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Experiment 6 The No-Load Voltage and the Short-Circuit Current with different Irradiations ........................................................................................................15
Experiment 7 The Short-Circuit Current of a Solar Cell with different Angles of Irradiation ...........................................................................................................16
Experiment 16 PC-supported Recording of Measured Values: Voltage - Current Characteristic Curve of a Solar Cell ..................................................................25
Experiment 17 PC - supported Recording of Measured Values: Conversion of Direct Current to Alternating Current ....................................................................26
Experiment 18 PC-supported Recording of Measured Values: Charging / Discharging of a GoldCap Capacitator / Accumulator .................................................27
Contents
Contents and Layout of the Case
1 Baseplate
3
2 2 Suspension for the baseplate
4
3 Instructions
4 Solutions
Software CD (option)
5 Interface cable (option)
5
6 Solar cell unit
7 3 Shading plates
8 Power cord
9 2 Multimeters
12 11 13 16 14 15
10 Sensor
11 Irradiation unit
Speicher/storage Data logger Last / Load 1 Last / Load 2 12 12 Measuring cables, 6x red, 6x blue
10
Sensor
13 Storage
14 Load 1
15 Load 2
6
16 Data logger
9 7 9 17 Inverter
17
8
Inverter
F Baseplate 1
Accommodates the solar cell unit 6 , the irradiation unit 11 and the experimenting
modules and measuring devices.
A Scale “Orientation”
B Centre of rotation for the irradiation unit 11
C Location holes for solar cell unit 6
A D Magnets for fixation of the solar cell unit 6
E Space for experimenting modules and measuring devices
F Slit to fix the baseplate in the case
C D E
B
Experimenting instructions 3
Description of the experiments
D
I
Shading plates 7
For shading a quarter, a half or the whole of the surface of individual solar cells. The shading plates are
fitted to the solar unit housing. The connecting sockets are located in the recess clearance.
Power cord 8
Connection to the housing power socket of the solar cell unit. 6
Multimeter 9
E
Accuracy 1.0% +2 digit
in the range of 200 uA to 20 mA,
Accuracy 1.2% +2 digit
in the range of 200 mA
Accuracy 1.5% +2 digit
in the range of 2,000 mA
10 A Direct current Connecting sockets C and E
10 A max.
Connection unfused
Accuracy 1.5 % +2 digit
Diode test -
W Resistance measurement Connecting sockets D and E
to be measured dead only
Accuracy 0.7% +2 digit
in the range of 200 to 200 kW ,
Accuracy 1.0% 2 digit
in the range of 2000 kW
DCV Direct current measurement Connecting sockets D and E
500 V max.
Accuracy 0.7% +2 digit
In all ranges
C 2 mm Connecting socket + 10 A direct current
D 2 mm Connecting socket + V/W / mA
E 2 mm Connecting socket - for all measuring ranges
Sensor 10
Since the energy supply of the device is ensured through a solar cell, the measuring range begins at
approx. 15 W/m2. Measuring from higher to lower irradiation, lower values can also be measured
(Charging of the internal storage capacitator).
For the measurement, the device must be oriented towards the light source, in such a way that the rays
Sensor
hit the sensor field vertically. The solar cell and the sensor field may not be switched off during
measurement.
Irradiation unit 11
A B C
For irradiation of the solar cell unit 6 with artificial light.
A Halogen lamp 12 V / 50 W.
Use only Osram, Type 46870 VWL as replacement part.
D B Counter marking for the scale A "Orientation” of the baseplate 1
Highly flexible connecting lines with 2 mm plugs and and tapping sockets. Contact surface gold-
coated, rated current 10 A max.
Maximum permissible service voltage 25 V alternating current, 60 V direct current !!!
Storage 13
Akkumulator / Accumulator
Nickel-metalhydrid accumulator:
GoldCap:
Load 1 14
Elektromotor
Electric motor
2,0 V / 30 mA Electric motor:
Bulb:
Glühlampe
Bulb
1,5 V / 60 mA Service voltage 1.5 V direct current max.
Current intake approx. 60 mA with 1.5 V
Last / Load 1
Load 2 15
Solarmodul / Solar module
A
For loading the solar cells with the load resistance and measuring voltage and current.
Resitance 100 W
B Load capacity 2 W max.
10-way
Inverter 17
Eingang/Input 1 Ausgang/Output 1
Umax = 2 V DC Signal Sinus
For the conversion of direct voltage to alternating voltage and for the presentation of the inverter
function. Only to be used in connection with a data logger. 16
A C A Input 1, Voltage up to 2 V
B Input 2, Voltage up to 2 V
C Output 1, voltage signal sinusoidal
B D D Output 1, voltage signal rectangular
E Power switch, switch off device when not in use (to save on batteries)
Eingang/Input 2 Ausgang/Output 2
Umax = 2 V DC Signal Rechteck
Signal rectangle F Battery compartment, battery 9 V
aus ein
off on E Replace in case of malfunction of the device
Inverter
Introduction:
The software IKS Solartrainer enables you to record and process measured data with a data logger and a PC in connection with the experimenting system easily and
conveniently.
Installation
Insert CD into the drive, open WINDOWS Explorer and initiate the file “Ikssolar.exe”. (Minimum requirements: PC with operating system Windows 98)
Connection see “Measuring” / “Select interface”
Menus
File
contains contains menu items for the saving and storing of files, printing of diagrams as well as for the mounting of printers and exiting the program. After clicking with the
mouse, the following menu items appear:
Measuring
for starting and stopping measurements and for the configuration of the serial interface for the measuring unit.
After selecting the submenu “x/y Characteristic curve” a dialog appears for the setup of the parameters.
1. Section: Name
Here you can enter a name (or a title) for the diagram.
This name will be taken over automatically when saving.
2. Section: Vertical axis ( Current channel )
By pressing the button “OK”, the recording of a x/y characteristic curve is started. The screen will show an empty diagram window. This
diagram window contains a grey field with two digital displays for the current and voltage. After setting default (or own) values, these values
can be taken over to the diagram.
A maximum of 100 measured value pairs is possible. You can, however, end the measurement by pressing the button “Abort” and
save afterwards.
After selecting the submenu “y/t Characteristic curve”, a dailog appears for setting the parameters.
1. Section: Name
Here you can enter a name (or title) for the diagram.
Sampling interval (sec): Controls how often a measurement shall be taken during the overall measuring time set by you.
If you want to observe the recording of the measured values directly on the screen, the sampling
interval must be greater than 0.1 sec on account of system related reasons.
Otherwise the message “Measuring” will appear on the screen until the overall measuring time has passed.
Only after the overall measuring time has passed will the diagram be displayed on the screen.
Overall measuring time (sec): Controls the duration of the measurement.
When this time has passed, the measurement will be stopped automatically.
If in doubt, always enter a little longer time. You can adjust the scaling to the diagram anytime via the menu
“Window” / “Change x axis”.
Pressing the button OK will start the recording of a y/t charactertistic curve. If you want to end the measurement before the time set in
The 4th section “Horizontal axis (Time axis) has passed, you can do this via the menu “Measuring” / “Abort measurement”.
Digital measuring device Displays the measured values (voltage / current) digitally on the screen.
Abort measurement Abort the currently running y/t measurement.
Select interface For the selection of the RS 232 interface for the serial communication of your PC with the data logger. You can chose between
COM 1......COM 4, depending on what interface you use at your PC for the data logger.
Window
contains menu items for the automatic grouping of windows.
Cascade Shows the windows in cascading view.
Horizontally Shows the windows horizontally.
Vertically Shows the windows vertically.
Show as icons Shows the windows next to each other as icons.
Close all Closes all open windows.
Change x axis Changes the scaling of the x axis.
Help
contains menu items for opening the Help and Info dialogs.
Content Opens a Help window and displays the contents of the Help file.
How to use Help Displays information on how to use the Help function.
About IKS-Solartrainer Shows the Copyright and About dialog boxes.
Button commands
Open Opens a diagram window that has been saved by you before.
Save as Saves a diagram window under a name to be registered by you.
x/y - Characteristic curve Record x/y - Characteristic curve.
y/t - Characteristic curve Record y/t - Characteristic curve.
Digital voltmeter Displays the measured values (votage / current) digitally on the screen.
Print Prints the current diagramm window.
Print preview Displays a print preview for the current diagram.
Contents Opens a Help window and displays the contents of the Help file.
You can find further information under the program menu “Help”.
5 4
6
2 5
3
7
1 Lift up the baseplate.
11
2 Take out baseplate and place it in the centre of a table of
approx. 80 cm width.
11 3 Take out solar cell unit, put shading plates back into their
compartment.
4 Place solar cell unit on the baseplate as pictured, in such
5 a way that the two pins on the underside fit in the holes
of the baseplate.
6 Take out measuring cables and put them aside, take out
15 irradiation unit.
10 7 Place irradiation unit underneath the baseplate, in such a
way that the screw head is inserted in the hole.
15 8 Fit connecting cable of the irradiation unit through the
recess on the side of the baseplate.
9 Put plug C of the irradiation unit into connecting socket E
of the solar cell unit.
10 Arrange the modules mentioned in the instructions in the
space of the baseplate.
11 Connect assembly with measuring cables according to
the instructions.
15
8
14
FI
13
Notes on Safety
1 The assemblies may only be operated when connected to the voltage intended for them.
1 When pulling out the power cord, always pull the plug, never the cord. Never put heavy objects on the cord and do not bend it in a narrow circle or around sharp edges.
1 The permitted ambient temperature (room temperature) during operation may not fall below or exceed 10 °C and 40 ° C, respectively.
1 In case of condensed water, a time for acclimatization of up to 5 hours must be adhered to.
1 The system may not be used in connection with easily inflammable and combustible liquids, gases or dusts.
1 The modules may only be operated under the supervision and guidance of a competent teacher. In schools and other educational facilities, the operation of the system is to be supervised carefully by trained
and qualified personnel.
1 In case of industrial associations, the accident prevention regulations of the industrial trade cooperative association concerning electric plants and appliances are to be adhered to.
1 If a module needs repair, use only original replacement parts! The use of deviating replacement parts can lead to considerable material and personal damage!
1 If liquid leaks into a module, this could lead to damages. If any liquid has been spilled over the assembly, the device must be disconnected from the power supply and tested by a qualified expert.
1 When working with products in connection with electric voltage, adhere to the valid VDE (German Electrotechnicians’ Association) regulations, especially VDE 0100, VDE 0550 / 0551, VDE 0700, VDE
0711 and VDE 0860.
1 Before opening the module, always pull out the power plug and make sure the device is dead.
1 Connection to the power supply network should only be made via a fault-current circuit breaker and a circuit with emergency switch.
1 During operation of the modules, strictly adhere to the characteristic values for electric units mentioned in the respective description.
1 Experimental assemblies always need to be checked with regard to their correct cabling / connection by qualified teaching or supervising personnel before commissioning.
1 If the modules are used for experimental assemblies that are not described in these instructions, always check if the respective modules are fit for such use. If in doubt, always check with the manufacturer.
1 Cleaning of the components may not be done using solvents. Clean with soft, dry or only slightly moist cloth.
1 The factory-mounted signs and labels may not be modified, removed or made indecipherable.
Non-liability
The consulting engineers Kunsch (IKS) cannot control the adherance to these instructions nor the conditions and methods in terms of connection, operation, use and maintenance of the system.
Please note that operating and connection errors are beyond our control.
A faulty connection or operation can lead to material damages and in consequence, to health hazards.
Therefore, we do not assume responsibility and liability for losses, damages or costs resulting from faulty connection, improper operation or improper use and maintenance or being in any way connected with it.
We reserve the right to modify the product, its technical data or operating / experimenting instructions without prior notification.
Intended Use
The Intended Use of the individual modules is described in the previous pages and the instructions. Any use deviating from this is not permitted and done at the user’s own risk.
Warranty
1. The delivered goods are to be inspected for transport damages by the customer immediately after arrival at their destination. Complaints concerning incomplete or wrong deliveries are to be notified to us no later
than 8 working days after arrival of the goods at their destination with sufficient justification. When this period has passed, the delivery shall be considered completed as per agreement.
2. We shall be liable for any hidden defects that could not be detected in immediate inspection, for a period of six months after the day of delivery, repair or replacement of the defective material at our discretion. If
such a repair or replacement is impossible, failed or unacceptable, the customer can only demand a reduction of the purchase price or a cancellation of the defective part of the purchase agreement. In any case,
the defective part is to be sent to our address for the purpose of repair or delivery of a replacement part and also in case of a cancellation of the agreement by the customer. For essential foreign products, the
liability of the supplier shall be limited to the transfer of the liabilities he has towards the supplier of the foreign products.
3. The customer’s right to assert claims from defects shall expire in any case after six months from the time of due notification, but no sooner than with the expiry of the warranty.
4. Natural wear, improper use, negligence, damaging influence of unauthorized persons, use without supervision as well as modifications of the delivered goods by the customer or third parties without our written
consent shall exclude our liability for defect and warranty obligation without exception.
5. The customer has to give us sufficient time and opportunity to rectify defects. If the customer is not willing to do this, or willing only under unacceptable conditions, any warranty obligation from our side shall
expire. This also applies to notifications of defects according to point 1.
6. The warranty period for the replacement part and the repair shall be three months, but expiring no sooner than the original warranty period for the delivered object. The period for the liability of defects at the
delivered object shall be extended by the duration of the downtime caused by the repair works.
Further warranty and damage claims of the customer in any form are excluded, in particular any claim to damages that did not occur at the delivered object itself as well as claims of the customer from
unpermitted actions of the supplier, as far as such an exclusion is permitted by law.
In as far as the above-mentioned nonliability is not permitted by law, our liability shall be limited to 5 % of the purchase price of the material having caused the damage or being subject of the claim or in any way
connected therewith, notwithstanding the legal argument.
Intended Use 9
Measuring the Irradiation of different Light Sources Experiment 1
Setup
Sensor IKS
2
1 mV =^ 1 W / m
Sensor Voltmeter
Radiation source
Cicuit diagram
Information
Irradiation Irradiation Irradiation
The different light sources can be distinguished mainly by the Light source [W/m2 ] [W/m2 ] [W/m2 ]
irradiation and the colour (wavelength) of the light. / at distance / at distance / at distance
The wavelength l of visible light is in the range of 400 nm
(blue) to 800 nm (red).
Halogen lamp
Sunlight for example is, due to its high share in blue light, (Level 10)
much whiter than light from a bulb, which appears to be
yellow due to its high share in red light. Flashlight
Room lighting
Sun
Overcast sky
Task
Position “Southward”
Intensity controller level 10 / IKS
variable
Position “90°”
Circuit diagram
Information
Solar cell
as
Light energy Electrical energy
energy
converter
Task
U = 1,2 V
C = 65 mAh
Gold Cap
Umax = 2,3 V
C = 10 F
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller “Off” / Level 10 Position “90°”
Circuit diagram
Light
Information Negative electrode
Without being obscured by shadow, a solar cell will convert
the maximum amount of energy possible with this setup.
When the solar cell is obscured by shadow, it will lose its Negatively doped silicon
active role and behave like an ordinary diode with p-n
junction.
Task
Set up the experiment according to the figure above. Results without shading plate:
The range selector switch of the multimeter must be set to Setup A
position “DCA 2000 mA” ( 1 A = 1000 mA).
The solar cell is first operated without a shading plate (A).
(Arm of the lamp at position “Southwards”, intensity controller
set to level 10)
Results without shading plate:
What observation can be made?
Setup B
Then swap the connections at the solar cell (B).
Repeat the two experiments, but with shading plate and Results with shading plate:
without radiation... Setup A
Voltmeter
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller “Off” Position “90°”
Level 10
Halogen lamp Solar cells
Shading
plates
Circuit diagram
Information
Task
Cover the solar cell completely with the 1/1 shading plate,
measure the no-load voltage and register the value in the
table. 200
Continue with ½ cover, ¼ cover and without cover and
measure the corresponding voltage. Register the values in
the table.
Amperemeter
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller “Off” Position “90°”
Level 10
Halogen lamp Shading Solar cells
plates
Circuit diagram
Information
Task
200
Set up the experiment according to the figure above.
The arm of the lamp is at position “Southwards”, the intensity
controller is set to level 10.
The range selector switch of the multimeter must be set to the
position “DCV 2000 mA”.
100
Cover the solar cell completely with the 1/1 shading plate,
measure the short circuit current and register the value in the
table.
Continue with ½ cover, ¼ cover and without cover and
measure the corresponding currrent. Register the values in
the table.
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller “Off”
Level 0-10
Halogen lamp
Sensor
2
IKS Position “90°”
1 mV =^ 1 W / m
Voltmeter
with sensor
Circuit diagram
Information Irradiation
2
[W/m ]
When using solar cells as converters of energy, the amount of
irradiation is decisive. No-load
But this amount depends on the time of day, the season and voltage [mV]
the climatic conditions.
Short-circuit
How far do the no-load voltage and the short-circuit current
current [mA]
depend on the amount of irradiation?
Transfer the values from the table to the diagram and connect
the measuring points. What conclusions can be made?
The No-Load Voltage and the Short-Circuit Current with different Irradiations Experiment 6 15
The Short-Circuit Current of a Solar Cell with different Angles of Irradiation Experiment 7
Setup
Amperemeter
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller level 10 Position “0° - 90°”
Halogen lamp
Solar cells
Circuit diagram
Information
Angle
90 75 60 45 30 15 0
The angle of incidence of sunlight in relation to the earth [°]
keeps changing in the course of the day and year.
Sunbeams hit the fixed solar cell in a different angle in the Short-circuit
morning than at noon. current [mA]
What is the relation between the angle of incidence of the
300
200
Task
Transfer the values from the table to the diagram and connect
the measuring points.
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
What relations between angle of incidence of the light on the
solar cell and the shor-circuit current can be concluded from
this?
The Short-Circuit Current of a Solar Cell with different Angles of Irradiation Experiment 7 16
Series Connection of Solar Cells / Shading Experiment 8
Setup
1 1
2 2
3 3
Voltmeter
4 4
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller level 10 Position “90°”
Amperemeter Shading
plates
Task
1 1
2 2
3 3
Voltmeter
4 4
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller level 10 Position “90°”
Amperemeter Shading
plates
Task
Widerstand / Resistor
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller level 10 (8) Position “90°”
Circuit diagram
Information Table 1 Full irradiation (Intensity controller level 10)
Voltage
If a load (load resistor) is connected to a solar cell, voltage [mV] 1200 1000 500 20
and current will have particular values.
Current [mA] 20 50 80 110 130 140 150 155
How do voltage and current change with different loads (load
resistor)?
Table 2 Lower irradiation (Intensity controller level 8)
Voltage
1500 1000 500 10
[mV]
Current [mA]
Set up the experiment according to the figure above.
The measurement is done in a parallel connection for a better
resolution. The curve shape in the diagram, however, is the
same as with a measurement with a single cell. 150
Turn the knob of the load (load resistor) in the load 2 to the
right until the end position (greatest resistance).
Then turn the knob slowly to the left, until the required values
have been reached. 50
Register the values to be completed in the table.
Widerstand / Resistor
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller level 10
Halogen lamp
Sensor IKS
Position “90°”
2
1 mV =^ 1 W / m
Circuit diagram
Information Voltage
[mV] 1300 1000 500 20
From the current / voltage value pairs measured in
experiment 10, page 19, one can calculate the electrical Current [mA] 20 50 80 110 130 140 150 160
power P = U x I (Note: 1V x 1A = 1 W and 1mV x 1mA =
0.001mW)
How great must the load resistance be for a maximum power Calculated
consumption from the solar cell? power [mW]
Current [mA]
Task
Power [mW]
Maximun Power Point - MPP
150 300
First conduct the experiment 10, series of measurements 1.
Calculate the electrical power from the current / voltage value
pairs and register it in the table.
Than register the current / voltage value pairs and the power /
voltage value pairs in the diagram and connect the measuring
points.
Mark the Maximum Power Point! 100 200
Circuit diagram
Information
E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W
The angle of the sunlight hitting a fixed solar cell keeps
changing from sunrise to sunset. Short-circuit
Depending on the location (latitude) of the solar cell, the current [mA]
angle also depends on the time of year.
Current [mA]
Therefore, the alignment according to orientation on one side
and the horizontal tilt angle are decisive for the possible
maximum energy yield.
Since the sun’s orbit, as seen from the earth, keeps changing 600
from day to day for a location in Europe, it is important to find
the alignment of the solar cell that yields the maximum
amount of energy all year through.
400
Task
For what location is the orbit of the sun from sunrise to sunset
as seen from the earth always the same all through the year?
What is the horizontal tilt angle of the solar cell yielding the
highest amount of energy to be selected for this location?
Akkumulator / Accumulator
Storage Akkumulator / Accumulator
Storage
(GoldCap capacitator) (GoldCap capacitator)
1
U = 1,2 V U = 1,2 V
C = 65 mAh C = 65 mAh
2 Umax = 2,3 V
C = 10 F
Umax = 2,3 V
C = 10 F
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller level 10 Position “90°”
Circuit diagram
Information
Time [Sec] 10 20 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 360
A solar cell provides electrical energy only when it is
irradiated. Voltage
If a load is to be operated in darkness, a part of the electrical [mV]
energy converted during irradiation must be stored.
This is usually done with the help of an accumulator or - for Current [mA]
loads with a very low energy demand - a “GoldCap”
capacitator.
Current [mA]
Task
Voltage [mV]
A Connect the solar cells in series and connect them to the 2000 200
two upper sockets of a “GoldCap” capacitator via a
multimeter as amperemeter. Range selector switch to
position “DCA 2000 mA”. Connect the other multimeter as
voltmeter to the upper contacts. Range selector switch at
position “DCV 20”. Adjust intensity controller to level 10,
the arm of the lamp to position “Southwards”. 1.500 150
Make sure that the capacitator is discharged.
Charge the capacitor until there is no more current flowing.
What voltage is applied to the “GoldCap” capacitator?
B Switch the halogen lamp off and shade the solar cells
completely with a notebook (night situation).
Observe the amperemeter. What happens? 1.000 100
Circuit diagram
Information Table 1: Electric motor as load
How does a “GoldCap” capacitator behave when a load is Time [Sec] 0 10 20 30 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480
applied to it?
Voltage
Task [mV]
Current [mA]
Voltage [mV]
Switch the halogen lamp off and discharge the “GoldCap” 150 100
capacitator with the electric motor (plug in positive cable).
During the discharging process, observe voltage and current
and take down the period of time for discharging. 120
Register the values in table 1.
Gold Cap
Load 1 (right)
2 Umax = 2,3 V
C = 10 F
(Electric motor / Bulb)
Speicher / Storage IKS IKS
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller level 10 Position “90°”
Circuit diagram
Information A B B
Task
The diagram on the page above and the circuit diagram show
such an isolated system.
Serielle
Schnittstelle
U U
I I
Serial
interface
Eingang / Input 2
Widerstand / Resistor Imax = 200 m A DC
aus ein
off on
Load 2
(Load as variable
load resistor)
PC
Position “Southwards” Connection of the RS 232
Intensity controller level 10 (8) Position “90°” interface of the data logger
to the COM interface of the PC
Halogen lamp Solar cells
Circuit diagram
Input 1
Voltage
Input 2
Current
Information Switch on data logger.
Press button “OK” to start the recording (logging) of a x/y characteristic curve.
PC-supported measurement technology makes it possible to An empty diagram window appears on the screen. In this diagram window, there is a grey field with two
display the diagram obtained in experiment 10 directly on the digital displays for current and voltage.
screen through loading and processing of the data. Please
read first the instruction on experiment 10 on page 19. Turn the knob of the load (load resistor) in load 2 until you reach the end position (greatest resistance).
Press the button “OK”. The measured values are saved.
Task Then turn the knob slowly to the left, until a current of 30 mA is reached.
Press the button “OK”, the values are transferred to the diagram.
Set up the experiment according to the figure above. Keep turning the knob slowly to the left, until current has increased by 5 mA.
The measurement is done in a series connection for a better Press the button “OK”, the values are transferred to the diagram.
resolution. The curve shape in the diagram, however, is the Continue according to this scheme until no further increase in current is possible.
same as with a measurement with a single cell.
The arm of the lamp is at position “Southwards”, the solar Use the button “Abort” to end the measurement and then save.
cells at position “90°”.
Two series of measurements are recorded. The intensity
controller is at position 10 for the first diagram and at position For the second diagram, start a new measurement, proceed as for the fist diagram.
8 for the second diagram. The parameters remain the same, but give another name such as
Install PC software IKS - Solartrainer according to the “IU characteristic curve of a solar cell, lower irradiation.” *.
instruction on page 6 and start program.
Click on menu “Measuring” and select “x/y Characteristic
curve. * do not use special characters!
Make the following entries:
Min. Value : 0
Max. Value :180
Graduation : 10
Unit : mA
Factor :200
Offset : 0
Min. Value : 0
Max. Value : 2.2 (Dot symbol!!!)
Graduation : 0.1 (Dot symbol!!!)
Unit : V
Factor : 2.5 (Dot symbol!!!)
Offset : 0
PC-supported Recording of Measured Values: Voltage - Current Characteristic Curve of a Solar Cell Experiment 16 25
PC - supported Recording of Measured Values: Conversion of Direct Current to Alternating Current Experiment 17
Setup
Serielle
= Schnittstelle
1 U
~
U
U
= I
Serial
interface
2 aus
off
Signal rectangle
ein
on
aus
off
ein
on
Position “Southwards”
Intensity controller level 10 Position “90°”
PC
Connection of the RS 232
interface of the data logger
to COM interface of the PC
Circuit diagram
Input 1 Input 1
Input 1 Output 1
Input 2 Output 2
Rectangular shape
A solar cell as energy source produces direct current. Sampling interval : 0.02 (Dot symbol!!!)
Many loads, however, require a 230 V alternating current for Overall measuring time : 5
their operation.
Therefore an inverter is required to operate an alternating Switch on data logger and inverter.
current load with energy from solar cells. Press the button “OK”, the diagram is recorded (logged).
Such an inverter can, for example, convert 12V direct current During recording, the message “Measuring” appears.
to 230V alternating current. When the set overall measuring time has passed, the measured curve will appear on the screen.
For isolated systems and low power rates, inverters with
rectangular alternating current are sometimes used (cost- Save diagram, if required.
efficient), for higher power rates or sensitive loads, one uses
inverters with sinusoidal alternating current. Now make the connections to the inverter with rectangular alternating current and start new
measurement with the same parameters.
For bigger plants, the current is fed into the public power ( Name: z.B. Inverter rectangular)
supply network via an inverter with equal voltage and
frequency (Grid-connected operation).
Task
Min. Value : -1
Max. Value : +1
Graduation : 0.2 (Dot symbol!!!)
Unit : V
Factor : 2.5 (Dot symbol!!!)
Offset : -1
Active : activated
Active : deactivated
PC - supported Recording of Measured Values: Conversion of Direct Current to Alternating Current Experiment 17 26
Messung der Bestrahlungsstärke
PC-supported Recording of Measured
verschiedener
Values: Charging
Lichtquellen
/ Discharging of a GoldCap Capacitator / Battery Experiment 18
14a
Setup
Aufbau
Serielle
Schnittstelle
1 U
U = 1,2 V
U = 1,2 V
C = 65 mAh
C = 65 mAh
Gold Cap
Gold Cap I
Serial
interface
Eingang / Input 2
Imax = 200 m A DC
2 Umax = 2,3 V
C = 10 F
aus
off
ein
on
Umax = 2,3 V
C = 10 F
IKS IKS
Speicher / Storage IKS IKS Speicher / Storage
Data logger
3 (GoldCap
Umax = 2,5 V DC Output PC
Serielle
Schnittstelle
capacitator) U
I
Serial
4 Eingang / Input 2
interface
Imax = 200 m A DC
aus ein
off on
PC
Connection of the RS 232
Interface of the data logger
to COM interface of the PC
Schaltpan
Circuit diagram
Input 1
Input 1
Voltage
Voltage
Input 2
Input 2
Current Current
Information Horizontal Axis (Time channel)
PC-supported measurement technology makes it possible to Sampling interval : 0.2 (Dot symbol!!!)
display the diagram obtained in experiments 13 and 14 Overall measuring time : 450
directly on the screen through loading and processing of the
data via PC. Please read first the instruction on experiments Switch on data logger. Now plug the negative cable into the data logger and at the same time start
13 and 14 on pages 22-23. program with “OK”. The measurement ends automatically when the set time interval has passed.
Otherwise end measurement by selecting “Abort measurement” in the menu “Measuring”.
Save diagram, if required.
Task Now set up the experiment according to the right-hand figure above, but do not plug the negative
cable of the GoldCap not into the data logger as yet.
First set up the experiment according to the left-hand figure Click on menu “Measuring” and select y/t diagram. Make the following entries:
above, but do not plug the negative cable of the solar
cells into the data logger as yet. Name : e.g. Discharging GoldCap capacitator with bulb
Make sure the capacitator is discharged.
Install the PC software IKS - Solartrainer according to the Verticale Axis 1 (Voltage channel)
instruction on page 6 and start program.
Min. Value : 0
Click on menu “Measuring” and select “y/t diagram”. Max. Value : 1.6 (Dot symbol!!!)
Make the following entries: Graduation : 0.2 (Dot symbol!!!)
Unit : V
Name : e.g. Charging GoldCap capacitator Factor : 2.5 (Dot symbol!!!)
Offset : 0
Vertical Axis 1 (Voltage channel) Active : activated
Min. Value : 0 Vertical Axis 2 (Current channel)
Max. Value : 1.6 (Dot symbol!!!)
Graduation : 0.2 (Dot symbol!!!) Min. Value : 0
Unit : V Max. Value :100
Factor : 2.5 (Dot symbol!!!) Graduation : 10
Offset : 0 Unit : mA
Active : activated Factor :200
Offset : 0
Verticale Axis 2 (Current channel) Active : activated
Min. Value : 0 Horizontal Axis (Time channel)
Max. Value :180
Graduation : 10 Sampling interval : 0.2 (Dot symbol!!!)
Unit : mA Overall measuring time :.... 450
Factor :200
Offset : 0 Switch on data logger. Now plug the negative cable into the data logger and start program with “OK”.
Active : activated The measurement ends automatically after the set time interval has passed.
Otherwise end measurement with “Abort Measurement” in the menu “Measuring”.
Save diagram, if required. Repeat experiments with electric motor as load.
PC-supported Recording of Measured Values: Charging / Discharging of a GoldCap Capacitator / Battery Experiment 18 27
Messung
Circuit symbols
der Bestrahlungsstärke verschiedener Lichtquellen Experiment 14a
Battery
Sensor
Variable resistor
Lamp
Motor
Connecting socket
28