LET REVIEW NOTES IN COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLICIES

Prepared by: Ms. Jerlyn Mae S. Quiliope

Government—totality of authorities which rule a society by prescribing and carrying out fundamental rules which regulate the
freedom of is members.

Two Kinds of Government

1. De Jure/ Legitimate Government—established according to the constitution of the nation, and lawfully entitled to recognition
and supremacy and administration of the nation. It is a government deemed lawful or deemed rightful or just.
2. De Facto/ Illegitimate Government—maintain itself by a display of force against the will of the rightful legal government and
is successful, at least temporarily, in overturning the institutions of the rightful government b setting its lieu thereof.

1. Gov’t by Revolution—established by the inhabitants who rise in revolt against and depose the legitimate regime
2. Gov’t by Secession –established by the inhabitants of a state who secede therefrom without overthrowing its
government.
3. Gov’t by Occupation—established in the course of war by invading forces of one belligerent country in the territory of
another belligerent country.

FORMS OF GOVENMENT IN TERMS OF POLITICAL SYSTEM

1. Monarchy—the sovereign power is vested in a single person, the monarch, who has hereditary rights to rule as head of state
- The monarch may be a king, queen, emperor, tsar, Kaiser, sultan or pharaoh
- The throne of the monarch is usually passed on the eldest of the nearest male descendant
- The monarchy is termed despotic when the monarch is vested with absolute power
- Example: ANDORA, QATAR
- Constitutional monarchy-a system of gov’t in which a monarch s guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights, duties,
and responsibilities are spelled out in written law or by custom.
2. Aristocracy—sovereign power is vested in a class or persons who are believed to be superior and best qualified to rule
- Aristocracy is derived from the Greek word aristos or best or kratos power
- In an aristocracy, governmental powers wielded by a few, but theoretically, the administration of the government is
carried on for the welfare of the many. Whenever the interests of the people as a whole who are made subservient to the
selfish interests of the rulers, aristocracy becomes an oligarchy.
3. Constitutional Democracy- a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out i governing
constitution. Example: ISRAEL

Descriptions of governments can be based on:

Economy - what provides the goods and services that are bought, sold, and used?

Capitalism Socialism Communism

(Russia)
In a capitalist or free-market
economy, people own their own
businesses and property and must
buy services for private use, such as
healthcare.
(Norway)
Socialist governments own many of the
larger industries and provide education,
health and welfare services while
allowing citizens some economic choices
(Cuba)
In a communist country, the
government owns all businesses
and farms and provides its people's
healthcare, education and welfare.

Politics - how is the government run?

Dictatorship Totalitarian Theocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Republic Anarchy

(Iraq) (China) (Iran) (Jordan) (Israel) (USA) (Afghanistan?)
Rule by a single Rule by a A form of A monarchy A parliamentary A republic is led Anarchy is a
leader who has single political government has a king or system is led by by situation where
not been elected party. where the queen, who representatives of representatives there is no
and may use People are rulers claim to sometimes the people. Each of the voters. government.
force to keep forced to do be ruling on has absolute is chosen as a Each is This can happen
control. In a what the behalf of a set power. member of a individually after a civil war in
military government of religious Power is political party and chosen for a set a country, when
dictatorship, the tells them and ideas, or as passed remains in power period of time. a government
army is in may also be direct agents along as long as his/her has been
control. Usually, prevented of a deity. through the party does destroyed and
there is little or from leaving family rival groups are
no attention to the country. fighting to take
public opinion or its place.
individual rights.
Authority - who picks the government?

Revolutionary Totalitarian Oligarchy/Plutocracy Democracy

(USA, France, USSR etc) (North Korea) (Pakistan) (India)
The existing structure is Rule by a single A form of government which consists of In a democracy, the
overthrown by a completely political party. rule by an elite group who rule in their government is elected
new group. The new group Votes for alternative own interests, especially the by the people.
 can be very small - such as
the military - or very large -
as in a popular revolution.
After a period of time, this
'becomes' one of the other
type of government (unless
there is another coup or
uprising).
candidates and accumulation of wealth and privilege. Everyone who is
parties are simply not Only certain members of society have a eligible to vote - which
allowed. Citizens are valid voice in the government. This can is a majority of the
allowed and reflect (but is not limited to) economic population - has a
'encouraged' to vote, interests, a particular religious tradition chance to have their
but only for the (theocracy), or familial rule (monarchy). say over who runs the
government's chosen country.
candidates.

FORM OF GOV’T IN TERMS OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES OF GOV’T:
1. Presidential Gov’t —signifies co-equality between the President and Congress. The “doctrine of separation of powers”
makes that two major government branches superior within their respective domains. Example: PHILIPPINES
2. Parliamentary Gov’t — connotes dominance of legislature over the chief executive
—under this system, people elects members of the parliamentary and the Parliamentary elects
and approves the Prime Minister, the chief executive, including the cabinet from among its ranks.
—The Prime Minister serves at the pleasure of the Parliament. Members of the Parliament may
remove the Prime Minister with or without reason by a simple “vote of no confidence”.

FORMS OF GOV’T IN TERMS OF THE RELLATIONSHIP T THE NATIONAL GOV’T AND LOCAL GOV’T
1. Federal Government —the sovereign people expressly delegate specific powers to the central government and authorize
federal government to exercise powers not delegated to the latter except foreign affairs.
2. Unitary Government — the sovereign people delegate legislative power to Congress while the latter re-delegate power of
local legislation to local government units.

Government under different regimes:

1. Commonwealth
 wasn’t a state because the 4th element of a state was lacking, to wit: external sovereignty because it was still under the
regime of the US government
 it was sovereign since it exercised internal and external sovereignty but not without limitations
2. Government under the Marcos Regime
 constitution authoritarianism
 former Pres. Marcos was a constitution dictator because the Constitution itself empowered him to exercise both executive
and legislative rights (Amendment Nos. 5 & 6 of the 1973 Constitution provided: “(5) The Incumbent President shall
continue to exercise legislative powers until martial law shall have been lifted. (6) Whenever in the judgment of the
President (Prime Minister), there exist a grave emergency or a threat or imminence thereof, or whenever the Interim
Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly fails or is unable to act adequately on any matter for any reason
that is in his judgement requires immediate action, he may, in order to meet the exigency, issue the necessary decrees,
orders, or letters of instruction which shall form part of the law of the land.
3. Government under Pres. Corazon Aquino
 revolutionary government
 recognized as legitimate / de-jure government by the Supreme Court; justified through the recognition extended by the
community of nations and the acceptance by the people of Corazon C. Aquino as President
4. Government under Pres. Gloria Macapagal — Arroyo
 de jure government according to the Supreme Court
Revolution — complete overthrow of the established government in any State by people or as a sudden, radical
and fundamental change in the political system, usually effected with violence or at least acts of violence.

Law of Victor: Participants of a revolution that ousted a legitimate government are heroes. However, where the
revolution action by the people failed to overthrow the legitimate government, the participants of the contained revolution are not
heroes but plain criminals prosecuted for the crimes of rebellion, coup d ’etat, inciting to rebellion, and sedition which are by law.
The success and failure of a rebellion determine heroism and criminality.

2 Kinds of Democracy:
1. Direct Democracy — the people directly exercise the powers of government. Examples of this are the political system
in the city-states of Greece and Rome. All citizen could speak and vote in assemblies to decide on government matters.
They directly run the affairs of the government. Representative government was not necessary due to the small size of
the city-states.
2. Indirect Democracy / Republicanism — the people exercise powers of sovereignty through chosen representatives

SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

 In the 15th century, Philippines was invaded by Spain and reined over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898.
Their coming changed our history because of THREE REASONS
1. Through Spain, we became CATHOLIC.
2. We got new and more advanced culture from Europe and Mexico.
3. But for the first time, WE LOST OUR FREEDOM or INDEPENDENCE.

 Spain established ONE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT in the Philippines.

 Many independent barangay of our ancestors disappeared. One government alone ruled most of the country. Thus, for
the first time in history, we became united as one nation called “FILIPINAS”. The rest of the world came to know our
country by that name.
  Since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish king ruled the Islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then
another Spanish colony.
 When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a Governor General.

THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE

Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL GOVERNMENTS that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:
 maintained peace and order
 collected taxes
 built schools and other public works

GOVERNOR GENERAL
 The King's representative and the highest-ranking official in the Philippines.
 He had GREAT POWERS. He had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by
the King. He was the commander in chief of the colonial armed forces.
 Power of cumplase
 Grant pardons to those persons who committed criminal and civil offenses and to grant amnesty
 He was also the president of the Royal Audencia.
 (Like the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court today)

 The first one was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565-1572) and the last was Diego de los Rios (1898)

RESIDENCIA
 This was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a Governor General who was about to be replaced.
 The Residencia, of which the incoming Governor General was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the
King.

VISITA
 The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the VISITADOR GENERAL to observe conditions in
the colony.
 The Visitador General reported his findings directly to the king.

ROYAL AUDENCIA
 The highest court in the land.
 Served as an advisory body to the Governor General.
 Had the power to check and report on his abuses.
 The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the colonial government.
 Sent a yearly report to Spain.
 The Archbishop and other government officials could also report the abuses of the colonial government.
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
 The ALCADIA, led by the Alcalde Mayor governed the provinces.

DUTIES OF THE ALCALDE MAYOR:

 They represented the Spanish king and the Governor-General
 They managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial government
 Implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes
 The CORREGIMIENTO, headed by Corregidor governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control.

CITY GOVERNMENT
 Larger towns became cities called AYUNTAMIENTO. It became the center of trade and industry.
 The ayuntamiento had a city council called the CABILDO
 CABILDO is composed of:
o ALCALDE (MAYOR)
o REGIDORES (COUNCILLORS)
o ALGUACIL MAYOR (POLICE CHIEF)
o ESCRIBANDO (SECRETARY)

The Municipal Government

Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by Gobernadordcillos, whose main concerns were efficient
governance and tax collection. Four lieutenants aided the Governardorcillo: the Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant), the Teniente de
Policia (police lieutenant), the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields) and the Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the
livestock).

The Encomienda System

Spain owed the colonization of the Philippines to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who valiantly and loyally served the Spanish crown. To
hasten the subjugation of the country, King Philip II instructed Legazpi to divide the Philippines into large territories
called encomiendas, to be left to the management of designated encomenderos.

To show his gratitude to his conquistadors, the King made them the first encomenderos in the colony. As the King’s
representatives in their respectiveencomiendas, the encomenderos had the right to collect taxes. However, the encomiendas were
not there to own. The encomenderos were only territorial overseers who had the duty to: 1) protect the people in the encomienda;
(2) maintain peace and order; (3) promote education and health programs; and (4) help the missionaries propagate
Christianity. Continue to The Galleon Trade.

GOBERNADORCILLOS
 They had SMALL SALARIES but were exempted from PAYING TAXES.
QUALIFICATIONS:
 Any NATIVE or CHINESE MEZTIZO
 25 years old
 Literate in ORAL or WRITTEN SPANISH
 Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years

CABEZA DE BARANGAY
 Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio
 Recruited men for public works
QUALIFICATIONS:
 Cabezas should be literate in Spanish.
 Have good moral character and property.
 Cabezas who served for 25 years
 Were exempted from forced labor.
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

ANDRES BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN

 Andres Bonifacio was born on November 30, 1863 in a small hut at Calle Azcarraga, presently known as Claro M. Recto
Avenue in Tondo, Manila. His parents were Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro.
 Andres was the eldest in a brood of five. His other siblings were Ciriaco, Procopio, Troadio, Esperidiona and Maxima. He
obtained his basic education through a certain Guillermo Osmeña of Cebu. The Bonifacio family was orphaned when Andres
was barely fourteen. With this, Andres assumed the responsibility of raising his younger siblings.
 In order to support the needs of their family, he maximized his skills in making crafts and sold paper fans and canes. He also
worked as messenger in Fleming & Company. Eventually, he moved to Fressel & Company, where he worked as warehouse
man until 1896. Poverty never hindered Andres’ thirst for knowledge. He devoted most of his time reading books while trying
to improve his knowledge in the
 Andres was married to Gregoria de Jesus who happened to be his second wife. His first wife – Monica- died of leprosy a year
after their marriage. Gregoria was only sixteen years old and Andres was twenty-nine when their romance sprung. At first,
Gregoria’s parents were against their relationship, but in time, allowed the couple to be married in Catholic rites. The two were
married in 1892, both in Catholic and Katipunan rites. Gregoria chose “Lakambini” as her nom de guerre.
THE TEJEROS CONVENTION
 On March 22, 1897, a convention was held in Tejeros in order to settle the dispute between the two councils and to decide on
what type of government should be installed. During the early phase of the convention the crowd became unruly, causing a
recess. When the convention resumed, Bonifacio was assigned to preside in the election of the officers of the new
 government that was to be set up. Before this, however, Bonifacio laid down the rule that the assembly should respect
whatever would be the outcome of the election.
 When Bonifacio was elected Secretary of Interior, Daniel Tirona contested and argued that a lawyer should handle the
position. Bonifacio felt insulted and demanded an apology from Tirona. Because of humiliation and anger, Bonifacio declared
that all matters convened in the Tejeros Convention were null and void. Together with his supporters, he left the estate house

“ACTA DE TEJEROS,” “NAIC PACT” AND THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF AGUINALDO

 The next day, Bonifacio stressed out his reason for invalidating the Tejeros Convention through a document known as “Acta
de Tejeros” signed by his supporters. Meanwhile, the elected officers of Magdalo held a meeting at Sta. Cruz de Malabon.
That night, Aguinaldo and the other elected officers in Tejeros took their oath of office.
 Bonifacio decided to establish another government independent from that of Aguinaldo in accordance with the “Naic Pact”
enacted by him which signed by his 41 supporters including two of Aguinaldo’s general. These two generals, however, turned
their back on Bonifacio after a talk with Aguinaldo, pledging loyalty to the latter, instead.
 The Revolutionary Government was established without the customary elections on 17 April 1897 with Aguinaldo completing
his Cabinet members through appointment.
THE CRY OF PUGADLAWIN
 On 23 August 1896, the Supremo and his troops formally launched an armed revolution against Spain. They tore their
resident certificates or cedulas which symbolized their defiance against from the colonizers. This became known in history as
“The Cry of Pugadlawin.”
CONTINUED STRUGGLES
 On 29 August 1896, Katipunan members tried to seize Mandaluyong, Pandacan and Pasig. However, the attacks were
unsuccessful. The Battle at San Juan del Monte was a military disaster after the death of more than a hundred Katipuneros.
Gen. Ramon Blanco, as a response, declared in a state of war in the eight provinces believed to be the hotbeds of revolution
namely: Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga.
MAGDIWANG VS. MAGDALO
 Bad blood erupted between the two Katipunan Councils in Cavite—the Magdalo and Magdiwang due to lack of respect and
territorial competition prompting Mariano Alvarez to invite Bonifacio to Cavite and intercede. On 17 December 1896,
Bonifacio together with his brothers, wife and troops went to Cavite –the province where the Supremo met his tragic fate.
 An assembly was held at Imus estate house on December 29 with both Magdalo and Magdiwang members attending. A
disagreement arose between the two councils on the issue of establishing a revolutionary government to replace the
Katipunan. The assembly ended without the issue being resolved.
SITUATION DURING BONIFACIO’S TIME
 Andres Bonifacio was born in an era when the natives were considered Indios and the Spanish friars were believed to be
God’s representative on earth. He observed that the Filipinos during his time were not free and the Spanish government and
the Catholic Church enslaved them. During the same period, Freemasonry and its doctrine gained popularity.
 Bonifacio admired Jose Rizal for his great effort in awakening Filipino nationalism. He even witnessed and joined the founding
of La Liga Filipina spearheaded by Rizal on 3 July 1892. Sadly, the organization died naturally after Rizal was exiled in
Dapitan. Prior to his involvement in free masonry and Liga, Bonifacio continued to work in Fressel & Co. and sell fans and
canes. He met Ladislao Diwa, and Teodoro Plata who would play major roles in the establishment of the Katipunan.
THE KATIPUNAN
 On July 7, 1892, the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan was founded in the house of
Deodato Arellano at 734 Calle El Cano cor. Azcarraga. Membership was through blood compact symbolizing the foundation
of the secret society, which aimed the separation of the Philippines from Spain and the expulsion of the Spaniards in the
country. The first Supremo of the Katipunan was Deodato Arellano, followed by Roman Basa and finally, Andres Bonifacio.
 In 1893, women were given the chance to join the organization. The first members were Gregoria de Jesus, Josefa Rizal,
Marina Dizon and Angelica Lopez. They served as the keepers of important and confidential documents of the Katipunan and
staged galas as fronts for the regular meetings of the male members. By 1894, the Katipunan spread throughout Manila.
 In order to strengthen and further widen the operations of the organization, the Kalayaan, the official organ of the Katipunan
was published with Emilio Jacinto as editor. Two works of Bonifacio were published in the Kalayaan– “Pag-ibig sa
Tinubuang Lupa” and “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog.”
THE PLAN FOR A REVOLUTION
 An important meeting held on 3 May 1896 concluded with a plan to rescue Rizal from Dapitan to lead the revolution. The task
was assigned to Dr. Pio Valenzuela. Unfortunately, Rizal expressed his opposition to the idea of launching an unprepared
revolution against a strong nation protected by well-armed defense force. In the end, he urged that if the revolution is
inevitable, the revolutionary members should seek the help of the rich and influential people to convince them to support the
cause of the revolution. He also suggested that the service of Antonio Luna be secured by the organization because of his
military expertise and affiliation with rich and influential Filipinos.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNAN
 The quarrel between two employees of the printing shop publishing Diario de Manila resulted in the discovery of Katipunan.
This happened after Apolonio dela Cruz was given a P2 raise in salary and Teodoro Patiño was not given any. A heated
argument sparked between them which led Patiño to confide the secrets of the Katipunan to his sister Honoria at the convent
where she was staying, her tearful reaction attracted the attention of one of the nuns. The nun in turn, persuaded Patiño to tell
everything he knew to Fr. Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo. After hearing the revelations, Fr. Gil contacted the
authorities and urged them to raid the printing shop. Documents, oaths signed in blood, receipts and ledgers related to
Katipunan were confiscated from the shop.
ILL FATED DESTINY
 As a result of the fateful experiences he encountered in Cavite, Bonifacio planned to return to Montalban and San Mateo. On
their way to Montalban, he and his followers passed by Limbon, Indang – a place in Cavite where food was scarce and people
were tightfisted. At this point, Severino de las Alas turned his back against Bonifacio. The angered Bonifacio responded with
threats and words that were wrongly interpreted by the people of Indang. The people sought the help of Aguinaldo, who
immediately ordered the arrest of Bonifacio.
 On 27 April 1897, skirmishes took place between the forces of Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. In the said scuffle, Ciriaco was
killed, while Procopio and the Supremo were caught. Andres Bonifacio was stabbed in the neck, weakening him and soaking
him in blood.
 The next day, the prisoners were brought to Indang Tribunal, then to Naic. Within the day, Gen. Mariano Noriel created the
tribunal that eventually tried and convicted the Bonifacio brothers of sedition, and sentenced them to death. Surprised by the
decision of the tribunal, Aguinaldo commutated the verdict. He recommended the Bonifacio brothers be exiled to an isolated
island also found in Cavite. However, Gen. Noriel and Gen. Pio del Pilar dissuaded him, arguing that by reducing the
sentence, the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines would once again be at stake. Aguinaldo, in the end, changed his
mind and signed the death sentence of the Bonifacio brothers.
 On 10 May 1897, Procopio and Andres were shot at Mount Nagpatong, near Mount Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite. This event
ended the short life of the Supremo. His educational attainment and military expertise may not have been equal to that of
other heroes but his love for the country was absolute. His name will always be revered and serve as the battle cry of
Filipinos who yearn for freedom oppression and injustice.
 In November 1897, the Biak-na-Bato Constitution was signed which provided for the creation of a government to be
administered by a Supreme Council composed of a president, vice-president, a secretary of war, and a secretary of treasury.
This became known as the Biak-na-Bato Republic with Aguinaldo again as president. It lasted for a short time from
November 1 to December 15, 1897, with the signing of the Pact of Biyak-na-Bato between the Filipinos and the Spaniards.
In this agreement, Aguinaldo agreed to exile himself and the rest of the officials of the Biyak-na-Bato Republic to Hongkong.
 As a result of the outbreak of the Spanish-American War on April 25, 1898, Aguinaldo sailed back to the Philippines on
May 19 from Hongkong. Readily, he established the Dictatorial Government on May 24 that nullified the orders issued under
the authority of the Biak-na-Bato Republic. The most significant achievements of the Dictatorial Government were the
proclamation of Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 and the subsequent reorganization of local
governments on June 18.
 The Dictatorial Government lasted for only a month, from May 24 to June 23, 1898. On June 23, Aguinaldo established
the Revolutionary Government replacing the Dictatorial Government with himself as President and a Congress whose function
was advisory and ministerial. The decree issued by Aguinaldo on June 23, written by Apolinario Mabini, stated that the object
of the government was the "struggle for the independence of the Philippines until all nations, including Spain, shall
expressly recognize it, and to prepare the country so that the true republic may be established" (Agoncillo & Guerrero,
1977).
 In accordance with the above decree, Revolutionary Congress of Filipino representatives met in Malolos, Bulacan on
September 15, 1898. The first significant act of Congress took place when they ratified the independence proclaimed in
Kawit, Cavite on June 12. Its main task was the framing of the Malolos Constitution, also known as the first democratic
constitution ever promulgated in the whole of Asia. This constitution was approved by the Malolos Congress on November 29,
1898 and proclaimed by Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899. On January 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic was
inaugurated at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan with Aguinaldo as president. This government existed from January 23,
1899 to March 23, 1901, upon the capture of Aguinaldo by the Americans.

President- Emilio Aguinaldo

Department Secretaries- War – Baldomero Aguinaldo
Interior- Leandro Ibarra
Foreign Affairs- Cayetano Arellano (later replaced by Mabini)
Finance- Mariano Trias
Justice- Gregorio Araneta
Welfare- Felipe Buencamino

AMERICAN REGIME

Policy of Pacification

 Military Government – Military General Wesley Meritt, Elwell Otis and ArthurMcArthur
 Benevolent Assimilation – Americans are not invaders/conquerors butFRIENDS
 Proclaimed by President William Mckinley
 Embarrassing if they will not colonize the Philippines; there will be anarchy inthe Philippines in the hands of the Filipinos,
Manifest destiny of theAmericans to COLONIZE, CIVILIZE, CHRISTIANIZE AND EDUCATE the Filipinos

Foreign interest in the Philippines: British, French, Japanese and the Germans

1. First / Schurman Commission

2. Second / Taft Commission

Effects:
-Americans’ message of goodwill
-investigate, survey, recommendation and implementation of laws in thePhilippines
-bicameral legislature – Philippine Commission and Philippine Assembly
-establishment of civil governmentnew chartered cities – Cebu, Iloilo, Bacolod, Davao, Zamboanga, San Pedro, QuezonCity,
Cavite and Tagaytay-reorganization of municipal and provincial government-opening of public school system (Primary and
Secondary)-Philippine Constabulary-Civil service systemHoward TaftWilliam Cameron ForbesLuke WrightHenry Ide James Smith
BurtonFrancis Burton Harrison

Suppressing Nationalism
 Flag Law- Sedition Law
 Re-concentration Act
 Brigandage ActPolicy of Attraction
 Economic Development-Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act-Underwood-Simmons Act
 Improvement in the Transportation and Communication
 Policy of Filipinization
 Philippine Commission – Federal Party –Pro-Americans – Democrats – Opposition
 Philippine Assembly
 Philippine Bill 1902 / Cooper Act

Policy of Independence
 Wood-Forbes Mission (enemies of Independence)
 Lack of sufficient resources
 Philippine economy is still dependent with the economy of the United States
 There are still many graft and corruption in the government
 Philippines is not yet ready to defend itself from other aggressors
 -Problems in taxation and revenues; maldistribution of lands or agrarianand social problems
 -There was still political instability
 -Filipinos participation in the elections
 -Political Parties:-Independence Party or Nationalist Party-Democratic Party
 -Jones Law – Granting of Independence to the Philippines
 -The Hare Hawes Cutting Law and Tydings Mcduffie Law

Effects of the American period in the Philippines

 Purchasing of Friar Lands
 Spanish weights and measures – improved
 Modern machines
 Agricultural Products increased
 Export Crops: Sugar, Copra, Coconut, Metals and Hemp
 Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 – partial free trade of the Philippines and theUnited States
 Underwood-Simons Tariff Act – Full trade
 Because of the Free Market of America, the annual balance of trade wasgenerally in favor of the Philippines
 Defects of Free Trade with the United States brought economic prosperity tothe Filipinos which in turn resulted in a
higher standard of living, better healthand sanitation and social advancement
 But Philippine economic prosperity is only artificial, economically Philippineeconomy became dependent in American
Markets.
 Filipinos neglected to develop other markets in other countries such as GreatBritain, Spain, China, France, Germany and
Holland.
 -Industrial Development – advent of the industrial age in the Philippines
 -Philippine cigar and cigarette factories, coconut oil mills, sugar and otherminerals
 -Growth: Mat and Hat, Cloth weaving industry, rattan and wood furniture,pottery and brick industry, slipper industry
 -NEPA- National Economic Protectionism Association
 Improved and the development of Philippine Products: piña, jusi cloth,Ilocano blankets, towels, hemp slippers, Marikina
shoes, bakyas, hats, Barong Tagalog and Balintawak for Filipinas
 Creation of many roads- Gov. Gen. Cameron Forbes
 Manila-Dagupan Railway- Philippine Railway Company
 Opening of shipping ports
 MERALCO – old Spanish horse drawn street car line in Manila organized byCharles M. Swift
 American imported electric street cars
 PLDT – communication
 Currency – Silver to Gold
 Philippine Postal Savings Banks
 Philippine National Bank
 Influences – most westernized nation in Asia

JAPANESE OCCUPATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

 1942-1945
 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
 Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma- Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces in thePhilippines
 Proclamation of the establishment of the Japanese Military Administration for the purpose of supervising the political,
economic and cultural affairs of the Philippines
 Directives from Tokyo, Japanese Military Administration issued severe restrictions which thehelpless people were forced
to obey.
 Curfews, blackouts

Declaration of Martial Law

 All firearms, ammunitions were confiscated
 Hostile act against the Japanese Army- punishable with death
 Military proclamation- one Japanese killed, 10 prominent Filipinos were to pay with their lives
 Radio transmitters were banned
 All Allied nationals were interned at the UST, Baguio and Los Banos.
  Everything were placed under Japanese control
 All industries, factories, banks, schools, churches, printing presses and theaters were supervisedby the military
authorities.
 The use of the Filipino flag, singing of the Philippine National Anthem and American songs wereprohibited. The
circulation of the American dollars was banned.
 Jorge Vargas became the mayor of the City of Greater Manila.
 Philippine Executive Command was established by the Japanese High Command
 Jorge Vargas- Chairman
 Benigno Aquino-Commissioner of the Interior
 Antonio de las Alas- Commissioner of Finance
 Jose P. Laurel-Commissioner of Justice
 August 6, 1942 Creation of City of Greater Manila – Manila Proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, SanJuan, Mandaluyong,
Pasay, Makati and Parañaque.Japanese Propaganda
 “ Asia for the Asiatics”, Philippines for Filipinos, “Asia is One”
 Radio stations, books, pamphlets, periodicals, movie films and stage shows were used aspropaganda materials for
Japanese Occupation
 Japanese culture and Language (Nippongo) were taught in schools
 KALIBAPI (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas)
 Not Collaborators, But Patriots – Vargas, Laurel, Aquino and Recto
 Premier General Hideki Tojo – Granting of the Independence of the Philippines
 Real Collaborators- (Pro-Japanese) Ganaps headed by Benigno Ramos (Sakdals), informers,spies for the Japanese
military authorities
 Palaaks – Bamboo Army – to defeat the guerillas
 United Nippon- trained by Japanese officers, with weapons and uniforms given by the Japanese
 Pampars (Pambansang Pag-asa ng mga Anak ni Rizal ) – Pilillia Rizal, supported by the Japanese and MAKAPILIS
(Makabayang Pilipino)- worst collaborators- headed by Benigno Ramos and PioDuran, Artemio Ricarte
 Manuel Quzon died in Saranac Lake Sanitarium in the morning of August 1, 1944.
 Sergio Osmeña became the President of the Philippines
 Leyte Landing- Red Beach near Palo Leyte- General MacArthur, Osmeña and Carlos P. Romulo
 Liberation of Manila, Landing at Lingayen Gulf
 V-E Day in Europe
 Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 6 and 9, 1945)
 Japan finally surrendered on August 15, 1945- Emperor Hito

REPUBLICAN YEARS

1. EMILIO AGUINALDO
2. MANUEL QUEZON
3. JOSE P. LAUREL
4. SERGIO OSMEÑA
5. MANUEL ROXAS
 Adopted Pro-American Policy
 Parity Amendment
 Failures of Roxas Administration
 Stop graft and corruption in the government
 Surplus war Property Scandal, Chinese Immigration Quota Scandal and School Supplies Scandal
 Stop the communistic Huk movement
6. ELPIDIO QUIRINO
 President Roxas died of heart attack at Clark field, Pampanga
 April 17, 1948 Vice President Elpidio Quirino became the Second President of the Republic
 Objectives: Economic reconstruction of the nation and restoration of faith and confidence of thepeople in the government
PACSA- President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration
 ACCFA- Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing Administration
 -Filipino Farmers – loans, rural banks
 Dirtiest and bloodiest election- it was reported that even birds, bees, monkeys and the dead cancast their votes
 Liberal Party – Elpidio Quirino
 Intensification of the Huks in Central Luzon
 He named Ramon Magsaysay as the Secretary of the National Defense
 Ramon Magsaysay- Iba, Zambales, Former guerilla fighter
 Nacionalista Party, Vice President – Carlos P. Garcia
7. RAMON MAGSAYSAY
 Spent most of the time in the barrios
 “Idol of the masses”
 “Man of the masses”
 Restored people’s faith and confidence in the government
 First president to improve the conditions of the barrios- roads, bridges, barrios artesian wells andbarrio irrigation systems
 Prohibited the indiscriminate slaughter of carabaos “farmers’ best friend”
 Minimized extravagant receptions and social parties in Malacañang and inspired a high moralstandard of public officials
and prohibited the naming of plazas, roads, bridges and towns after him.
  Mr. President instead of “Your Excellency”
 Nationalist- Barong Tagalog
 First President to be dressed in Barong Tagalog during the Presidential inagural rites
 SEATO – patterned after NATO – September 8, 1954
 Anti-communist organization, composed of Australia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand,Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand
and the United States.
 December 15, 1954 Abolition of the Laurel Langley Agreement – gradual abolition of Free Tradebetween the United
States and the Philippines from January 1, 1956 to July 3, 1974May 9, 1956 – Reparations Agreement with Japan was
finally signed in Manila – Payment $ 300,000,000Million for 25 years Japan will pay the Philippine government for the
destruction the committed inthe country.
 San Francisco Treaty – September 8, 1957 ending of Second World War in the Pacific
 Ending the state of war between Japan and the Philippines
8. CARLOS P. GARCIA
 Death of Ramon Magsaysay in a plane crush in Cebu March 17, 1957
 March 18, 1957 Carlos P. Garcia was inducted as the 4th President of the Philippine Republic
 Bohol
 Vice President Jose P. Laurel Jr. – Nacionalista Party
 Liberal Party – Jose Yulo (President)
 Diosdado Macapagal (Vice President)
 First time that the Filipinos voted for a president and a vice president belonging to opposing party
 December 30, 1957 President Carlos P. Garcia was inducted as the 4th President of the Philippine Republic with Vice
President Diosdado Macapagal
 Strengthening of the democracy
 Committed also some failures in governance
 But he was fair minded and never vindictive
 Respected human rights, freedom of speech, press, religion and free election
 Bayanihan Folk Dance Troupe – culture
 Filipino First Policy
 Dr. Jose Rizal Centennial Commission- compilation of all writings of Dr. Jose Rizal
 Liberal party toppled again the Nacionalista Party
9. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
10. FERDINAND MARCOS
11. CORAZON AQUINO
12. FIDEL RAMOS
13. JOSEPH ESTRADA
14. GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO