PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC &

ELECTRONICS
BEKG 1123
Semester 1, 2019/2020
Name : Madam Nur Zawani Binti Saharuddin
Room : A/1-8
Phone : 016-2125768
Email : nurzawani@utem.edu.my

Lecture/ Tutorial:
2BMCG- S3/S4
Tuesday, 9.00 – 10.50am (BK6 KMK FASA B)
Thursday, 9.00 – 10.50am (BK 15 FKM)

2BMCG- S5/S6
Tuesday, 2.00 – 3.50pm (BK6 FKM)
Wednesday, 9.00 – 10.50am (BK 1 KMK FASA B)

Chapter 1 2
Chapter 1 3
TEACHING PLAN Chapter 1 4
Chapter 1 5
Chapter 1 6
Chapter 1 7
Chapter 1 8
 INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes:

1.1 Basic Electric System

1.2 Electrical Circuits
1.3 Electrical Charge
1.4 Electromotive Force (emf) and Potential Difference
1.5 Voltage and Current
1.6 Systems of Units: SI units in Electrical
1.7 Electrical Measurement & Instruments
1.8 Symbols of Electrical Sources & Components
1.9 Circuit Elements: Passive & Active

BEKG 1123
Principles of Electric and Electronics Chapter 1 9
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Describe basic electrical systems and the concept of electrical
charge
 Understand the principles of EMF and Potential Differential
 Understand the unit systems
 Describe electrical measurement & instruments and the
symbol of electrical sources & components
 Identify the circuit elements

Chapter 1 10
 1.1 BASIC ELECTRIC SYSTEM

Electric system – deals with communication and transfer energy from

one point to another.

Basic electrical system consists of 4 elements: Source, Control, Load

and Transmission System (as shown in Fig. 1)

Electrical
Source Circuit and Load
Transmission Control Transmission
System System

Fig. 1 Electrical system

Chapter 1 11
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CONTD.
 Source - Provide electrical energy to electrical system (i.e DC
or AC source). Can be obtain from battery, generator or socket
outlet.

 Electric Circuit and Control - Control the flow of electrical

energy (i.e switch). Permits the energy to flow or else interrupts
the flow.

 Load - Absorb the electrical energy and perform a given

task/purpose/work. Most domestic electrical equipment
constitutes loads (i.e motor)

 Transmission system - Conduct and transfer electrical energy

from source to load (i.e insulated wire)

Chapter 1 12
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CONTD.

Chapter 1 13
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Example

Physical configuration Circuit diagram

Fig. 2 Torch Light system

Chapter 1 14
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Example
Conductors/Wires
Switch

Switch
Battery
Wires

Resistance
Headlamps Voltage source

Physical configuration Circuit diagram

Fig.3 Headlight system

Chapter 1 15
 1.2 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Electrical Circuit – consists of various types of circuit elements connected
in closed paths by conductor (refer Figure 1.4).

**Circuit elements – resistances,

inductances, capacitances and
voltage/current sources.

Fig. 4 Electrical circuit

Voltage sources create forces that cause charge to flow through the conductors
and other circuit elements, so energy is transferred between the circuit elements.

Chapter 1 16
 1.3 ELECTRICAL CHARGE

Electrical Charge – is also known as electricity.

The elementary physics that all matter is made of atoms and each
atoms consists of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Chapter 1 17
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

 The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an

atom neutrally charged.

 Some atoms hold their electrons loosely (when force is applied)

especially electrons that are located at valence shell (outermost
shell).

Chapter 1 18
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

 The loose electrons (free electron) can be transferred into another

atoms.

When an electron escapes from the atom – becomes positive ion.

When atom acquire an electron – becomes negative ion.

Chapter 1 19
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.
 A substance/materials that excess of electrons (negative ion) is said to have
negative charge.
 Materials with deficiency of electrons (positive ion) is said to have positive
charge.
 Electrical charge – an electrical property of matter that exists because of an
excess or defiance of electrons.
 Charges can be measured in coulomb
1 Coulomb (C) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons
1 electron = 1.602 x 10 -19 C

 Materials with charges of opposite polarity attracted.

 Materials with charges of same polarity are repelled.

Chapter 1 20
1.4 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf)
VS. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
emf
Emf is the electrical potential
difference provided by an energy
source like battery.
Varying magnetic fields also can
generate an emf according to the
Faraday’s law.
Although EMF is also a voltage and
measured in Volts (V), it is all about
the generation of a potential
difference.
Potential difference
Potential is a function of the
location, and potential difference
between point A and point B is
calculated by subtracting the
potential of A from potential of B.
In an electric field, it is the amount
work to be done to move a unit
charge (+1 Coulomb) from B to A.
Electric potential difference is
measured in V (Volts). In an
electrical circuit, current flows
from the higher potential to lower
potential.
Chapter 1 21
So the important differences between emf and potential difference
are:

1. The term ‘potential difference’ is used in all energy fields (electric,

magnetic, gravitational), and ‘emf’ is only used in electric circuits.

2. Emf is the electrical potential difference generated by a source like

battery or generator.

3. We can measure potential difference between any two points, but

emf exists only between the two ends of a source.

4. Sum of ‘potential drops’ around a circuit is equal to total emf

according to Kirchhoff’s second law.

Chapter 1 22
1.5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

Chapter 1 23
 The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and
the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the
system.
 off on

The battery provides voltage that will push

current through the bulb when the switch is on.
Chapter 1 25
 VOLTAGE cont.

 To move an electron in a conductor in a particular direction

requires some work or energy transfer.

 This work can be performed by an external force or called as

electromotive force (emf).

 Voltage (V) is the energy required to move a unit charge

through an element, measured in volts (V).

 Voltage is a measurement of potential difference between two

points.

Chapter 1 26
 VOLTAGE cont.

 Vab – voltage between point a and b

 It is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b.

 plus (+) and minus (-) signs – voltage polarity or reference direction.

Chapter 1 27
 VOLTAGE cont.

 Voltage (V) is defined as energy/work per unit

charge
V = W/Q
where V is voltage in volts(V), W is energy in
joules (J) and Q is charge in coulombs (C).

 A voltage source is an energy source that provides

electrical energy or voltage.

 Two types of voltage sources:

 dc voltage – a constant voltage with time. i.e.
battery.
 ac voltage – a voltage that varies with time. i.e.
electric generator, socket outlet.
Chapter 1 28
 The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off,

is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on,
is there any flow (current)?
YES
 off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.

Chapter 1 30
 CURRENT contd.

 Voltage provides energy to electron, allowing them to move through a

circuit.

 This movement of electrons is the current, which result in work being

done in an electrical circuit.

 Consider the following:

 negative charges move from the negative terminal of battery towards

the positive terminal.
Chapter 1 31
 CURRENT contd.
 Flow of current in metallic conductors is due to movement of
electrons.
 However, it is universally accepted that current is the net flow of
positive charges.
 There are two accepted conventions for the direction of electrical
current:
1. Electron flow direction – current is out of the negative
terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and into the
positive terminal of the source.
2. Conventional current direction – current is out of the
positive terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and
into the negative terminal of the source.

Electron Conventional
Flow Current

Chapter 1 32
 The direction that the current flows does not affect what the
current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which
convention is used as long as you are consistent.
 Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In
general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas
the engineering disciplines use Conventional Current.
 Since this is an engineering course, we will use
Conventional Current .

Electron Conventional
Flow Current

Chapter 1 33
 CURRENT contd.
 Electric current – the time rate of change of charge, measured in
amperes (A).
I=Q/t
where I is current in amperes(A), Q is charge in coulombs (C)
and t is time in seconds.
 Generally, have two types of current:
 direct current (dc) – a current that remains constant with time.
 alternating current (ac) – a current that varies with time.

Chapter 1 34
 1.6 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
 Basic SI (International System of Units) units:

Quantity Unit Symbol

Charge (q) coulomb C

Energy (E) joule J
Power (P) watt W
Voltage (V) volt V
Current (I) ampere A
Resistance (R) ohm Ω
Induction (L) Henry H
Capacitance (C) farad F

Chapter 1 35
Unit Name Unit Symbol

Volt (V)
• Volt is the electrical unit of voltage.
One volt is the energy of 1 joule that is 1V = 1J / 1C
consumed when electric charge of 1
coulomb flows in the circuit.

Ampere (A)
• Ampere is the electrical unit of
electrical current. It measures the 1A = 1C / 1s
amount of electrical charge that flows
in an electrical circuit per 1 second.
Ohm (Ω)
• Ohm is the electrical unit of
resistance. 1Ω = 1V / 1A

Watt (W)
• Watt is the electrical unit of electric
power. It measures the rate of 1W = 1J / 1s
consumed energy. 1W = 1V · 1A

Farad (F)
• Farad is the unit of capacitance. It
represents the amount of electric 1F = 1C / 1V
charge in coulombs that is stored per
1 volt.
Henry (H)
• Henry is the unit of inductance.
1H = 1Wb / 1A

Chapter 1 36
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS contd.
 The SI prefixes:
Power of 10 Prefix Symbol
+18 Exa E
+15 Peta P
+12 Tera T
+9 Giga G
+6 mega M
+3 kilo k
+2 hecto h
+1 deka D
-1 deci d
-2 centi c
-3 mili m
-6 micro µ
-9 nano n
- 12 pico p
- 15 femto f
- 18 atto a
Chapter 1 37
 1.7 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT
INSTRUMENTS

 Multimeter

Analog Multimeter
Digital Multimeters (DMM)

Chapter 1 38
 Meter symbols

Chapter 1 39
Chapter 1 40
 Most analog ammeters have a number of possible
settings for the maximum possible current that can be
measured; for example: 2 A, 200 mA, 20 mA, 2 mA. You
should always start by turning the setting to the highest
possible rating (for example, 2 A). If the ammeter
reading is too small from the selected scale, then you
can reduce the scale to get the reading. It is important
not to overshoot the maximum value that can be read.

 For example, if the current is about 75 mA, then the

ammeter would be set to the 200 mA scale for the most
accurate reading. Setting to the 20 mA scale would
overload the ammeter and most likely open its internal
fuse.

Chapter 1 41
Chapter 1 42
Chapter 1 43
• Error : The difference between the true value and the
measured value

• Accuracy : The degree to which a measured value

represents the true or accepted value of a quantity. A
measurement is said to be accurate if the error is
small.

• Precision : The repeatability or consistency of a

measurement

Chapter 1 44
 Resolution
 The smallest increment of quantity that the meter can measure. The
smaller the increment, the better the resolution.

0.001V 0.01V

Chapter 1 45
45
 Symbol
1.8 SYMBOLS OF ELECTRICAL
SOURCE AND COMPONENTS
Component Name Meaning
SPST Toggle Switch
Disconnects current when open
(SPST=Single Pole, Single Throw)
Used for zero potential reference
Earth Ground
and electrical shock protection.
Connected to the chassis of the
Chassis Ground
circuit
Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow.
Variable Resistor / Rheostat Adjustable resistor - has 2
(IEEE) terminals
Capacitor is used to store electric
Capacitor charge. It acts as short circuit
with AC and open circuit with DC.
Battery Generates constant voltage
AC Voltage Source AC voltage source
Diode allows current flow in
Diode one direction only (left to
right).
Chapter 1 46
 1.9 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
 Element – basic building block of a circuit or electrical
components of an electrical circuit.

 Electric circuit – an interconnection of electrical elements.

 Circuit analysis – process of determining voltages across (or

the currents through) the elements of the circuit.

 Two types of elements in electrical circuits:

 Active elements
 Passive elements

Chapter 1 47
 Passive components: Components
that do not supply voltage or
current. Color bands
Resistance material

Examples
(carbon composition)
 Insulation coating

 Resistors Leads

 Capacitors
 Inductor
 Transformer

Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Foil

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

48 Chapter 1 48
 The components that have their own power source.

 Passive components are used in conjunction with active components to form an

electronic system.
 Examples

 Voltage and current sources

 Battery, Generator, Fuel cell

 Transistor

 Integrated Circuit (IC)

Chapter 1 49
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
• Active elements – elements capable of generating
electrical energy i.e. voltage source & current source.

• Passive elements – elements not capable of

generating electrical energy i.e. resistor, capacitor and
inductors.

 Voltage & current source deliver power to the

electrical circuit.

 Two kinds of sources:

 Independent sources.
 Dependent sources.

Chapter 1 50
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

 Ideal independent source – an active elements

that provides a specified voltage or current that
is completely independent of other circuit
elements.

Chapter 1 51
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

 Ideal independent voltage source delivers to

the circuit whatever current is necessary to
maintain its terminal voltage.

Chapter 1 52
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

 Ideal independent current source delivers to

the circuit whatever voltage is necessary to
maintain the designated current.

Chapter 1 53
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

 Ideal dependent (or controlled) source – an active

element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.

 Four types of dependent source:

 A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
 A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
 A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
 A current-controlled current source (CCCS)
Chapter 1 54
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Consider the following:

 The CCVS is depends on i.

 Value = 10i V

Chapter 1 55
THANK YOU.. 

Chapter 1 56