LI-ON Battery

Week 5. Science. Lecture 5.3.
Lithium ion battery

Introduction to Electric Vehicles, Batteries, and Fuel Cells.
Dmitry Pelegov. Ural Federal University
Main types of batteries 2
Three main types of commercial batteries:

• Lead–acid battery
• Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery
• Lithium ion battery
Batteries, fuel cells and their role in modern society. Dmitry Pelegov. Ural Federal University
History of lithium ion battery 3
1976 Lithium batteries were proposed

by M. Stanley Whittingham (Exxon)
Electrical Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry,
Science 192 (1976) 1126.
1.8 V
5
Drawbacks
(TiS2 – Li metal):
• expensive
• poor cycleability
6
SEI:
Solid-Electrolyte
Interface
SEI formation 7
Lithium-ion cell with metal lithium:

• Formation of Solid-Electrolyte Interface (SEI)
• Dendrites growth leads to short circuit
• Particle encapsulation → electrical contact loss
Other negative electrode materials

are required
1976 Reversible lithium intercalation into TiS2
1980 LiCoO2 as a positive electrode material

K. Mizushima, P.C. Jones, P.J. Wiseman, J.B. Goodenough,
LixCoO2 (0 < x < 1): A new cathode material for batteries
of high energy density, Mater. Res. Bull. 15 (1980) 783.

K. Mizushima, P.C. Jones, P.J. Wiseman, J.B. Goodenough,
Mater. Res. Bull. 15 (1980) 783.
1981 Electrochemical cell with new fast ion conductors.

US Patent 4302518.
J. B. Goodenough, K. Mizushima.

1980 Reversible lithium intercalation into

graphite in organic electrolytes
Rachid Yazami, Grenoble Institute of Technology
based on the works of S. Basu and J.O. Besenhard

1983 A reversible graphite-lithium negative

electrode for electrochemical generators
R. Yazami, Ph. Touzain, JPS 9 (1983) 365.

1983 Graphite as a negative electrode material
1984 Insertion compounds of graphite with improved
performances and electrochemical applications of
those compounds, US Patent 4584252
P. fuel
Batteries, Touzain, R.role
cells and their Yazami, J. Maire
in modern society. Dmitry Pelegov. Ural Federal University

1985 The first lithium-ion rechargeable battery

Akira Yoshino (Asahi Kasei Corporation, Japan)

1985 The first lithium-ion rechargeable battery prototype
1991 Sony introduced the first commercial

lithium-ion rechargeable battery
Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries by Sony

17
Rachid Yazami John B. Goodenough
Yoshio Nishi Akira Yoshino

2012 IEEE Medal

for Environmental and Safety Technologies
for developing the lithium ion battery
John Goodenough,
Rachid Yazami,
Akira Yoshino
IEEEBatteries,
- Institute ofcells
fuel Electrical androle
and their Electronics
in modernEngineers
society. Dmitry Pelegov. Ural Federal University
2014 Charles Stark Draper Prize for engineering

the rechargeable lithium-ion battery
that enables compact, lightweight mobile devices:
John Goodenough,
Yoshio Nishi,
Rachid Yazami,
Akira Yoshino
20
Positive electrode:
LiCoO2 → CoO2 + Li+ + e-
Negative electrode:
C6 + Li+ + e- → LiC6
21
Positive electrode:
LiCoO2 ← CoO2 + Li+ + e-
Negative electrode:
C6 + Li+ + e- ← LiC6
Lithium-ion battery 22
Net reaction:
C6 + LiCoO2 ↔ LiC6 + CoO2
Nominal voltage: 3.6 V
Specific capacity: 631 W·h/kg (theoretical)
Net reaction:
C6 + LiCoO2 ↔ LixC6 + Li1-xCoO2 x < 0.5
Nominal voltage: 3.6 V
Specific capacity: 631 W·h/kg (theoretical)
200 W·h/kg (practical)
Ni-MH vs. Li-ion 24
Ni-MH LiCoO2-C
Specific energy lower higher
Price lower higher
Cycleability moderate moderate
Power higher lower
Safety higher lower
Memory effect yes no
Self-discharge
Batteries, fuel cells and their role inhigher lower
modern society. Dmitry Pelegov. Ural Federal University
25
LiCoO2 – C cell
drawbacks:
• High price
(cobalt is expensive)
• Low power
• Rather low
cycleability
• Low
Batteries, fuel cells and their role in modern society. Dmitry Pelegov. Uralsafety
Federal University
Motorola mobile phones 26
DynaTAC, MicroTAC, StarTAC, Razr,

1984, Ni-Cd 1989, Ni-MH 1996, Ni-MH 2003, Li-ion
Li-ion option
27
Lithium-ion chemistries
Positive electrode materials 28

J.B. Goodenough et al.
1980 LiCoO2 J.B. Goodenough et al.
1983 LiMn2O4 as a positive electrode material

M.M. Thackeray, W.I.F. David, P.G. Bruce,
J.B. Goodenough, Lithium insertion into manganese
spinels, Mater. Res. Bull. 18 (1983) 461

1983 LiMn2O4 M.M. Thackeray et al.
1996 LiFePO4 as a positive electrode material

A.K. Padhi, K.S. Nanjundaswamy and J.B. Goodenough,
Phospho-olivines as Positive-Electrode Materials for
Rechargeable Lithium Batteries,
J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (1997) 1188.

1996 LiFePO4 as a positive electrode material

J. Goodenough, A. Padhi, K. Nanjundaswamy,
C. Masquelier,
US Patent 5910382, US Patent 6514640

1996 LiFePO4 A. Padhi, C. Masquelier et al.
Three basic chemistries of positive electrode materials

one has to know:
• layered LiCoO2
• spinel LiMn2O4
• olivine LiFePO4
C.M. Julien et al, Inorganics 2 (2014) 132.

C.M. Julien et al, Inorganics 2 (2014) 132.

Complex oxides with layered structure LiMO2:

• LiCoO2 LCO
• LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 NMC
• LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 NCA
LMO
?
Spinel Layered
LiMn2O4 LiMnO2
LMO
?
Spinel Layered
LiMn2O4 LiMnO2
Olivine LiMPO4:
• LiFePO4 LFP
• LiFe1-xMnxPO4 LFMP
• LiFe1-x-yMnxCoyPO4 LFMCP
Negative electrode materials 40
Basic chemistries of negative electrode materials

one has to know:
• lithium metal
• carbon
• Li4Ti5O12 LTO
Battery chemistry 41
Electrode materials are characterized by:

• specific capacity (A·h/kg = mA·h/g)
• voltage relatively Li-metal
42
P (V)
NMC
4
1.5
LTO
0.1
C
0
Batteries, fuel cells and their role in modern society. Dmitry Pelegov. Ural Federal UniversityLi
43
P (V)
NMC
4
1.5
LTO
0.1
C
0
44
P (V)
NMC
4
LFP
3.5
1.5
LTO
0.1
C
0
Lithium ion battery 45
C.M.Batteries,
Julien et fuelal, Inorganics
cells 2 (2014)
and their role 132.
in modern society. Dmitry Pelegov. Ural Federal University

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Week 5. Science. Lecture 5.3.

Lithium ion battery

Three main types of commercial batteries:

1976 Lithium batteries were proposed

Lithium-ion cell with metal lithium:

Other negative electrode materials

1976 Reversible lithium intercalation into TiS2

1980 LiCoO2 as a positive electrode material

1976 Reversible lithium intercalation into TiS2

1980 LiCoO2 as a positive electrode material

1981 Electrochemical cell with new fast ion conductors.

1976 Reversible lithium intercalation into TiS2

1980 Reversible lithium intercalation into

1976 Reversible lithium intercalation into TiS2

1983 A reversible graphite-lithium negative

1976 Reversible lithium intercalation into TiS2

1976 Reversible lithium intercalation into TiS2

1985 The first lithium-ion rechargeable battery

1976 Reversible lithium intercalation into TiS2

1991 Sony introduced the first commercial

Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries by Sony

Rachid Yazami John B. Goodenough

Yoshio Nishi Akira Yoshino

2012 IEEE Medal

2014 Charles Stark Draper Prize for engineering

DynaTAC, MicroTAC, StarTAC, Razr,

1980 LiCoO2 as a positive electrode material

1980 LiCoO2 J.B. Goodenough et al.

1983 LiMn2O4 as a positive electrode material

1980 LiCoO2 J.B. Goodenough et al.

1996 LiFePO4 as a positive electrode material

1980 LiCoO2 J.B. Goodenough et al.

1996 LiFePO4 as a positive electrode material

1980 LiCoO2 J.B. Goodenough et al.

Three basic chemistries of positive electrode materials

C.M. Julien et al, Inorganics 2 (2014) 132.

C.M. Julien et al, Inorganics 2 (2014) 132.

Complex oxides with layered structure LiMO2:

Basic chemistries of negative electrode materials

Electrode materials are characterized by:

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