Dredged Soil as Reclamation Material

Source of Dredged Material

• Source of dredged material:
– Within the project:
»Caisson sandkey foundation
»Deepening of future harbour basins
– Other source
»Deepening of fairways
»On going LTA construction projects
(i.e: deep excavation and tunneling
works)

Transporting Dredged Material

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 Beneficial use of alternative fill materials for
Port Development
Conserve
dumping
grounds
Recycle Reduce
dredged & reliance
excavated on sand
materials BENEFITS

Significant cost Overcome

savings shortfall of sand

Slides from MPA

Shortcoming of Using Dredged Material

• Engineering properties:

Higher shear
Low shear
strength
strength
Soil improvement
- Cement Mixed Soil (CMS)
- PVD + surcharge

High Low
compressibility compressibility

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 Cement Mixed Soil (CMS)

CMS: Dredged and excavated clay mixed with cement to form
high strength soil.

CMS and geotextile tubes used in project to build

embankments (geotextile containment bunds or geobunds)

Geobunds act as earth retaining structures to retain

reclamation fill material to create land for phased handing
over of land for port operations.

It also served as a cut-off bund to contain the sediment

plume from being transported to nearby marine sensitive
receptors.

Construction Sequence

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 Step 1: Material Extracted from Dredger

Dredging of Basin or Sandkey

Hopper barge transport dredged material

Step 2: Dredged Material Selection

Initial Dredged
Material

Selected Material
• Kallang Formation
•Jurong Formation
Hopper barge with selected material is transported to …

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 Step 3: Fracturing Of Dredged Material

… fracturing barge

Soil lumps are broken and water added to form slurry

Control of Fractured Soil

Takes almost 5hrs to fracture a barge load. Thereafter soil samples are collected.

Measuring sample weight of know container volume & specific gravity to

derive water content of fractured soil.

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 Steap 4a: Cement Mix Barge
Fractured soil arriving at
Kansei (Cement Mixing
Barge)

Cement Mixed Soil (CMS)

Hopper Screen

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 Infill Cement Mixed Soil Method

Transporting Pipe (for

pumping the CMS)

Infill Cement Mixed Soil Method

• Injection into • Infilling between
Geotextile tube Geotextile tubes

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 Placement of Geotextile Tubes
(1) Direct Dumping with (2) Direct Placement (3) Placement by Installation
Hopper Barge Barge

Instrumentation of Geotube

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 Completed Geobund

CMS DESIGN
1) Establish Design Strength Required for Project

2) Trial Mix to obtain design mix

-- Test ‘laboratory mix’ to determine design mix

3) Quality Control
-- Test ‘field mix’ (samples taken from mixing barge) for daily quality
control
-- Check early 7 day strength to estimate 28day strength meeting required
design strength

4) Engineering Property Test

-- The Japanese experience and references provide initial ballpark
parameters.
-- Test on ‘lab mix’ , ‘field mix (lab cured)’, and ‘field sample (field mix and
cured)’ carried out to know the characteristics of cement mixed Singapore
soil

5) Check Boring
-- To check actual field strength
-- ‘UCS’ on ‘field samples’ to be carried out to check strength ratio (field/lab)

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 CMS Design
Average Field Strength
Strength,, quf
The average field strength will be determined by considering
design strength and variability.
＝ q －α･σ
＝ （1－α･v）q
quck uf
uf

q ：Design Strength, 200kPa

q ：Average Field Strength
uck

α：Factor of Scatter
uf

σ：Standard Deviation
v：Variation Coefficient

25% 75% v = 35%, α = 0.67

q ＝ q /(1－0.67･0.35)
Relation between Design Strength
and Variation of Field Strength
＝ 1.3 q
uf uck
uck

Slides from PKHV JV

CMS Design
Laboratory Strength qul
The ratio of laboratory to field produced CMS strength is
estimated at 0.7 based on Japanese experience.

quf =β×qul β=0.7

◆Laboratory mix and cured ◆Field mix and cured

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 Concept for CMS Design
Design Strength

(1) Field strength of CMS

quf = 1.3 quck

(2) Laboratory strength of CMS

qul = quf / 0.7

qul = 1.3/0.7×quck = 1.857×quck

= 1.857×200 = 371 (kN/m2)

Slides from PKHV JV

QC for CMS
Sampling for Flow Test/ UCT Test

Every 2,000 cum or once daily

samples would be taken for 3*, 7,
21,91 day UCT tests.

Unconfined Compressive Test

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 CMS Workability Control
Measurement of Fractured Soil 250 Flow Value of Fractured Soil

200

Flow value (mm)

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Every 2,000 m3 or once daily CMS Mixing no.

samples would be taken for 3*, 7, Flow Value of CMS

250
21,91 day UCT tests.
200
Flow value (mm)
150

100

50

0
0 20 40Mixing no.60 80 100

CMS Workability Control

Planning Stage Construction Stage
Flow Value ±
f = 160 20mm f = 80-100mm
(for Full Geo-tube Layer (for Full Geo-tube Layer
Method ) Method and Infill Cement
±
f = 120 20mm Mixed Soil Method)
(for Infill Cement Mixed Soil
Method )
2.00 -
History of Water Content and Density of CMS
1.90 Density of CMS at 28 days
20
1.80 Water Content of CMS 28days (%)
Water Content of CMS (%)

1.70
Density of CMS (Mg/m3)

40
1.60

1.50 60

1.40
80
1.30

1.20
100
1.10

1.00 120
105
113
121
129
137
145
153
161
169
177
185
193
201
209
1
9
17
25
33
41
49
57
65
73
81
89
97

Slides from PKHV JV

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Unconfined Compression Strength
Target
Ave: 371 kPa
COV: 35%
SD: 130kPa

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