SOLID AND HAZARDOUS

WASTE MANAGEMENT
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT

M. Habibur Rahman Abdullah Al-Muyeed

SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

First Edition: May 2010

Published by:
ITN-BUET
Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management,
BUET, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

All rights reserved by

ITN-BUET
Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management

This book or any part of it cannot be reproduced in any from of by any

means without written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-984-33-1894-7

Drawing: M. Saiful Islam

Layout & Design : Tahmid Ritu, Alauddin Ahmed
Print: Mati ar Manush
Preface
One of the foremost objectives of the International Training Network Centre of
the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (ITN-BUET) has
been to reorient the curricula of environmental engineering education in
Bangladesh with emphasis on low-cost technologies, community participation,
community management, hygiene promotion, safety issues in both solid waste
and water supply-sanitation. During the process of curricula development, ITN-
BUET, BUET, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET),
Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Rajshahi
University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Chittagong University of
Engineering and Technology (CUET), Ahsanullah University of Science and
Technology (AUST), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)
acknowledged the need for a textbook on solid and hazardous waste
management in the academic arena of the universities to support the reoriented
curricula. It was felt that there are very few standard materials available on solid
and hazardous waste management (SHWM), particularly focused on SHWM of
Bangladesh. It was therefore decided to develop a textbook on SHWM.
The book has been developed for students studying environmental engineering
focused on solid and hazardous waste treatment and management and their
teachers at technical institutions in Bangladesh. It is also meant for professionals
already working in this SHWM sector, who can use the textbook for reference.
The development of this textbook was a challenging process. All concerned
authorities wanted to make sure that the textbook would be useful for the
students studying in this field, teachers, technicians and professionals working in
SHWM sector. To facilitate this from the beginning, staff members of the ITN-
BUET, teachers of technical institutions, professionals working in SHWM
sector and officials from bilateral organizations were asked to review and
therefore to provide comments on the contents of the book. Eventually, the final
manuscript of this book is updated with their valuable suggestions and
guidelines.
This book comprises of 11 chapters where the first chapter covers general
description of solid waste management (SWM) and historical background of
SWM system. It also describes the stream of practice of SWM system in
Bangladesh as well as institutional aspects and legal framework that exist at
present in the country. The second chapter includes composition and physical
properties of solid waste, the mass balance theory during energy evolve in any
treatment facility. It also includes the case study of banning polythene and its
affects in improving quality of the environment in Bangladesh. Chapter three
comprises of reduction of solid waste especially at source, on site processing of
waste and transportation of waste. The next chapter describes the collection and
transferring of waste. It also describes the design of an economic collection
system. Chapter five describes recycling and reuse of waste. It also describes
material recovery facilities that exist mostly in developed countries but here it is
emphasized on practicing this technology in developing countries as well.
From chapter six to chapter ten, the treatment facilities of solid waste are
critically discussed. Chapter six describes the anaerobic treatment of waste
where biogas production in economic reactor is discussed with emphasis.
Biogas, which can play a vital role in renewable energy sector of Bangladesh, is
also discussed in this chapter. Chapter seven discusses aerobic
treatment/composting technology which is the most suitable option of
treatment of solid waste in Bangladesh. Here, an innovative self turning reactor
(STR) is introduced as a new treatment option of composting, especially for
Bangladesh. Incineration is mostly practiced in the developed world as a
treatment option of solid waste. However, sometimes the emission of carbon
and dioxin are ignored, which is adverse to the climate. Chapter eight discusses
briefly about the incineration technology practiced in SWMS. It also includes
pyrolysis and thermal gasification technologies of treating waste. Ultimate
disposal of the waste with adequate safety process are explained in Chapter nine.
The following chapter discusses the hazardous waste management and details of
treatment facilities needed for this type of waste.
Finally, chapter eleven describes briefly the life cycle analysis of integrated solid
waste management.

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About Authors
M. Habibur Rahman received his B.Sc. (Civil) Eng. and M.Sc (Civil and
Environmental) Eng. at Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
(BUET), Dhaka and his Ph.D from University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK as a
Commonwealth scholar. Immediately after his graduation he joined the faculty
of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka, where he served as Lecturer, Assistant
Professor, Associate Professor, Professor and Division Chief. Awarded
Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellowship and worked as a Visiting Professor
during 1999-2000 for 1 year at Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.
He has been serving as a Director of International Training Network Centre of
BUET (ITN–BUET) and as a Pro-Vice Chancellor of BUET. He has more than
twenty- eight years of teaching, research and professional experiences in Civil
and Environmental Engineering. He worked as a Consultant to about 50 major
Civil, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Management projects of
national importance including some UNCRD-Japan, World Bank, IDB and
WHO projects. The author worked as a Member of the Scientific and Technical
Council of International Water Supply Association; Member of the Executive
Board of International Water Supply Association ASCEN Region; Board
Member of International Water Association; Board Member Asian Academic
Network for Environmental Safety & Waste Management; and, also as a Board
Member of the Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology & Water Resources.
Publish more than 150 papers in National and International Journal and
Conference Proceedings. He is the contributory author of Bangladesh Nation
Building Code1993. He also authored chapters of more than 10 books.

Abdullah Al-Muyeed received his B.Sc. (Civil) Eng. and M.Sc (Civil and
Environmental) Eng. at Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
(BUET), Dhaka and his Ph.D from the University of Tokyo, Japan, as a
prestigious Monbusho scholar. His professional experiences cover graduate and
post graduate level teaching and research in renowned universities of Bangladesh
and abroad since 2003 immediately after his graduation. The author has more
than 30 technical papers in National and International Journal and Conference
Proceedings. He also worked as honorary editor and reviewer of distinguished
journals of international publishers. He is also a distinguished Specialist on Solid
Waste Management of International Training Network Centre of BUET
(ITN–BUET).

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Acknowledgement
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all those who have inspired us for
the development and publication of this textbook. Participation of the
representatives from BUET, DUET, CUET, RUET, KUET, SUST, DPHE,
LGED, WSP-WB, UNDP, DANIDA, WHO, NGO Forum and other
organizations in the workshop to finalize this book is gratefully acknowledged.
Their valuable comments and reviews, have enriched the publication.
The authors express their sincere thanks to ITN-BUET for supporting
development of the book and finally, publishing the book. Our sincere
appreciation goes to Engr. Sk. Abu Jafar Shamsuddin and Engr. Alauddin Ahmed
of ITN-BUET for their kind arrangement of publishing this book in different
stages.
Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their
understandings and supports extended to us in completing this book. We remain
indebted to all of them.

M. Habibur Rahman
Abdullah Al-Muyeed

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Contents
Chapter 1 General Introduction to Solid Waste Management Systems 1
1.1 Definition of solid waste 3
1.2 Background of solid waste management 3
1.3 Composition of solid waste 8
1.4 Management of solid waste 10
Questions 27
References 27

Chapter 2 Source and Characteristics of Solid Waste 31

2.1 Classification of solid waste 33
2.2 Quantity of solid waste 40
2.3 Composition of solid waste 44
2.4 Physical properties of waste 47
2.5 Mechanical properties of waste 50
2.6 Chemical properties of waste 51
2.7 Method of sampling and measurement 57
2.8 Variations in quantity and composition of solid waste 61
2.9 Forecasting future waste quantities 62
Questions 68
References 68

Chapter 3 Source Reduction, On-Site Processing and Storage of Solid

Waste 71
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Source reduction 74
3.3 Onsite processing and collection of waste materials 76
3.4 Implementation of source reduction and on-site processing 83
3.5 Calculation of source reduction 85
3.6 On-site storage 87
Questions 98
References 99
Chapter 4 Collection and Transfer of Solid Wastes 101
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Classification of collection systems 103

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 4.3 Point of collection 112
4.4 Frequency of waste collection 115
4.5 Street cleansing 116
4.6 Transfer stations 117
4.7 Collection vehicles 121
4.8 Design of a collection system 133
Questions 152
References 152

Chapter 5 Recycling and Reuse 153

5.1 Introduction 155
5.2 Significance 155
5.3 Present practices 157
5.4 Recycling processes 161
5.5 Resource recovery options from organic waste 165
5.6 Material recovery facilities 167
5.7 Full stream processing facilities 167
5.8 Planning for recycling 168
5.9 Recycling performance indicators 170
Questions 174
References 175

Chapter 6 Anaerobic Digestion/ Biogasification 177

6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 The mechanism of anaerobic digestion 180
6.3 Kinetics of anaerobic digestion 186
6.4 Environmental factors affecting anaerobic digestion 187
6.5 Other factors influencing anaerobic digestion 188
6.6 Anaerobic treatment processes and present practices 194
6.7 Biogas fertiliser 200
6.8 Economics 200
6.9 Environmental aspects 201
6.10 Utilisation of biogas 202
6.11 Sizing of biogas plants 202
6.12 Biogas technology in Bangladesh 211
Questions 215
References 215

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Chapter 7 Composting 217
7.1 Introduction 219
7.2 Composting process 222
7.3 Environmental factors affecting composting 226
7.4 Other factors influencing the composting process 232
7.5 Composting methods 233
7.6 Vermicomposting 235
7.7 Barrel composting 240
7.8 Self-turning composting 245
Questions 249
References 249

Chapter 8 Thermal Treatment 251

8.1 Introduction 253
8.2 Incineration 253
8.3 Processes of thermal treatment 261
8.4 Pyrolysis 276
8.5 Plasma thermal treatment 280
8.6 Thermal gasification 280
8.7 Energy content of MSW 282
Questions 286
References 287

Chapter 9 Land Disposal 289

9.1 Introduction 291
9.2 Landfill classification 293
9.3 Stages of decomposition in a typical landfill 301
9.4 Planning, design and operation of sanitary landfills 305
9.5 Groundwater monitoring and corrective action 332
9.6 Landfill closure and post-closure care 333
9.7 Environmental monitoring 333
9.8 Financial assurance 333
9.9 Landfill completion 333
9.10 After-use of landfill sites 336
9.11 Quantification of leachate 336
Questions 344
References 344

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Chapter 10 Hazardous Waste Treatment 349
10.1 Definition of hazardous waste 351
10.2 Hazardous waste management 358
10.3 Treatment of hazardous waste 364
10.4 Healthcare waste management 386
Questions 402
References 402

Chapter 11 Integrated Waste Management and Life Cycle Inventory 405

11.1 Introduction 407
11.2 Life cycle inventory 408
11.3 Concept of cradle-to-grave in LCI 409
11.4 Inventory Stage of LCI 411
Questions 413
References 413

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List of Tables
Table 1.1 Risks associated with poor management of solid waste 7
Table 1.2 Municipal solid waste management costs in US$/capita/yr (as
percentage of income) 8
Table 1.3 Selected material composition (%) of solid waste in industrialised
and developing countries 9
Table 1.4 Stages of solid waste management 12
Table 1.5 Rational steps in integrated waste management 16
Table 2.1 Categories of solid waste 34
Table 2.2 Source and types of industrial waste 37
Table 2.3 Solid waste generation rate and income 41
Table 2.4 Rates of generation of solid waste in Asian countries
(kg/capita/day) 42
Table 2.5 Per capita municipal solid waste generation in USA (1960 to
1997) 43
Table 2.6 Rates of generation of municipal solid waste 43
Table 2.7 Composition of solid waste in different cities of Bangladesh 44
Table 2.8 Bulk densities of residential waste for various countries 48
Table 2.9 Typical bulk densities of mixed MSW and its components 49
Table 2.10 Ultimate analysis of solid waste (per cent by weight in dry basis) 52
Table 2.11 Proximate analysis and calorific value of solid waste 53
Table 2.12 Physical constituents of a typical municipal solid waste 54
Table 2.13 Energy value for each of the constituents of municipal solid waste 55
Table 2.14 Computation of energy content for municipal solid waste in
Example 2.1 55
Table 2.15 Minimum size and weight of sample 58
Table 2.16 Composition of household waste in UK 62
Table 3.1 Main strategic options in waste minimisation and hazard reduction
at source 75
Table 3.2 Statistical Analysis Approach to Measuring Source Reduction 86
Table 3.3 Typical storage containers for waste used in industrialised
countries 89
Table 3.4 Typical designs used in developing countries 92
Table 3.5 Capacity margin of storage container 98
Table 4.1 Typical values for haul constant coefficients m and n 105

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Table 4.2 Typical data for computing equipment and labour requirements
for hauled- and stationary-container collection 107
Table 4.3 Comparison of various methods of solid waste collection 113
Table a.1 Cost comparison for alternative containers for sweepers 119
Table a.2 General description of alternative containers for sweepers 119
Table 4.4 Characteristics of typical human- and animal-powered collection
vehicles 124
Table 4.5 Types of motorised vehicles 125
Table 4.6 Relevant data for both waste collection systems ª 149
Table 4.7 Present value of economic costs (in constant base year prices) for
sample solid waste collection systems 150
Table 4.8 Financial costing (annual) for sample solid waste collection
systems (all values in UNC) 151
Table 5.1 Recycling of municipal solid waste in selected countries (as
percentage of total waste) 160
Table 5.2 Worldwide ranking of treatment technologies of the organic
fraction of MSW 168
Table 5.3 Resource efficiency indicator and timetable 172
Table 6.1 Effect of pH on yield of biogas 187
Table 6.2 Inhibitory concentrations of some common inhibitors 189
Table 6.3 The allowable concentration of various inorganic compounds for
biogas fermentation 190
Table 6.4 Nitrogen and C/N ratios of selected waste products 193
Table 6.5 Nutrient contents of biogas fertiliser and compost 202
Table 6.6 BOD reduction in the digestion process 202
Table 6.7 yields of biogas of substances 206
Table 6.8 Relevant dimensions for fixed dome biogas plants 212
Table 6.9 Biogas plants constructed by different organisations in Bangladesh 214
Table 7.1 Destruction of some common pathogens and parasites at elevated
temperatures 220
Table 7.2 Summary of composting technologies used 227
Table 7.3 Open pit, covered pile and open windrow composting 236
Table 7.4 Description of the reactor composting system 238
Table 7.5 Commercial applications of vermicomposting 239
Table 7.6 Large-scale of vermicomposting in India 240
Table 7.7 Case study of a barrel composting plant in Gazipur, Bangladesh 240

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Table 8.1 Incineration of municipal solid waste in selected countries 256
Table 8.2 Common waste storage, feed preparation and feeding practices in
municipal solid waste, hazardous waste and medical waste
incineration facilities 260
Table 8.3 Development status different thermal treatments 262
Table 8.4 Important fuel properties of RDF 265
Table 8.5 Emissions of dioxins and furans 271
Table 8.6 Emission limits of incineration exhaust gases (in mg/Nm3, except
reported otherwise) in selected countries 272
Table 8.7 Typical pollution control methods and level of pollution reduction
for waste incineration 275
Table 8.8 Concentration (?g/g) of heavy metals in incinerated bottom and
fly ash 276
Table 8.9 Thermal combustion processes at or near commercial scale 278
Table 8.10 Description of selected thermal combustion processes 279
Table 8.11 Examples of ‘as received’ HHVs of various components of MSW, as
well as of fossil fuels 282
Table 8.12 Estimated high heating value of MSW for various countries 284
Table 8.13 High and low heating values of combustible components of MSW 286
Table 9.1 Land disposal of MSW in selected countries 293
Table 9.2 Proportions of different waste landfilled in England and Wales 293
Table 9.3 Location restriction of landfill 308
Table 9.4 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) 309
Table 9.5 Attenuation processes 310
Table 9.6 Uses of geosynthetics 317
Table 9.7 Material properties for soil liner 317
Table 9.8 Typical liner materials 317
Table 9.9 Composition of acetogenic and methanogenic leachates 323
Table 9.10 Treatment processes for leachate 325
Table 9.11 Summary of probable treatment requirements for different
categories of leachate 326
Table 9.12 Typical landfill gas composition 329
Table 9.13 Example of completion criteria for landfill leachate (mg/l) 335
Table 9.14 Quantity of leachate from contributing sources 337
Table 9.15 Values of porosity and hydraulic conductivity 342
Table 10.1 Hazardous waste listed in the F-list 354

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Table 10.2 Hazardous waste listed in the K-list 355
Table 10.3 Hazardous waste listed in the P-list and U-list 357
Table 10.4 Quantities of hazardous wastes generated in industrialised regions 360
Table 10.5 Hazardous industrial waste generated (typical source) in the
province of Ontario, 1981 360
Table 10.6 Hazardous waste generation by major industry groups in the USA 361
Table 10.7 Summary of list of treatment technologies of hazardous waste
streams 368
Table 10.8 Typical oxidants and reductants used in hazardous waste treatment 375
Table 10.9 Relative advantages and disadvantages of different incineration
processes in the treatment of hazardous waste 381
Table 10.10 Categories of hazardous healthcare waste 387
Table 10.11 Relative advantages and disadvantages of treatment methods of
HCW 388
Table 10.12 Healthcare services in selected countries 392
Table 10.13 Healthcare facilities in selected countries 393
Table 10.14 Healthcare establishments in Bangladesh 395
Table 10.15 HCEs in Dhaka City 395
Table 10.16 Quantity of hazardous HCW in Dhaka City 395
Table 10.17 Quantity of hazardous HCW in Khulna City 396
Table 10.18 Quantities of HCW in selected city/country 396
Table 10.19 Quality of effluent from effluent treatment plant 400
Table 11.1 Goal definition in a LCI of integrated waste management 408

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List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Functional elements of waste management system 11
Figure 1.2 Proposed recycling and resource recovery system in urban centres 15
Figure1.3 Organisational structure of urban local bodies in Bangladesh 22
Figure 1.4 Structure of LCA 26
Figure 2.1 Per capita generation of municipal solid waste in selected
industrialised countries 42
Figure 2.2 Sample waste composition data sheet 47
Figure 2.3 Economic growth and solid waste generation rate of Hong Kong 63
Figure 2.4(a) Solid waste generation rate of Hong Kong 64
Figure 2.4(b) Economic growth rate of Hong Kong 64
Figure 2.5 Drainage clogging by mounds of plastic and polythene 67
Figure 2.6 Land-filling by piling up polythene bags 67
Figure 3.1 Materials collection bank 79
Figure 3.2 Actual versus predicted waste generation 85
Figure 4.1(a) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle 138
Figure 4.1(b) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle:
fore-and-aft tipping vehicle 139
Figure 4.1(c) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle:
Fore-and-aft semi-compaction vehicle 139
Figure 4.1(d) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle:
side-loading-hopper semi-compaction vehicles 140
Figure 4.1(e) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle:
Side-loading hydraulic-compactor vehicle 140
Figure 4.1(f) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle 141
Figure 4.1(g) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle 142
Figure 4.1(h) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle:
Rear-loading hydraulic compactor 143
Figure 4.2 Solid waste collection vehicle–crew optimisation curve 143
Figure 4.3 Waste collection system in Dhaka city 148
Figure 4.4 Primary collection of waste in Dhaka City 148
Figure 5.1 Recycling pattern for urban solid waste in Bangladesh 160
Figure 5.2 Leicestershire Materials Recovery Facility (MRF 173
Figure 5.3 Effect of contamination on market value 174

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Figure 6.1 Typical unit operations and steps in the anaerobic digestion of
solid waste 180
Figure 6.2 Different stages of anaerobic digestion (courtesy: US Dept of
Energy) 181
Figure 6.3 Batch digester 196
Figure 6.4 Fixed Dome (Chinese model) digester 196
Figure 6.5 Floating Cover (Indian digester) 197
Figure 6.6 Bag digester 198
Figure 6.7 Plug-flow digester 199
Figure 6.8 Anaerobic baffle reactor 199
Figure 6.9 Slurry level with storage full of gas 209
Figure 7.1(a) Simplest windrow composting system (process for turning
windrow manually or with front-end loader) 223
Figure 7.1(b) Windrow composting system (force-aerated system) 224
Figure 7.2 Change in temperature and organic materials during composting 224
Figure 7.3 Temperature profile for different composting systems 225
Figure 7.4 Typical unit operations and steps in the composting of solid waste 234
Figure 7.5 Tumblers used in composting 235
Figure 7.6 Indian Indore method of composting 237
Figure 7.7 Chinese cover pile composting system 237
Figure 7.8 Vermicomposting bin 239
Figure 7.9 Barrel composting plant 242
Figure 7.10 A small-scale barrel composting plant at Dhaka University of
Engineering and Technology (DUET), Bangladesh 242
Figure 7.11 Typical parameter variations in barrel composting
Figure 7.12 Schematic concept of STR composting and turning cycle, with 243
possibility of expansion 246
Figure 7.13 Shuffling material in the BioMY-BOX 248
Figure 8.1 Typical waste incineration facility schematic 258
Figure 8.2 Grate system in incinerator for combustion of waste 259
Figure 8.3 System flow diagram of RDF combustion system 263
Figure 8.4 RDF incineration system. Top: system components, bottom:
combustion process 265
Figure 8.5 Modular incineration system 366
Figure 8.6 Fluidised incineration system. Top: system components, bottom:
system flow of combustion process 268

xviii
Figure 8.7 Rotary kiln incineration system 269
Figure 8.8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 271
Figure 8.9 Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 271
Figure 8.10 Schematic pyrolysis process 277
Figure 8.11 Siemens thermal recycling process (schematic) 280
Figure 8.12 Noel conversion process (schematic) 280
Figure 8.13 Thermoselect process (schematic) 280
Figure 8.14 Gasification process (schematic) 282
Figure 9.1 Typical cross-section of a sanitary landfill 295
Figure 9.2 Major stages of waste degradation in landfills 302
Figure 9.3 Details of the stages of waste degradation in landfills 303
Figure 9.4 (a) Landfill gas composition and (b) leachate composition in
relation to the degradation of biodegradable solid wastes 304
Figure 9.5 Schematic diagram of a typical single liner system 314
Figure 9.6 Schematic diagram of a typical composite liner system 315
Figure 9.7 Schematic diagram of a typical double liner system 315
Figure 9.8 Schematic diagram of a typical multiple liner system 316
Figure 9.9 Illustrative diagram of water balance in a leachate management
system 322
Figure 9.10 Illustrative diagram of active gas migration control system 332
Figure 9.11 Illustrative diagram of passive gas migration control system 332
Figure 9.12 Runoff from grass-covered slopes 336
Figure 9.13 Approximate field capacity of soils (%vol water/vol soil) 337
Figure 9.14 Schematic figure of Matuail semi-aerobic landfill 344
Figure 9.15 Matuail sanitary landfill project (Courtesy : Dhaka City
Corporation website) 345
Figure 10.1 Decision tree to define solid waste and hazardous waste 352
Figure 10.2 Hierarchy of priorities in HWM 358
Figure 10.3 Batch sedimentation tank 367
Figure 10.4 Vacuum filter used in hazardous waste treatment 367
Figure 10.5 Air stripping using GAC filter 370
Figure 10.6 Automated continuous-flow acid waste neutralising system 373
Figure 10.7 Rapid mix and flocculating tanks for coagulation and flocculation 374
Figure 10.8 Hazardous waste landfill: cross-section 384
Figure 10.9 Private health expenditure 391

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Figure 10.10 Scavengers recycling healthcare waste 398
Figure 10.11 Liquid wastes are often discarded directly to open water bodies 399
Figure 10.12 Hazardous waste management site in Dhaka 400
Figure 10.13 Chlorination tank and treatment plant for effluent from
chlorination tank 401
Figure 11.1 System boundary for integrated solid waste management 411
Figure 11.2 Stages of life cycle for solid waste management system
(Adapted from White et al., 1996) 412

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List of Abbreviations
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
BTU British thermal unit
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CCN Community Composting Network
DUET Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology
ESP electrostatic precipitator
EPD Environmental Protection Department (Hong Kong)
ECA Environment Conservation Act
FDI foreign direct investment
GOB Government of Bangladesh
GNP gross national product
HCE healthcare establishment
HHV higher heat value
IWSA Integrated Wastes Services Association
IWM Institute of Waste Management (UK)
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LCA life cycle assessment
LCI life cycle inventory
LHV lower heat value
MRF material recovery facility
MSW municipal solid waste
PCE personal consumption expenditure
PCB chlorinated biphenyl
c-RDF coarse refuse-derived fuel
d-RDF dense refuse-derived fuel
RDF refuse-derived fuel
STR self-turning reactor
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNC unit of national currency
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
VOC volatile organic compound
WB World Bank

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