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Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 97 – 104

International Symposium on Earth Science and Technology, CINEST 2012

Ore Mineralogy and Formation Condition of Epithermal Gold Silver

Deposits in the Southwestern Hokkaido, Japan
Euis T. YUNINGSIH1,3, Hiroharu MATSUEDA3 and Nobuaki FUKUCHI2
1
Faculty of Geology, PadjadjaranUniversity, Bandung45363, Indonesia
2
Graduate School of Sciences, HokkaidoUniversity, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
3
The HokkaidoUniversityMuseum, HokkaidoUniversity, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan

Abstract

The southwestern Hokkaido mining district is well known for the occurrence of many epithermal ore deposits of Neogene Tertiary period.The ore
mineral assemblages in the epithermal gold-silver deposits from the southwestern Hokkaido such as Kobetsuzawa, Shin Otoyo, Suttsu, Chitose,
Teine, Date, Koryu and Toya mines are examined. The determinations of their minerals assemblages are based on the study of samples collected
during field works in the southwestern Hokkaido and from the Hokkaido University Museum collection. Combinations of microscopic, electron-
microprobe, and BSE-based image analyses of polished sections were used to evaluate the chemical composition of ore minerals. Most of gold-
silver in the magmatic-hydrothermal systems of the southwestern Hokkaido are enriched in tellurides and Te-bearing minerals, suggesting major
carriers of precious metal in the ore. Other minerals are sulfides, sulfosalts and oxides group of ores, although each deposit is characterized by
the occurrence of some difference ore minerals assemblages. The presences of enargite or famatinite in some deposits suggest the deposition in
the higher sulfidation state of epithermal mineralization style. The measurement of homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions in
some gangue minerals such as quartz associated with ores from those deposits suggest that the formation temperature in general are around 170
260°Cwith salinity less than 4 wt.% NaClequiv..Boiling indications in fluid inclusions of some deposits give the possibility this
phenomenainfluence to the ore precipitation.

1. INTRODUCTION
The southwestern Hokkaido mining district has produced of gold, silver, lead and zinc metals. Their production
occupies an important portion of the mineral resources in Japan. These resources related with the occurrence of
many epithermal ore deposits of Neogen period, such as Teine, Toyoha, Todoroki, Chitose mines etc. in this area.
But most of mines in this district have been closed during the past forty years due to the exhausted of ores.
The present study attempts to update the association ore minerals and to clarify the formation condition of some
deposits in southwesternHokkaido such as Kobetsuzawa, Shin-Otoyo, Suttsu, Chitose, Teine, Date, Koryu and Toya.
The determinations of ores mineral assemblages are based on the study of samples collected during field works in
some deposits around southwestern Hokkaido and from the Hokkaido University Museum collection. A
combination of microscopic, electron-microprobe data and BSE-based image analyses of polished and doubly
polished thin sections were used to evaluate the assemblages of ore minerals.
Estimation on the formation temperature of mineral was made by measuring homogenization temperature of fluid
inclusions, using a microscope equipped with a heating stage. Their mutual relations are used to make some point of
view on ore mineralogy and formation condition of those deposits. They were collaborating with a large number of
studies on these ore deposits and geology of this district which have been carried out by previous authors.

2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE DEPOSITS

The research area is situated at the junction between the ENE-WSW Kuril and the N-S trending northeast Honshu
Arcs (Fig. 1). Oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate caused dextral strike-slip movement at the southwest end of
the Kuril Arc and westward dislocation of the frontal Kuril arc (Kimura et al., 1983). The movement started at east

1878-5220 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Selection and/or peer review under responsibilty of Institut Teknologi Bandung and Kyushu University.
doi:10.1016/j.proeps.2013.01.014
98 Euis T. Yuningsih et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 97 – 104

and central Hokkaido during the late Miocene. It is inferred that the active point of the movement migrated
westward (Watanabe, 1987).
Yamagishi and Watanabe (1986) estimated during the period from Late Miocene to Holocene the NW-SE volcanic
chains in the southwestern Hokkaido district are sub-parallel to the maximum principal stress. This indicates that the
chains have been formed along tensional fractures caused by NW-SE compressional stress resulted from normal
subduction of the Pacific Plate below the northeast Honshu Arc.
The gold-silver deposits in southwestern Hokkaido including major vein-type deposits such as Chitose are located at
the intersection between the volcanic chain and the strike-slip shear zone. Thus, the arc-arc junction is one of the
most suitable sites for vein type mineralization in this area (Watanabe, 1990). Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of
Neogen predominate in the district, while granites, rhyolites and sedimentary rocks from Cretaceous and Paleogene
ages are scattered in limited areas.

Figure 1. Distribution of Neogene volcanic rocks in the northeast Honshu Arc and the Kuril Arc (modified after Watanabe, 1990)

Neogene Tertiary and that of Late Neogene Tertiary to Quaternary mineralization periods are overlappingtogether in
the green tuff regions. The interpretation of metallogeny in this district is not simple. This is because mode
occur r en ces of or e deposi t s ar e com pl i ca t ed by r epeti ti on an d dupli cat i on of m in eral iza ti on.
Bamba (1977) definedsouthwesternHokkaidonotonlyasonegeologicunitbutalsoasonemetallogenicprovince.
Thismetallogenicprovinceisdividedfurtherintothreesub-provinceswhich approximately
correspondtosuchgeologicalsub-provinces as:
The firstsub-province is vein typeandreplacement-type of Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn-Fedeposits which
occuraroundbasementblocks at the Matsumae-KudoandShimamakiarea (such as Kudo, Jokoku,
ImaganeandSankeimines).
Thesecondsub-provinceincludesmanypolymetallicoredepositsof fissure fillingtype,where most of deposits
investigate here placed such as Koryu, Teine, Chitose etc. (II in Fig.2) which characterizedbyviolentvolcanismsand
upheavalmovements.
Thethirdsub-province is thesedimentarybasin with plentyofexhalative-sedimentarymanganeseoredeposits,
aswellasbedded ironanddolomitedepositsespeciallyatthewestern sideofSuttsu-Hakodateline (III in Fig.2).
Mineralization ages in Hokkaido district (14.4 to 0.3 Ma) tend to getting young southward, resulted from Miocene to
Pleistocene terrestrial volcanism, which was initially widespread, but gradually became spatially restricted towards
the south (Yahata, 2002). The K-Ar dating of gangue and alteration minerals of the epithermal veins type deposits
in southwestern Hokkaido has revealed that they had been placed in the Miocene Pliocene or younger age.
Most deposits are intimately related to extrusive rocks ranging from andesite to rhyolite and some other deposits are
related to acid intrusive. Mineable vein-type deposits in this area are generally hosted by hydrothermally altered
Miocene strata overlain by non-altered Pliocene to Pleistocene andesite lavas.
 Euis T. Yuningsih et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 97 – 104 99

Figure 2.Geological sub-province in west Hokkaido (bordered by dotted lines) and zonal distribution of base metal deposits (indicated by dashed
lines). II: the second sub-province, III: the third sub-province (Modified after Yajima, 1979). The location of deposits for current study are noted
as follows: 1. Kobetsuzawa; 2. Shin-Otoyo; 3. Suttsu; 4. Chitose; 5. Teine; 6. Date; 7. Koryu; 8. Toya.

Watanabe (1989) proposed three genetic stages of vein-type deposits in the district based on geologic structures such
as latest Middle Miocene, Late Miocene and Pliocene to Pleistocene. Among these, the last is the most
productiveone. K-Ar ages of the vein-type deposits in the district included Koryu of 1.0±0.3 Ma/Pleistocene age
(Sugaki and Isobe, 1985) or in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 Ma (Shimizu et al., 1998), and Chitose of 4.7 Ma and 3.6±0.3
Ma/Pliocene (Sawai et al., 1989). The distribution of vein-type deposits and K-Ar radiometric ages (Ma) of Pliocene
to Holocene lavas in the district of west Hokkaido (Watanabe, 1990) is presented in Figure 3.
Middle volcanic chains usually accompany all deposits in this area. Based on K/Ar dating on adularia, it isconcluded
that mineralization in Koryu deposit is corresponds to the neighboring lave of Soranumadake. These lavas directly
overlie the Middle Miocene strata and intrusive rocks around these deposits. Exception is for the Chitose deposit
which conclude has similar age with their respective neighboring lavas.The Chitose deposit was formed during
Early Pliocene time, whereas no nearby volcanic activity of the same age has been known. The Ninaruyama Lava
covered by the Izaridake Lava (2.5 Ma) to the north of the deposit and the ShiraoidakeVolcanics (Fujiwara, 1954) to
the south might be contemporaneous volcanism.
The Pliocene or younger ages vein in the district mostly strike E-W and are oblique to the NW-SE volcanic chains
(Watanabe, 1986). The major veins such as those at Chitose formed by dextral strike-slip movement of E-W trend
(Watanabe, 1989 and 1990). These indicate that the dextral strike-slip movement that started at central and east
Hokkaido was active in the area during the Pliocene. A small number of NW-SE veins at some deposits are sinistral
strike-slip fractures (Shinoda et al., 1974), which are regarded as conjugate parts of E-W veins (Watanabe, 1986).
100 Euis T. Yuningsih et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 97 – 104

Figure 3.Distribution of ore deposits and K-Arradiometric ages (Ma) of Pliocene to Holocene lavas in the Sapporo-Iwanai district of west
Hokkaido. Abbreviations of ore deposits are; In: Inakuraishi, Oh: Ohe, Ty: Toyoha, Ko: Koryu, En: Eniwa, Ch: Chitose, Te: Teine, and Kb:
Kobetsuzawa. Those of lavas are Sk: Shakotandake, Om: Ohmoriyama, Tn: Tengudake, Ak: Akaigawa, Am: amemasudake, Mb: Muineyama
Basal, Mu: Muineyama, Sp: Sapporodake, Sa: Sausuyama, lz: Izaridake, Sr: Soranumadake, Ni: Ninaruyama, Sh: Shiroidake, Hk: Harukayama,
Te: Teineyama, and Nn: Nonosawa. Those of volcanoes are Ew: Eniwa, Ta: Tarumai, Rd: Raiden, and Ns: Niseko (Watanabe, 1990).

3. ORE MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES AND GEOCHEMISTRY

It was reported from the previous studies about twenty mines are known in the southwestern Hokkaido district,
twelve of which have records of production. The deposits investigated on this study such as Kobetsuzawa, Teine and
Date are characterized by its silver-gold tellurides including teineite [CuTeO3.2(H2O), Yosimura, 1939]
andwatanabeite [Cu4(As,Sb)2S5, Shimizu et al., 1993] in Teine. Chitose and Koryu are characterized by its silver
selenides and tellurides minerals, Suttsu and Shin-Otoyo for its bismuth-bearing minerals. Occurrence of some ore
minerals in southwestern Hokkaido deposits are represented in Figure 4.
Polished samples of ore minerals from these deposits were studied with an electron microprobe to determine the
distribution of selected elements in the minerals. The data show some variations that are inherent in the procedures
and materials to be analyzed. The elements content were analyzed quantitatively by EPMA. Operating conditions
were 20kV, integrated bean current, 200 x 10-7 amperes referenced to all minerals.
Gangue minerals are composed of invariably quartz with varying amount of carbonates (calcite and Mn-
calcite/rhodocrosite), anatase, barite, chlorite, rare kaolinite, zeolite and gypsum. Adularia is characterized in
Chitose and Koryu. There are also reported the occurrence of melanite in Kobetsuzawa and other is johannsenite in
Koryu (Shimizu et al., 1998). Ration of gangues to ore minerals is highly variable.
Veins with typical fissure-filling show crustified banded structure composed of several nearly monomineralic layers
such as in Koryu and Chitosemines. Major ore minerals in Suttsu, Chitose, Koryu, Date andToya are predominantly
bysulfide minerals such assphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The exception is for Shin-Otoyo where sulfide
minerals are rare except for pyrite. Those are associated with telluride and Te-bearing minerals, sulfosalt, and
sulfide. Bismuth minerals identified at Teine, Suttsu and Shin-Otoyo, as bismuthinite, aikinite, emplectite,
friedrichite, gustavite, lillianite, pavonite, and as telluride minerals of tellurobismuthite and tetradymite.
Beside electrum, the gold-silver also dominated in Te minerals of calaverite (Date), petzite (Teine, Date,
Kobetsuzawa, Chitose), hessite (Kobetsuzawa, Teine, Chitose, Koryu), silvanite (Teine, Kobetsuzawa), stutzite
(Teine, Kobetsuzawa), aguilarite (Koryu, Chitose), gustavite (Suttsu), pavonite (suttsu), proustite-pyrargyrite
(Chitose, Koryu, Date), pearceite-polybasite (Toya, Koryu, Chitose), acanthite (Koryu, Date, Chitose). Shimizu et
al. (1998) also reported the occurrence silver minerals of mckinstryite [(Ag,Cu)2S] and jalpaite [Ag3CuS2] in Koryu
mine.
Aggregations of fine-
veins also characterized some deposit such as in Shin-Otoyo, Suttsu, Chitose, Koryu, Date and Kobetsuzawa. In the
ore shoot such as in Chitose and Koryu mines, electrum in the vein is observed from hand specimen samples and
displaying tabular, scaly or form dendritic texture. It contains 19.3 to 51.8 wt.%of silver in Chitose and 32.5 to 41.8
wt.% in Koryu mines. The silver content in electrum from other deposits are vary (Fig. 5) such as in Teine (16.64
17.70 wt.%), Date (18.84 20.94 wt.%) and Toya (19.38 20.68 wt.%).
 Euis T. Yuningsih et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 97 – 104 101

Figure 4. Reflected-light photomicrographs represented some of ore minerals from the southwestern Hokkaido deposits, (A) Kobetsuzawa, (B)
Shin-Otoyo, (C) Suttsu, (D) Chitose, (E) Teine, (F) Date, (G) Koryu, (H) Toya. Abrr.Agu:aguilarite, Alt:altaite, Ant:anatase, Ccp:chalcopyrite,
Cst:cassiterite, Cv:covellite, Elm:electrum, Emp:emplectite, Gn:galena, Hs:hessite, Kz:kawazulite, Lz:luzonite, Pe:pearcite, Po:polybasite,
Py:pyrite; Tla:tellurantimony, Sp:sphalerite, Td:tetradymite, Tet:tetrahedrite.

Figure 5. Silver contents (wt.%) in electrum from some deposits in southwestern Hokkaido.

The deposits are rich in telluride and Te-bearing minerals (except for Shin-Otoyo and Toya and rare in Suttsu).
Native tellurium is found at Teine, Kobetsuzawa and Date. Various kinds of sulfosalt minerals, as partly mention
previously, are also identified in various proportion. Some tellurantimony in Kobetsuzawa also contain silver (up to
1.9 wt.%) and gold (up to 0.7 wt.%); in altaite, silver up to 2.4 wt.% and gold up to 0.5 wt.%; in sulfide minerals of
sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite silver up to 2.6 and gold up to 0.9 wt.%.
In Suttsu mine, sample of kawazulite contain silver up to 2.4 wt.%, and in stannite gold content up to 0.6 wt.%. In
Chitose mine, pyrite and sphalerite also contain gold up to 0.4 wt.%. In Teine mine, tetrahedrite contain silver up to
5.5 wt.% and gold up to 0.5 wt.%. Tennantite from Toya mine is characterized by silver content up to 1.3 wt.% and
goldup to 0.7 wt.%, otherwise in tetrahedrite silver up to 5.11 wt.%.
102 Euis T. Yuningsih et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 97 – 104

The measurements of iron contents in sphalerite from those deposits also show wide range values (Fig. 6). Iron
content in sphalerite is characterized by low FeS content inChitose (0.6 3.0 mol.%), Teine (0.0 3.0 mol.%), Date
(1.2 1.9 mol.%), Koryu (0.8 2.5 mol.%) and Toya (0.3 1.2 mol.%). High content ofFeS shows by sphalerite
samples from Kobetsuzawa (15.9 22.1 mol.%) and Suttsu (4.9 16.7 mol.%) deposits.
Highly enriched tellurides in mostly magmatic-hydrothermal systems ofsouthwesternHokaido are probably
representing major carrier of precious metals in the ore. The presence ofenargite or famatinite in some deposits(such
as in Shin-Otoyo and Teine deposits) suggests deposition at a higher sulfidation state.

Figure 6. Frequency (number of analyses) of FeS content (mole fraction of FeS) of sphalerite from some ore deposit s of southwesternHokkaido.

Hedenquist et al. (2000), and Sillitoe and Hedenquist (2003) defined that tellurides may be present in all types of
epithermal deposits (e.g. high-, intermediate- and low sulfidation), but the most common variety is the low-
sulfidation type that is spatially associated with alkaline igneous rocks (e.g. Emperor-Fiji, Ahmad et al., 1987; Pals
and Spry, 2003) However, other important deposits are genetically related to calc-alkaline rocks and include
intermediate sulfidation deposits in the Baguio District, Philippines (Cooke and McPhail, 2001), high-sulfidation
deposits at El Indio, Chile (Jannas et al., 1990) and the mixed high-intermediate sulfidation deposit at Kochbulak,
Uzbekistan (Kovalenker et al., 1997).

4. FORMATION CONDITION OF ORE

Though sphalerite is one of the main constituent ore mineral in most of these deposits, fluid inclusions in thesekind
ore minerals are rather hard to observe. In this study, inclusions in quartz and barite were used for the
measurements, because these minerals are the most abundant gangue minerals with main sulfide minerals according
to the mode of occurrence. Some quartz and barite samples are preparedfrom some deposits for measurement of
their filling temperature and salinity. The filling temperature of inclusions in samplesare presented here as their
average values.
The fluid inclusion filling temperature measured was assumed as formation temperature of the minerals in the
system. The lower temperaturesare usually obtained from barite. In this case temperatures might not be considered
to represent the whole range of formation temperature. But in a few samples from Teine and Koryu mines, the
measurements were carried out on both co-existing quartz-barite with sphalerite and the filling temperature were
shows almost similar values. Then it can be assumed that the filling temperature of inclusion in quartz is generally
almost same as that of association barite and sphalerite, and generally this temperature may represents the
temperature of ore deposition of those deposits.
Based on the results of filling temperature measurements, the range of the formation temperature for the main
mineralization from those Kobetsuzawa, Suttsu, Chitose and Teine are as followed: 213 275°C with salinity 3.4
6.2 wt.%NaClequiv. (average 4.5 wt.% NaClequiv.) forKobetsuzawa; 208 254°C with salinity 1.2 6.2 wt.%
NaClequiv. (average 2 3 wt.% NaClequiv.) forSuttsu; 235 260°C with salinity 1.6 6.2 wt.% NaClequiv. (average 2
wt.% NaClequiv.) forChitose; 208 255°C with salinity 1.9 2.1 wt.% NaClequiv. for Teine;197 264°C with salinity
0.5 5.2 wt.% NaClequiv. (average 2 wt.% NaClequiv.) forKoryu; 170 230°C with salinity 2.6 4.5 wt.% NaClequiv.
forShin-Otoyo, respectively.
Compilation with some data reported on the formation temperature of related ore deposits in this area, in general
show the formation temperature are range from 170°C to 260°C. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in
sphalerite were also determined from several samples. But the result of measurement was not good enough since it
was too difficult to observe during measurement.
 Euis T. Yuningsih et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013) 97 – 104 103

Evident of boiling was identified in fluid inclusions from Chitose, Koryu and Teine samples. Drummond and
Ohmoto (1985) cited that boiling is a more efficient mechanism for precipitation gold and silver from an epithermal
fluid than simple cooling. Thus, it is conclude that boiling probably occurred during gold and silver mineralization
in those deposits (such as in Koryu, Shimizu et al., 1998, and in Chitose, Yajima, 1979).
Umehara (1996) reported the measurements of fluid inclusion in veinlet quartz of Shin-Otoyo samples are range
between 200 to 300°C without systematic vertical variation, while the salinity increases with increasing depth. This
indicates that the ascending saline fluid was probably mixed with a dilute fluid of similar temperatures. Therefore
fluid mixing seems to be a probable cause for the polymetallic mineralization at the Shin-Otoyo deposit (Imai et al.,
1999).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research is a part of Postdoctoral Fellowship for Foreign Researchers Program funded by JSPS (Japan Society
for the Promotion of Science).

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