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Summary

Six Ko Ko Kyi Rules


By Dosh Nazlan

To make it work, you need to have Gamma Ray Log, Resistivity Log, Density and
Neutron Logs plotted on the same log plot respectively.
When you run a well log, you are interested in :
1. Locating where you reservoir is,
2. Describing your reservoir, and
3. Knowing if you have oil or gas in your reservoir.

Here we go :
1. To look for a reservoir, you need a GR Log. Normally, your reservoir will give
low GR reading. High GR reading most probably indicates shale zones or non
reservoir rocks.
2. Once you have located your reservoir, then you want to see how good your
reservoir is. This is generally done by means of calculating porosity. A good
reservoir typically has good overall effective porosity. To be able to gauge
whether you target reservoir is porous, you need logging tools that can give you
indication of porosity. The most typical porosity tools are density, neutron, and
sonic. Sometimes, people do go fancy. So the go for Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (NMR) log and others.
3. Since you know where and how good your reservoir is, now you must know
whether your reservoir contains oil, gas or water. For this purpose, you need
resistivity log. In most cases, if you have hydrocarbon bearing zone, your
resistivity reading will be higher than the resistivity reading in water bearing
zone (assuming your water is saline). You have to be careful though because if
your information water is fresh, your resistivity reading will be high too. In the
case, you need additional information like getting a formation sample or
running a fluid tying log to make sure the types of fluid you have.
4. Plot Density-Neutron in lithology compatible scale : sandstone or limestone
scales. We will be able to tell the reservoir types, the fluid types, and estimate
porosity right way.
5. Look at the directions of GR, Resistivity, Density and Neutron curves
deflections, either to the right or to he left.
6. By combination the patterns of each curve deflections, we can tell the
difference between reservoar and non reservoar and/or the fluid types (oil vs
gas vs water).

Follow the Ko Ko Rules (GR-Res-Den-Neu) :


1. Tight non-reservoir : R-R-R-R
If we are not in reservoir zone, GR is higher due to larger natural radioactivity
from U, Th, K contects. Resistivity is higher duo to tightness. Density and
Neutron read low porosity.
2. Shale : R-R-R-L
GR is higher due to larger natural radioactivity from U, Th, K contents.
Resistivity is higher due to tightness. Density read low porosity. Neutron
falsely responds to the clay bound water resulting to higher apparent
porosity. You will see a reversed Density-Neutron crossover.
Sometimes, the resistivity could deflect to the left as well, depending on the
properties of the shale itself. So it could read, R-L-R-L.
Note : You might see a reversed Density-Neutron crossover in dolomite. Over
a dolomitic zone, GR reads lower.
3. Low porosity (tight) reservoir : L-R-R-R
GR reads lower due to lower radioactivity. Resistivity and Density-Neutron
respond to the tightness of the reservoir, rather than to fluid types.
4. Water bearing reservoir : L-L-L-L
GR reads lower due to lower radioactivity. Resistivity responds to saline
formation water. D-N reads higher porosity in reservoar.
5. Oil bearing reservoir : L-R-L-L
GR reads lower due to lower radioactivity. Resistivity responds to non
conductive hydrocarbon, giving higher resistivity. D-N reads higher porosity
in reservoir.
6. Gas reservoir : L-R-L-R
GR reads lower due to lower radioactivity. Resistivity responds to non
conductive hydrocarbon, giving higher resistivity. Density gives lower bulk
density due to lower gas density. Neutron reads low apparent low porosity
in gas zone due to lower neutron-hydrogen interactions in gas as compared
to neutron-hydrogen interaction in water.

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