An Intelligent Model for Indian Soil Classification using

various Machine Learning Techniques

ABSTRACT:

On site, soil classification is the need of hour for many geotechnical applications.
Onsite engineers need some amount of primary information regarding the type
and structure of soil. In this paper, the conventional techniques of soil
classification are studied and an image processing based efficient classifier for
soil classifier has been developed and tested. Seven classes of soil were studied
for classification, namely Clay, Clayey Peat, Clayey Sand, Humus Clay, Peat,
Sandy Clay and Silty Sand. Reliable images of soils under study were collected
and preprocessed. The preprocessed images are feature extracted and the data
extracted in used to train the Machine Learning classifier. The developed
classifier is then tested for efficient classification and accuracy for each class is
obtained. The developed model can be used in the development of applications
for real time soil classification

INTRODUCTION:

Soil classification is useful in site investigation process as it helps to assess the

general suitability of the site for acquire the physical and mechanical properties
of soil for adequate and economic design and helps to determine the suitability
of materials for construction. Indian soils are classified into various groups
either on the basis of are where the soil is available or on the basis of the
dominating size of particle in the soil. On the basis of location, soil is classified
as alluvial soil, forest soil, red soil, black/regur soil, arid/ desert soil,
peaty/marshy soil and laterite soil, etc. While on the basis of dominating particle
size, soil is classified as clay, peat and sand. On the other hand, some soils are
classified as mixture of two soils such as Clayey Peat, Clayey Sand, Humus
Clay, Sandy Clay and Silty Sand, etc. Another advantage of soil classifications
evident from the fact that if an engineer attempts to save the cost with a low
budget investigation, then it may cause additional expenditure later if
previously undiscoverable unfavourable ground conditions are encountered
later. The necessary investigations at site involve laboratory and in-situ
techniques. The in-situ techniques may involve exploring the soil properties at
the ground level or below the surface. In surface in-situ investigation,
geological mapping provides the soil profile while density replacement test tells
the measurement of in-situ density of soil. In subsurface tests of in-situ
investigation , it in intended to measure certain physical properties or forces of
soil such as elasticity, density, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity and
moisture evaluation , etc.
Conventional methods of soil classification included manual methods such as
Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT), Pressure Meter
Test (PMT), and Vane Shear Test (VST); while some advanced methods
included Constraint Clustering and Classification (CONCC) and Boundary
energy method. The most recent method of soil classification is by using image
processing with the help of ML/DL classifier. ML/DL classifier in image
processing extracts the features of image and then labels the detected images
into separate classes on the basis of similarity of extracted feature from the test
image with its training database.

Existing System :

The conventional techniques of soil classification included Standard Penetration

Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT), Pressure Meter Test (PMT), and
Vane Shear Test (VST), Constraint Clustering and Classification (CONCC) and
Boundary energy method. The test results obtained are used to characterize the
strength and other properties of the soil at the test location.

Proposed System

Proposed system is the image based classification of soil using various Machine
Learning/Deep Learning technoques.

Input:
Soil Image

Output:

Classified Soil details with accuracy of each algorithms.

ARCHITECTURE:
IoT network
Collars, are the main data gathering interface, collecting data from sensors,
being as well responsible for the supervision of behaviour and location.
As these devices own processing abilities and because it is not suitable to wait
for a decision to be handled and transmitted by a central node with more
processing power, due to the delay associated, the posture control algorithm
runs locally, analysing applying corrective stimuli (e.g electrostatic and
auditory cues). Thereafter, the relevant data for the user is transmitted to
an infrastructural network composed by fixed beacons. These devices are
installed accordingly to the intended grazing areas implement a periodical
and synchronized beaconing signal emission all over the network that allow
collars to evaluate their location through the use of RSSI-based localization
techniques, and the network to trace back animal location. To maintain the
power consumption as low as possible, the system follows an Time
Division Multiple Access mechanism, being the details of the solution proposed
detailed in.

The Gateway works as an aggregator element, interconnecting

the local network to the Internet. It implements a beacon (with greater
processing power) that communicates with the remaining beacons, and
connects the local network to the Internet through a wide band connection.
Moreover, the Gateway acts as a local network manager, coordinating
local nodes, aggregating sensory information and implementing a local
alarm generator for critical situations (e.g. fence violation, panic detection). To
allow a smooth integration between the non-IP network and the IP-based
Internet, the Gateway also incorporates a module capable of mapping the
gathered information into JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data
structures that can easily be parsed by upper layer applications.

Cloud Platform
The Cloud platform is composed by five different interconnected modules,
responsible for the aggregation, analyze and processing of stream data.

The DB represents another important module of the platform. The data

gathered directly by coll as data retrieved by them, static information added by
the user or other information about the system operation, need to be stored
conveniently in order to be easily accessed by upper layer applications. Having
the SheepIT network several entities, a relational database model looks
more promising instead of a non-relational model.

This platform includes a REST API framework to allow the WEB

development. With this, it is possible to interact directly with the user but also
with other relevant platforms. For instance, information could be directly
integrated within legal databases.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
 Operating System : Windows (Any Version)
 Programming Language :R
 IDE : R Studio

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

 Processor : Intel Core 2 Duo

 RAM : 2 GB
 Hard Disk : 80 GB

Conclusion
On site soil classification is the future research in the field of civil engineering,
the concepts of image processing prove efficient for automating this task. In this
paper, the task of automation as discussed has been carried out. Seven types of
soil data images was collected and processed, further the accuracy data has also
been obtained. In this study, it has been observed that the developed SVM
classifier can work efficiently with high level of accuracy.
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