 isa partial side view partial cross sectional view of the example magneti drive apparatus construction of FIG. 8, ‘with the erss-section Being taken along line 1-11 in FIG. 9: FIGS. 12A and 128 are enlarged perspective views show= ing an output coupling component of the example magnetic rive apparatus construction of FIG. 8; FIGS, 134-131 are perspective views showing the first, second and intermediate magnet earriersof the example mag- elie drive apparatus construction of FIG. 8 with te sand second magnetic carriers being fixed against rotation and reciprocation, and the intermediate magnet carrier being. shown in various rotational and reciprocation positions, FIG. Iisa perspective view showing ameaiicationofthe ‘example magnetic drive apparatus construction of FIG, 8 ia whieh the fist and second magnet caries are adjustably positionable; FIG. 18 isa diagrammatic perspective view showing an ‘example two-magnet carrier magnetic drive apparatus con- struetion in a first operational position; TFIG. 16 is a diggrammatic perspective view showing the magnetic drive apparatus construction of FIG. 15 ina second ‘operational position; FIG. 17 is a diggrammatie perspective view showing the magnetic drive apparatus construction of FIG. 18 in a third ‘operational position; IG, 18 i a diggrammatie perspective view showing the ‘magnetic drive apparatus construction of FIG. 18 in a fourth ‘operational position; FIG. 19 i8 a perspective view showing an example mag acti drive apparatus construction with multiple sets of mage pet carriers driving a common output component; and FIG. 20 is a perspective view showing another example magnetic dive apparatus constrution with multiple ets of ‘malgnt caters driving « common output component. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENT, ‘Turning now tothe drown figures, which are not nooes= sarily to scale like reference numerals will bo used to repre- sent like elements in all of the several views. As will be escribed below in connection with varius alternative ‘embodiments, magnetic drive apparatus as disclosed herein ‘may be used fo conver a rotary input received from an input power source to a reciprocating ouput that may be used {rive a load. The rotary input may be continuous oF iatermit tent, unidirectional of b-tiroctional. The reciprocating on ‘put may comprise a repeating eycle of reciprocal strokes. The ‘magnetic drive apparatus uses permanent magnet arrange- ‘ments that ae each cantigured ina selected magnet pater 9 ‘reste magnetic interactions as the magnet amangements are ‘lated relative to each oherby the input power source These ‘mulgnetie interactions deliver reciprocating power ia each reciprocal stroke direction (power strokes). Advantageously, the magnetic interctions also produce well-defined dead ‘zanesot substantially no net magnetic foree that can be made to occur proximate tothe end of each eciprocal srake, Dur ‘ng each dead zone, the net magnetic forces delivered by the permanent magnet arrangements essentially “switeh off.” This allows the powerstroke forees to momentarily eelax and quiesee between power stokes, thus ensuring smooth con- ‘inuous rciprocating operation. “Turning now to FIGS. 1-4, diagrammatic views of an ‘example three-magnetearier magnetic drive apparatus 2 are shown in onder wo ilustrate general principles of operation of the subject matter disclosed herein, Inthe illustrated cmbodi- the Feft-hand end of the mawnetie drive apparatus 2 hasUS 8,487,484 BI 1 fist magnet carier 4 canying a frst permanent magnet arrangement 6 wih a set of permanent magnets 6A. The right-hand end ofthe magnetic drive apparatus 2 hasasecond ‘magnet carrier 8 camrying a second permanent magnet ‘rangement 10 with a set of permanent magnets 10A. Aa ‘intermediate magnet caricr 12 is disposes between the fst snd second magnet carriers and carries a third permanent ‘magnet arrangement 14 witha set of permanent magnets 14. “The magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12 have respective fist and second sides 4.V4B, 8A/8B and 12A/128 tht define a mage net carrier thickness dimension, Although the magnet caeriers 4.8 and 12 are shown as being disk-shaped, other magnet ‘cartier configurations could also be used (e.,polygonal sta shuped, ete) The magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12 may be fabri- ‘ted using any suitable metal or non-metal material of suk ficient strength and rigidity 1o handle the magnetic forces, including but not fimited to aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, polymers, fiber-reinforced composites, ee. Inthe case ‘of metals, itis prefered that the material be substantially, ‘nonmagnetic (such as aluminum or titanium) or only mildly magnetic (Such a stainless stee)- Materials that are more ‘magnetic (such as mild stel) may also be used provided it is understood tha these materials may influence the magnetic fiekls ofthe magnets 64, 108 and 14A. The magnets 6A, 108 and 14. are illustrated as being disk magnets that are axially magnetized 90 as t0 have @ north ‘magnetie polarity on one magnet face and a south magnetic polarity onthe opposite magnet face. Fach magnet 68, 108 ‘and 14 has. central longitudinal axis extending between its north and south poles. This axis represents the principal mag- nefc field axisof the magnets 6A, 104 and 14. Any suitable Permanent magnet material may he wsed to fabricate the ‘magnets 6A, 10A and 14, Preferably, magnets with strong magnetic field properties will be used, such as rare earth magnets comprising. neodymium iron boron (NeFeB) or samarium cobalt SmCo). Although less desirable duc to the Tower magnetic field strength, ther types of magnets could also be used, including alinica magnets comprising ali- rinium, nickel and cobalt in addition to iron, ot ceramic ‘magnets comprising erite material, Different magnet shapes may also be used. For example, instead of the magnets 6A, 10Aand 14 being disk-shaped, the magnets could bespheri ‘al, kidney sped, aana-shaped, et. Also, instead of exh, ‘ofthemagnets 6A, 10A and 144 heingasingle magnet some ‘oral ofthe magnets could be implemented asa coaxial stack. ‘of wo oF more magnets With their magnetic poles aligned for nual atteveton, ‘The magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12 may carry their respective magnets 6A, 10A and 4A in any suitable manner. For ‘example, each magnet carrier 4, 8 and 12 may formed with mmagnet-carrying cutouts of suitable size and shape. If the ‘magnets are disk-shaped as shown in FIGS. 1-4, te magnet cartier 4 may be formed with four circular cutouts 4C that receive the four magnets 6A. Similaely, the magnet carrier 8 may be formed with four cieular cutouts 8C that receive the ‘our magnets 10A, and the magnet carrer 12 may be formed ‘with four eircular cutouts 12C that receive the four magnets IMA, If desired, the thickness ofthe magnets 6A, 10A. and |MAA from one magnet face to the other may be selected 10 match the thickness ofthe magnet caries 4, 8 and 12. Ate natively, the magnets 6A, 10A and 14A could be thicker oF thinner than the thickness dimension oftheir respective mag net carriers 4,8 and 12. Any suitable magnet retention foch- nique may be used to retain the magnets 68. 104 and 144 in position. For example, the embodiment of FIGS, #-12B (e- scribed in more detail below) showsan example technique for 0 8 securingthe magnets 6A, 104 and 14 on the magnet carriers 4.8 and 12 using magnet retainer plates. ‘The fist permanent magnet arrangement 6, the second permanent magnet arrangement 10, and the third pemanent ‘magnet arrangement 14 are configured to produce changing ‘magnetic interctons when a rotary inp (not shown ia FIGS. 1-4) imparts relative rotation between te intermediate ‘magnet eatier I and the fist and second magnet caries 4 and 8. In FIGS. 1-4, the relative rotation between the intet= ‘mediate magnet cartier 12 and the frst and second magnet carriers 4and 8 is represented by arrows “A,"*B." and“C." In FIG. , the intermediate magnet carrier 12 and the fist and second! magnet carriers 4 and 8 are shosen in a fest relative ‘lational postion, InFIG. 2, the intemnediate magnet carrier 12and the first and second magnet carriers and & ate shown in_a second relative rotational postion following 180° of relative rotation between the intermediate magnet carrer 12 ‘nd the first and second magnet carriers and 8. FIGS, 3 and 4 show relative rotational postions that are midway between the relative rotational postions of FIGS. 1 and 2 "There are various ways thatthe magnetic drive apparatus 2 may be cansincted to facilitate relative ration between the ‘ntrmedinte magnet carer 12 and the fist and socond mag- pel carriers 4 and 8, For example, the intermediate magnet satrer 12 could be operatively coupled toan input component ‘and rotated by ise while he fist and second magnet careers ‘4and8 remain fixed against rotation. Conversoy, the firs and sovondl magnet caries 4 and 8 could be operatively coupled to an input component an rotated together while the inter ‘mediate magnet carrer 12 remains fixed against rotation. The first and second magnet carriers 4 and 8 could either rotate in the same direction or in opposite directions. further alter ative wold be to rotate the intermediate magnet carrer in ‘one direction while rotating the first and second magnet car- ers dand 8 inthe opposite direction. An example of the first ‘approach s described in more detail below in connection with the constrictions shown in FIG. 7 and in FIGS. 8-128, In these constructions, the intermediate magnet carrce 12 is ‘ounted toa main shaft that s fee to rotate independently oF the first and second magnet carriers 4 and 8, The first and second magnet eaniers 4 and are fixed against rotation by a suppor frame assembly. There are also various ways that the magnetic dive appa- satus 2 may’ be constructed to feiitate relative reciprocation between the intermediate magnet carrer 12 and the first and second magnet carers 4and8. For example, te intermediate ‘magnet carrier 12 could be operatively coupled to an output ‘component to actuate reciprocation therein while he ist and second mognet carrier 4 and 8 remsin fixed against recipro- cation, Conversely, the first ancl second magnet eatriers 4 and ' could both be operatively couples toa output component to actuate reciprocation therein while the intermediate iag- fet carrier 12 remains xed aginst reciprocation. An texample of the first approach is described in more detail below in connection withthe constrvctions shown in FIG, 7 and in FIGS. 8128. In these constructions the intermediate ‘magnet carier 12 is mounted to a main shaft that i free 10 reciprocate independently of the first and second magnet carriers dan 8, The first and second magnet carriers 4 and 8 sgainstreiprocation by a suppor frame assembly. should be noted that any magnet carer that is adgpted io reciprocate in oder o procice relative reciprocation between the Intermediate magnet carier 12 and the fist and second ‘magnet carriers 4and 8 may also be adapted to rotate in order to predice relative rotation herween the intermediate magnet catrierandthe fist and second magnet carriers, Similarly any ‘magnet carrer that is fixed against reciprocation may also beUS 8,487,484 BI 9 ‘xed apsinst rotation. For example, as described in more detail below in connection with the constrctions shown in FIG. 7 and in FIGS, 8-128, the intermediate magnet carrier 12 may be adapted to both rotate and reciprocate while the first and second magnet carriers 4 and 8 remain fixed against rotation and reciprocation, Canversely, the fist and second ‘magnet carers 4 and 8 could be adapted to both rotate and reciprocate while the intermediate magnet carrer 12 remains fixed agains rotation and reciprocation, As further alterna tive, any magnet carrier that is adapted to reciprocate may be fixed agains rotation, and visa versa, For example, the inte iste magnet carrer 12 could beaded to reciprocate But not rotate while the first and second magne earirs 4 and 8 ‘are adapted to rotate but not reciprocate. Conversely the fist and second magnet cariers 4 and & could be adapted to Feciprocate but not rotate while the intermediate magnet car- Flog 12 js adapted to rotate but not reciprocate. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-4, the number of magnets 6A, 10A and 144 in each respective permanent magnet ‘arrangement 6, 10 and 14 is four. Tae magnets 6, 108 and 14 are spaced equally from each other and are symmeti- cally arraiged about the centers of their respective magnet ‘crtirs 4, 8 and 12 in four-sided polygonal pattem (corr sponding tothe number of magnets) that is square and bal- anced. Fach magnet pattern on any given magnet carter side 4AM4B, BABB oF 12A/I2B includes a first paie of adjacent magnetic poles of a frst polarity (eg, N-polarity) and second pair of adjacent magnetic poles of second polarity (eg. S-polarity). Inthe square four magnet pater shown in FIGS. 1-4, a fist two opposing sides ofeach magnet pattern have magnetic poles ofthe fist polarity and a second two ‘opposing sides ofthe magnet pattern have magnetic poles of the second polarity. Magnetic poles tat are diagonal from ‘each other in each square magnet pattem are of oppewite polarity. As discussed in more detail below, magnet arange- ments With more than four magnets may also be eoasiucte. Tneach of FIGS. 1-4, thesecond side 4B ofthe first magnet ‘cartier 4 faces the fest side 12 of the intermestiate magnet ‘cartier 12 to form a first magnetic interaction zone ISA. The first side 8A ofthe second magnet carrier 8 faces the second side 123 of the intermediate magnet carrier 12 to form & Second magnetic iteration zone ISB. With this magnet con- figuration, the changing magnetic interactions produced by ‘magnet carrer relative rotation impart power steoke forces 0 the magnet carers 4,8 ad 12 tat produce the above-men- tioned reciprocating output. In particular, power stroke forces willbe imparted when al opposing magnetic polesineach of the fist and second magnetic interaction zones 1SA and 158 ‘are aligned to either mutually repel or attract each other. The power stroke forces produce relative reciprocation between the magnet caries 4, 8 and 12 in a frst direction ‘when opposing magnetic pole in the frst magnet inerae- tion zone 184 all mutually repel each other while opposing ‘magnetic poles inthe second magnetic interaction zone 152 all mutualy attract each other. Conversely, the power stroke orees produce relative reciprocation between the magnet ‘cartier 4, 8 and 12 in a second direction when opposing. ‘magnetic poles inthe first magnetic interaction zone 1SA all ‘mally strat each other while posing magnetic poles i the second magnetic interaction zone 15B all mutually repel ‘each other "The magnet carriers 4, 8and 12 may besaid tobe in “power zone” portions of their relative roation when the magnetic ‘ineractions produce the sbove-described power stroke ores. There is one power Zone for each power stroke diree- tion, Power zane postions ofthe magnetie drive apparatis 2 ‘are exemplified by FIGS, 1nd 2, FIG. 1ilstrates the mage 0 o 10 peti drive apparatus 2 atthe center ofa fist power zone ‘which the magnetic interactions produce power stroke forces ina first direction, The intermediate magnet cxerer Zand the first magnet carrier 4 are pushed apart dive to each magnetic pole on side 12A of the intermediate magnet earier being ‘rutually coaxially aligned with an opposing magnetic pole ot like polarity on side 41 of the frst magnet catie. This push- ing force is represented by the arrows" 1" Ascan be sect, the magnet caries 4 and 12 are rotatably positioned such that there are twa N-N interactions and two S-S interactions in the ‘magnetic interaction zone 184, At the same time the inter smdiale magnet carrier [Zand the second magnet carrie are pled together due to each magnetic pole on side 12B ofthe {termediate magnet carrer being mutually coaxially aljgned with an opposing magnet pole of opposite polarity on side BAT thesscond magnet carrier. This pl Torceis represented by the arrows “E"" As can be seen, the magnet carers 8 and 12 are rotatably positioned such that there are to N-S inter- actions and two S-N interaction inthe magnet interaction one 150. TFIG. 2 illustrates the magnetic drive apparatus 2 atthe ceater ofa seeond power zone in which the magnetic inter factions produce power stroke forces in second direction. As ‘noted above, this state follows 180° of relative rotation (Irom the positon shown in FIG. 1) berween the intermediate mage set carier 12nd the frst and second magnet caries 4nd 8 The intermediate magnet eartier 12 and the first magnet car- rier 4 are pulled together due (0 eaeh magnetic pole on side 12\ othe intermediate magnet cari being mutually coax ally aljgned with an opposing magnetic pole of opposite polarity on side 42 of the ist magnet carrer. This pull force ss represented by the rows “E.” As ean be seen the magnet carriers 4 ani 12 are rotatably positioned such that there are WON. Sinterations and two S-N interactions in the magnet interaction zone 15A. At the same lime, the intermediate ‘magnet carrer 12 andthe second magne carrier Bare pushed part due to each magnetie pole on side 12B ofthe interme- ate magne carrier being mutually coaxially aligned with an ‘opposing magnctic pole of like polarity on side 8A of the second magnet carrer. This pushing force is represented by thearmows "1D." As can be seen, the magnet carts 8 and 12 are rotatably positioned such that there are two NN interac- tions and (wo S-S inteictons in the magnetic interaction one ISB. should be noted thatthe power anes extend beyond the ‘coanial alignment positions ofthe magnetie poles shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, such that each power zone has a rotational range or “width” that spans @ portion of one revolution of ‘magnet carier relative rotation, Each paver zane will thus start prior t0 the opposing magnetic poles of the magnet arrangements 6,10 and Id being rated into mutual coaxial alignment and ‘will end subsequent to the mutual coaxial ‘alignment postion, Power stroke forces will be generated at any given relative rotation postion ofthe magnet carirs 4,8 ‘nd 12 within each power zone ‘The magnet arrangements 6, 10 and 14 may be said tobe in “dead zone” portions of their eatve rotation when there are substantially no power stroke forces acting on the magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12. ln the four-mapnet arrangements 6, 10 and 14 of FIGS. 1-4, there is one well-defined dead zone ‘entered between each well-leined power zone, and each ‘lative reciprocation eyele comprises two power zones sepa- ‘ated hy two dead anes. The dead zones exis when opposing ‘magnetic poles of the first magnet eatrier 4 the second mag- ‘net earier8 and the intermediate magnet carrier 12 are mut- ally coaxially aligned but produce a substantially equal bal- ance of push and pull mawnetie forces. Inthe dead zones, oneUS 8,487,484 BI ul half ofthe opposing maynetie poles inthe fist and second ‘magnetic interaction nes 15A and ISB are aligned to mt- ally repel each other and the ther half of the opposing mag netic poles inthe frst and second magnetic interaction zones are aligned! to mutually attract each other The dead zones are ‘effected when the relative rotation between the intermediate ‘magnet cartier 12 and the first and second magnet careers 4 tnd # is hall way hetween the tational positions that pro- ‘duce the power strokes within each power zone. The dead ‘zonesare centeredal the relative rotational postions showa ia FIGS. 3nd 4. ‘The center ofthe dead zone shown in FIG. 3 corresponds to 90° of magne carer relative rotation from the power zone rotational position of FIG. 1. The center of the dead zone shown in FIG. 4 corresponds o 90" of magnet carer relative rotation from the power zone rotational position of FIG. 2. both of these dead zane positions, the opposing. magnetic poles in each magnetic interaction zane ISA and 15H are ‘utally coaxially aligned, but their polarities are such a 0 ‘reate net magnetic forces of substantially zero asa resul of ‘oo the opposing magnetic poles being ofthe same polarity ‘andthe ther two opposing magnetic poles being of opposite polarity. In paricula, in each of FIGS. 3 and 4, the magnet ‘carriers 4,8 and 12 are rotatably positioned such that theres, ‘one N-N interaction, one S-S interaction, one N-S interaction ‘and one S-N interaction in each maunetic interaction mone SA and ISB. Like the power zones he dead zones extend beyond he coaxial alignment positions of the magnetic poles, such that each dead zones aroational ranger "width that Spans a portion of one revolution of relative magnotcarrice rotation, Fach dead zone wil thus start prior tothe opposing magnetic poles of the magnet arrangements 6, 10 and 14 being rotated into coaxial alignment, and willend subsequent to the coaxial alignment postion. Ina prototype implementation of the magnetie drive appa ratus 2, which vas constacted in accordance with FIGS, '$-128 (discussed in more detail below), the four magnets 6, 10A and 144 on cach respective magnet cartier 4, 8 and 12 ‘vere implemented with 3 inch diameter, 1 inch thick, grade N52 neodymium disk magnets from K & J Magnetics, Ine. Each magnet 6A, 10A and 144 was axially magnetized and ‘way rated by the manufacturer as prodociag. maximum, push/pull force of approximately 360 pounds, The magnets 6A, 104 and 14 were arranged on their respective magnet ‘caries 4, 8 and 12 so that the magnet centers were 2.75, Inches fom the magnet cartier centers, The stoke length of the magnet carrer relative reciprocation was 5.5 inches. At the end of each stroke, the separation between the closest Together magnet carriers resulted in a minimum spacing between opposing magnets (poe face to pole fae) of 1.125 inches. At mistake, the separation between the magnet car- riors was equal, and resulted 8 maximum spacing between ‘opposing magneis (pole face w pole face) of 3875 inches. La tests conducted on this prototype, the power zones and the ‘dead zones each spanned approximately 90° of magnet car- rier relative rotation at all relative reciprocation positions Similar results would be expected for other magnetic drive apparatus implementations wherein the magnet arrange- ments each have four magnets arranged in a balanced square ‘magnet pattern. ‘The mative rotation and relative reciprocation between the inermedite magnet carrier 12 and the ist and sseond mag- net carriers and 8 can be synchronized so thatthe dead zones and the power zones cectr at selected portions of magnet ‘carrier relative reciprocation. FIG. I shows a power zone that ‘scentered prowimate tothe midpoint ofa first poser token 4 fist direction. FIG, 2 shows another power 2one that is 0 o 12 centered proximate to the midpoint of a second power stoke in the opposite direction, FIG. 3 shows a dead zone that is centered between the end ofthe power stroke of FIG. 1 and the beginning ofthe povver stroke of FIG, 2. This may be referred to 88 the bottom dead center relative reciprocation position ofthe magnet cariers 4, 8 and 12. FIG. 4 shows Another dead zone that is centered between the end of the Powerstroke of FIG, 2nd the beginning of the power stoke OF FIG. 1. This may be refered to as the top dead center ‘lative tation position of the magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12 FIG, § shows a timing disk that represents another way 10 view the synchronization shown in FIGS. 1-4. In this illus ‘ration, both the magnet carrier relative rotation and the mag- et catrer relative reciprocation are expressed in. angular terms. The synchronization is such that for every degree of relative magnet carrier rotation, there is one degree of relative ‘magnet cartier reciprocation. The dead zones ae centered at the 0 top dead center and 180° bottom dead ceater relative reciprocation pesitions, and the power zones are centered ‘beeen the dead zones, It willbe appreciated that expressing the magnet carrier relative reciprocation in angular terms is permissible becaise the relative reciprocation represents periodic motion, Using an angular expression of the relative ‘eciprocation s more coavenien! Than Using the aetal magnet carrer relative displacement because the later is implemien- tation-spevfic. For example, ifthe relative reciprocation of the magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12 represents simple harmonic ‘motion, the standard equation: d=A eos(0) gives the magnet carrer relative displacement” In this equation, the angle is the magnet carrer relative reciprocation in angular tems, fnd the vie “A” is the maximum magnet carrer relative isplacement from the midstroke position that occurs at 0-0? fd (180°. Other equations gover different types of per- ‘dic motion. For example, ithe relative reciprocation ofthe ‘magnet carriers 4,8 and 12 behaves like a piston coupled to 3 ‘crankshul via connecting rod (asit doesn the embodiment of FIGS. 8-12B below), the magnet carrer relative displace- ‘ment willbe given bythe standard equation d-ecos(@) x= sin(0))"*. In this equation, the angle isthe mognet carrer relative reciprocation in angular terms, the value "a" i the ‘magnet cartier relative displacement with respect to the crankshat axis," i the crank arm length, and "I" s the ‘onnecting od length, As stated, FIG. § shows a synchronization scheme in whieh, for every degree of relative magnet carer rotation, there is one degree of relative magnet carrier reciprocation. At the? positon marked “TDC,” the magnet carsies 4 8 and 12 Aare in the top dead center relative reciprocation positon and ‘are rotationally positioned atthe centerofa fist dead zone. At approximately 45° of relative rotationiteciprocation of the ‘magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12, the end ofthe fist dead zone is reacted and the magnet carriers transition inte a fist power ‘onc thal prxluces powwerstroke forces ina fs diretion, The ‘enter of this power zone is t approximately the 90° relative ‘ationeciprocation position. At approximately 135° of ‘lative rotation reiprocation of the magnet carriers 4, and 12, the end ofthe fst power zone is eacaed and the magnet carriers transition ito 9 second dead zone. At the 180° posi- ‘don marked "BDC." the magnet cariers 4, 8and 12 areinthe bottom dead center relative reciprocation position and are rotationally positioned atthe center ofthe second dead zone ‘Mt approximately 225° of relative rotationireiprocation of the magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12, the end of the second dead ‘ane is reached and the magnet carriers transition into a second power zone that produces power stoke fores in a ‘evond direction, The center ofthis power zone isa peo ‘mately the 270° relative rotation/rciproeation position. AtUS 8,487,484 BI 13 approximately 315° of relative rotation/eciprocation ofthe ‘magnet carriers 4 Band 12, the end ofthe second power zone js reached! and the magnet carriers transition back to the frst ‘dead zone. The 0° TDC position is reached again after another 45° of relative otation/reciprocationof the magnet carriers 4, Sand 1, ‘As noted above, the starting and ending positions of the power zones and dead zanes are approximate. This s because the transition from power zone to dead zone and from dead zone to power zone does not occur instantaneously. Advan- tageously, however, these transition zones (designate! as “ip® ones in FIG. §)have been determined tobe quite shor. and didnot exceed approximately 5° of relative rotation! reciprocation in the above-deseribed prototype implementa- tion ofthe magnetic drive apparatus 2, Each transition zone represents a ransition period between the magnet carriers 4 ‘8 and 12 experiencing substantially no pawer stoke forces and substantially maximum power stoke forces. It should be noted that characterizing the dead zones as prosiucing "sub- stantially no power stroke forces” does not necessarily mean there are exactly zero net frees within the dead rones. Flm= ‘ever, no dead ne forces have heen observed to exceed more than several pounds, and were orders of magnitude less than the power stroke forees in the prototype implementation of the magnetic dive apparatus 2. Moreover, these very small dead zone fores occur away from the dead zone centers, and have no elféet on the reciprocal operation of the magnetic “drive appara 2 ‘As described below in connection withthe example con= struction shown in FIGS, 8-12B, the synchronization shown jn PIGS. 145 may be established and maintsined by a foed- back system that monitor the relative reciprocation hetveea the magnet caries 4, 8 and 12 and uses this information to ‘contol the relative rotation ofthe magnet carriers, Altea tively. amechanical timing system couldbe provided wherein the relative rotation and relative reciprocation between the magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12 are synchronized using ® ‘mechanical coupling arrangement. I desired, the syncheoni- zations may he adjusted x0 thatthe magnet catrier relative rotation is advaneed oF retaled with respect o the magnet cartier relative reciprocation, For example, the dead zone relative rotation positions may be shifted so that the dead zones are centered either before of after the TDC aad BDC relative reciprocation positions, Asin an automotive engine, the magnet carrer relative rotation could be dynamically advanced and retarded 10 adjust the dead zone postions ‘acconting tothe speed of the magnet carier relative recipro- ‘ation, It would also be possible to dynamically advance and retard the magnet cari relative rotation with respect to the ‘magnet carrer relative reciprocation at selected times during ‘each revolution of relative rotation, This will ave the effect ‘of adjusting the size ofthe dead zones relative othe power ‘ones For example, it is desired to decrease the deud zone ‘width while increasing the power zone width, the magnet carrier relative rotation can be dynamically retarded (slowed, ‘down) within the power zones and dynamically advanced: (spe up) within the dead zones. Similarly, i itis desired t0 ‘increase the dead zone wid while deereasing the power one ‘Width, the magnet earier relative ation eaa be dynaaieslly advanced (sped up) within the power zones and dynamically retarded (slowed down) within the dead zones TFIGS. 6-6H presents additional viewsof the relative rota tion/reiprocation cycle of the magnet cartier 4, 8 and 12 using the synchronization scheme shown in FIGS. 1-8, Pach DOfFIGS. 6-611 shows 2 45° incrementaton of the relative rotational and reciprocation positions of the magnet carriers 4.8 and 12. The center portion of each figure shows the 0 o 14 wet cartier eative reciprocation position (in angular terms). The left hand portion of each figure depicts the rela- tive rotational postions ofthe first magnet carrier 4 and the ‘ntemdiate magnet cari 12. The alignment of the oppos- ‘ng magnets inthe first magnetic interaction zone 184 (see FIGS. 1-4) isalso shown, as are the polarities of each pairof ‘opposing magnets (ie, the polatites ofthe magnets I8A 00 the first side 12. ofthe intermediate magnet cartier 12 and the polarities ofthe magnets 6 on the second side 43 ofthe first magnet carrer 4), The right hand portion of each figure depicts the relative rotational positions of the second magnet ‘atrer 8 and the intermediate magnet carer 12. The align- ‘ment ofthe opposing magnets in the second magnetic inter action zone 189 (see FIGS. 1-4) is also shown, as are the polarities ofeach pair of opposing magnets {ithe polarities ofthe magnets 144 on the second side 2B ofthe intermedi- ate magnet carer 12nd the polarities of the magnets 10A 00 the frst side 84 ofthe scond magnet carrier 8) ‘As an interpretive guide, the leli-hand portion of FIGS. 6A-611 sa view looking from the second side 4B ofthe fst ‘magnet carrier toward the fist side 724 ofthe intermediate ‘magnet carrier 12. The right-hand portion of FIGS. 68-6H is ‘view looking from the cond side 129 of the intermediate ‘magnet carrier 12 toward the first side 8A of the second ‘magneteatier8. Inthe positions where the opposing magnets ‘overlap (i.e. FIGS, 6A, 6C, 6E and 6G), the letter (Sor N) at the center of each depiced magnet pair is the polarity ofthe ‘magnet 14 on the intermediate magnet carrer 12, and the offset letter (SorN)isthe polarity o its opposing magnet 6A ‘or 10 on the first of second magnet carrer 4 or 8, In the positions where the opposing magnets do not cxerlap (he FIGS. 6B, 6D, 6F and 61), the magnets 144 ofthe interme- ‘magne carrier [2 aredepictedas being ahove theoppos- magnets 68 oF 10A of the first or second magnet eariers or & In similar vein, when the polaris of opposing ‘magnet pairs are discussed below, theirs platy willbe hat ‘ofa magnet 14 of the intermediate magnet carrer IZand the second polarity will be tha ofa magnet 6A of the fst magnet carrier 4 oF a magnet HDA of the sccond magnet carrier 8 (depending on whether the first or second magnetic intore- tion zone ISA or 153 is being discussed). When magnet pair polarities are enumerated below, they will start in the upper eft quadrant of each magnet arrangement and coatine ia clockwise onder TFIG. 6A depicts the magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12 in a O° relative rotation eeiprocation position, In this postion, the ‘magnetic interactions in the first magnetic interaction rone ISA areS-N, 8-8, N-Sand N-N, Themagnetic interactions in the second magnetic interaction zone 18B are N-N, N-S,S-S and SN. Ineach magnetic interetion zone 158 and 158, al ‘ofthe opposing magnet pairs are coaxially aligned for mutual tration and the other half are coaxially aligned for mutual ‘ppilsion, Thus, FIG. 6A depicts a dead zone that is centered atthe 0° TDC relative reciprocation position ofthe magnet carriers 4, Band 12. scan Be seen, his dead zone is appeoxi- mately 90° wide FIG. 6B depicts the magnet carers 4, 8 and 12 in a 45° relative rotationeeiprocation position, In this postion, the relative rotation ofthe magnet carriers 4 8 and 12s half way ‘between the midpoints of dead zone and power zone rot ‘ional positions, The magnet carers 4, 8 and 12 are thus ina transition zone wherein the magnetic forces are changing {rom the substantially net ze condition of dead zone tothe full magnetic force cndition of « power zone. FIG. 6C depicts the magnet eariers 4, 8 and 12 in a 90° ‘relative rotation'eciprocation position, In this postion, theUS 8,487,484 BI 15, ISA ore N-N, SS, S-S and N-N. All ofthe opposing magnet pars in this magnetic interaction roa are coaxially aligned ‘with lke polarities so thatthe frst magnet cai 4 and the intermediate magnet carrer 12 repel each other with maxi- ‘mum push foree. The magnetic interactions inthe second ‘magnetic interaction zone 159 are S-N, N-S, N-S and S-N. Alof the opposing magnet pairs in this magnetic interaction ‘zoneare coaxially aligned with opposite polarities so that the Second magnet carrier 8 and the intermediate magnet caret 12 attract each other with maximum pull force. FIG. 6C therefore depts a frst power zone that i entered at the 90° relative reciprocation position of the magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12, As can be seen, this power zone is approximately 90° wide, IG, 6D depiets the magnet carers 4, 8nd 12 in.a 135° relative rotationrecprocaion position. in tis postion, the relative rotation of the magnet carriers 4 8nd 12 is half way between the midpoints of deed zone and power zone rots tional positions. The magnet carriers 4, 8 ad 12 are thus in & transition zone wherein the magnetic forces are changing from the full magnetie fore condition ofa power zane to the substantially net zero condition ofa dead zone TG. 6E depicts the magnet carirs 4, 8 and 12 in 9 180° relative rotation/reciprocation position. in this postion, the ‘magnetic interactions inthe fist magnetic interaction zone A8Aare N.N, NS, S-S and S-N, The magnetic interactions the second magnetic interaction zone 188 are S-N, S-S, N-S and N-N, In each magnetic interaction zone 184 and 18B, half of the opposing magnet pairs are coaxially aligned for mal attsetion and the other half are coaxially aligned for ‘mutual repulsion. Thus, FIG. 6E depicts a dead zone that is ‘centered atthe 180° BDC relative reciprocation position of the magnet caries 4, 8and 12. Asean he scen, this dead zone is approximately 90° wide, FIG. 6F depicts tbe magoet carriers 4, 8 und 12 in a 225° relative rotation/reeiprocation position. In this position, the relative rotation ofthe magnet carrer 4, Sand 12s half way berwoen the midpoints of dead zone and power zone rota tional positions. The magi carriers 4, 8and 12 are thus in @ transition zone wherein the magnetic forces are changing fom the substantially net zea condition of a dead zane tothe {ull magnet force condition ofa power zone. FIG. 6G depicts the magnet carriers 4, 8 and 12 in a 270° relative rotation/reeiprocaion position. In this position, the ‘magnetic interaction in the first magnetic interaction zone ISA are S-N, NS, NS and S-N. Allof the opposing magnet pairs in this magnetic interaction zone are coaxially aligned ‘with opposite polarities so that he first magnet ear 4 and the intermediate magnet carier 12 atoet each other with ‘maximum pull force. The magnetic interactions in the second ‘magnetic interaction zone 152 are N-N, $-S, SS and N-N. Allof the opposing magnet pairs in this magnetic interaction ‘one are coaxially aligned with like polarities so that the Second magnet cater 8 and the intermediate magnet carrie 12 ropel each other with maximum push foree. FIG. 6G threfore depicts « power zone that is centered at the 270° relative reciprocation position ofthe magnet carriers 4, 8and 12. As can be seen, this power zone is approximately 90° wide, FIG. 6H depts the magnet carriers 4, 8nd 12 in.a 315° relative rotation/reeiprocation position. tn tis position, the relative rotation ofthe magnet carrer 4, Sand 12s half way betwoen the midpoints of dead zone and power zone rot tional positions. The magnet carriers 4, and 12 are thus in @ transition zone whervin the magnetic forces are changing fom the full magnetie force condition ofa power zone to the substantially net zero condition ofa dead zone 0 o 16 Turning now to FIG. 7, the maunetie dive apparatus 2 is showa in an example constriction 2A wherein the interme: iate magnet eatier 12 i adapted for rotation and reciproea- tion while the fist and second magnet carriers 4 and 6 are adapted to remain fixed against rotation and reciprocation, In the magnetic drive apparatus constriction 2A, amain shalt 16 isarngedo extend hoop cental bows 4D, BD ad 12D are respectively formes inthe magnet carriers 4, Nand 12 ‘The mains 16 substactily sig and bes a central longitudinal axis 18 that is substantially parallel tothe longi- ‘dina axes and magnetic field axes) of hemagnets6A, 108 and 14, ‘The main shalt 16 is arranged for simultaneous rotation ‘and reciprocation. A first end portion 20 ofthe main shaft 16 is adapted for operative coupling to an input component 21, shown diagrammatically in FIG. 7, tht eotatably drives the ‘main shat. For example, as deseribed in more deal below in connection with FIGS. 8-12B, the input component 21 may be provided by a rotary drive motor. second end portion 22 of the shaft 16 is adapted for operative coupling to an output ‘comportent that is driven by reeiprocation ofthe main shaft 18, In FIG. 7.an example rotary output component 23, which :may be implemented as a crankshaft, i shown diagram: cally. Altematively, a reciprocating output component, such as 8 pneumatic or hydraulic piston, could be arranged to be riven by reciprocation ofthe main shaft 18. The ation of the input and output components 21 and 23 to the magnetic drive apparatus construction 2A forms @ magnetic drive forgue converter apparatus that eonvers an inptt tongue applied by the input component to an output torque delivered bythe opt component 23 The main shaft 16 s rotatably couple tothe central open- ing 12D of the intermediate magnet carrer 12, but is free to sate within the central openings 4D and 8D of the first and sovond magnet carriers 4 and 8, The rotatably coupled inter ‘mediate magnet carrier 12 rotates with the asin shaft 16 but the non-roatably coupled fist andl second magnet caries 4 and 8 will not rotate, and will preferably be fixed against ‘tation. In this way, rotation of the main shaft 16 abot its longitudinal axis 18 by the input component 21 will produce relative rotation between the intermediate magnet carrer 12 and the fist and second magnet cariers 4 and 8, The main shaft 16is also axially coupled to the central opening 12D of the intermediate magnet carrier 12, but i fee to reciprocate ‘rough the centr openings 41) and 8D of the lst and second magnet earirs 4 and 8, The axially coupled interme- iate magnet carier 12 reiprocates with the main shaft 16 but the non~axally coupled first and second magnet carriers 4 ‘nd 8 will pot reciprocate, and will preferably be fxed against reprocation, In this way, reciprocation ofthe main shaft 16 ‘long its longitudinal exis 18 will produce relative reciproca- ‘ion between the intermediate magnet carrier 12 and the first ‘and sevond magnet caries 4 and in fst and second stroke tirections. ‘Turning now to FIGS. 8-128, the magnetic drive apparatus 2s shown ina further example constriction 29 that ses the ‘otating/eciprocating main shaft arangement described in connection with he example constriction 2A oF FIG. 7.Asin the case of FIG, 7, FIGS, 8128 depict @ magnctic deve torque converter apparatus because the magnotic drive appa- rus construction 2B is operatively coupled to input and ‘output components, namely, an input motor 36 anda crank- shaft assembly-40 (both of which ae desribed in more detail blow). Inthe magnetic drive apparatus construction 2B, the intermediate mage carier 12 i again rotatably and axially coupled tothe main shaft 16 while the first and second magnct carriers 4 and 8 are not coupled tothe main shaft in any way.US 8,487,484 BI 17 As shown in FIGS, 10410€; the frst and second magnet ‘carrier 4 and 8 ae of larger diameter than the interenedate ‘magnet carer 12. This allows the mune carries 4 and 8 to be conveniently secured oa sport frm assembly 24 (see FIG. 8) that bold and positions the fis and second magnet ‘carrier at desied spacing. The spp frame ossembly 24 sho cates the main shat 16 The suppor me assembly 24 is constucted witha set of four longstndinal spool assemblies 26 that interconnect the fist and sccond magnet carr 4 and 8, bat atthe intrmc- ate magnet earier 12, The spool assemblies 26 also mount ‘esc of slblizing plates 28,30 and 32 thot are oriented substantially poral othe magnet cater and. As shown Jn FIGS. 10A and 10C-10E, cach spool assembly 26 may include an elongated rod 264 that extends through come= Sponding pertre ormedin the magnet carrer and and inthe stabilizing plates 28,30 nd 32 Each soo) assembly 26 may also include act of spacers 262 tht mount on the longated roe 26A between each pair ofajacent magnet ‘urier andlor stabilizing plates in order to properly space theve components. Asean beseen inF1GS. Sand. cachspool assembly 26s showin to have four spacers 260, one between the stabilizing pate 28 and the fist magnet carer 4, the second between the frst magnet carir 4 andthe seeond magnet canier8, the third between the second magnet catiee 8 aod the stabilizing plate 3, and the fourth becveen the stabilizing pate 30 aod the stabilizing pate 32. The ends of the elongated rods 26A are threaded 10 receive reining members 26C that seca the suppor frame 24 together. It will be apprecited that other arrangements for spacing the “avions mgnet carriers and stabilizing pistes may also be used, suchas separate sping ods connected between each Pairof spaced components “Ashes show it FG, 1, the stabilizing plate 28 ote adjacent othe first magne carr dads used oppor the rain shaft 16 proximate oi fist end portion 20 Ia parca lar, stabilizing plte 28 cariesan int coupling assembly 34 ‘none side of central opening 284 that secommodates the ‘ain shat 16, The inp coupling sembly 34 i intomally ‘configured to suppor the main shat 16 fo lo ection rcip- Focating motion while imparting rotational forces thers, The motor 36 s operatively connected othe input eouping assembly 34 serve as a ory input component that rotates the main shaft 16 during operation of the magnetic dive ‘pparats 2. The stbiling pte 30s located acca tothe sceond magnet eaerier 8 and s used to support the min shat 16 proximate to its second end portion 22. In particular stabilizing plate 30 asa cent opening 308 that mounts 3 ball hearing ossemhly 38 to rtoBy support the main shat 16. The stabilizing plate 32s located adjacent to stabilizing plate 30, I asa large conta opening 32A that accommo- {ates the main shat 16, a6 well as components ofthe erank- shafl assembly 40, whichis mounted the ouside of sbi Firing plte 32. The crankshaft assembly 40 serves as rotary ‘tp component tha driven by reiprocaton of tie main shaft 16 dering operation ofthe magnetic drive opparats constriction 20, "As best shown in FIGS. 8, 9 and 11, each ofthe magnet cers 4, 8 and 12 includes a respective pac of magnet retainer lates 42, 44and 46 inorder to secure thee respective magnets 64, 10X and 144 in positon, The magnet retainer plates 42,44 and 46 may be formed from any motrial tt ‘oes nt adversely let the magnetic intrations botseen the magnets 6A, 108 and T4A. They muy be respectively secured to the magnet carries 4, 8 and 12 using ay suitable tmounling technique, such as with countersunk machine Serons 48,38 shown ia FIGS. 108, 108 ad 10C 0 o 18 As can be soon in FIG, H, the central bore 12D of the intermediate magnet carrier 12 is fixed om the main shaft 16 {orrotaton and reciprocation therewith, for example, using & eyed shaft coupling arrangement (not shown). As. also shown in FIG. 1, the cental bores 4D and 8D of the first and second magnet carriers and are spaced from the main shaft 16 so that the main shaft i free to rotate and reciprocate relative tothe fist and second magnet carers. ‘Ascan be seen in FIGS. 8, 9 and 11, the suppor plates 28 ‘and 32 may include mouating members $0 for securing the support frame 24 ta suppor surface (not shown). The input ‘motor 36 may likewise include mounting members 82 for securing the motor a support surface (not shown), The input ‘motor 36 may be operatively connected tthe input coupling assembly 34 in any suitable manner, such a8 by using & TTanged coupling connection S4, Theinputcoupling assembly ‘3 inchudes a base housing 6 that may be bolted or otherwise fixedly attached t0 the outside of the support plate 28. As shown in FIG. 11, the input coupling assembly 34 further includes aball-spline unit 8 whose outside diameer is otat- ably connected to the base housing $6 via a ball bearing ‘assembly 60, The inside diameter of the ballsplne unit 8 ‘includes plural longitudinal rs of ball hearing clements 62 arranged to engage corresponding longitudinal splines 64 that ‘ay be formed proximate tothe fist end portion 20 of the ‘ain shaft 16, The ball bearing elements 62 impart rotational {ores to the main shaft 16 while allowing the shaft 0 reeip- rocate back and forth with minimal fietion. A langed cover tube 66 mountsto the end face the ball-spline assembly 88, ‘and is used to carey one side ofthe flanged coupling connec: tion 84. The other side of the Hanged coupling connection attaches tothe output shaft of the motor 36. The cover tube 66 fs long enough to socommodate the reciprocating movement ofthe frst end portion 20 ofthe main shaft 16 there ‘With continuing reference to FIGS. 8,9 and 11, dhe crank shaft assembly 40 may beconfigured witha pairof crankshaft support plates 68 that are carried bythe stabilizing plate 32 ‘The crankshaft support plates 68 are provided with main ‘bearings (not shewn) tat rotatably cary #ranksbeft 70. The crankshalt 70 ineludes a pair of counter weighterank arm ‘members 72. As shown ia FIG. 9, a central portion of exch counter weightierank arm member 72 has an outwardly extending main journal 73 that is solatably mounted to the ‘main bearing of one ofthe crankshaltsuppec plates 68. As additionally show in FIG, 9, and also in FIG. 11, the rank ‘am end of each counter weighterank arm member 72 sup- ports one end ofa connecting rod journal 74. The connecting ‘journal 74s attached to oneenid of aconneeting rod 76 via a suitable bearing arangement The othe endothe connecting rod 76s rotatably attached toa main shall coupling assembly 78 via aclevis connection. As additionally shown in FIGS. 124 and 12B, the coupling ‘assembly 78 is rotatably mounted to the second end portion 2Zof the main shaft 16 50 thatthe main shafts free to rotate ‘lative othe coupling assembly. The coupling assembly 78 ‘ay be configured with a tubular housing 80 into which is inserted a suitable bearing 82 (eg. flanged olite bearing) that receives the second end portion 22 of the main shaft 16. A bolt 84 (see FIG. 11) that threads onto reduced diameter posta the main shaft second end portion 22 may be used t0 ‘ean the coupling assembly 78 on the main shal 16 during reciprocation thereof. The coupling assembly 78 includes a levis 86 thats pinned tothe connecting od 76 with bushed clevisholtarrangement 88. Ir will bescon from FIGS. 11,124 ‘nd 2B thatthe coupling assembly 78 willallow free rotation fof the main shaft 16 at its second end portion 22 due to the Dearing 82. Atte same time, the coupling assembly 78 willUS 8,487,484 BI 19 transmit the reciprocal motion ofthe main sbat 16 in its fst and secon stroke directions through the connecting rod 76.0 the crankshaft 70, thereby causing the erankshal to rotate. As ‘can be seen in FIG. 9, an output end 82 of the erankshail 70, may be connected Wo a desired output lod (aot shown). ‘As previously noted, ina prototype implementation ofthe magnetic drive torque converter apparatus shown in FIGS. ‘8-128, the four magnets 6A, 10A and 14Acon each respective magnet caeier 4, 8 and 12 weee implemented with 3 inch ‘diameter, | inch thick, prade NS2 neodymium disk magnets from K & J Magneties, Ine, Bach magnet 64, 10A and 148 was axially magnetized and was rated by the manufacturer as producing # maximuin poshpull force of approximately 360 pounds. The magnets 6A, 104 and 14A were arranged on their respective magnet carriers 4, #and 12 so thatthe magnet ‘enters were 2.75 inches from the magnet arcier centers. The stroke length ofthe magnet carrier lative reciprocation was 5.5 inches, The crank arm length provided by the erank am Portion of counter weighterank arm members 72 was 2.75 Jnches, The length of the connecting rod 76 was 10 inches. The mapnet cariers 4, 8 and 12 were | inch thick and the ‘magnet retainers 42,44 and 46 were 0.25 inches thick. At he ‘end of each stroke, the separation gap between the closest together set of opposing magnet retainers (ie., 42/44 or 46/44) was 0.625 inches, such that the minimum spacing between opposing magnets (pole face to pole face) was (06625+(2x0.25)=1.125 inches, At midstroke, the separation ‘zap between each set of opposing magnet retainers (i. 442/44 and 46/44) was 3.375 inches, ch thatthe maximum spacing between opposing magnets (pole face to poe face) Was 3.3754(2x0.28)-3.875 inches, “The magnetic drive torque converter apparatus shown in EIGS, 8-121 may be synchronized in say stable manner so that rotation of the main shalt 16 is timed with respect to rotation ofthe ranks 70 (as diven by reciprocation ofthe ‘main shaft). As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, an example synehro- nization device 90 may inelude a sensor 92 that monitors crankshaft postion (eg, a rotary encoder), and a signal ‘carrying feedback circuit 94 that provides a crankshaft pos tion signal to a programmable servo controller 96 (eg. implemented as a programmable digital device) that eonteols the input motor 36 (via a control circuit 97) according to the position signal. Any of various existing robotic servo contol- Jer systems may be used for this purpose. Other types of synchronization device could also be used to synchronize ‘operation of the illustrated magnet drive torque converte apparatus, ineluding but not limited to, a mechanical timing system that mechanically couples the input drive motor's rotary input to te crankshaft’ rotary output The concept of synchronizing a magnetic drive apparatus as disclosed herein was discussed above. In the magnetic drive ore converter apparatus of FIGS, 8-128, the servo ‘controller 96 is programmed to control the main shafts rota tional positon based on the angular position of the crankshaft 70, which corresponds viaa definable mathematical lation- ship to the main shaf’s reciprocation position (se discussion ‘of FIG. 5 above). As previously’ noted, the magnetic dead, zones can be made to coincide with the min shaft 16 being proximate to its top dead center and bottom desd center reciprocation positions, and s that the msgnetc power zones ‘occur between these positions. As also noted the servo con- tole 96 could also be programmed to synchronize rotation ‘of the main shaft 16 so that the dead zones are dynamically advanced or retarded with respeet tothe top dead center and bottom desd center recipmcation postions, oF to vary the positon or size ofthe dead zones. 0 o 20 FIGS, 134.131 ilusteate the rotational and reciprocation positions of the intermediate magnet carrier 12 with respect to the first and second magnet caries 4 and 8 during two reeip- ‘meal strokes of the illustrated magnetic drive torgue com- verter apparatus. In these figures, the main shaft 16 is syn- chronized by the servo controller 96 so thatthe two dead ‘anes are centered at the 0° and 180” reipeocation positions ‘ofthe main sha, and so that the power ones are center at the 90° and 270° reciprocation positions. FIGS. 13A-13H thus correspond to the timing arrangement show in FIGS. ‘6-61, respectively, Bach dead zone and each power zone is approximately 90° wide FIG. 134 shows the intemnedite magnet eanier 12 atthe 0°TDC reciprocation postion and inthe middle ofa frst dead ‘zone. FIG. 138 shows the 43° reciprocation position of the intermediate magnet carrier 12 wherein the intermediate ‘magnet cartier is transitioning out of the frst dead zone and ino. is power zone. FIG. 13C shows the 90° reciprocation positon ofthe intermediste magnet 12 wherein the interme- ‘ate magnet carrer is in the middle of the fist power Zone, FIG. 13D shows the 135° reciprocation postion ofthe inter diate magnet carrer 12 wherein the intermediate magnet care is transitioning out athe fist power zone a into a second dead zone. PIG, 13E shows the 180° BDC reciproea- ‘ion position of the intermediate magnet carrier 12 wherein the intermediate magnet carrier isin the mide ofthe second ‘dead zone. FIG. 13F shows the 225° reciprocation postion of the intermediate magnet cxtier 12 wherein the intermediate ‘magnet carier is transitioning out of the second dead zone and into @ second power zone. FIG. 13G shows the 270° ‘cipineation postion ofthe intermestate magnet 12 wherein the intermediate magnet carriers in the middle ofthe second power mn FIG. 1311 shows the 315° reeprocation position ‘ofthe intermediate magaet carier 12 wherein he intermedi- fate magnet carrier is transitioning out ofthe second power ‘one ann eatuming tothe frst dead zone. FIG. 14 illustrates further magnetic drive apparatus con- struetion 2C wherein. magnet carrier spacing. adjustment ‘capability isprovided. This constroction is substantially simi- Jarto the constuction 2B of FIGS. 812B, except tha the frst and second magnet carers 4 and 8 are dynamically adjust ably positionable during operation in onder to change their spacing relative to the intermediate magoet carrier 12, and thereby adjust the strength ofthe magnetic interactions. To achieve this effet, the spool assemblies 26 can be modified by removing the spacing members 268 on each side of the fist and second magnet cariers 4 and 8 t expose the ‘threaded rods 26. The first and second magnet carriers and '8 may then be modified so that they threadably receive the threaded rods 26A. Rotation of the threaded rods 264 will thus r-position the fist and second magnet cartier 4 and 8 toward and away fom the intermediate magnet cartier 12 (depending on the diection of rod ration), Irneeded, ai- sional spacing members (not shown) may be added to main- tain the positions of the stabilizing plates 28, 30 and 32 relative o each other. Rod rotation members, such as pulleys 98, may be mounted tone end ofeach threaded rod 26A. The rod rotation members may be driven by a suitable drive ‘meclanism. Por example, ifthe pulleys 98 are used, the drive ‘mectianism may’include drive motor 100 that is operatively coupled tothe pulleys 98, such as by way ofa deive belt 102 ‘The drive motor 100 may be connected toa suitable contol system (not shown) that adjusts the positioning ofthe firstand second magnet carirs 4 and 8 whenever tis desired to relax the magnetic interaction fores, such as at start-up time. “Although cach of the magnetic drive apparatis embodi- is discussed above are based on permaneat magnetUS 8,487,484 BI 2 ‘arrangements with four mapnets each, other magnet arrange ‘meats would also be possible. Examples include, but are not Timited (0, magnet arrangements comprising eight magnets, twelve magnets, sixteen magnets, twenty magnets, 1wenty~ four magnets, et. Like the illstated four-magnet arrange- nts, these altemative magnet amangements may beconfig- ‘ured as asymmetrical magnet pattem that defines a polygonal shape corresponding to the number of magnets in cach arrangement. Mognet atrangements having t%0 (or more) polygonal magnet pattems ina nested relationship would also be possible. On exch mapnet carrier side, the magnet pattern may comprise n-magnet groupings with n adjacent magnetic poles of ike polarity in ech grouping, In this way, magnet ‘carrier relative rotation wll produce changing matic inter- sctiois each time the opposing magnet poles are rotatably ‘advanced into mutual coaxial alignment. As inthe ease ofthe previously-described four-magnet arrangements, there will be magnet cartier relative rotation positions wherein all ‘opposing magnetic poles in the magnetic interaction zone between any: ovo opposing magnet carrier: are coaxially jgned in either NN or NS relationships. In other magnet carrier lative rotation positions, the opposing magnetic poles in the magnetic interaction zone between any two ‘opposing magnet carriers will be coaxially aligned in both INN andl NS relationships, with the number of NN’ and NS relationships being equal. In general, itis expected that these characteristic will be produced by any magnet arrangement having an even numberof magnets, an equal numberof N and S poles on any given magnet carrer sie, and wherein the N ‘and poles are arranged in magnet groupings having an even umber of adjacent magnets of like-polary. Although the magnetic drive apparatus constrictions dis ‘closed ths far have three magnet carriers, Band I2arranged ‘o form dual magnetic interaction zones 154 and 1$B, other ‘constructions would also be possible. Por example, a mage netic drive apparatus in accordance with the present diselo- sure may be constructed with two opposing magnet carrors arranges to forma single magnetic interaction zone, As inthe previous constructions the opposing magnet arrangements are configured to produce magnetic interactions when the ‘opposing magnet caries undergo relative rotation, FIGS. 15-18 illustrate an example magnetic drive appara tus construction 2D representing a single-magnetc interac- tion zone embodiment tha uses wo magnet carrer. In the ‘magnetic drive apparatus comsirucion 2D, there is only the fist magnet carer 4nd the intermediate magnet carrice 12 providing a single magnetic interaction zone 184. The see- ‘ond magnot carrier 8 and the second magnetic interaction one 15H are not present. The magnetic interactions in the ‘magnetic interaction zone ISA during teatve rotation ofthe ‘opposing magnet carriers 4 and 12 (sce arrows "A" and “B") produce power stroke forces that cause the magnot eaters © undergo relative reciprocation in fist and seoond stroke ing a transition period between said magnet carriers experi ‘encing substantially no power stoke forces and substantially ‘maximum power stroke forees 3. The apperats of claim I, wherein sai first permanent ‘magnet arrangement, said second permanent magnet arange- ‘ment and ssid third permanent magnet arrangement cach ‘comprise a set of magnets arranged ina magnet patter, sid ‘magnets being oriented on their respective magnet caters to presenta first metic pole ona first maunet carrier side and second magoetic pole ona second magnet carrier side “4. The apparatus of elsim 3, wherein each magnet paitern ‘on any given magnet earier side comprises at lest fist ‘magnet grouping having nadjacem magnetic pols ofa fst polarity aad a sconnd n-magnet erouping having n adjacent magnetic poles ofa second polarity '. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each magnet potters has four magnets arranged in a fst two-magnet grouping having two adjacent N magnetic poles and a second two- magnet grouping having two adjacent S magnet poles. 6. The uppanitus of claim 8, wherein said frst magnet ‘artier has an interior side that faces fist side of said inter meiiate magnet carrier to form a fist magnetic interaction ‘one, and wherein said second magnet carrier has an interior de that faces a second side of said intermediate magnet ‘carrier to form a second magnetic interaction zone. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein said power zones ‘comprise relative rotational positions of said magnet earirs wherein said opposing magnetic poles of suid fist permanent ‘magnet arrangement, said second permanent magnet arange- ‘ment an said third permanent magnet arrangement arc mt- ally coaxially aligned with all of said opposing magnetic poles in said first and second magnetic interaction zones ‘either motually repelling or mutually attracting each other 8, The apparatus of elaim 7, wherein said power stoke Jorees produce sad relative reciprocation in sad fist stroke direction when said opposing: maynetie poles in sai fist ‘magnetic interaction zaneall mutually repel eachother while said opposing magnetic poles in said second magnetic inter ‘ction zone all tually attract each other, and Wherein sad power stroke forces proce said eativereeiprocaton in said Second stoke direction when saidoppasing magnetic polesin Said first magnetic interaction zone all mutually ateact en! 0 2 magnetic poles in said second ‘magnetic interaction zone all mutually repel cach other 9. The apparatus of elsim 6, wherein said dead zones com prise relative rotational positions of said magnet carriers ‘wherein one half of said opposing magnetie poles in said frst and second magnetic interaction zones are aligned to muti- ally repel each other and the other half of said opposing ‘magnetic poles in sid first and second magnetic interaction ‘ones are aljned 9 motually atrat each ther 10. Theapparatusof claim, further including a main shalt extending though each of said magnet carrer, said maia shall having a central longitudial axis and being rotatable about said longitudinal axis and capable of reciprocation ‘long said longitudinal axis fist end portion of said main shaft being adapted for ‘operative coupling to an input component that rotates said main shat: 1 second end portion of sad min shaft being adapted for ‘operative coupling tan output component that is driven by reciprocation of said main sha; said main shaft being rotatably coupled to ether sad inter- mediate magnet carier or Sid frst and second magnet carriers such that rotation of said main shaft about its longitudinal axis produces sid relative rotation between said intermediate magnet carrier and said first and sec~ ‘ond magnet eaeriers and ssid main shaft being axially coupled to ether said inter- ‘meslate magnet carrer or said frst and second magnet carriers sich said relative reciprocation between said intermediate magnet carier and sad first and second ‘magnet carriers in said fist and second stoke diretions ‘rocces reciprocation of sid main shaft along its lon- ‘Btudinal axis, 11, The apparatus of lai 1, wherein said fist and second magnet carriers are adjustably positionable ward and away {rom sid intenmediate magnet carrier in order t adjust the strength of said magnetie interactions. 12, The apparatus of claim 11, wherein sil fst and see- fondd magnet carriers are positionable toward and away from sid intermediate magnet ear by a power driven magnet carrer positioning system, 13. Amagnetic deve torque converter apparatus, compris ing: 4 first magnet carer carrying a frst permanent magnet sarrungemeat a seond magnet carierearryinga second permanent mag net arrangement: ‘an intermediate magnet carrce disposed between said fest ‘and second magnet carriers and carrying athid perma nent magnet arrangement; ‘an input component operatively coupled to either said intermediate magnet carier or sai first and second _muagne carriers to producerelativeroiation between sid intermediate magnet carrier and sai first and second magnet carers; sid ist permanent magnet arrangement, said second per- manent magnet arrangement and said thinl permaneat magnet arrangement being configured to produce mag ‘neti interactions when said input component produces relative rotation; ssid magnetic interactions producing power stroke forces that cause said intermediate magne carrier ad sd ist ‘and second magnet careers to undergo relative recipro- ction in ist nd second stroke dirsetions daring power ‘one portions of said relative rotation: fan outptt component opemtively coupled to cither said intermediate magnet carier or said fist and secondUS 8,487,484 BI 25 ‘magnet carriers svc that sid relative reciprocation i ‘tid frst and second stroke directions actustes sid out- put component: said magnetic interactions producing. substantially no power stroke forees during dead zane portions of said relative rotation, said dead zones comprising relative rotational positions of said magnet eariers wherein ‘opposing magnetic poles of sid list permanent magnet arrangement, ssid second permanent magnet arrage> ‘ment and ssid third permanent magnet arrangement ae ‘mutually coaxially aligned but produce a substantially ‘equal balance of push aad pull magnetic forces: and sid relative rotation and said relative reciprocation being synchronizable so that said dead zones ean be made to ‘occur proximate to top dead center and bottom dead ‘center positions of said relative reciprocation, and s0 that said power nesoecur between aid top dead center and bottom dead center relative reciprocation positions 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said relative ra. tion comprises said first and seoond magnet carriers rotating inthe same direction orn opposite directions with respoct to ‘each other. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, further including ‘main shaft extending through each of seid magnet car er, std main shaft having a central longitudinal axis land being rotatable about said longitodinal axis and Capable of reciprocation along sad longitudinal axis: said input component being operatively coupled 0 a frst, ‘end portion of said main shaft to rotate said main sas ssid output component being operatively coupled toa see~ ‘nd end portion of said main shaft he driven by recip= ‘cation of said msi sha sid main shaft being otatably coupled tocither said inter- ‘mediate magnet cacrer or said frst and second magnet Carriers such that ssid rotation of said main shall about its Fongitudinal axis by said input component produces said relative rotation between sad intermediate magnet Career and sid fist and second magnet caries: and said main shat being axially eoupled to ether ssid inter- ‘mediate magnet carter oF said frst and socond magnet careers sich that said relative reciprocation between ‘sid intermediate magnet carrer and said first and sec= ‘ond magnet cariers in fist and second stroke directions produces sad reciprocation of Said main shaft along its Tongitudinal axis, 16, The apparatus of claim 15, further including a synehro- nization device operatively coupled to provide said synchro- nizing by synchronizing said main shaft so that sai dead ‘ones are centered proximate (0 suid top dead center and bottom dead center positions. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said main shaft is syucheonized so tht said dead zones are dynamically adjste able in postion or size. 18, The apparatus of elaim 16, wherein said synehroni tion device comprises said input componeat, ssid output com- ponent, and a sensor/feedback system for controlling said ‘input component based on positioning of said output compo- nent 19, The apparatus of claim 18, wherein said input compo- nent comprises @ rotary drive motor connected to said main shalt by a ball-spline input coupling assembly, sad output ‘component comprises a erankshaft connected to said main shaft by a connecting rod, and said sensor feedback system ‘comprises a sensor arranged to sense rotation of said erank= shafl and a controller operable to contro sid rotary drive ‘motor in response to crankshaft position signals from sac 0 o 26 20. magnetic drive apparatus, comprising: first and second opposing magne carters respectively car- ‘ying opposing magnet arrangements; said opposing magnet arrangements being configured ‘0 ‘prodice magneticinteractions when said opposing mag- net carriers undergo relative rotation; ssid magnetic interactions producing power stroke forces that cause said opposing magnet camiers to undergo relative reciprocation infest and second stroke dir tions during power zone portions of sid relative rota: tion; ssid magnetic interactions producing substantially no power stroke forees during dead zone portions of said relative rotation, said dead zones comprising relative rotational positions of the magnet carriers wherein ‘opposing. magnetic poles of suid. opposing magnet arrangements are mutually coaxially aligned but pro- dlucea substantially equal balance of push and pull mag- note orees; and sid relative rotation and suid relative reciprocation being mchronizable 80 that said dead zones can be made t0 ‘occur proximate to top dead center and bottom dead ‘center relative recipmeation positions of ssid magnet carriers, and so that said power zones oceurhetween sid ‘top deal center and bottom dead center relative recipro~ calion positions. 21.4 permanent magnet drive method, comprising providing opposing magnet cariers respectively carrying ‘opposing magnet srangements, said opposing magnet arrangements being configured t© produce magnetic intemsctions when sid opposing. magnet cars undemo relative rotation inducing relative rotation between said opposing magnet ‘carrer to produce sid magnetic interactions; sid magnetic interactions producing power stroke forces that cause said opposing magnet carriers to undergo relative reciprocation in first and second stroke disc tions during power zone portions of said relative ota- sid magnetic interactions producing. substantially no ‘power stroke forees during dead zane portions of sid relative rotation, said dead zones comprising relative ‘tational postions of the magnet carriers wherein ‘opposing magnetic poles of suid opposing magnet arrangements are mutually coaxially aligned but pro- ‘ducea substantially equal balance of push and pull mage note Forges; and synchronizing said relative rotation and sid relative recip rocaton so that said dead zanes occur proximate 1p dead eeater and bottom dead center postions of said relative reciprocation, and so that said power zones ‘occur between said top dead center and bottom dead ‘center relative reciprocation positions 22, The method of elsim 21, wherein said synchronizing includes timing soid relative rotation and said relative ecip- rmestion so that said dead zones are centered on said op dead eater and bottom dead center relative recipmocation posi tions, and said power zones occur between said top dead center and bottom dead center relative reciprocation posi- sions. 23, The method of claim 21, wherein said synchronizing ‘includes timing said relative rotation and sai relative recip- rocation 80 that suid ded zones are dynamically adjusted ia positon or size 24. magnetic drive apparatus, comprising: ‘opposing magnet carriers respectively carrying opposing ‘mjgnet arrangements;US 8,487,484 BI 27 sid opposing magnet arrangements having opposing mage ‘atic poles and being configured to produce maguctic interoctions when said opposing “magnet artiers undergo relative rtation; ‘tid magnetic interactions producing power stroke forces that cause said opposing magnet carriers to undergo relative reciprocation in fist and second stroke direc= tions during power zone portions of ssid relative tae tion: and said relative rotation including rotational dead zones ‘wherein said opposing magnetic poles of said opposing ‘muignetarngements are mutually coaxially aligned to define an equal number of same-polaity and opposite- polarity magnetic interactions. 25. A combination comprising twoor more ofthe magnetic dive apparatus of claim 24 operatively coupled to one oF ‘more rotary input components that induce sid relative rote tion and operatively coupled to a common reiprocel output ‘component tat js driven by said relative reciprocation, 28