Book loss/lost

GO

A quote from Govt. of India General Financial Rules:

Rule no. 116(2) (ii): "Loss of three volumes per one thousand
volumes issued/consulted in a year may be taken as reasonable
provided such loss can not be attributed to dishonesty or
negligence on the part of Librarian. Loss of a book of the value
exceeding Rs.200 (Rupees Two hundred) and the books of
special nature and rarity shall invariably be investigated and
consequential action taken. All such losses will however be
written off only by a competent authority."

As per General Financial rules 2005 Govt. of India, loss of books

up to 5 books per thousand books issued/consulted can be
considered reasonable.

“Swamy's Handbook' Pg. 399 (1999 edition) under the heading

"Special Procedure for Library Books".
Loss of 3 books/1000 issues cannot be attributed to dishonesty or
negligence of the librarian.

The Directorate of the Technical education in the Letter No

FAR/14353 Dated 31/12/1974 has stated that a conference of
Librarians of the colleges in Karnataka University was held on
May 8 1973. In this a resolution passed. It is recommended that a
loss of 4 books for every 1000 books used (those which are lent
out and those which are consulted in the premises of the library)
be regarded normal loss and should be straight away writes off.
Order No.FD 25 TCL 74: Bangalore, Dated 18/JUNE/1974 by
order and in the name of the government of Karnataka.

The UGC (India) Library Committee forcefully recommends to

write off an inevitable loss @ 2 for every 1000 books issued.

However in an open access library, annual loss of 3 volumes for

every 1000 issues should be considered as a normal loss in
normal circumstances as recommended by Dr. Ranganathan.
REF: Mittal, R. L. Library Administration: Theory and Practice,
Fifth ed., 1987, p357-359.
As per General Finance Rules 2005 loss of five books/ volumes
per thousand volumes issued is considered reasonable.

For more clarifications you can access this web page also:
http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_expenditure/GFRS/GFR2005
.pdf

As far as security is concerned electronic surveillance systems

consisting of RFID tags, smart cards, electric and sensor based
gates do solve the purpose. CCTV may also be installed for
monitoring.
Government of India; Ministry of Finance ;Department of
Expenditure
General Financial Rules, 2005

Physical verification of Library books

Rule 194. Physical verification of Library books :

(i) Complete physical verification of books should be done every

year in case of libraries having not more than 20,000 volumes.
For libraries having more than 20,000 volumes and upto 50,000
volumes, such verification should be done at least once in three
years. Sample
physical verification at intervals of not more than three years
should be done in case of libraries having more than 50,000
volumes. In case such a verification reveals unusual or
unreasonable shortages, complete verification shall be done.

(ii) Loss of five volumes per one thousand volumes of books

issued / consulted in a year may be taken as reasonable provided
such losses are not attributable to dishonesty or negligence.
However, loss of a book of a value exceeding Rs. 1,000/- (One
thousand only) and rare books irrespective of value shall
invariably be investigated and appropriate action taken.
Rule 136. Definition of Goods : The term 'goods' used in this
chapter applies generally to all articles, material, commodities,
livestock, furniture, fixtures, raw material, spares, instruments,
machinery, equipment, industrial plant etc. purchased or
otherwise acquired for the use of Government but excluding
books, publications, periodicals, etc. for a library.

Government of India; Ministry of Finance ;Department of

Expenditure
General Financial Rules, 2005

For more information check this website

Full file available here :http://goo.gl/NHvP9
Electronic International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (EIIRJ) ISSN 2277-8721 Bi-monthly Vol V Issues
I Reviewed Journal Jan/Feb- 2016 www.aarhat.com Impact Factor (IIJIF):2.085 63 Abstract: This paper
has aim to find out guidelines for security of academic libraries. This study has overview the rules and
guidelines like General Financial Rules (GFR) -2005, Govt. of India, Bureau of Indian Standards. (1998).
ISI14489- Code of Practice On Occupational Safety and Health Audit, National Assessment and
Accreditation Centre (NAAC) guidelines (SSR), American Library Association (ALA) Guidelines for the
Security of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Other Special Collections, American College and Research
Libraries (ACRL) Guidelines Regarding Thefts in Libraries, etc. Key words: Library Security Guidelines 1.
Introduction Security is an important factor of all organizations to carry day to day function smoothly.
The aim of security is to prevent loss from any type of threat. All departments, institutions,
organizations and financial issues are responsible for protecting their assets, personnel and physical
security. Libraries support educational programme of learning, teaching and research in educational
organization. Library reading material is constantly needed security because of damage of library
material by atmospheric hazards, natural threats, user and staff behavior etc. Libraries have incurred
huge amount on reading material therefore security is more important issue. Libraries are facing various
security related problems like aggravated assaults, simple assaults, robbery, theft, harassment,
delinquent activities, pickpockets, crime, which are committed by staff or user. Maslow’s Need Theory-
Present study is considered Abraham Maslow‟s theory of a pyramid shaped hierarchy. It consist
physiological needs, personal safety (security), social affiliation; self-esteem and self-actualization. It
reflects in each and every institution need of safety (Security) with establishment, social responsibilities
and esteem by quality services and actualization of institution by constant services. It means after the
establishment of institution just next issue is security of its asset, user and employee. 2. Objectives of
Study are 1. To identify the security guidelines for academic libraries; 2. To study the need of academic
library security guidelines; 3. To know the guidelines, rules and regulations for academic library security.
3. Research Methodology There are several research methods. These are descriptive, future research,
historical research etc. The Descriptive method is used for the present study. STUDY OF ACADEMIC
LIBRARY SECURITY GUIDELINES Mr. Kumbhar K. N. Librarian Badrinarayan Barwale Mahavidyalaya,
Aurangabad Road, Jalna 431203 . Library Science Electronic International Interdisciplinary Research
Journal (EIIRJ) ISSN 2277-8721 Bi-monthly Vol V Issues I Reviewed Journal Jan/Feb- 2016
www.aarhat.com Impact Factor (IIJIF):2.085 64 4. Review of Literature American Library Association
(ALA) (2006), American College and Research Libraries (ACRL) (2003, 2006), ACRL- RBMS (2012), Khan,
the Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries. (2003)., Shuman, A.B. (1997, 1999, 2002) have
provided outlines or guidelines for library security. 5. Need of Library Security Guidelines Present study
has aim to find out various guidelines and policies regarding academic library security. The topic has
been raised by several library problems like inventories, stock verifications, loss, theft, misplacement
etc. The study has tried to identify the problems, find out generated security guidelines and rules and
regulations. The study has provided list of security guidelines. Many examples are found in literature
regarding loss of libraries due to different reasons and hazards on international, national and local level.
Library administrators should identify the collection need of security broadly. Prevention of library
material from theft, mutilation, misplacement, loss, missing, fire, flood and vandalism is important. This
is the area which has been most widely ignored. Present study has been endeavoring to study the
present guidelines and rules and regulations for academic libraries. It is not possible to know library
security aspects without security education and guidelines. Many libraries are missed or lost their rare
collection. Every library needs policies, procedures, rules and regulations for dealing with safety and
security concerns. Guidelines are providing pathway to implement security in library. 6. Library Security
guidelines, rule and regulation for academic libraries Special security plan or guidelines is not prepared
or provided by any organization or agency in India for academic libraries. But some inventory provisions
are made in Government regulations for counting and withdrawal of equipments and physical assets not
for security. Physical verification of asset is the process to find out loss and damage of collection,
equipment and property. The Government policy and regulation defines security as “the assurance that
information, assets and services are protected against compromise and individuals are protected against
workplace violence.” Today‟s globally free and highly technological surroundings effect requires
guidelines for security of social public organizations. On international platform there are many
guidelines and rules framed by their Governments and related organization administration and
authorities. These are ALA, ACRL, guidelines, surveys organized by British National Libray, Nagiran Libray,
and study of Library of Congress etc. Present study has find out these security guidelines from available
sources; these are GFR-2005- General Financial Rule 2005, Government of India resolution for financial
matter, Bureau of Indian Standards. (1998). ISI14489- Code of Practice On Occupational Safety and
Health Audit, National Assessment and Accreditation Centre (NAAC) guidelines (SSR), University rules
and regulations, American Library Association (ALA) Guidelines for the Security of Rare Books,
Manuscripts, and Other Special Collections, American College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Guidelines
Regarding Thefts in Libraries, etc. Electronic International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (EIIRJ) ISSN
2277-8721 Bi-monthly Vol V Issues I Reviewed Journal Jan/Feb- 2016 www.aarhat.com Impact Factor
(IIJIF):2.085 65 6.1. General Financial Rules 2005 (GFR 2005) General Financial Rule 2005 (GFR 2005), it
has comprised rules and regulation dealing with financial matter for offices of government of India.
Means it is mandatory to every individual, organization and institution, which uses Indian money.
General Financial Rules were first issued in 1947 and modified in 1963 and 2005. Government of India
(2005). It outcomes that are necessary to achieve a proportionate and risk managed approach to
security that enables government business to function effectively, safely and securely. Government
departments, institutions, organizations and financial issues are responsible for protecting their assets,
personnel and physical security according to these rules and as appropriate to their business needs and
circumstance. Departments and Agencies are best placed to assess the risks they face, and must develop
their own security policies in line with this framework. It also covers General Principles relating to
expenditure and payment of money, definitions of losses, inventory management, grants-in-aid and
loans, budgeting and accounting for externally aided projects, Government guarantees, instructions for
regulating the enforcement of responsibility for losses etc. It has also added procedure for the
preparation of detailed estimates of receipts, rules regulating to purchase of stationery and assets,
accession register, register of fixed assets, stock register of consumables such as stationery, chemicals,
spare parts, physical verification of fixed asset, verification of consumables, procedures of verification,
stock verification or inventory, rules for loss, disposal, register of assets of historical / artistic value etc. It
has also included Rule 194 for Physical Verifications of Library Books. (i) Complete physical verification of
books should be done every year in case of libraries having not more than twenty thousand volumes.
For libraries having more than twenty thousand volumes and upto fifty thousand volumes, such
verification should be done at least once in three years. Sample physical verification at intervals of not
more than three years should be done in case of libraries having more than fifty thousand volumes. In
case such a verification reveals unusual or unreasonable shortages, complete verification shall be done.
(ii) Loss of five volumes per one thousand volumes of books issued / consulted in a year may be taken as
reasonable provided such losses are not attributable to dishonesty or negligence. However, loss of a
book of a value exceeding Rs. 1,000/- (Rupees One thousand only) and rare books irrespective of value
shall invariably be investigated and appropriate action taken. Proper Stock Disposal Register. - The
Treasurer shall enter all securities returned or sold by him in a register in Form 3. Returns shall also be
entered in register, where the amount returned will be deducted from the capital of the endowment
concerned. Format of register is given to maintain record. It is compulsory to follow the rules and
regulation of GFR in India for all institutions and organizations. 6.2. NAAC The National Assessment and
Accreditation Council (NAAC), as an autonomous institution of the University Grants Commission (UGC),
has been entrusted with the responsibility of Assessment and Accreditation of Colleges and Universities
in India. NAAC has Electronic International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (EIIRJ) ISSN 2277-8721 Bi-
monthly Vol V Issues I Reviewed Journal Jan/Feb- 2016 www.aarhat.com Impact Factor (IIJIF):2.085 66
also carefully pointed out security in his „Best Practices in Library and Information Services’ Guidelines.
It is also covered in extended hour service, web and e-resource service, electronic surveillance system,
RFID, EM tages etc for security, Group concessional Night Services offer for outside students and
scholars in accessing e-resources. All these practices NAAC has requisite to better security. NAAC(2005).
NAAC has framed the questions on security in profile „institutional data‟ part I. Its main object is to
know how institutions maintain security of the institutional assets, students, staff, and users. NAAC
required information of colleges about security. These questions are, how does the library ensure
access, use and security of materials? Describe the safety measures provided by the institutions like
security and adequate lighting etc., How does the institution ensure safety and security of the students,
faculty and the institutional assets?, Give details on available residential facility for the staff and
occupancy constant supply of safe drinking water and Security. NAAC has set security as one of the
indicator in his IQAC manual implicated in 2007 under Key aspect of student support assessment
indicators with credit of 30 marks, it is (5.206) “Make the campus safe for students with adequate
security and lighting.” NAAC (2007) 6.3. American Library Association (ALA) The American Library
Association is published document about library security (Library Security 2001) summarized most of the
five factors in the house model. ALA had emphasized the need to protect library buildings, their
employees and users, suggesting preventing actions to combat collection loss, formulating disaster plan
and security policy, assigning and training staff to handle security issues. All library security related
issues like rules, guidelines covered in this guideline published entitled on Guidelines for the Security of
Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Other Special Collections. ALA, (2001). 6.4. American College and
Research Library (ACRL) The Association of College and Research Libraries (2003, 2006) has also
published two guidelines for handling theft in libraries and for handling rare and special collections.
Entitled on Guidelines Regarding Thefts in Libraries.In this paper we propose to close this gap by
introducing an assessment instrument that has been found to be reliable and usable in assessing the
collection security management in libraries in a more holistic approach. It also covers all aspects of
collection security and prevent collection form theft. ACRL (2003, 2006) 6.5. University Grants
Commission (UGC) University Grants Commission (UGC) has established the committee “Joint Cadre
Review Committee (JCRC) on uniform staffing pattern of the non-teaching staff of Central Universities,
The report of JCRC suggested 15 cadres have been placed before the Commission, one of them
recommendation is given for „Security Services‟ for universities and colleges. The Commission has
decided that JCRC may be asked to review its report in the light of Sixth Pay Recommendations of the
Government of India and submit the same in accordance with the provisions of Sixth Central Pay
Commission extended to the employees of Universities. It means UGC creates awareness of security and
serious about security of educational institution such as various departments and libraries in university.
The objective of the JCRC is to recommend Electronic International Interdisciplinary Research Journal
(EIIRJ) ISSN 2277-8721 Bi-monthly Vol V Issues I Reviewed Journal Jan/Feb- 2016 www.aarhat.com
Impact Factor (IIJIF):2.085 67 complete framework of the detailed uniform service conditions for the
non-teaching staff (Group A, B, C & D) of these institutions. University Grant Commission Annual Report
(2009) The institution shall tighten security in its premises, especially at vulnerable places and intense
policing by Anti-Ragging Squad, referred to in these Regulations and volunteers, if any shall be resorted
to at such points at odd hours during the first few months of the academic session. UGC (2009)
Fresher‟s shall be lodged, as far as may be, in a separate hostel block, and where such facilities are not
available, the institution shall ensure that access of seniors to accommodation allotted to fresher‟s is
strictly monitored by wardens, security guards and other staff of the institution. The institution shall
review and suitably enhance the powers of Wardens and the security personnel posted in hostels shall
be under the direct control of the Warden and their performance shall be assessed by them. This means
UGC has also stress on implementation of security in all higher education related institutions such as
departments, colleges, universities and also in college libraries. 6.6. Academic institutions rules and
regulations Schools and Universities has also state the rules of security in his statutes to maintain assets
and services. University has accepted the rules and regulation generated by Central and State
Governments time to time regarding student security such as anti ranging circular, don‟t stop women‟s
staff after working hours and late night hours in office. All above rules and regulation can work behalf of
security. Above all practices, government rules and laws are protecting government assets and illegal
issues but didn‟t for specially security. Government departments should develop their own security
policies to assess the risks; separate security policies reduce the risk. 6.7. Bureau of Indian Standards.
(1998) IS 14489 Bureau of Indian Standards has published “Code of Practice on Occupational Safety and
Health Audit IS 14489: 1998.” This Indian Standard has been given a guideline to audit safety aspects in
the industrial and other units of concern. While formulating this standard, utmost care has been taken
to cover all the possible elements relating to safety. However, it may be reviewed from time to time for
inclusion of newer elements which would be necessary due to the reasons intended. The audit typically
applies to, but is not limited to a safety system or elements thereof, and is applicable to process,
products, or to services. Such audits are often called „safety system audit‟, „process safety audit‟,
„product safely audit‟, „service safety audit‟. 6.8. Other available guidelines for academic campus
security U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education, (2011). Checklist for Campus
Safety and Security Compliance. Campus Law Enforcement, Campus Security Authority, Implementation
and disclosure of missing student notification procedures for institutions with on-campus student
housing facilities. US department of education recorded 20% majority of the sample expressed marginal
levels of fear with regard to being alone on campus during the day and 66% at night that‟s why the good
campus security is needed. Electronic International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (EIIRJ) ISSN 2277-
8721 Bi-monthly Vol V Issues I Reviewed Journal Jan/Feb- 2016 www.aarhat.com Impact Factor
(IIJIF):2.085 68 7. Conclusion Security is important to prevent from damage of knowledge resource and
spent amount on it for users benefit. There is need to prepare separate check list or guidelines for
academic library security. Libraries are spending lot of amount on collection, building and equipment;
therefore, security is an essential to protect resource to long term for research and user. Security
prevention is the best policy for avoiding of loss and damage. Complete security is not possible at every
field or every organization but efforts are needed to determine crime and reduce its risks for secure
their core collection; care must be taken in freedom or open access libraries. References: 1. ACRL (2003).
"Guidelines Regarding Thefts in Libraries," American College and Research Library News. Retrieved
February 26, 2012, from www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlstandards/guidelinessecurity.htm (accessed on June
15 , 2012) 2. ACRL (2006) "Guidelines for the Security of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Other Special
Collections" American College and Research Libraries. Retrieved Sept. 20, 2013, from
www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlstandards/guidelinessecurity.htm 3. ACRL/RBMS. Guidelines Regarding
Security and Theft in Special Collections retrieved from http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/
standards/security_ theft .cfm 4. ALA, (2006). Guidelines for the Security of Rare Books, Manuscripts,
and Other Special Collections. American Library Association. Retrieved Sept. 20, 2013, from
www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlstandards/guidelinessecurity.cfm. 5. Bureau of Indian Standards. (1998). Code
of Practice On Occupational Safety and Health Audit. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards. 1-17. 6.
Government of India. (2005). General Financial Rules 2005. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of
Finance, Department of Expenditure. P-73 7. Grawal, Gaggandeep. (2004). Handbook of Library Security.
Delhi, Dominant Publishers and Distributors. 8. NAAC. (2005). Best Practices For Information and Library
Services. Banglore, NAAC. P7 9. NAAC. (2007). Internal Quality and Assurance Cell, New Methodology of
Assessment & Accreditation and The New Grading System. Adopted by NAAC Effective from 1st April
2007. Banglore, NAAC. P-7 10. Shuman, Bruce A. (1999). Library Security and Safety Handbook:
Prevention, Policies, And Procedures. ALA publishing. 11. University Grant Commission. (2009). UGC
Regulation on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions, 2009.New Delhi,
University Grant Commission. P-8, 11, 14. 12. University Grant Commission. (2009). University Grant
Commission annual report 2008- 09. New Delhi, University Grant Commission. P-44. 13. www.ugc.ac.in
(accessed on January 2014)
http://nitttrbpl.ac.in/pdf/Library%20Rules%20&%20Regulations%20Aprroved2015.pdf

12. Write off (GFR 2005 Rule 194 ii) Loss of five volumes per one thousand volumes of books issued /
consulted in a year may be taken as reasonable, provided such losses are not attributable to dishonesty
or negligence. However, loss of a book of a value exceeding Rs.1000 (Rupees One Thousand only) and
rare books irrespective of value shall invariably be investigated and appropriate action will be taken
GENERAL RULES

1. Conduct not conducive to the proper use of the library is forbidden.

2. Noise, disturbance or unruly behavior is forbidden in any part of the library.

3. Smoking, food and drinks are not allowed in the library.

4. Silence shall be observed in the public areas of the library. Mobile phones, pagers and watch alarms
should be

switched off before entering the library.

5. Users of the library should be decently dressed.

6. Loitering or sleeping in the library is prohibited.

7. Library materials must not be taken out of the library unless a Library staff has properly issued them.

8. All books and personal belongings must be shown to the staff at the library exits whenever required
to do so.

9. No bag, case, umbrella, personal book, CD‐ROM, or floppy disk should be brought into the Library.
They should

be deposited at the property counter at one’s own risk.

10. Library membership cards are not transferable and must be produced whenever requested by
Library staff.

11. Library membership cards, when lost, must be reported immediately in person or by telephone to
the

Circulation Department. A lost library card may be replaced by a fee of Rs.50.00 along with an
undertaking that

the member concerned will be responsible for any book taken on the library card.

12. Mutilation and theft of library materials are offences punishable by law. Appropriate action will be
taken by the

Library against offenders.

13. Library books and documents must be treated with honour, so that it is prohibited to underline,
write notes or

pull out pages there from.

14. All dues to the library must be paid promptly.

15. The library will not be held responsible for the loss of any personal belongings of users.

16. The members should inform the library their new designations, official addresses and addresses of

communication as and when they move to new assignments or locations.

17. Following consultation, books should be left on the tables for the library staff to re‐shelve them.

18. The library staff has the right to ask users to leave the library if they are inappropriately dressed or
are causing a

disturbance.

19. The library staff has the right to ask a non‐member to leave the library.
LOST OR DAMAGED BOOKS:
The borrower is obliged to compensate lost or damaged items
either by substituting the material or paying for it. Fines will be
calculated, according to the Rates of Fines, from the date due to
the date when the material was reported lost.
If the payment for the lost book is not done as demanded, the
controlling authority will have to recover the amount from the
salary and sent it to the Central Deposit Centre of the Inst..
The membership will also be forfeited. .

No. Year of Publication Cost Plus Surcharge

to be recovered
1. Prior to 1940 Current publishers
Price plus 200% as surcharge.
2. 1940‐1950 Current Publishers
Price Plus 175% asSurcharge.
3. 1950‐1960 Current Publishers
price plus 150% as surcharge.
4. 1960‐1970 Current publishers
price 140% as Surcharge
5. 1970‐80 Current publishers
price 125% as Surcharge
6. 1980 -90 Current publishers
price 50% as Surcharge
7. 1990 onwards Current publishers
price 20% as Surcharge
A quote from Govt. of India General Financial Rules:
Rule no. 116(2) (ii): "Loss of three volumes per one thousand
volumes issued/consulted in a year may be taken as reasonable
provided such loss can not be attributed to dishonesty or
negligence on the part of Librarian. Loss of a book of the value
exceeding Rs.200 (Rupees Two hundred) and the books of
special nature and rarity shall invariably be investigated and
consequential action taken. All such losses will however be
written off only by a competent authority."

As per General Financial rules 2005 Govt. of India, loss of books

up to 5 books per thousand books issued/consulted can be
considered reasonable.

For more clarifications you can access this web page also:
http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_expenditure/GFRS/GFR2005
.pdf
See page 73 last paragraph and page 74 first and second
paragraphs of the document after downloading it for details.
A quote from Govt. of India General Financial Rules:
Rule no. 116(2) (ii): "Loss of three volumes per one thousand
volumes issued/consulted in a year may be taken as reasonable
provided such loss can not be attributed to dishonesty or
negligence on the part of Librarian. Loss of a book of the value
exceeding Rs.200 (Rupees Two hundred) and the books of
special nature and rarity shall invariably be investigated and
consequential action taken. All such losses will however be
written off only by a competent authority."

As per General Financial rules 2005 Govt. of India, loss of books

up to 5 books per thousand books issued/consulted can be
considered reasonable.

“Swamy's Handbook' Pg. 399 (1999 edition) under the heading

"Special Procedure for Library Books".
Loss of 3 books/1000 issues cannot be attributed to dishonesty or
negligence of the librarian.

The Directorate of the Technical education in the Letter No

FAR/14353 Dated 31/12/1974 has stated that a conference of
Librarians of the colleges in Karnataka University was held on
May 8 1973. In this a resolution passed. It is recommended that a
loss of 4 books for every 1000 books used (those which are lent
out and those which are consulted in the premises of the library)
be regarded normal loss and should be straight away writes off.
Order No.FD 25 TCL 74: Bangalore, Dated 18/JUNE/1974 by
order and in the name of the government of Karnataka.

The UGC (India) Library Committee forcefully recommends to

write off an inevitable loss @ 2 for every 1000 books issued.

However in an open access library, annual loss of 3 volumes for

every 1000 issues should be considered as a normal loss in
normal circumstances as recommended by Dr. Ranganathan.
REF: Mittal, R. L. Library Administration: Theory and Practice,
Fifth ed., 1987, p357-359.