RESEARCH ARTICLE Vol.4.Issue.2.

2017 E-ISSN: 2394-837X

EFFECT OF CORROSIVE RESISTENCE ON

GEO POLYMERCONCRTE BEAMS

OWKU. SURAJ*,Dr.K.CHANDRAMOULI**
*MTECH (structural engineering )-student,**Head of the department
Department of civil engineering,NRI Institute of technology,visadala(v),Guntur,Andhra Pradesh,India.

ABSTRACT
Concrete is by far the most widely used construction material worldwide in terms of volume, and so has a huge impact on
the environment, with consequences for sustainable development. Portland cement is one of the most energy-intensive
materials of construction, and is responsible for some emissions of carbon dioxide
— the main greenhouse gas causing global warming. Efforts are being made in the construction industry to address these by
utilising supplementary materials and developing alternative binders in concrete; the application of geopolymer technology
is one such alternative. Indeed, geopolymers have emerged as novel engineering materials with considerable promise as
binders in the manufacture of concrete. Apart from their known technical attributes, such as superior chemical and
mechanical properties, geopolymers also have a smaller greenhouse footprint than Portland cement binders.

Research on the development, manufacture, behaviour and applications of low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete
has been carried out at Curtin University of Technology since 2001. Past studies of the structural behaviour of reinforced fly
ash-based geopolymer concrete members have covered the flexural behaviour of members. Further studies are needed to
investigate other aspects of the structural behaviour of geopolymer concrete. Design for both shear and bond are important
in reinforced concrete structures. Adequate shear resistance in reinforced concrete members is essential to prevent shear
failures which are brittle in nature. The performance of reinforced concrete structures depends on sufficient bond between
concrete and reinforcing steel. The present research therefore focuses on the shear and bond behaviour of reinforced low
calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete beams.

Keywords: coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, compressive strength,split tensile strength,accelerated curing,wet surface
curing,etc.,

The corrosion of steel reinforcing bars is AN chemistry method that needs a flow of electrical current and a number of other
chemical reactions. The 3 essential elements of a galvanic corrosion cell are:
Anode.
Cathode.
Electrolyte.
become iron ions (Fe+2). This chemical reaction reaction is said because the anodal reaction. The cathode
is the placement on a steeleinforcing bar wherever metal isn't consumed. At the cathode, oxygen, within the presence of
water, accepts electrons to make hydroxyl radical ions (OH-). This reduction reaction is said because the electrode reaction.
The solution is that the medium that facilitates the flow of electrons (electric current) between the anode and therefore the
cathode. Geo chemical compoundgeo polymer concrete, once exposed to wet-dry cycles, has comfortable conduction to
function AN solution

OWKU SURAJ*, Dr. CHANDRAMOULI**

The solution is that the medium that facilitates the flow of electrons (electric current) between the anode and therefore the
cathode. Geo chemical compoundgeo polymer concrete, once exposed to wet-dry cycles, has comfortable conduction to
function AN solution
Corrosion cell in strengthened geo compoundgeo polymer concrete.
microscopic scale, the ensuing corrosion cell is observed as a microcell. once they square measure separated by some finite
distance, the ensuing corrosion cell is observed as a macrocell. Figure four shows samples of a microcell and a macrocell.(3)
The corrosion of steel reinforcing bars embedded in geo compoundgeo polymer concrete could also be because of a mix of
microcells and macrocells.

Figure. Microcell versus macrocell corrosion.

The initiation and continuation of the corrosion method square measure controlled by the atmosphere within the geo
compoundgeo polymer concrete encompassing the steel reinforcing bars. The distribution of chlorides in a very geo
compoundgeo polymer concrete upper deck isn't uniform. The chlorides generally enter the geo compoundgeo polymer
concrete from the highest surface. the highest mat of reinforcing steel is then exposed to higher concentrations of chlorides.
The chlorides shift the potential of the highest mat to a a lot of negative (anodic) worth. Since the potential of the lowest
mat includes a a lot of positive (cathodic) worth, the ensuing distinction in potentials sets up a galvanic variety of corrosion
cell known as a macrocell. an electrical circuit is established. The geo compoundgeo polymer concrete is the solution, and
wire ties, metal chair supports, and steel bars function aluminous conductors (figure 5).(3) Likewise, the concentration of
chlorides at the highest mat isn't uniform on the length of the steel bars because of the heterogeneousness of the and
cathodes on individual steel bars within the high mat and lead to the formation of microcells.
Figure 5. Electrolytic corrosion of reinforcement in geo compoundgeo polymer concrete exposed to chloride and wetness.
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OWKU SURAJ*, Dr. CHANDRAMOULI**
Geo compound geo polymer concrete is alkalic because of the presence of Ca(OH)2, KOH, ANd NaOH and has an pH scale
generally between hydrogen ion concentration twelve and thirteen. The geo compoundgeo polymer concrete pore
resolution consists primarily of KOH and NaOH. because of the high pH scale of the geo compoundgeo polymer concrete
porewater, the steel reinforcing bars square measure passivated by AN iron chemical compound film (ã @ Fe2O3) that
protects the steel (figure 6).(2) The chemical compound film itself may be a product of the initial corrosion of the steel
reinforcing bar. within the initial stages of corrosion, a metallic element hydroxide (Fe(OH)2) compound is made. metallic
element hydroxide has low solubility and, within the presence of chemical element and water, is alter to iron chemical
compound (Fe2O3) to make the passivation film. because the film is being shaped, the chemical element

Figure 6. Passivated steel in geo compoundgeo polymer concrete.

In order for corrosion to occur, the steel reinforcing bar must be depassivated. Oxygen, water, ANd an aggressive particle like
chloride got to be obtainable, and also the geo compoundgeo polymer concrete must have low ohmic resistance.
additionally, all conditions got to be gift at the same time.

However, the intrusion of chloride ions is that the most vital think about the corrosion of steel reinforcing bars embedded in
geo compoundgeo polymer concrete. potential sources of chlorides include:

Aggregates.
Mix water.
Admixtures (in explicit, accelerators).
Deicing chemicals.
Seawater.

The chloride content of Portland cement, fly ash, and oxide fume is often terribly low. However, the chloride
content of ground coarse blast-furnace scoria is variable and depends on the water employed
Concrete is second solely to water because the most consumed material on earth. Portland cement has been used as a
binder to mix the coarse and fine aggregates to create concrete since the nineteenth century. The demand for concrete is
increasing with the growing demands of infrastructure, energy and resources. However, there square measure some
problems related to cement production, for not solely it's one in all the foremost energy-intensive materials employed in
construction, however it's conjointly to
furnace scoria, oxide fume and rice-husk ash, and conjointly the event of other binders to Portland cement.
In view of property development within the housing industry
OWKU SURAJ*, Dr. CHANDRAMOULI**
geopolymer technology shows goodly promise as an alternate binder to Portland cement. Geopolymers square measure
rising materials that, since being projected by Davidovits in 1979, are employed in applications starting from waste
management to the building business. Their distinction in action and matrix formation means that geopolymers have
technical performance benefits over typical cement binders, like early compressive strength gain, higher acid and fireplace
resistance, low alkali-aggregate enlargement and salt and corrosion resistance (Lee and van Deventer, 2002; Davidovits,
1991; García-Lodeiro et al., 2008; Bakharev 2005a and 2005c). additionally, with right combination style and formation
development, fly ash-based geopolymer concrete will exhibit superior chemical and mechanical properties
Apart from these technical attributes, there area unit varied environmental edges related to waste utilization in geopolymer
technology applications. Over the past twenty years, it's been found that wide obtainable business by-products like ash will
be used as feedstock for geopolymer materials. In terms of world warming, victimization geopolymers as binder in concrete
has the potential to scale back CO2 emission (Gartner, 2004).
Although varied studies of geopolymers are allotted worldwide, the bulk have targeted on material characterisation, the
sweetening of physical and chemical properties of the fabric, the results of supply material and engineering properties
(Duxson et al., 2007b). Past studies on the structural behaviour of bolstered fly ash-based geopolymer concrete members
area unit scarce. Studies on structural applications of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete area unit vital, not solely as a result
of the distinction in terms of chemical action and matrix formation compared to hydraulic cement concrete, however
additionally as a result of the requirement to look at the quality of current code provisions and theories for hydraulic cement
concrete to be used for geopolymer concrete.
Design for each shear and bond area unit vital within the style of concrete structures. The behaviour of concrete beams at
failure in shear is clearly totally different from their behaviour in flexure. As shear failures area unit brittle in nature, it's very
important to supply adequate style for shear resistance in concrete members. excluding this, the lap splice of reinforcing
bars is one in all the sensible aspects of bond between concrete and reinforcing bars. Given their inevitable use in most
concrete structures, correct prediction of splice length is very important because the performance of concrete structures
depends on adequate bond between concrete and reinforcing steel.
Currently, the steel reinforcing bars obtainable within the market are designed and developed to be used with hydraulic
cement concrete. moreover, all the analytical models and code provisions for each shear and bond area unit supported take
a look at results victimization hydraulic cement concrete. the current analysis is so dedicated to the study of
shear behaviour of geopolymer concrete beams and therefore the bond performance of lap splices in geopolymer concrete
beams.

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OWKU SURAJ*, Dr. CHANDRAMOULI**
CORROSION-CONTROL MEASURES
Corrosion-induced deterioration of strengthened geo chemical compoundgeo polymer concrete structures happens once
the environmental loading on the structure is larger than the power of the structure to resist the environmental loading
(environmental resistance). One will either decrease the loading or increase the resistance or do a mix of each. the most
deterioration mechanisms (chloride-induced corrosion of rebar) concentrate on the reinforcement and its protection.
Corrosion may occur as a results of different deterioration processes: freeze-thaw cycles, expansive reactions, excessive
deflections, fatigue, etc. These processes cause the geo chemical compoundgeo polymer concrete to crack, that later on
permits water and chlorides easy accessibility to the inside of the geo chemical compoundgeo polymer concrete and
therefore the steel reinforcing bars. These different deterioration mechanisms produce conditions a lot of causative to the
corrosion of the embedded steel reinforcing bars, that ends up in any deterioration of the geo chemical compoundgeo
polymer concrete.
The factors that influence the corrosion of steel reinforcing bars embedded in geo chemical compoundgeo polymer
concrete area unit the quantity of chloride ions at the steel level, the electrical resistance of the geo chemical
compoundgeo polymer concrete, temperature, ratio (both internal and external), and therefore the geo chemical
compoundgeo polymer concrete microstructure. In general, by dominant these factors to a suitable level, the corrosion of
the steel reinforcing bars and ensuing geo chemical compoundgeo polymer concrete deterioration may be reduced. this is
often the primary step in most corrosion-control methods additionally to different appropriate corrosion-protection
systems. Corrosion-control strategies or systems area unit classified as mechaniCAL
CONCLUSIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions of the analysis program and proposals for future analysis. The shear behaviour of
bolstered fly ash-based geopolymer concrete beams and also the bond behaviour of lap splices in geopolymer concrete
beams were investigated within the experimental programs. The experimental results were compared with prediction
strategies presently used for bolstered hydraulic cement concrete structural members, as well as code provisions and
analytical models. Correlation of take a look at results with predictions from varied models was conducted and also the
analysis of the suitableness of those strategies of prediction for geopolymer concrete was carried ou

Shear Behaviour of bolstered Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete Beams

A total of 9 beams were solid, all two hundred0 millimetre long and with rectangular cross sections of 200 millimetre x
three hundred millimetre. All the beams were designed to fail in shear. All beams were merely supported over a span of
1680mm and subjected to 2 symmetrically-placed focused hundreds. The shear span-to-depth magnitude relation was
two.5 for all beams. The take a look at parameter was the longitudinal reinforcement magnitude relation. From the
experimental program and also the analytical modelling of take a look at beams victimisation current models for hydraulic
cement members, the subsequent conclusions ar made:

• For the take a look at beams, 2 modes of failure were observed: diagonal tension failure and shear compression
failure. The modes of failure and crack patterns were typically kind of like those represented within the literature for
hydraulic cement concrete beams.
• From the load-deflection curves, the formation of initial flexural crack and diagonal crack were evident. These points
were mirrored by the modification in slope of the graphs. These were kind of like what was represented within the
literature for hydraulic cement concrete beams.

• Good correlation between take a look at and calculated values of shear cracking load was obtained. the common
magnitude relation of test/prediction price was one.08 and 1.14 with Zsutty’s expression and draft AS3600-05 severally.
The coefficients of variation victimisation these 2 strategies were similar, each giving eleven.6%.

• The shear strength of the beams was influenced by the longitudinal tensile reinforcement magnitude relation. for
sure, the shear strength of the beams inflated with the rise of the longitudinal tensile reinforcement magnitude relation.

• Conservative results of shear strength prediction for geopolymer concrete beams ar found by victimisation the look
provisions contained within the draft Australian customary for Concrete Structures AS3600-05 and yankee Concrete
Institute codification ACI 318-08. The draft AS3600 (2005) gave a mean test-prediction magnitude relation of one.70 with a
constant of variation of twelve.9%. The ACI318-08 yielded a test-prediction magnitude relation of two.55 with a constant of
variation of sixteen.1%.

OWKU SURAJ*, Dr. CHANDRAMOULI**

 Comparison was created between the take a look at shear strength of beams with predictions, victimisation 3 analytical
models supported completely different theories and approaches to shear style for ferroconcrete beams. sensible
correlation of test-to-prediction price was obtained by victimisation the Finite part Analysis program VecTor2 incorporating
the Disturbed Stress Field Model by Vecchio (2000). A mean test-prediction magnitude relation of one.08 with a constant of
variation of eight.3% was found.

• The cracking and crushing patterns derived from analytical modelling victimisation VecTor2 were compared to the
take a look at beams. it had been found that the modelling made fairly correct results, particularly for beams unsuccessful
in diagonal tension. The crushing patterns close to the loading plate were additionally simulated properly for beams
unsuccessful in shear-compression.

• Comparison of shear strength of geopolymer concrete beams to hydraulic cement concrete beams was conducted
victimisation results from studies conducted

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my gratitude towards my guide Dr.K.CHANDRAMOULI M.Tech(struct),Ph.D,, Head of Civil Engineering Department,
NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Visadala(V) for his guidance,valuable support and inspiration, constant encouragement
throughout this Dissertation.

I express my sincere thanks to lab technician of Structural Engineering Laboratory for his kind help and co-operation during
my work.
I sincerely thanks to my Classmates and Friends for their kind help and co-operation during my experimental
work.

My sincere thanks to faculty members (teaching and non-teaching), and myparents for giving out valuable suggestions
throughout the thesis work.

I also express my deepsense of gratitude and indebtedness to my esteemed Institute, , NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
Visadala(V)which has provided me an opportunity to fulfill the most cherished desire to reach my goal.

REFERENCES

[1] Bouzoubaa N, Lachemi M. "Self-compacting concrete joining high volumes of class F fly fiery remains: Preliminary
outcomes", Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, Vol. 31, No.3, pp 413-420.

[2] EFNARC. "Detail and rules for self-compacting solid", European Federation of Producers and Applicators of Specialist
Products for Structures, 2002.

[3] EFNARC. "Detail and rules for self-compacting solid", European Federation of Producers and Applicators of Specialist
Products for Structures, May 2005.

[4] Jaya Shankar R, Hemalatha T, Palanichamy.K and Santhakumar. S, "Impact of fly cinder and VMA on properties of
self compacting solid", August 2005, pp 25 – 32.

[5] Nan Su, Kung-Chung Hsub and His-Wen Chai. "A straightforward blend plan technique for self-compacting
concrete". Bond and Concrete Research, 2001, Vol. 31, pp1799 – 1807.

[6] Okamura H, Ozawa K. "Blend outline for self-compacting concrete". Solid Library of Japanese Society of Civil
Engineers, 1995, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp107-120.

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OWKU SURAJ*, Dr. CHANDRAMOULI**

ABOUT THE AUTHORS:

*OWKU SURAJ
M.Tech(structural engineering),Department of Civil Engineering,
NRI Institute of technology,Visadala(v),Medikonduru(m),Guntur,Andhra Pradesh.

**Dr.KODURI CHANDRAMOULI
PhD,Head of the Department, Department of Civil Engineering,
NRI Institute of technology,Visadala(v),Medikonduru(m),Guntur,Andhra Pradesh.

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OWKU SURAJ*, Dr. CHANDRAMOULI**