ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

6TH SEMESTER, BATCH 2017, SECTION (A)

PROJECT REPORT OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (EE-470)

THE PROJECT TITLE IS

AM MODULATOR
BY

Muhammad Qutubuddin Siddiqui 2017-EL-001

Muhammad Awais Shareef 2017-EL-018
Salman Ahmed 2017-EL-013
Inam Ul Haq 2017-EL-039

SUBMITTED TO

Ma’am Sara Bhatti

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 ABSTRACT
This is the report of our semester final project of the Communication Systems Lab. This report
will give the reader an overview about the steps which are involved in the making of a AM
MODULATOR. The project is about the making of AM Modulator that will generate a modulated
wave on providing low frequency modulating signal and high frequency carrier signal. In which
the following components capacitor, inductor, resistors and transistor were used. First, the
circuit is implemented on MULTISIM to test the circuit whether it giving the correct value or not.
Then it was implemented on breadboard. The frequency and waveform on oscilloscope were
accurate. For testing the circuit, oscilloscope was used. It showed the output of circuit and
showed the waveform of AM Modulation.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 5
1.1 AM Modulation …………………….....................................................................................................5
1.2 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Applications of AM ..................................................................................................................... 5

1.4 Advantages/Disadvantages of AM ............................................................................................. 6

2. COMPONENTS AND TOOLS .................................... 7

2.1 Hardware used with technical specifications ............................................................................ 7

3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 8
3.1 Design of the Hardware ............................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Analysis Procedure ..................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Implementation Procedure ........................................................................................................ 8
3.3.1 Details about Hardware ................................................................................................... 8
3.3.2 Details about Software .................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Verification of the functionalities .............................................................................................. 9
3.5 Details about simulation/Mathematical Modelling .................................................................. 9

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ................................................ 10

5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS .......................................... 11

5.1 Presentation of the Findings .................................................................................................... 11
5.1.1 Software Results ............................................................................................................ 11
5.1.2 Hardware Results ........................................................................................................... 12

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5.2 Discussion of the findings ........................................................................................................ 13
5.2.1 Comparison with Initial Goal ......................................................................................... 13

6. CONCLUSION ......................................................... 14

7. REFERENCES ......................................................... 14

8. APPENDIX .............................................................. 15

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 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AM MODULATION
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication,
most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude
modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to
that of the message signal being transmitted. The message signal is, for example, a
function of the sound to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the light intensity of pixels of
a television screen. This technique contrasts with frequency modulation, in which
the frequency of the signals varied, and phase modulation, in which its phase is varied.

1.2 OVERVIEW
AM Modulator is a circuit that is used to produce the modulated signal by the product of
two signals i.e. message and carrier signal. This project gives the modulating frequency of
approximately 2.2 kHz by using inductor of 3.3 mH and carrier frequency of approximately
7.7 kHz by using inductor of 470 µH.

1.3 APPLICATIONS OF AM
Amplitude modulation is used in a variety of applications. Even though it is not as widely
used as it was in previous years in its basic format it can nevertheless still be found.

 Broadcast transmissions: AM is still widely used for broadcasting on the long, medium
and short wave bands. It is simple to demodulate and this means that radio receivers
capable of demodulating amplitude modulation are cheap and simple to manufacture.
Nevertheless, many people are moving to high quality forms of transmission like frequency
modulation, FM or digital transmissions.
 Air band radio: VHF transmissions for many airborne applications still use AM. It is used
for ground to air radio communications as well as two-way radio links for ground staff as
well.
 Single sideband: Amplitude modulation in the form of single sideband is still used for HF
radio links. Using a lower bandwidth and providing more effective use of the transmitted
power this form of modulation is still used for many point to point HF links.
 Quadrature amplitude modulation: AM is widely used for the transmission of data in
everything from short range wireless links such as Wi-Fi to cellular telecommunications
and much more. Effectively it is formed by having two carriers 90° out of phase.
These form some of the main uses of amplitude modulation. However, in its basic form,
this form of modulation is being used less as a result of its inefficient use of both spectrum
and power.

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1.4 ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF AM
With any technology there are advantages and disadvantages to be considered. The
summary below gives a highlight of the basic pro's and con's.

Advantages
 It is simple to implement.
 it can be demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few components.
 AM receivers are very cheap as no specialized components are needed.
Disadvantages
 It is not efficient in terms of its power usage.
 It is not efficient in terms of its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth equal to twice
that of the highest audio frequency.
 It is prone to high levels of noise because most noise is amplitude based and obviously AM
detectors are sensitive to it.

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 COMPONENTS AND TOOLS
2.1 HARDWARE USED WITH TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

2.1.1 Resistors ( 1kΩ, 2.2kΩ, 6.8kΩ, 10kΩ, 22kΩ )

2.1.2 Capacitors ( 10nF, 100nF, 1µF )
2.1.3 Inductors ( 15mH, 470µH, 3.3mH )
2.1.4 Oscilloscope
2.1.5 555 Timer IC ( Data sheet enclosed in Appendix#1 )
2.1.6 BC107BP Transistor ( Data sheet enclosed in Appendix#2 )
2.1.7 DMM
2.1.8 12V Adapter
2.1.9 Breadboard/Veroboard
2.1.10 Connectors

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 METHODOLOGY
3.1 DESIGN OF THE HARDWARE
The AM Modulator is a pre define circuit so have to less work in the investigation of the
circuit and making its logic. But prefer to configure the operation of the transistor in the
circuit. Hardware used in project was transistor, capacitor and resistors, which were
mention before.

3.2 ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

Hard and difficult process of the project is analysis of the project after making it on this
hardware. As we measure the modulating signal and carrier signal frequency and ensures
that it should be the same as find by calculations. The modulated wave should looks like
an envelope.

3.3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE

Implementation process made after the complete analysis of the circuit. Draw the circuit
first on the helping software make it confirm that the circuit is 100% in working condition.
Implement it by using the apparatus mention before.

3.3.1 Details About Hardware

Hardware used in this project was transistor, resistors and capacitors whose value is
mention before.

3.3.2 Details About Software/ Algorithms

Software which is used in this project is;

1) Multisim

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3.4 VERIFICATION OF FUNCTIONALITIES
As the functionalities of the project was to produce the frequency of 450 KHz. So its
functionalities were that the project was produced the AC waveform across the inductor.
As verify it by using the oscilloscope for waveform and also for frequency.

3.5 DETAILS ABOUT SIMULATION / MATHEMATICAL MODELING

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
This section explained the following result and the analysis of the circuit.

• Software Results
• Hardware Results

5.1 PRESENTATION OF THE FINDINGS

5.1.1 SOFTWARE RESULTS

As in the previous chapter explained about the software used in the making of this project
and got different values but the difference was so small. Used Multisim Software for the
testing of the circuit and obtaining waveform for the Function Generator and AM
Modulation.

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5.1.2 HARDWARE RESULTS

As making project on Breadboard/Vero board, it gives output waveform of both Function

Generator and AM Modulation. The hardware and software values are approximately
equal there was little bit difference in the hardware result.

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5.2 DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS:
From the above results, it is clearly shown that when the modulating signal and carrier
signal is put into the AM Modulator circuit such that the modulating signal with lower
frequency is connected to the emitter of the transistor through a resistor. Similarly, carrier
signal with lower frequency is connected to the base of the transistor through a resistor
and a LC Parallel tuned circuit is connected to the collector of the transistor which helps in
the observing of noise free wave. Hence, the Envelope-Shaped Modulated wave observes.

5.2.1 COMPARISON WITH INITIAL GOAL:

As compared to the initial goal, we want to make carrier signal with more high
frequency, but it can’t remain possible because of the shortage of lower inductance
value inductors in the market. That’s why we end up with only approximately 8 kHz
carrier signal.

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 CONCLUSION
There are many AM modulator circuits but due to the fact that AM modulators have more Signal
to Noise Ratio (SNR) than any other, the circuit with effective filters and tuned circuits only make
a good amplitude modulated wave. The main circuit part is capacitors, inductors and transistor.
The transistor used in this project is also renowned due to its low noise property in the circuits.
The main problem that was faced in this project is about the waveform in software and
waveform at output and also the choosing of the best circuit with lower interference. Different
type of circuits has been tested on Multisim before making the circuit on hardware to check the
circuit is working or not. After this the circuit of project was making on the breadboard.
Oscilloscope was used to check the output wave. Many problems were faced during its making.
Main problem was time issue and the time limit of the lab on which all process has been done.
As conclusion to this project, it was good project to help us to understand AM circuits.

REFERENCES
 https://www.electronics-notes.com

 https://en.wikipedia.org

 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com

 www.google.com

 https://www.electrical4u.com

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