Yellow-faced honeyeater

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Yellow-faced honeyeater

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Passeriformes

Family: Meliphagidae

Genus: Caligavis

Species: C. chrysops
 Binomial name

Caligavis chrysops

(Latham, 1801)

Yellow-faced honeyeater natural range

subsp. barroni olive

subsp. chrysops green

subsp. samueli blue

Synonyms

 Sylvia chrysops Latham, 1801

 Lichenostomus chrysops (Latham,
1802)

 Melithreptus gilvicapillus Vieillot,

1817

 Ptilotis trivirgata G.R. Gray, 1869

The yellow-faced honeyeater (Caligavis chrysops) is a medium-small bird in the honeyeater family,
Meliphagidae. It takes both its common name and scientific name from the distinctive yellow stripes
on the sides of its head. Its loud clear call often begins twenty or thirty minutes before dawn. It is
widespread across eastern and south eastern Australia, in open sclerophyll forests from coastal
dunes to high-altitude subalpine areas, and woodlands along creeks and rivers. Comparatively
short-billed for a honeyeater, it is thought to have adapted to a diet of flies, spiders and beetles, as
well as nectar and pollen from the flowers of plants such as Banksia and Grevillea, and soft fruits. It
catches insects in flight as well as gleaning them from the foliage of trees and shrubs.
Some yellow-faced honeyeaters are sedentary, but hundreds of thousands migrate northwards
between March and May to spend the winter in southern Queensland and return in July and August
 to breed in southern New South Wales and Victoria. They form socially monogamous pairs and lay
two or three eggs in a delicate cup-shaped nest. The success rate can be low, and the pairs nest
several times during the breeding season.
Honeyeaters' preferred woodland habitat is vulnerable to the effects of land clearing, grazing, and
weeds. As it is common and widespread, the yellow-faced honeyeater is considered by
the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to be of least concern for conservation. It
is considered a pest in orchards in some areas.

Contents

 1Taxonomy
 2Description
o 2.1Appearance
o 2.2Vocalizations
 3Distribution and habitat
o 3.1Habitat
o 3.2Range
o 3.3Migration
 4Behaviour
o 4.1Feeding
o 4.2Breeding
 5Conservation status
 6References
 7Bibliography
 8External links

Taxonomy
The yellow-faced honeyeater was first described, and placed in the genus Sylvia, by
ornithologist John Latham in his 1801 work Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici, sive Systematis
Ornithologiae.[2][3] French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot described it as Melithreptus
gilvicapillus in 1817, and English zoologist George Robert Gray as Ptilotis trivirgata in 1869.[4] The
specific name chrysops is derived from the Ancient Greek words meaning "gold" and "face", in
reference to the stripe of yellow feathers.[5]
The yellow-faced honeyeater was classified in the genera Meliphaga and then Lichenostomus until
2011.[4] Delineating the latter genus had been systematically contentious, and evaluations of
relationships among honeyeaters in the genus using dense taxon and nucleotide sampling
confirmed previous findings that Lichenostomus is not monophyletic.[6] Five species have previously
been described as comprising the Caligavis subgroup, but studies using the mitochondrial DNA
identified the yellow-faced honeyeater as most closely related to the black-throated honeyeater (C.
subfrenatus) and the obscure honeyeater (C. obscurus) of New Guinea; they were therefore
grouped into the genus Caligavis. The bridled honeyeater (B. frenatus) and the Eungella
honeyeater (B. hindwoodi) were sufficiently different to be placed in a separate genus
as Bolemoreus.[7] A 2017 genetic study using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA found the
ancestor of the yellow-faced honeyeater diverged from the common ancestor of the other
two Caligavis species around seven million years ago.[8]
There are three subspecies, two described by Gregory Mathews in 1912.[9][10] There are only very
slight differences between the nominate race and C. c. samueli found in the Mount Lofty
Ranges in South Australia and C. c. barroni from Clarke Range and the Atherton
Tableland in Queensland. The latter race is described as "poorly differentiated" and "possibly not
worthy of recognition" by the Handbook of the Birds of the World.[11]
Surgeon-General to the First Fleet John White caught a specimen in May 1788, calling it a yellow-
faced flycatcher in his Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, which was published in
1790.[12] Latham called it the black-cheeked warbler.[2] John Gould called it the yellow-faced
honeyeater in 1848,[13] which has become its official name. It is also known as the yellow-gaped
honeyeater, or the quitchup, in reference to its call.[14]

Description

A distinctive yellow stripe runs below the eye.

Appearance
The yellow-faced honeyeater is a medium-small, greyish-brown bird that takes its common name
from distinctive yellow stripes on the sides of the head.[15] Yellow feathers form a narrow stripe above
the gape, which broadens and curves below the eye to end in a small white patch of feathers on
the ear coverts. Above the yellow stripe is a black eye stripe which is broken by a small yellow to off-
white patch behind the eye, and below is another distinct black stripe running the length of the yellow
line. The chin, throat and breast are a pale greyish brown, streaked with slightly darker grey, and the
abdomen is light grey. The upper body is a dark greyish brown to olive-brown. Olive green outer
edges on the remiges combine to form an olive panel on the folded wing. The bill is black and
slightly down-curved, and the gape is cream. The legs and feet are grey-brown. The iris is a dusky
blue in adult birds, and brown in juveniles. The juvenile is very similar to the adult, with slightly less
streaking on the breast, an orange-brown tip on the bill and a yellower gape; male and female birds
are also similar, with the male being slightly larger (on average, 0.8 g (0.028 oz) heavier); and in the
field there are no visible differences between the subspecies. The yellow-faced honeyeater averages
15–17.5 centimetres (5.9–6.9 in) in length, with a wingspan of 21.5–26 cm (8.5–10.2 in) and a
weight of 12.5–20.5 grams (0.44–0.72 oz), with an average of 17 g (0.60 oz)).[11][14]
Vocalizations
One of the first birds heard in the morning, the yellow-faced honeyeater utters calls that are full and
loud, and extremely varied. The male sings from a roost for up to an hour, beginning twenty or thirty
minutes before dawn.[14] The song is a running series of cheerful notes sounding like chick-up, chick-
up, from which its common name of quitchup is derived.[15] Counter-singing (repeating the first bird's
song) by neighbouring birds is common. The territorial call, also given by opponents during fights, is
a long preet with an upward inflection. The alarm call is a loud trilling whistle. Common calls, thought
to be contact calls, are animated two-note calls variously described as terric, terric, cr-rook, cr-
rook or put-put, put-put.[14]

Distribution and habitat

The yellow-faced honeyeater can be seen feeding on garden shrubs.

Habitat
Across its range, the yellow-faced honeyeater is found in a range of habitats—in
open sclerophyll forests from coastal dunes to high-altitude subalpine areas, and often
in riparian woodlands. It most commonly dwells in open forests dominated by spotted gum
(Corymbia maculata) with ironbarks and stringybarks such as narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus
crebra) and silver-leaved ironbark (E. melanophloia), with a light shrubby understorey, and less often
in dry open forests and woodlands dominated by Angophora, Acacia, Banksia, Casuarina or Callitris,
or in high-altitude, tall, open forests of alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) and woodlands
dominated by snow gum (E. pauciflora) or white box (E. albens). It has been recorded in
coastal heath when banksias are blooming, and among flowering mangroves. It occupies areas
infested with weeds such as Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and blackberries, and developed
areas including orchards and parks and gardens, where it feeds on cultivated fruit and flowers. It can
be found in forests regenerating after fire or logging, though it is more common in mature
forests.[16] Where it is found in woodland, it is usually woodland near forest or with an understory of
sclerophyll plants.[17]
Range
The yellow-faced honeyeater ranges across a broad arc from near Cooktown in Far North
Queensland, south west between a line from Charters Towers to Albury and the coast, and then
west to the Fleurieu Peninsula and Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia. Population densities
have been recorded from 0.01 birds per hectare (2.5 acres) near Armidale in New South Wales to
7.8 birds per hectare at Tarnagulla, Victoria. During the winter months of June and July, numbers
are generally lower in Victoria and higher in Queensland, following northward migration.[18]
Migration
There are resident populations of the yellow-faced honeyeater throughout its range, but it is for the
most part a seasonal, latitudinal, daytime migrant. During the autumn (March to May) it migrates
north along the highlands and coastal fringe of eastern Australia to southern Queensland, to return
in the spring (August to October) of the same year.[19] The birds commonly move in flocks of 10 to
100 birds, but occasionally in larger groups of up to 1,000 or more birds. The groups can include
other species such as the white-naped honeyeater, fuscous honeyeater, noisy
friarbird and silvereye. They move in successive flocks at a rate of up to several thousand birds an
hour.[20] Over 100,000 birds were recorded passing Hastings point in New South Wales over the
course of a single day in May 1965.[21] The species is able to detect geomagnetic fields and uses
them to navigate while migrating.[22] Experiments where the vertical component of the magnetic
field was reversed indicate that the magnetic compass of the yellow-faced honeyeater is based on
the inclination of the field lines and not on polarity, meaning they distinguish between the direction of
the equator and poles, rather than north and south.[23] Their flight is in one general direction, but is
not in a straight line as the flocks stay in vegetated areas, negotiate gaps in the mountain ranges
and detour around cities.[24]
The migration of many birds in Australia, including honeyeaters, has generally been described as
occurring mainly in response to external environmental stimuli, such as food availability or an influx
of water.[25] The yellow-faced honeyeater has been found to have a broad range of characteristics
that are more often associated with Northern Hemisphere migrants. These are an annual cycle of
migratory restlessness, seasonally appropriate orientation based on magnetic, solar and polarised
light cues, and a migration program based on the magnetic inclination compass.[26]

Behaviour

Piercing the base of a mountain devil (Lambertia formosa) flower to feed on nectar

The yellow-faced honeyeater is usually seen singly, in pairs, or in small family groups when not
migrating.[14] They forage as individuals, as pairs or as small groups of up to ten birds, and during
migration in larger groups. They sometimes feed in large mixed-species foraging flocks composed
predominately of insectivorous birds.[11]
Feeding
Comparatively short-billed for a honeyeater, the yellow-faced honeyeater is thought to have adapted
to a mixed diet.[27] Its diet consists of nectar, pollen, fruit, seeds, honeydew, and insects. It is
arboreal, foraging primarily among the foliage and flowers of trees, shrubs, and mistletoes, less often
on branches and tree trunk, and rarely on the ground.[28] Yellow-faced honeyeaters feed on nectar
around 40% of the time, and on insects around 60% of the time.[27] The yellow-faced honeyeater
feeds on insects by gleaning, and by sallying or catching insects in flight or probing in bark crevices.
The insects eaten are primarily Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, maggots, gnats, and
midges), beetles and spiders.[29] A study of the pollen on the bills and foreheads of captured birds
found that 70% carried pollen from silver banksia (Banksia marginata), 61% from heath-leaved
banksia (Banksia ericifolia), and 22% carried pollen from other plants in the area including fern-
leaved banksia (Banksia oblongifolia), mountain devil (Lambertia formosa) and green spider flower
(Grevillea mucronulata).
In April and May, before the autumn migration, the yellow-faced honeyeater increases its nectar
consumption, which increases its body mass. The average body mass in late autumn of 17.5 grams
(0.62 oz) is 13% higher than the average recorded between January and April, and the yellow-faced
honeyeater begins the migration with healthy fat reserves.[30]
Breeding

Three chicks are raised in a flimsy nest in a garden shrub.

The yellow-faced honeyeater breeds in monogamous pairs in a breeding season that extends from
July to March, with migrating birds nesting later than sedentary birds.[19] They nest solitarily in all-
purpose territories that both parents defend against conspecifics and other species
including thornbills, spinebills, and silvereyes, although the male is involved in more aggressive
interactions than the female.[31] Within a breeding season females lay two or three clutches of eggs,
re-nesting with the same partner in the same territory. Banded birds have been identified in the
same territory for periods of up to five years.[19]
The nest is built in the understorey shrubs, relatively close to the ground. Nests have been recorded
in prickly coprosma (Coprosma quadrifida), Cassinia, tea-trees (Melaleuca), eucalypts, and acacias,
as well as in garden shrubs.[32] The nest is a fragile, cup-shaped structure, swollen at the sides and
narrower at the rim. The female builds the nest, but is often accompanied by the male as she
gathers nesting material. Most nests are built of greenish material which varies with the location; in
coastal areas grass is the primary material; in mountain forests the nest is often covered with
moss.[33] One bird was recorded repeatedly flying between the nest and a koala 36 metres (118 ft)
away and plucking the long hair near its ears to incorporate in the nest.[34][35] The nests are very fine,
with the eggs visible through the gauze-like walls, and they sometimes fall apart. They have been
known to disintegrate with eggs and nestlings falling through the bottom.[33]
The female undertakes the incubation alone.[19] Eggs are oval, approximately 21 millimetres (0.83 in)
long and 14 millimetres (0.55 in) wide, and pinkish white in colour with spots and blotches of dark
reddish brown.[36] The clutch size varies from one to three eggs, and eggs take around two weeks to
hatch. Upon hatching, both parents feed the nestlings and remove faecal pellets. The
chicks fledge after thirteen days, and leave the parental territory after a further two weeks. The
success rate can be as low as 16% of eggs developing into fledged young, with nest failure, hot
weather, heavy rain, human activity (including fungicide spraying and nest damage), egg destruction
by brood parasites, and predation by brown snakes, cats and currawongs all recorded as
contributing to brood failure.[37] Among the species that parasitize the nests of yellow-faced
honeyeaters are fan-tailed cuckoos, brush cuckoos, pallid cuckoos, shining bronze cuckoos,
and Horsfield's bronze cuckoos.[11] The yellow-faced honeyeater promptly nests again after both
successful and failed breeding attempts.[38]
A paternity analysis of yellow-faced honeyeater nestlings found that 10 of 18 nestlings were fathered
by the male of the nesting pair, with clear evidence for extra-pair paternity in the case of the
remaining 44%. This conflicts with the usual pattern, where genetic monogamy is linked to the
characteristics of strong social pairing, essential paternal contributions to brood rearing, and to
sexual monomorphism;[39] characteristics exhibited by the yellow honeyeater.

Conservation status
Several ectoparasites which can affect both survival and reproductive fitness have been found on
the yellow-faced honeyeater; the mites Ptilonyssus meliphagae and Ptilonyssus
thymanzae and Ixodes species ticks.[40]
In general, honeyeaters require extensive corridors of mature trees along their migratory routes, and
flowering woodlands for nesting, so they are vulnerable to the effects of land clearing, grazing and
weed infestation. The woodland habitat they prefer is considered an endangered ecological
community. As it is common and widespread, the yellow-faced honeyeater is considered by
the IUCN to be of least concern for conservation.[1] A field experiment to determine whether yellow-
faced honeyeater nests were less successful in fragmented habitats found nests closer to forest
margins actually had a higher success rate than those deeper within the forest. The yellow-faced
honeyeater tends to nest away from the edge of forest remnants; experiments with natural and
artificial nests at varying distances from the open areas showed no increase in the number of avian
predators at the forest edge. The experiment results do not support the "ecological trap" and
"predator influx" theories and contribute to a belief that fragmented habitats may not be as
problematic as previously thought.[41] In some areas the species is considered a pest because of its
intrusion into orchards and urban gardens where it damages fruit.[15]

References
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31. ^ Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001, p. 732.
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 38. ^ Boulton, R.L; Cassey, P.; Schipper, C.; Clarke, M.F. (2003). "Nest site selection by Yellow-faced
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41. ^ Boulton, R.L.; Clarke, M.F. (2003). "Do yellow-faced honeyeater (Lichenostomus chrysops) nests
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Bibliography
 Beruldsen, Gordon (1980). A Field Guide to Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds. Adelaide, S.A.:
Rigby. ISBN 978-0-7270-1202-9.
 Higgins, Peter; Peter, J. M.; Steele, W. K. (2001). "Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced
Honeyeater". Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds Volume 5: Tyrant-
flycatchers to Chats. Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. pp. 724–740. ISBN 978-0-19-
553071-1.
 Higgins, Peter; Christidis, Les; Ford, Hugh (2008). "Family Meliphagidae (Honeyeaters)". In
Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World
Volume 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 597–598. ISBN 978-84-
96553-45-3.
 Munro, Ursula (2003). "Life History and Ecophysical Adaptations to Migration in Australian
Birds". In Berthold, Peter; Gwinner, Eberhard; Sonnenschein, E. (eds.). Avian Migration. New
York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 141–154. ISBN 978-3-540-43408-5.
 Officer, Hugh R. (1965). Australian Honeyeaters. Melbourne, Vic.: The Bird Observers Club,
Melbourne. ISBN 978-0-909711-03-0.

External links
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Caligavis
chrysops.

Wikispecies has
information related
to Caligavis chrysops

 Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the yellow-faced honeyeater

 "Yellow-faced Honeyeaters spring migration: Podcast". Australian Broadcasting Corporation:
Radio National. 16 September 2011.