Math 20 Sample final problems

Here are some problems that appeared on past Math 20 exams. Note that you will be
given a table of Z-scores for the standard normal distribution on the test. Don’t forget to
have a serious look at HW9.
(1) (a) State both parts of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus as accurately as pos-
sible.

Solution: Section 5.4

(b) Consider the function defined by

Z x+1
h(x) := e2t dt.
0

Find the equation of the tangent line to y = h(x) at x = 0.

Solution: To compute the tangent line we need h(0) and h0 (0). For the
Z 1 1 Z x
2t 1 2t  1 2
e2t dt, then


first h(0) = e dt = e  = e − 1 . If we let F (x) =
0 2 0 2 0
F 0 (x) = e2x , h(x) = F (x+1), and by the Chain Rule h0 (x) = dtd F (x+1) = F 0 (x+
1) · dtd (x + 1) = e2(x+1) , so h0 (0) = e2 . The tangent line is y = e2 x + 12 (e2 − 1).

(c) On what subinterval(s) of [0, ∞), if any, is the graph of y = h(x) increasing?
Explain.

Solution: h0 (x) = e2(x+1) > 0 for all x, and so h is increasing everywhere on

its domain.

(2) Consider the function f (x) equal to 4x(1 − x2 ) if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and equal to 0 otherwise.
(a) Show that f (x) is a probability density function.

Solution: In order for f to be a probability

Z ∞distribution function it needs to
satisfy two conditions: 1) f (x) > 0, and 2) f (x) dx = 1.
−∞
1) can be checked by looking at the graph or by noting that on [0,1], 1 − x2 is
positive. To check 2)

Z ∞ Z 1
f (x) dx = 4x(1 − x2 ) dx
−∞ 0
Z 1
1
3
 2 4
= 4x − 4x = 2x − x  = (2 − 1) − (0 − 0) = 1
0 0

(b) Compute P (0 ≤ X ≤ 1/2). 1

Math 20 Final March 2012

Solution:
Z 1/2
P (0 ≤ X ≤ 1/2) = f (x) dx
0
Z 1/2
= 4x − 4x3
0
1/2
2
 4
=(2x − x ) = (1/2 − 1/16) − 0 = 7/16
0

(c) Compute the mean of f (x).

R∞
Solution: The mean µ of X is −∞
xf (x) dx, so

Z ∞
µ= xf (x) dx
−∞
Z 1
= x4x(1 − x2 ) dx
0
Z 1
1
2 4
 3 5
= 4x − 4x dx = 4/3x − 4/5x  = (4/3 − 4/5) − 0 = 8/15
0 0

(3) (a) The probability density function for a random variable X that is normally dis-
tributed with mean µ and standard deviation σ is given by
1 (x−µ)2
f (x) = √ e− 2σ2 .
σ 2π
Show using the change of variable Z = (X − µ)/σ that Z is normally distributed
with mean 0 and standard deviation 1.

Solution: To determine whether Z is normal and what its mean and standard
deviation are, we need to compute a probability density function for Z. In other
words, we need an integral to compute P (A ≤ Z ≤ B). The substitution,
though, says that P (A ≤ Z ≤ B) = P (A ≤ (X − µ)/σ ≤ B). Since the
conditions A ≤ (X − µ)/σ ≤ B give Aσ + µ ≤ X ≤ Bσ + µ, this is the same
Z Bσ+µ
1 −(x−µ)2
as P (Aσ + µ ≤ X ≤ Bσ + µ) or √ e 2σ2 dx. Applying the u-
Aσ+µ σ 2π
subsitution z = (x − µ)/σ, dz = dx/σ gives z = A when x = Aσ + µ and z = B
when x = Bσ + µ and so

Z Bσ+µ Z Bσ+µ
1 −(x−µ)2 1 −1 x−µ 2 dx
√ e 2σ2 dx = √ e2( σ )
Aσ+µ σ 2π Aσ+µ 2π σ
ZB
1 −1 2
= √ e 2 (z) dz
A 2π
2
Math 20 Final March 2012

So,
Z B
1 −z2
P (A ≤ Z ≤ B) = √ e 2 dz
A 2π
−z 2
and √12π e 2is the probability density function for Z. Comparing this with the
general formula, we see that Z is a normally distributed random variable with
mean µ = 0 and standard deviation σ = 1.

(b) A radar unit is used to measure speeds of cars on a motorway. The speeds are
normally distributed with a mean of 90 km/hr and a standard deviation of 10
km/hr. What is the probability that a car picked at random is travelling at more
than 100 km/hr?

Solution: We need to compute P (X ≥ 100). The Z-score for 100 is (100 −

90)/10 = 1 so we need to know P (X ≥ µ + 1σ). Using the transformation from
part i) (Z = (X − 90)/10), P (X ≥ 100) = P (Z ≥ 1) = 1 − P (Z ≤ 1).
Checking the normal distribution table, shows P (Z ≤ 1) = 0.8413 and so
P (X ≥ 100) = P (Z ≥ 1) = 1 − 0.8413 = 0.1587. Thus the probability that
someone is traveling over 100kmh is 15.87%.

(4) A football is thrown upward from a height of 4 feet with a velocity of 20 feet per
second. Assume the acceleration is a constant 32 ft/sec2 acting down. Determine the
height of the football at any time and the time at which the ball hits the ground.

Solution:
a(t) = −32
Z
v(t) = a(t) = −32t + D
D = v(0) = 20
v(t) = −32t + 20
Z
p(t) = v(t) = −16t2 + 20t + C
C = p(0) = 4
p(t) = −16t2 + 20t + 4
The height of the ball is given by p(t) = −16t2 + 20t + 4.
The ball hits the ground when p(t) = 0
0 = −16t2 + 20t + 4
0 = −4t2 + 5t + 1
√
−5± 25−4(−4)(1)
Using the quadratic equation gives t = . The positive root is (5 +
√ √ −8
41)/8. The ball hits the ground after (5 + 41)/8 seconds.
3
Math 20 Final March 2012

(5) Set up but DO NOT evaluate an integral computing each of the volumes below. Use
the method of your choice.
(a) the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by y = x2 + 1
and y = 9 − x2 about y = −1.

Solution:
First we need to check that the two curves intersect at two points - (2,5) and
(-2,5). We’ll use the washer method. The inner and outer radii point vertically
and we write their heights as a function of x.

Z b Z 2 Z 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
Volume = πrout −πrin dx = π((9−x )−(−1)) −π((x +1)−(−1)) dx = π(10−x2 )2 −π(x2 +2)2 dx
a −2 −2

(b) the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the x-axis,
x − y = 0, x + y = 2 about the y-axis.

Solution:
First we need to check that the two curves intersect at the point (1,1). We’ll use
the washer method, integrating in the y direction. The inner and outer radii point
horizontally and we write their lengths as a function of y.
4
Math 20 Final March 2012

Z b Z 1
2 2
Volume = πrout − πrin dy = π(2 − y)2 − π(y)2 dy
a 0

(6) Derive the formula for the volume of a sphere of radius r.

Solution: This is example 1 of 6.2

(7) Sketch the region bounded by the curves x = 0, y = 0, 6x − y = 3 and x2 + y = 4,

and then compute its area.

Solution:
The line 6x − 3 crosses the x-axis at (1/2,0), and intersects the graph of 4 − x2 at
(1,3). So, we need to break the area integral into two regions. On [0, 1/2], we look at
the region between the x-axis and 4 − x2 . On [1/2, 0], we look at the area between
4 − x2 and 6x − 3. The total area is:

Z 1/2 Z 2
2
Area = 4 − x dx + (4 − x2 ) − (6x − 3) dx
0 1/2
1/2 1
1 3  2 1 3 
=(4x − x ) + (7x − 3x − x )
3 0 3 1/2
=35/12
5
Math 20 Final March 2012

(8) Integrate. Remember to interpret improper integrals as necessary.

Z ∞ Z
−2x 2
xe dx xe−x dx
1
Z 2 Z
dx 1+x
4
dx
−2 x 1 + x2
x − 19 2x2 − 5x + 2
Z Z
dx dx
x2 − 3x − 10 x3 + x
x2 dx
Z Z
√ sin5 (x) dx
1−x 2

Solution:
(a)
Z ∞ Z t
−2x
xe dx = lim xe−2x dx
t→∞
Z1 1
1 1
xe−2x = − xe−2x − e−2x
2 4
so
Z t
t
−2x 1 −2x 1 −2x 
lim xe dx = lim (− xe − e )
t→∞ 1 t→∞ 2 4 1
1 −2t 1 −2t 1 −2(1) 1
= lim (− te − e ) − (− (1)e − e−2(1) )
t→∞ 2 4 2 4
3 −2 3 −2
= 0 − (− e ) = e
4 4
(b) let u = −x2 , du = −2x dx, then
Z Z
−x2 1 1 2
xe dx = − eu du = − e−x + C
2 2
(c)
Z 2 Z 0 Z 2
dx dx dx
= +
−2 x4 −2 x
4
0 x
4
Z 0 Z t
dx
= lim x−4 dx
−2 x4 t→0− −2
t
1 −3 
= lim− − x 
t→0 3 −2
1 −3 1
= lim− − t − →∞
t→0 3 24

This diverges.
6
Math 20 Final March 2012

(d)
Z Z Z
1+x 1 x
2
dx = 2
dx + dx
1+x 1+x 1 + x2
Z
1
dx = tan−1 x
1 + x2

Z
x
For, , let u = 1 + x2 , du = 2x dx
1 + x2
Z Z
x 1 1 1 1
2
dx = du = ln |u| = ln |1 + x2 |
1+x 2 u 2 2

So Z
1+x 1
2
dx = tan−1 x + ln |1 + x2 | + C
1+x 2
(e)
x − 19
Z
dx
x2 − 3x − 10
x2 − 3x − 10 = (x − 5)(x + 2)
x − 19 A B
= +
(x − 5)(x + 2) x−5 x+2
x − 19 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 5)
Substituting x = −2 gives B = 3, and x = 5, gives A = −2 so
x − 19 −2
Z Z
5
dx = + dx = −2 ln |x − 5| + 5 ln |x + 2| + C
x2 − 3x − 10 x−5 x+2
(f)
2x2 − 5x + 2
Z
dx
x3 + x
2x2 − 5x + 2 A B
3
= + 2
x +x x x +1
2x2 − 5x + 2 = A(x2 + 1) + B(x)
So A = 2, B = −5.

2x2 − 5x + 2 −5
Z Z
2
dx = + dx
x3 + x x x2 + 1
=2 ln |x| − 5 tan−1 x + C
(g)
x2 dx
Z
√
1 − x2
x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ
7
Math 20 Final March 2012

x2 dx sin2 θ
Z Z
√ = cos θ dθ
1 − x2 cos θ
Z
= sin2 θ dθ
Z
1 1
= − cos 2θ dθ
2 2
1 1
= θ − sin 2θ + C
2 4
1 1
= θ − 2 sin θ cos θ + C
2 4
1 −1 1 √
= sin x − x 1 − x2 + C
2 2
(h) Z Z
5
sin (x) dx = (1 − cos2 x)2 sin x dx
Let u = cos x, du = − sin x dx, then
Z Z
= − (1 − u ) du = − 1 − 2u2 + u4 du
2 2

2 1 2 1
= −u + u3 − u5 + C = − cos x + cos3 x − cos5 x + C
3 5 3 5