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Chapter I

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

As the global population increase, the demand for food and other

essentials also increase resulting to uncontrollable management of waste. It

is one of the greatest environmental challenges that continue to overwhelm

the local and national authorities as the growth of population continue to rise

and consumption patterns change. Waste are classified as one of the major

contributors in damaging environment particularly practicing the improper

waste disposal that cause all types of pollution. These wastes are all the

dispose solid materials from municipal, industrial and agricultural activities

such as the livestock industries that contribute to the large volumes of waste

water and solid waste that could be beneficial or harmful to the environment.

These issues alarmed the Philippine Government to create a law

that will be responsible in ensuring the protection of environment and public

health through guiding people to practice proper waste management. On

January 2000, former President Arroyo signed the legal basis for systematic,

comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall

ensure the protection of public health and environment. It mandates the

creation of institutional mechanisms and strategies for an effective

implementation of the solid waste management program in the country. This

act purposely made to maintain the natural resources and to protect public
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health by declaring legal implications that will limit individual to avoid improper

waste disposal and by providing incentives that will increase the eagerness

of people regarding to this act.

Linkage between livestock wastes and environment is one of the

major environmental concerns in Ibaan. Livestock industries have grown

these serves as common livelihood in the municipality and the demand for

pork, meat has increased which resulted to waste management problem.

Environmental impact of livestock waste disposal of large- and small-scale

formers considered as a threat to the natural resources that may also cause

different diseases. Ibaeños knowledge regarding this topic made an impact

to the attitude of individual towards environment. Unknowingly, people tend

to commit prohibited acts under the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

because most of the livestock owners are not fully aware about the national

law that protects the environment by providing penalties in every improper

waste management. Lack of skills and information in controlling waste may

cause different problems but absence of awareness regarding legal

implications in protecting environment may lead to serious legal discussion.

This study was conducted to determine the level of Awareness of

Livestock Owners on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act and to give

recommendations on how to raise the awareness of livestock owners on the

said Act.
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Theoretical Framework

The present study is anchored on the theory of Environmentally

Responsible Behavior which states that individual’s knowledge on the

environment and regulation is related to person’s behavior.

According to this theory, the internal control center has a very

considerable impact on the intention of acting, which determines an

individual’s Environmentally Responsible Behavior substantially. The model

highlights the existence of a relationship between the control center, attitudes

of individuals and their intention to act. The authors of this theory asserted

that the control directly affects an individual’s attitudes which can lead to an

improved intention of acting and improved behavior.

This theory was first used in 1987 and was popularized by Hines

Hungerford and Tomera. This theory is the researcher’s guide in determining

the individual’s Environmentally Responsible Behavior, because this theory

explained the five variables or the model which are intention to act, locus of

control, attitudes, sense of personal responsibility, and knowledge whether a

person would adopt a behavior or not. And the present study discussed about

the Awareness of Livestock Owners on the Ecological Solid Waste

Management which are the solid waste management, prohibited acts and

penalties and incentives.


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Conceptual Framework

The paradigm in Figure 1 presents the framework and the flow on how

the study was conducted. The first box pertains to the input of the research

study which refers to the Awareness of Livestock Owners on the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act. The second box pertains to the process of the

research study. This pertains to the survey questionnaire and interview which

were both used by the researchers. The third box pertains to the output of the

research study. This refers to the recommendation given by the researchers.

Input Process Output

Figure 1

The Research Paradigm


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Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between Livestock Owners

Awareness on Ecological Solid Waste Management Act and respondents

codified by the profile variable.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study is to determine the Awareness of Livestock

Owners on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions.

1. What is the profile of the respondent in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Number of Years Operating;

1.4 Type of Livestock; and

1.5 Location

2. What is the Awareness of Livestock Owners on the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act in terms of:

2.1 Solid Waste Management;


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2.2 Penal Provisions; and

2.3 Incentives

3. How can the Livestock Owners can raise Awareness on the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act?

4. Is there any significant relationship between the Livestock Owners

Awareness on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act and the profile

variables?

5. What recommendations may be given based on the findings?

Scope and Limitation

This study focused on the Awareness of Livestock Owners on the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. This study included the solid waste

management, composting, operation of dumpsites and segregation of waste

materials, prohibited acts, penalties and incentives. These variables were the

main considerations in the development of the proposed plan.

This study limited its respondents to 50 Livestock Owners within the area

of Ibaan, Batangas.

This study did not include other management systems of livestock

owners. Since the study was conducted in Ibaan Batangas, livestock owners

in the nearby localities were not included.


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Significance of the Study

This study is deemed significant for its contribution to the following

groups of individuals.

Livestock Owners. This study would help them be aware of the legal

implication regarding Ecological Solid Waste Act.

Livestock Owners. This study would give them knowledge on how to

take precautionary measures and prevent potential environmental damage

from business environment.

Residents. This study would help them be aware that there is an

existing law regarding Solid Waste Management.

Future Researchers. This study would serve as basis for future

researchers conducting the same study.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Livestock. Farm animals (such as pigs, chickens, and cows) that are kept,

raised, and used by people (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2019) In this

study, it refers to farm animals in which livestock owners raised and

kept (pigs, chicken, and cows).

Management. The act or skill of controlling and making decisions about a

business, department, sport team, etc. (Merriam Webster Dictionary


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2019) In this study, it refers or use to help and handle a livestock and

to guide some people who have livestock on their homes/backyard.

Solid Waste. Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste

wares treatment plant, water supply treatment plant or air pollution

control facility and other discarded materials (Merriam Webster

Dictionary 2019) In this study it refers to all discarded solid materials

from municipal, industrial, and agricultural activities.

Penalties. Punishment for breaking a rule or law (Merriam Webster

Dictionary 2019) In this study they disobeyed the implemented rules

and regulations.

Incentives. Something that incites or tends to incite to determination or

action (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2019) In this study, it refers to the

reward or monetary that gives to the livestock owners who follows to

the rules and regulations of the municipality.

Awareness. Knowing that something (such as a situation, condition, or

problem) exist (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2019) In this study,

awareness is the ability to directly know the awareness of livestock

owners on the penalties or act about livestock.


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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies which were

reviewed and helped the researchers fully understand the topic being

investigated. And it will help the researchers in familiarizing information that

are relevant and similar to the present study.

Solid Waste Management

In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all non-

liquid wastes generated by human activity and a range of solid waste material

resulting from the disaster, such as general domestic garbage such as food

waste, ash and packing/packaging materials; human faces disposed in

garbage; emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and packing from

other emergency supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry

deposited by the natural disaster; and allen trees and rocks obstructing

transport and communication. Other specialist wastes, such as medical

waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt

with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note (World Health

Organization,2011).

The Municipal Council enacted an ordinance establishing solid

waste management also known as “Perkash Fashura Ordinance Na


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Isadanga”. The Ordinance prohibits dumping of garbage anywhere other than

those recognized and established garbage facilities; dumping of undean and

unsegregated waste at the redemption center/facility; discharging of human

feces along the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public

places such as roads, sidewalks and establishments, and burning of garbage

particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents to practice

segregation of wastes at source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles,

plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought to the barangay material

recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-buyers. Non-

recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the material

recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed in

coordination with concerned government agencies to prescribed methods.

The local government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable and

non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and

transporting them to recycling centers and or to the municipal material

recovery facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes is schedule per

barangay (Saley,2012).

Legal Implications

The Livestock Waste Management requires all livestock operations

with 300 animal units or more to be inspected by the Nebraska Department

of Environmental Quality to determine whether the livestock wastes


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contaminate surface or groundwater. Waste from any livestock operation of

any size contaminating the surface or groundwater is subject to DEQ

regulation (Aiken, 2001).

Aiken (2001) stated that any livestock operations of less than 300 units

is exempt from the permitting process, including the requirement to request

an inspection unless there has been a confirmed discharge into waters of the

state or the department has determined that because of conditions at the

livestock operation there is a high potential for a discharge into waters of the

state in which case the department shall notify the owner of the livestock

operation by certified mail that the owner is subject to the requirements of the

Livestock Waste Management Act.

Livestock Waste Management (2001) Requirements for the livestock

waste control facilities as well the classification and restrictions regarding

waste management. No person shall build a livestock waste control facility

without even obtaining first the construction permits from the department; No

person shall operate a livestock waste control facility without an operating

permit or authorization form the department. Livestock waste control facilities

shall be classified according to the maximum number of animal units for

which the livestock waste control facility is designed. In addition, the permit

review determinations under Livestock Waste Management Act and the

Environmental Protection Act, the Department may reject an application for

construction or operating permit, including a prior pending application for a


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permit, for a livestock waste control facility upon finding that the applicant is

unsuited to perform the obligation of a permit holder. An applicant is unsuited

to perform the obligation of a permit holder. An applicant is unsuited to

perform if the permit holder has habitually or intentionally violated

environmental laws of any state, which violation resulted significant and

material environmental damage.

Stokstad (2008) stated that the meat production is a pollution-

generating activity. In the modern meat industry, the farmers contracting with

integrators do not raise their livestock in the green large are where animals

feed on the grass. Today, most of the livestock owners raise the animals in a

close confine that some critics call these operations “factory farms”. The

Environmental Protection Agency refers to them as “Concentrated Animal

Feeding Operations” or ‘CAFOs. CAFOs pollute environment in two ways.

One is through spreading too much manure on fields and through spilling

animals waste in river and streams. Because of this contamination in water

clean water Act acted. The law give different regulations in which livestock

owners will prohibit in doing that type of animal waste disposal.

Abdalla (2002) stated that as the Hog industry structure has been

transformed, it also shifted in location from the historically strong mindset

mid-west to the south and move recently to the great plains and west. Growth

in production and processing has been specially strong in Southern state and

North Carolina, the Nations Second leading hog production state.


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One Implication of the hog production to new areas is that production

is increasingly occurring in areas not accustomed to hog farming that affects

the leads to a potential for misunderstanding and conflict, However the

evidence regarding these factors is largely anecdotal. Many industries

believe that the movement of the swine industries may cause to

environmental constraints.

The researcher predicted that Hog production will shift to areas with

fewer environmental rules. It shows that economic factors along with other

factors may be relatively more important than state environmental policy in

determining growth and expansion in swine production. This public policy

would change indirectly provide a basic for influencing the structural change

process through impacts on such structural dimensions as adaption of

technology producer risk, and geographic location. The major emphasis here

will be on the third dimension of the conflict, the content of the problems that

have been the consequences of the industrialization process that have led to

the creation of ILOs.

Incentives

According to Del Rosario, et.al. (2008), a full review of the livestock

industry situations of various countries in the region is provided in Anne 1.


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Livestock provided vital contribution to agricultural and industry, and

year-round employment of agricultural work face in the region. Livestock

enhance crop production, generate cash incomes for rural and urban

population, and provide fuel and transport, among other contributions to

societies. In fact, livestock industries of Southeast-Asia, China and Papua

New Guinea contribute about 10-25% of agriculture gross domestic product

(GDP) of their respective countries. The review also shows that while the

contribution of agriculture to GDP is declining, livestock-to-agriculture GDP

ratio is rising. In terms of meat production, the region is a major global player

for the period 19-79-2004, it contributed roughly.

Incentives of Livestock Conservation Policy

The current rapid rate of loss of GR diversity is the result of several

underlying factors. While, in some cases changes in production systems and

consumer preference, reflect the natural evolution of developing economies

and market, in other cases, production systems, breed choice and consumer

have been distorted by local, national and international policy. Such distortion

my rise from microeconomic interventions (e.g. taxation, price controls,

market and trade regulations), investment policy (e.g. land ownership, GR

property rights).

While the impact of such policy factors on AnGR are readily

discernable in broad terms little is known about their relative importance, as


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the implementation of policy and the realization of policy research related to

AnGR conservation and sustainable use is far less advance in most countries

than it is for (Drusker & Gibson, 2003).

Objectives of Precision Livestock Farming

The Precision of Livestock Farming approach starts from the

observation that the animal is the most crucial part in the biological production

process in an animal house. Despite this fact, in meat modern livestock

houses worldwide farmers use control equipment (e.g. climate control,

feeding supply etc.) that does not measure anything on the most important

part of the process: the animal.

Animals, as all living organisms, are complex, individually different

and time-variant (meaning that they respond differently at different moments

of time). Therefore, we say that animals are CIT systems (Complex,

Individual and Time-variant). A starting point in Precision Livestock Farming

is the recognition that each individual animal is such as CIT system. This

contrasts with more classical approaches where animals are considered as

“an average of a population and due to its complexity as a steady state

system.

Since the animal is acting as a complex, individual and time varying

systems we need to apply this Precision Livestock Farming approach in an

appropriate way. The best way to handle this time-variant character of all the

complex individual animal responses is by applying continuous


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measurements and predictions and by using predictions and applying

mathematical data-analyses in an on-line or real time way and, if possible, on

individual animals. The required technology is available. The key to realize

this application is novel and innovative multidisciplinary research

(Berckmans,2004).

Livestock Long Shadow

According to Steinfeld et.al (2006) the in-depth assessment

presented in this document of the various significant impacts of the world’s

livestock sector on the environment is deliberately termed Livestock’s Long

Shadow so as to help raise the attention of both the technical and the general

public to the very substantial contribution of animal agriculture to climate

change and air pollution, to land, soil, water degradation, and to the reduction

of biodiversity.

Steinfeld et.al (2006) the assessment builds on the work of the

Livestock Environment and Development (LEAD) initiative. The LEAD

initiative brought together a broad range of research and development

institutions and individual interested in livestock environment interaction. The

benefit of this change in perspective substantial in that it provides the

framework for gauging the significant and dynamic role of the livestock sector

and driving global environmental change.


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Related Studies

Mensah (2008) aimed to identify the perceptions of country extension

educators in North Central region of United States regarding livestock waste

management education and related educational processes. In his study

entitled Perceptions of Agriculture Extension Educators Regarding Livestock

Waste Management Education in North Central Region. He found that

country extension educators in the North Central region were predominantly

middle-aged males with master’s degree. Country extension educators in this

study maintained that livestock waste management was a controversial issue

and meant different things to different people. Overall, the respondents

indicated a positive perception regarding livestock waste management;

livestock waste management education and the effectiveness of teaching

method used in livestock waste management education.

The study of Gilber et.al.(2011) entitled A Social Psychological

Investigation into Limitation and Incentive Concerning Reporting a Clinically

Suspect Situation aimed at improving early detection of classical swine fever

outbreaks: the aim of this study was to identify limitation and incentive in

reposting clinically suspect situation possibly caused by Classical Swine

Fever (CSF), to veterinary authorities with the ultimate aim to facilitate early

detection of CSF outbreak. It was found that a summary of item indicated as

limitation for reporting clinically suspect situation possibly cause by a

notifiable pig disease by the veterinary practitioners and farmer.


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In the study of Livestock and Land Management in Kyrgyzstan by

Manuvar (2011) they sought to study the trends in population and

composition of livestock diversity by comparing the two types of agro pastoral

system. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods of data

collection. Survey and interview questionnaire were used for collecting data

in selected 80 pastoralists. They found that the considerable changes are

taking place in livestock population, the composition, and management

systems with different predominance of livestock species.

The study of Kusiluka, Gallet, and Mtwa (2012) entitled Animal Waste

Management Practices and Perceptions on the Public and Environmental

Health Risks aimed to assess the practices of the selected livestock owners

with respect to management of animal waste and determine the awareness

of livestock keepers on environmental public health risks and regulations to

animal waste management. It was found that the majority of the respondents

were not aware on the existence of legislation governing animal wastes. It is

concluded that the limited knowledge on proper management of animal waste

in the study area as well as lack of enforcement of legislation predisposes the

environment and public health.

Sankar (2014), in an Investigation into the Waste Management

Practices of Emerging Livestock Farmers: The Case of the Kwazulu-Natal

Midlands, aimed to evaluate current waste management strategies used by

emerging livestock farmers in the Kwazulu-Natal Midlands, where livestock


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farming is practiced. The study used both qualitative and quantitative

methods of data collection. Key informant interviews were conducted with

industry professionals, considered to be relevant stakeholders in the waste

management cycle from prevention to disposal. In terms of the latter, a

sample of 50 emerging farmers was randomly surveyed using a

questionnaire, in an attempt to address the interconnectedness of livelihoods,

socio-cultural, environmental, health, economic, and technical spheres,

considered relevant to assessing waste management practices in developing

countries such as South Africa. Findings showed that cost and ease of

implementation govern the waste management practices implemented by

emerging livestock farmers.

The study of Awosanya et.al.(2015) entitled Animal Health Care

Seeking Behavior of Pets or Livestock Owners and Knowledge and

Awareness on Zoonoses in a University Community aimed to investigate the

attitudes of pets or livestock owning household in a University Community

and to assess the knowledge and awareness level of the residents on

Zoonoses. It was found that the behavior of household with pets or livestock

is good and should be created for other zoonoses aside from rabies, Lassa

fever and avian influenza.

In the study conducted by Iheke (2016) entitled Analysis of Livestock

Waste Management Practices among Rural Farmers in Abia State, they

sought to ensure environmental sustainability used by rural farmers in Abia


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State. The method used in this study is a multi-stage sampling procedure that

was employed to the select 60 respondents of the study. They found that the

significant determinants using waste management systems were distance

from livestock farms to residential quarters, number of livestock reared,

frequency of visitation of livestock sanitation officers, number of farm labor,

and the quantity of faecal material generated. Environmental sustainability,

reduced cost of fertilizer, increased in income, reduce cost of agrochemicals,

reduced incidence of pests, increased productivity, and biogas production are

the major benefits of livestock waste management.

The study of Douglas (2015) entitled Challenges Faced by Livestock

Owners in an Urban Setting: The Case of Grahams town, South Africa aimed

to examine and characterize Challenges Faced by Livestock Owners in an

Urban Setting, using Grahams town as a case study. It was found that the

economic farming is done in order to gain a profit, thus food is provided using

advanced technology and is sold on the market. The challenges encountered

were multi-dimensional and included the pollution related deaths of livestock,

lack of dipping facilities, communication breakdowns, and unequal access to

grazing facilities among others. These findings are highly relevant in a

management context, as they suggest that the government should take a key

role in addressing most of the challenges raised.


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The study of Abiola and Olaogun (2016) entitled Livestock Waste

Management Practices in Oyo State Nigeria aimed to identify the waste

management method used by the livestock farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. In

this study, farm visit and a structure, pretested and peer reviewed

questionnaire were used for collecting data pertaining to farm location, stock

type, stocking density, husbandry methods, and waste disposal method, from

59 livestock farms, situated in seven local government areas of Oyo States.

In data analysis, descriptive research design was used. The results of this

study revealed that the use of animal wastes as manure for farmlands or

outright dumping in the bushes, garbage sites or open lands were the most

common waste disposal methods practiced by commercial poultry and

livestock keepers in Oyo State.

The study of Abao, et.al. (2016) entitled Systems Analysis and

Modelling Pollution Loading for Management of Calumpang River in

Batangas, City Philiipines aimed to describe the effect of swine production

and human population within watershed to the pollution of Calumpang river.

It was found that even households have septic tanks or sanitation facilities,

there ae piggeries with no water treatment facilities. The combined wastes

will be received by a catchment point in Batangas City.

The study of Nieva (2017) entitled Health Hazard Exposure and

Health Care-Seeking Behavior Among Child Farmers in the Livestock Farms

in Bukidnon, Philippines aimed to describe the health hazard exposure and


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health seeking behavior among child livestock farmers. The results revealed

that children were major source of farm labor in the livestock farm, supporting

the previous studies. All child livestock farmers in the study participated in

less risky farm activities such as feeding and herding while some were active

in high risks farms activities such as assisting birth of animals, deworming

and administering vaccines.

Synthesis

The study of Mensah is similar to the current study because they both

aimed to identify the respondent’s perception regarding livestock waste

management education. Both studies used survey questionnaires as

instrument to gather the needed information. On the other hand, some

aspects are different since the previous study used simple random technique

as the sampling technique while the current study used purposive sampling

technique. Also, they differ in terms of respondents because the previous

study used 360 country extension educators of North Central Region in

United States while the present study used 50 livestock owners in Ibaan,

Batangas.

The study of Gilber is similar to the current study since both studies

used the mixed method design and used structured questionnaires as

instrument. Meanwhile, they are different in some aspects since the previous

study focused on facilitating early defection of classical swine fever while the
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current study aimed to determine the awareness of livestock owners on RA

9003. They also differ in terms of respondents, the former study used

veterinary authorities and practitioners, and small group of pig farmers while

the current study used the livestock owners as respondents.

The present study and the study by Munavar are similar because they

both used mixed method as research design and survey questionnaire as

instrument. However, they differ because the previous study aimed to study

the trends in population and composition of livestock diversity by comparing

two types of agro pastoral system while the current study aimed to determine

the awareness of livestock owners on Ecological Solid Waste Management.

They also differ in terms of respondents because the previous study used 80

pastoralists while the current study used 50 livestock owners.

The present study and the study by Kasiluka, Gallet and Mtwa are

similar because both discussed about the perception or awareness of the

livestock keepers regarding animal waste management and its regulations.

However, they are different because the previous study used a semi-

constructed questionnaire while the present study used self-constructed

questionnaire and purposive sampling technique in determining the

respondents.

The present study and the study by Sankar are similar because both

studies tackled about livestock waste management. Both studies used mixed

methods as research design and survey questionnaire as instrument.


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Meanwhile, they differ because the previous study aimed to evaluate current

waste management strategies used by emerging livestock farmers in the

Kwazulu-Natal Midlands while the current study aimed to determine the

Awareness of Livestock Owners on the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act.

The study of Awosanya and Akande is similar to the current study

because they focused on assessing the knowledge and awareness level of

the residents. On the other hand, some aspects are different since the

previous study aimed to investigate the attitudes of pets or livestock owning

household in a University Community and to assess the knowledge and

awareness level of the residents on Zoonoses, while the current study aimed

to determine the awareness of livestock owners on the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act. They also differ in the number of respondents used,

the previous study had 246 respondents while in the present study, the

researchers had 50 respondents.

The study of Douglas et.al. is similar to the current study because

they both used mixed method as their research design and livestock owners

as their respondents. On the other hand, some aspects are different since

the previous study aimed to examine and characterize challenges faced by

livestock owners in an urban setting, using Grahamstown as a case study,

while the current study aimed to determine the awareness of livestock owners

on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. They are also different in
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the number of respondents used. The previous study had 35 respondents

while in the present study had 50 respondents.

The present study and the study of Iheke are similar because both

studies discussed the livestock waste management practices. They are also

similar because both used livestock owners as their respondents and well

survey questionnaires as an instrument. Meanwhile, they differ in because

the previous study aimed to ensure environmental sustainability used by rural

farmers in Abia State, while the current study aimed to determine the

awareness of livestock of livestock owners on the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act. They also differ in the number of the respondents used;

the previous study used 60 respondents while the present study used 50

respondents.

The study of Abiola and Olaogun is similar to the current study

because they both discussed about the waste method or practices used by

the livestock owners. Both studies used livestock owners as the subject of

the study and survey questionnaire as the instrument. On the other hand,

some aspects are different since the previous study aimed to identify the

waste management methods used by livestock farmers in Oyo, State Nigeria,

while the current study aimed to determine the Awareness of Livestock

Owners on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. They also differ in

research design used. The previous study used descriptive research design

while the current study used mixed method as a research design of the study.
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In addition, they are unlike because of the number of respondents used, the

previous study had 59 respondents while in the current study, the researchers

had 50 respondents.

The study of Nieva and the current study are similar because both

studies used mixed method as research design and survey questionnaire and

interview as instrument. Also, they used livestock owners as their

respondents. However, the previous study focused on the child farmers

below 18 years old while the current study focused on 18 years old and

above. Also, the previous study aimed to describe the health hazard

exposure and health-seeking behavior of young livestock farmers while the

current study aimed to determine the level of awareness of livestock owners

on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

The study of Madrigal and Oracion is related to the current study since

they both focused on solid waste management. They are also similar

because both studies used survey questionnaires as instrument. However,

they differ because the previous study used descriptive correlational

relationship to the group of employees and the students using multi-stage

random sampling technique. Whereas, the present study used mixed method

research to the livestock owners using the purposive sampling technique.


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Chapter III

Research Methods

This chapter presents the procedures and methods the researchers

underwent to come up with the results of the study.

Research Design

The main objective of the study is to determine the level of

awareness of livestock owners on the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act. In order to attain this objective, the researchers find it appropriate to

use the mixed method research.

According to Leech (2017), mixed method research refers to the

studies in which researcher combined the qualitative and quantitative

techniques, integrate findings and draw inferences from both qualitative and

quantitative components.

According to Aratangy and Zerger (2014) define mixed method

design as combination of the use of quantitative and qualitative data

collection method and to have a great understanding of the phenomenon

being studied.

Subject of the study

The respondents of this study were selected owners in Ibaan. There

is a total of 50 livestock owners used as respondents of this study.


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Sampling Procedure

This study used purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling,

also known as judgement, selective or subjective sampling, is a technique

in which researcher relies on his or her own judgement when choosing

members of population to participate in the study.

Instrument

The instrument that was used in order to collect the data and

information needed to determine the awareness of livestock owners on the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act in Ibaan was a survey

questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of two parts. The first part

contains the profile variables of the respondents. The second part of the

questionnaire is the study itself. The survey questionnaire/s contained 15

items. Five items for solid waste management, five items for legal

implications and five items for incentives. The researchers used English and

Filipino language for the survey questionnaire.

The questionnaires were administered to all respondents during the

actual survey. The respondents were given questionnaire and the

researchers retrieved them back once it had been answered, so as to check

for completeness of responses. Also, the researchers conducted an

interview for their qualitative question. They interviewed 10 livestock owners

in Ibaan.
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Data Gathering Procedure

In order to obtain more information that are needed and are related

to the study, the researchers search for the sources like related unpublished

theses through surfing the internet.

The researchers wanted to accomplish the survey using

questionnaire and presented first to their adviser for approval. Revisions

were made in the questionnaire before its distribution to the selected

respondents. After the validation, the researchers went to the different

barangays in Ibaan to get permission from the barangay captains for the

conduct of the survey and interview. After that the researchers started

actual survey and interview to livestock owners.

Moreover, the researchers administered the questionnaire

personally, to know whether the respondents were qualified to answer the

questionnaire at the same time, to explain the directions and to answer

queries of the respondents. The questionnaires were retrieved as soon as

the respondents had already finished answering those. The data collected

were properly tallied, classified and tabulated.

Data Analysis

The following statistical tools were used for data analysis.

Frequency and Percentage. These were used to determine the number of

percentage of respondents when grouped according to their profiles. These


Page | 30

were used to determine the profile of livestock owners based on their age,

sex, location, and number of years operating.

Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the awareness of livestock

owners on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

Ranking. This was used to show the positional importance of the items to

be analyzed.

Chi-square Test. This was used to determine if the significant relationship

between the awareness of livestock owners on the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act and the profile variables.

Likert Scale

Range Verbal
Interpretation

3.50 – 4.00 Highly Aware

2.50 – 3.49 Aware

1.50 – 2.49 Slightly Aware

0.00 – 1.49 Not Aware


Page | 31

CHAPTER 4

Results and Discussions

1. Profile of the Respondents

Table 1.1

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According


to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

18-22 years old 3 6.0

23-27 years old 2 4.0

28-32 years old 4 8.0

33-37 years old 3 6.0

38-43 years old 9 18.0

44-49 years old 13 26.0

50 years old and 16 32.0


above

Total 50 100

Table 1.1 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the

respondents according to age. It can be seen from the table that 3 or 6.0 of

the respondents are 18-22 years old, 2 or 4.0 are 23-27 years old, 4 or 8.0
Page | 32

are 28-32 years old, 3 or 6.0 are 33-37 years old, 9 or 18.0 are 38-43 years

old, 13 or 26.0 are 44-49 years old and 16 or 32.0 are 50 years old and

above.

It shows that majority of the respondents are 50 years old and above.

Table 1.2

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in Terms

of Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 36 72.0

Female 14 28.0

Total 50 100

Table 1.2 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the

respondents according to sex. It can be noticed from the table that 36 or

72.0% of the respondents are male. Whereas, 14 or 28.0% of the

respondents are female.

It shows that there are more male respondents that female

respondents.

Table 1.3
Page | 33

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in Terms

of Years Operating

Number of Years Frequency Percentage


Operating

1 year and below 8 16.0

4-5 years 15 30.0

6-7 years 3 6.0

8-9 years 4 8.0

10 years and above 20 40.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 1.3 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the

respondents according to number of years operating. It can be seen from

the table that 8 or 16.0% of the respondents are have been operating 1 year

and below, 15 or 30.0 % have been operating for 4-5 years, 3 or 6.0% have

been operating 6-7 years, 4 or 8.0% have been operating to 8-9 years and

20 or 40.0 % have been operating livestock.

It shows that majority of the respondents have been operating for 10

years and above.


Page | 34

Table1.4

Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents According to Type of

Livestock

Type of Livestock Frequency Percentage

Pig 12 24.0

Chicken 16 32.0

Cow 16 32.0

Goat 1 2.0

Carabao 1 2.0

Duck 4 8.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 1.4 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the

respondents according to type of livestock raised. It can be seen from the

table that 12 or 24.0 % of the respondents are raising pigs, 16 or 32.0 % are

raising chicken, 16 or 32.0 are raising cow, 1 or 2.0% are raising goat, 1 or

2.0 % are raising carabao and 4 or 8.0 % are raising ducks.

It shows that majority of the respondents are raising chickens and

cows.
Page | 35

Table 1.5

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According

to Location

Location Frequency Percentage

Bungahan 9 18.0

Coliat 16 32.0

Calamias 9 18.0

Malainin 16 32.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 1.5 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the

respondents according to age. It can be seen from the table that 9 or 18.0

of the respondents are from Bungahan, 16 or 32.0 are from Coliat, 9 or 18.0

are from Calamias and 16 or 32.0 are from malainin.

It shows that majority of the respondents are from Coliat and

Malainin.

2. Awareness of Livestock Owners on the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act.
Page | 36

Table 2.1
Respondents Awareness on Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act in terms of Solid Waste Management
Items Weighted Verbal Ra
Mean Interpretati nk
on
1. Solid Waste Management shall refer to the discipline 3.34 Aware 4
associated with the control of generation, disposal of solid
waste manner that is in accord with the best principles of
public health, and other environmental consideration that is
also responsive to the attitudes ( Ang pamamahala sa basura
at dumi ng hayop ay dapat na maisangguri upang ang mga
parusa na may kaugnayan sa pamamahala ng tao at
pagtatapon ng mga dumi at basura sa paraan na may
kaugnay sa alituntunin ng publichealth at pagsasaalang-alang
sa kapaligiran na tumutugon sa mga kilos ng bawat
indibidwal).
2. The site should be large enough to accommodate the 3.28 Aware 5
community’s wastes which people must internalize the value
of environmentally sound and sustainable solid waste disposal
(Ang lugar na pinagtatayuan ng tagpuan ng basura at duming
hayop ay nararapat na maging Malaki at malawak upang
mapaglagyan ng basura at duming hayop sa komunidad kung
saan mapapangasiwaan ng bawat indibidwal at kahalagahan
ng pinagkukunang yaman at tamang pagtatapon ng basura).
3. There are strategies and methods to improve solid waste 3.44 Aware 2
facilities to reduce adverse impact on health and the
environment. (Mayroong mga estratihiya at pamamaraan para
mapaayos ang pasilidad na pinaglalagyan ng mga basura at
dumi ng hayop upang mabawasan ang masamang dulot nito
sa ating kalusugan at kapaligiran).

4. Waste collection by manual scrapping with spades, 3.46 Aware 1


sweeping and floor washing using water hoses and use of
mechanical scrappers. (Pagtitipon-tipon ng mga basura sa
pamamagitan ng manual na pagpapala ng mga dumi at
basura gamit ang pala, pagwawalis at paglilinis ng sahig
gamit ang hose at ibat’t ibang di-makinang kagamitan sa
paglilinis).
5. Various techniques for efficient utilization of the animal 3.36 Aware 3
wastes like composting,biogas,production,aerobic
oxidation,direct application in field and use as fish feed in fish
ponds. (Iba’t ibang pamamaraan para sa mabisang paggamit
ng dumi ng hayop gaya ng pag-aabono,paggawa ng
biogas/pagbibiogas,direktang paglalagay ng dumi ng hayop
sa mga kabukiran o kaparangan at paggamit ng dumi ng
hayop bilang pakain sa isda sa palaisdaan).
Composite Mean 3.76 Aware
Page | 37

Table 2.1 shows the respondents’ awareness on solid waste

management. Based on the result, a composite mean of 3. 376 dictated that

livestock owners are aware about the solid waste management that

livestock owners should practice and follow.

It can be observed from the table that from among the 5 solid waste

management, all items were interpreted as aware by the livestock owners.

The first item is the waste collection by manual scrapping with spade,

sweeping and floor washing using water hoses and using of mechanical

scrappers with a weighted mean of 3.46. The second item is there are

strategy and methods to improve solid waste facilities to reduce adverse

impact on health and the environment with a weighted mean of 3.44. The

third item is there are various techniques for efficient utilization of the animal

wastes like composting, biogas production, aerobic oxidation, direct

application in field and use to feed fishes and fish ponds with the weighted

mean of 3.36.

Also, the livestock owners are aware that solid waste management

shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of generation,

disposal of solid waste manner that is in accord with the best principles of

public health, and other environmental consideration that is also responsive

to the attitudes with a weighted mean of 3.34. Lastly, the site should be

large enough to accommodate the community’s waste which people most


Page | 38

internalize the value of environmentally sound and sustainable solid waste

disposal with a weighted mean of 3.28.

Results indicate that livestock owners are aware on the different solid

waste management. It shows that the respondents are knowledgeable

about the different ways and practices in terms of solid waste management.

Because livestock owners apply those ways on their farmland. According to

Valderrama (2013), proper segregation relies on the knowledge and

participation relies of the people relies on the political will of the government

to implement its policies and to educate its people. This is why it all boils

down to the integrity and willingness of government to make difference


Page | 39

Table 2.2

Respondents’ Awareness in Solid Waste Management Act in terms of

Penal Provisions

Penal Provisions Weighted Verbal Rank


Mean Interpretation
1. No open dumps shall be established and operated, 3.30 Aware 1
nor any practice of disposal of solid waste by any
person which constitutes the use of open dumps for
solid wastes. (Hindi pinahihintulutan ang lantarang
pagtatambak ng basura o daluyan ng dumi ng hayop
at ang pagtatapon ng basura ng kahit sino batay sa
nakasaad sa Republic Act (9003)

2. It is prohibited to construct or operate a landfill or 3.18 Aware 2


any waste disposal facility on any portions thereof.
(Mahigpit na ipinagbabawal ang pagpapatayo ng mga
landfills o kahit anong posobilidad ng pagtatapon ng
basura sa kahiit saang parte ng anyong tubig.)
3. The construction or expansion of waste 2.76 Aware 4
management facility require an Environmental
Compliance Certificate given by Department of the
Environment and Natural Resources. (Pagtatayo o
pagpapalawak ng mga pasilidad na namamahala sa
basura o dumi ng hayop ay nangangailangan ng
sertipiko na magmumula sa Department of the
Environment and Natural Resources).
4. Any person who violates the use of open dumps for 2.76 Aware 5
the first time shall, upon conviction, pay a fine of five
hundred thousand pesos plus and amount not less
than five percent but not more than ten percent of his
net annual income during the previous year.(Ang
sinumang lumabag sa lantarang pagpatatapon ng
basura sa unang pagkakataon at napatunayang hindi
kukulangin sa limang pursyento).
5. Any person who violates the waste disposal on any 2.82 Aware 3
groundwater reservoir shall upon conviction, be
punished with a fine not less than one hundred
thousand but not more than one million pesos or
improsonment not less than one year but not more
than six years. (Ang sinumang lumabag sa
pagtatapon ng dumi o basura sa kahit saang parte ng
anyong tubig ay magbabayad ng multa na hindi
bababa sa Isandaang libong piso ngunit hindi tataas
ng isang milyong peso at makukulong ng hindi
bababa ng isang taon at hindi tataas sa anim na
taon).
Composite Mean 2.952 Aware
Page | 40

Table 2.2 shows the respondents’ awareness on penal provision of

the Solid Waste Management. Based on the results, a composite mean of

2.952 indicates that livestock owners are aware on the fines, penalties and

prohibited acts and under the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

It can be seen from the table that all items were interpreted as aware

by the livestock owners. The first item is no open dumps shall be

established and operated, nor any practice of waste disposal by any person

which constitutes the use of open dumps for solid waste with a weighted

mean of 3.30. The second rank item is it is prohibited to construct or

operate a landfill or any waste disposal facility on any portions of water

thereof with a weighted mean of 3.18. The third rank item is any person who

violates the waste disposal or any groundwater reservoir shall upon

conviction, be punished with a fine not less than one hundred thousand but

not more than one million pesos or imprisonment not less than one year but

not more than six years with a weighted mean of 2.82. The fourth rank item

is the expansion or construction of waste management facility is required on

Environmental Compliance Certificate given by Department of the

Environment and Natural Resources with a weighted mean of 2.76. Last

rank item, any person who violated the use of open dumps for the first time

shall upon conviction, pay a five hundred thousand pesos plus and amount

not less than five percent but not more than ten percent of his net annual

income during the previous year with a weighted mean of 2.70.


Page | 41

Based on the computed composite mean, it shows that livestock

owners are aware on different penal provision under the Solid Waste

Management Act. One of the reasons why livestock owners are aware

towards different provision is the number of years they operate their

livestock. Even though some of the respondents did not have a formal

education on how to properly manage the works in livestock industries still,

the years they’ve been doing it help them to be aware on what would be the

basic fines and penalties of they commit such illegal action.

According to Valderrama (2013) RA 9003 aims to protect the public

health, ensures the environmental sustainability and economic efficiency.

These objectives will achieve successfully by establishing appropriate

waste collection, treatment methods and increase the environment

education and awareness toward different ordinances that will restrain

individual in doing improper waste management. Because violating

prohibited acts have an equivalent penalty. However, these national policies

will be only effective if accompanied by strong political commitment by the

local Government Units.


Page | 42

Table 2.3

Respondents Awareness on Ecological Solid Waste Management Act in terms of


Incentives

Incentives Weighted Verbal Rank


Mean Interpretation
1. Reward, monetary or otherwise, shall be 3.08 Aware 1
provided to individual that have undertaken
outstanding techniques or activities in re-use,
recycling and reduction of solid waste. (Kailangang
bigyan ng gantimpala ang mga taong nagsasagawa
at nagpapakita ng mga gawaing may kinalaman sa
muling paggamit, pagrerecycle at pagbawas ng
mga di nabubulok na basura. Ang mga
gantimpalang ito ay maaring pera, sertipiko ng
pagkilala at iba pa.
2. An incentives scheme is hereby provided for the 3.02 Aware 2
purpose of encouraging individual to actively
participate in any program geared toward the
promotion of Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act. (Ang pagbibigay ng gantimpala ay isinasagawa
upang mahikayat ang bawat isa na makilahok sa
mga programang isinasagawa upang mapanatili at
maipakita ang pagsunod sa batas na kinalaman sa
Ecological Waste Management).
3. There are government financial institution that 2.90 Aware 3
provide financial services to individual or private
entities engaged in Solid Waste Management such
as DBP (Development Bank of the Philippines),
LBP(Land Bank of the Philippines) and
GSIS(Government Service Insurance System).
(Mayroong iba’t ibang ahensya ng gobyerno ang
nagbibigay ng tulong pinansyal sa bawat indibidwal
o pribadong samahan na nagsasagawa at
nagpapatupad ng tamang pagsasaayos ng basura
tulad ng DBP(Development Bank of the
Philippines), LBP(Land Bank of the Philippines) and
GSIS(Government Service Insurance System).
4. Maintenance of program for effective Solid 2.76 Aware 5
Waste Management shall be exempt from all
internal revenue taxes and custom duties of
livestock owners. (Ang pagpapanatili ng mga
programa para sa epektibong pagsasaayos ng mga
basura ay hindi sisingilan ng buwis o ano mang
bayad pananalapi ng gobyerno).
5. The commission shall provide incentives to 2.78 Aware 4
business and industries that are engaged in the
recycle of solid waste from livestock. (Kailangang
bigyan ng pabuya ng komisyon ang ano mang uri
ng negosyo at industriya na tumutulong at
nagsasagawa ng pagrerecycle ng mga bagay na
maaari pang magamit).
Composite Mean 3.66 Highly Aware
Page | 43

Table 2.3 shows the respondents’ awareness on Solid Waste

Management Act in terms of Incentives. Based on the results, a composite

mean of 3. 66 dictated that livestock owners are highly aware about the

incentives that the livestock owners should possess.

It can be observed from the table that from among the 5 incentives

all items were interpreted as aware by the livestock owners. The first item is

the reward, monetary or otherwise, shall be provided to individual that have

undertaken outstanding techniques or activities in re-use, recycling and

reduction of solid waste with a weighted mean of 3.08. The second item is

an incentives scheme is hereby provided for the purpose of encouraging

individual to actively participate in any program geared toward the

promotion of Ecological Solid Waste Management Act with a weighted

mean of 3.03. The third is, there are government financial institution that

provide financial services to individual or private entities engaged in solid

waste management such as DBP (Development Bank of the Philippines),

LBP (Land Bank of the Philippines) and GSIS (Government Service

Insurance System) with a weighted mean o7f 2.90. The fourth rank is the

commission shall provide incentives to business and industries that are

engaged in the solid waste from livestock with a weighted mean of 2.78.

Last in rank is maintenance of program for effective solid waste


Page | 44

management shall be exempted from all internal revenue taxes and custom

duties of livestock owners.

Result implied that livestock owners are aware on the different

incentives of the Solid Waste Management Act. Because they are all aware

that government official will give incentives to those livestock owners that

follows the act to encourage them to follow the provision. According to Gera

(2015), economic incentives are one of the important elements that shape

up community-based deliberations that work to mitigate the trash situation.

Raising the Awareness of Livestock Owners on the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act

Informant 1. “Ay di yang ano, yang … ay sa tagal ko na

naming nag-aalam ng baka ay di ko naman alam iyan. Ay di

baka siguro’y ayos na ang sa, jan sa barangay jan, kapitan

ang bahala.”

Informant 2. “Ano, kase alam ko naman na may mga abtas

nga sa baboy… di ko lang alam na ganuon kalala ang parusa

gaya kanina ng sabi mo, diga? Di baka ano, pwedeng seminar

sa gaya naming mga nagbababoy nga… jan sa may bayan.

Pero baka naman meron di ko lang alam.”


Page | 45

Informant 3. “ Ako nama’y may alam jan ang akin nga laang

ay di yung kaunti laang. Ang gagawin ko na laang ay

magtatanong na laang dine sa mga kagawad dine ng

maiwasan yang mga bawal na iyan.”

Informant 4. “Kahit naman ako’y di awre, alam ko naman ang

tama at mali. Yun na nga laang, ang iiwasan na laang ay di

yung mga alam, kung bawal iyon na laang. Aalamin jan sa

may barangay sa atin at pihang meron duon.”

Informant 5. “Ahh.., di gay sabi moa ng ecological solid waste

na iyan ay sa mga tamang pamamaraan. Yun naming ganyan

kung akoy may alam, duon may alam naman at syempre dine

sa amin ay may babuyan din. Pede namng magkaroon ng

paskil, yung ipapasakil na laang ang mga parusa o yung ano

yung batas. O kaya’y seminar sa mga may hayop-hayop

riyan.

Informant 6. “Mas mapapataasang kaalaman ng mga kagaya

naming nagaalaga ng hayop kung magkakaroon ng

buwanang aktibidad na tatalakay sa Waste Management Act.”

Informant 7. “ Magkakaron ako ng kaalaman sa Ecological

Solid Waste Managemnet Act kung ditto sa Batangas ay

magkakaroon ng programa para sa batas na iyan kase kapag

nagkaroon ng kamalayan ang mga tao kung sa paanong


Page | 46

paraan nila magagamit ng maayos ang mga basura at dumi

ng hayop nang hindi itinatapon ng basta-basta sa ibang lugar

lalo na sa mga ilog para hindi magkaroon ng air pollution,

water pollution at soil pollution. At kung sa mga lalabag sa

batas tungkol sa sinabi mong act ay magkakaroon ng parusa

gaya ng multa at dahil walang nagpapalaganap ng mga baats

na iyan ay patuloy pa din ang transakyson na mali sa mata ng

mga gobyerno na maaring magkaroon ng alitan at problema

lalo na din sa kapaligiran.”

Informant 8. “Kung ang mga sangay ng pamahalaan ditto sa

Batangas ay magpapalaganap ng mga gawaing

pangkalikasan ay maari akong magkaroon ng kamalayan ukol

sa batas na iyan. Dahil sa pamamagitan ng mga gawaing yun

ay dun papasok ang mga batas tungkol sa tamang disposal

na sakop ng batas na sinasabi mo. Dapat gumawa sila ng mga

programa upang makatulong sa akin o sa amin para

magkaroon ng ideya at tamang kasanayan para sa tamang

pagtatapon ng basura at dumi ng hayop.”

Informant 9. “ Kailangan na magkaroon ng iba’t ibang

programa ang mga barangay o kaya ay sa mga programa na

gawa ng ating munisipyo para kahit papaano ay may alam ang

bawat isa sa main.”


Page | 47

Informant 10. “ Di ano, pwede sigurong halimbawa’y

magpapaskil ang mga barangay jan ng mga parusa. Alam

naman siguro ng iba na bawal yun kaso’y ang parusa baka

hindi alam.

Raising The Awareness of Livestock Owners regarding the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act can be done through conducting

seminars, by the participation of barangay officials and different programs

facilitated by our municipality that will help livestock owners to increase their

knowledge on how to properly manage solid wastes. And at the same time,

this will raise the knowledge of every owners towards the rampant

environmental contamination such the air, water and land pollution caused

by poor handling of solid wastes. In addition, acquiring knowledge about

fines, prohibited acts, and penalties will restrict the livestock owners in

doing illegal methods of disposing animal wastes.

It can be interpreted that there are convenient ways to inform

the livestock owners about Republic Act 9003. It is needed because there

are some informants that are not fully aware about some aspects of the act.

Conducting such activities will help to increase the knowledge of the owners

about the proper solid waste management, penal provisions that will

restrain the owners in doing improper waste disposal and different

incentives that will encourage livestock owners to follow the act. According
Page | 48

to Valderrama (2013), achieving a successful sustainable solid waste

management program can possible attain if there will be sufficient political

involvement in the part of the Local Government Unit (LGU). Because it is

their responsibility to provide the means and to have a good waste

management practices through establishing ordinances and initiating formal

education and information campaign that will surely obtain the citizen’s

active participation in proper handing solid wastes.


Page | 49

Awareness of Livestock Owners on the Ecological Solid


Waste Management Act and the profile variables
Table 4.1
The Relationship between the Awareness of Livestock Owners on the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act and their profile variables
Profile Chi-Square Test P- Verbal Conclusion
Value Interpretation
1.Age Solid Waste 84.759 0.000 Significant Reject the
Management Ho
Penal 70.095 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho
Provisions
Incentives 60.196 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho

2.Sex Solid Waste 132.034 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho


Management
Penal 134.571 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho
Provisions
Incentives 129.119 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho

3.Number Solid Waste 90.294 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho


of year Management
operating
Penal 65.931 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho
Provisions
Incentives 68.823 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho

4.Types Solid Waste 110.552 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho


of Management
livestock
Penal 84.469 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho
Provisions
Incentives 87.559 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho

5.Location Solid Waste 14.460 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho


Management
Penal 20.810 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho
Provisions
Incentives 31.294 0.000 Significant Reject the Ho
Page | 50

Table 4.1 presents, the relationship between the respondents’

awareness on Ecological Solid Waste Management Act and the profile

variables. It can be seen from the table that the relationship of the age with

respect to solid waste management, penal provisions and incentives are

significant considering that the obtained chi-square values are 84.759,

70.095 and 60.196 respectively and P-value of .000 which was lower than

the level of significance of 0.05 therefore, the null hypothesis among the

three terms is rejected.

Next variable is sex. Obviously, it has also significant relationship

with respect to solid waste management, penal provisions and incentives. It

has a chi-square value of 132.034, 134.571 and 129.119 respectively and a

P-value of .000 which was lower than the level of significance of 0.05 and is

interpreted as significant, resulting to rejection of the null hypothesis.

It can also be seen from table that the third variable, the number of

years operating has a positive relationship with regard to solid waste

management, penal provisions and incentives. Meaning, each of which

gives a significant relationship that further leads to reject the null

hypothesis. This conclusion is supported by the computed chi-square value

of 90.294, 65.931, 68.823 respectively and a P-value of .000 which was

lower than the level of significance of 0.05.


Page | 51

The results from previous variables are the same to the types of

livestock with a significant relationship to solid waste management, penal

provisions and incentives. Having a chi-square and a P-value of .000 which

was lower than the level of significance of 0.05. similar from the previous

variables, the null hypothesis is also rejected.

Moreover, the last variable which is location has a significant

relationship with solid waste management, penalties and incentives. It

obtained a chi square value of 14.460, 20.810 and 31.294 respectively and

has a p-value of 0.000 and 0.0002 which were lower than the level of

significance of 0.05 and can be interpreted as a significant. Therefore, the

null hypothesis is rejected.

In the study of Fernandez, et.al (2018) entitled The Implementation

of Ecological Solid Waste Management, there is a significant relationship

between the implementation of solid waste management and the profile of

the respondents as to age. The higher the age the more they are

responsible in handling solid wastes. It is needed to be aware about the

implementation of waste management to know the different and proper

management of waste and at the same time to be fully aware on the

contents of Ecological Solid Waste Management.


Page | 52

Recommendation
Based on the findings, the researchers came up with the following

recommendations:

Table 5.1

Proposed Recommendation

Key Results Area Recommendation

Solid Waste Management Livestock owners were


The site should be large enough to recommended to attend
accommodate the community’s wastes seminars and trainings about
which people must internalize the value of livestock waste management.
environmentally sound and sustainable The researchers also
solid waste disposal. recommend that the municipality
Penal provisions or the barangay should distribute
Any person who violates the use of pamphlet to the livestock owners
open dumps for the first time shall upon in their jurisdiction. The pamphlet
conviction, pay a fine of five hundred consists information regarding
thousand pesos plus amount not less than the different ways and practices
but not more than ten percent of his net of the livestock owners in solid
annual income during the previous year. waste management including the
Incentives incentives and penal provisions.
Maintenance of program for effective
Solid Waste Management shall be exempt
from all internal revenue taxes and custom
duties of livestock owners
Page | 53

CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of the findings, the conclusions

arrived at and the recommendations borne about the findings.

Summary

1. Profile of the respondents

1.1 Age

The largest number of respondents was found on the age

bracket of 50 years old and above with a frequency of 16 or a

percentage of 32.0.

1.2 Sex

Most of the respondents were male with a frequency of 36 or

72.0.

1.3 Number of Years Operating

Most of the respondents have been in the livestock business

for 10 years and above with a frequency of 20 or 40.0.

1.4 Type of Livestock

Most of the respondents were raisin chicken and cows with

similar frequency and percentage of 16 or 32.0.

1.5 Location

Most of the respondents were from Coliat and Bungahan with

the same frequency and percentage of 16 or 32.0.


Page | 54

2. Awareness of Livestock Owners on the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act

2.1 Respondents’ Awareness in terms of Solid Waste

Management

The waste collection by manual scrapping with spades, sweeping

and floor washing using water hoses and use of mechanical scrappers.

Pagtitipon-tipon ng mga basura sa pamamagitan ng manual na

pagpapala ng mga dumi at basura gamit ang pala, pagwawalis at

paglilinis ng sahig gamit ang hose at ibat’t ibang di-makinang kagamitan

sa paglilinis). It is the first in rank with a weighted mean of 3.46 and was

verbally interpreted as aware. In general, it obtained a composite mean

of 3.376 which was verbally interpreted as aware.

2.2 Respondents’ Awareness in terms of Penal Provisions

No open dumps shall be established and operated, nor any practice

of disposal of solid waste by any person which constitutes the use of

open dumps for solid wastes. (Hindi pinahihintulutan ang lantarang

pagtatambak ng basura o daluyan ng dumi ng hayop at ang pagtatapon

ng basura ng kahit sino batay sa nakasaad sa Republic Act (9003). This

item was first in rank and with weighted mean 3.30 and was verbally
Page | 55

interpreted as aware. In general, it obtained a composite mean of 2.952

and was verbally interpreted as aware.

2.3 Respondents’ Awareness in terms of Incentives

Reward, monetary or otherwise, shall be provided to individual

that have undertaken outstanding techniques or activities in re-use,

recycling and reduction of solid wates.(kailangang bigyan ng gantimpala

ang mga taong nagsasagawa at nagpapakita ng mga gawaing may

kinalaman sa muling pag-gamit, pag rerecycle at pag bawas ng mga di

nabubulok na basura. Maaring pera, sertipiko ng pag kilala at iba pa). This

item was first in rank and got a weighted mean of 3.08 and was verbally

interpreted as aware. In general, it obtained a composite mean of 3.66 and

was verbally interpreted as highly aware.

3. There are convenient ways to inform livestock owners about Republic

Act 9003 such as yearly activities to the livestock owners or having

seminars. Conducting such activities will help to increase the knowledge of

the owners about the proper solid waste management, penal provisions that

will restrain the owners in doing improper waste disposal and different

incentives that will encourage livestock owners to follow the act.

4. Relationship between the Respondent’s Age and their Awareness

on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act


Page | 56

A computed P-Value of.000 for Solid Waste Management,

Penal Provisions and Incentives, which was lower than the level of

significance of 0.05, showed that there is a significant relationship

between the respondent’s age and their awareness on the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act.

5. Relationship between the Respondent’s Sex and their Awareness

on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

A computed P-Value of.000 for Solid Waste Management,

Penal Provisions and Incentives, which was lower than the level of

significance of 0.05, showed that there is a significant relationship

between the respondent’s sex and their awareness on the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act.

6. Relationship between the Respondent’s Number of Years Operating

and their Awareness on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

A computed P-Value of.000 of Solid Waste Management,

Penal Provisions and Incentives, which was lower than the level of

significance of 0.05, showed that there is a significant relationship

between the respondent’s number of years operating and their

awareness on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

7. Relationship between the Respondent’s Types of Livestock and

their Awareness on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

A computed P-Value of.000 of Solid Waste Management,

Penal Provisions and Incentives, which was lower than the level of
Page | 57

significance of 0.05, showed that there is a significant relationship

between the respondents’ types of livestock and their awareness on

the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

8. Relationship between the Respondents’ Location and their

Awareness on the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

A computed P-Value of.000 of Solid Waste Management,

Penal Provisions and Incentives, which was lower than the level of

significance of 0.05, showed that there is a significant relationship

between the respondents’ location and their awareness on the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings, the following are the conclusion arrive it.

1. Most of the respondents were 50 years old and above, male

have been operating livestock business for 10 years and

above, raising chickens and cow from Coliat and Bungahan.

2. The variables, solid waste management and penal provision

were verbally interpreted as aware. On the other hand,

incentives were verbally interpreted as highly aware.

3. A sustainable solid waste management program can be

achieved if there is sufficient political involvement will be

responsible in initiating formal education of proper handling of

livestock’s and practices that will increase the awareness of


Page | 58

livestock owners to the ordinances of Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act.

4. There is a significant relationship between the respondents

age, sex, number of years operating, types of livestock,

location and their awareness in Solid Waste Management Act.

5. The researchers proposed recommendations based on the

findings.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations given.

1. The municipality should set guidelines and targets to the

livestock owners for solid waste avoidance and volume

reduction of animal wastes.

2. The livestock owners should continue to follow the rules and

regulations that the municipality implement concerning about

the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

3. The livestock owners should utilize environmentally- sound

methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources

and encourage resource conservation and recovery.

4. The Livestock Owners should maintain the cleanliness of the

area.

5. The future researchers to use the findings of the study in their

future research endeavors.


Page | 59

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