9/12/2019

ACIDS AND BASES

1.Arrhenius Acids and Bases
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2.Bronsted- Lowry Acids and
Bases
LECTURE 1
3.Lewis Acids and Bases

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

ARRHENIUS ACIDS AND BASES ARRHENIUS ACIDS AND BASES

DEFINITION: ACID
is a substance that, when dissolved
ACIDS in+water, increase the concentration of
substances that produce 𝐻 + ions in water. 𝐻 ions

BASES BASE
substances that produce 𝑂𝐻 − ions in water. is a substance that, when dissolved
in water,
−
increase the concentration of
𝑂𝐻 ions
Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND

ARRHENIUS ACIDS AND BASES BASES
ACID
𝐻2 𝑂 Acid- base reactions involve the
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑔) 𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)
transfer of 𝐻+ ions from one
substance to another.
BASE
𝐻2 𝑂
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑠) 𝑁𝑎 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻− (𝑎𝑞)

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

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BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND

BASES BASES
𝐻+ ion is simply a proton with no
surrounding valence electron. This positively PROTON- TRANSFER REACTIONS
charged particle interacts strongly with the
nonbonding electron pairs of water 𝐻2 𝑂
molecules to form hydrated hydrogen ions. 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑔) 𝐻3 𝑂 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)

Example:
Formation of Hydronium ion
(interaction of a proton with one water molecule)

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND

BASES BASES
ACID
The emphasis of Bronsted-Lowry concept
is a substance (molecule or ion) that donates is on proton transfer, the concept also
a proton to another substance
applies to reactions that do not occur in
BASE aqueous solution.
is a substance that accepts proton

HCl− Bronsted-Lowry Acid

Example:
𝐻2 𝑂 − Bronsted-Lowry Base Reaction between HCl and 𝑁𝐻3
Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND

BASES BASES
An acid and a base always work together to transfer a
proton.
Amphiprotic- a substance that is
Bronsted-Lowry acid- a molecule or ion must have a capable of acting as either an
hydrogen atom that it can lose as an 𝐻 + ion. acid or a base.
Bronsted-Lowry base- a molecule or ion must have a
nonbonding pair of electrons that it can use to bind the
𝐻 + ion.

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

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ARRHENIUS vs. BROSNTED-LOWRY BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

𝑁𝐻3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 𝑁𝐻4+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞)

−

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

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BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

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BRONSTED – LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES

Acid
- any substance, such as the H+ ion, that can
accept a pair of nonbonding electrons.
- electron-pair acceptor

Bases
- any substance, such as the OH- ion, that
can donate a pair of nonbonding electrons.
- electron-pair donor
Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020

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LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES SUMMARY

Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020 Besinga, Y. A.Y. 2019-2020