PALCO AIMEE NICOLE A.

11 ABM E

WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules,
diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste
products, carbon dioxide and water. Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a
process called fermentation. (For longer treatments of various aspects of cellular respiration, see
tricarboxylic acid cycle and metabolism.)

GLYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis (which is also known as the glycolytic pathway or the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas

pathway) is a sequence of 10 chemical reactions taking place in most cells that breaks down a glucose
molecule into two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules. Energy released during the breakdown of glucose
and other organic fuel molecules from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins during glycolysis is captured
and stored in ATP. In addition, the compound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is converted to
NADH during this step. Pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis then enter the mitochondria,
where they are each converted into a compound known as acetyl coenzyme A, which then enters the
TCA cycle. (Some sources consider the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A as a distinct step,
called pyruvate oxidation or the transition reaction, in the process of cellular respiration.)

Glycolysis is the process in which one glucose molecule is broken down to form two molecules of
pyruvic acid (also called pyruvate). The glycolysis process is a multi-step metabolic pathway that occurs
in the cytoplasm of animal cells, plant cells, and the cells of microorganisms.

KREBS CYCLE OR TCA CYCLE

The TCA cycle is a central pathway into which many metabolites feed. It consists of a number of
reactions which generate NADH and FADH₂ which can in turn be used by the oxidative phosphorylation
pathway to generate ATP. The TCA cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.

The cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and
produces carbon dioxide. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative
phosphorylation pathway. ... The citric acid cycle is a key component of the metabolic pathway by which
all aerobic organisms generate energy.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

The electron transport chain is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane
within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). ATP is used by the cell as the energy for metabolic processes for cellular functions.
 The electron transport chain (aka ETC) is a process in which the NADH and [FADH2] produced
during glycolysis, β-oxidation, and other catabolic processes are oxidized thus releasing energy in the
form of ATP. The mechanism by which ATP is formed in the ETC is called chemiosmotic phosphorolation.

The process is a stepwise movement of electrons from high energy to low energy that makes the proton
gradient. The proton gradient powers ATP production NOT the flow of electrons. This electron transport
chain only occurs when oxygen is available .

http://www.dbriers.com/tutorials/2012/04/the-electron-transport-chain-simplified/

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