That The Water Flows Away Quickly, Smoothly and Is Disposed Off in A Surface Watercourse

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
Water is the most valuable natural resources essential for human and animal life,
industry and agriculture. The water can be in the form of ground water, surface water
(streams and rivers) or rain. Its presence is one of the reasons of life existence but despite
of the advantages water can give, it can also cause woe to the human life not due to
insufficient water but due to abundant water which in turn causes a natural disaster called
flood.
Floods are usually caused by intense storms that produce more runoff than an area
can store or a stream can carry within its normal channel, it often happen over flat or low-
lying areas. Most floods are relatively small, and are caused by storms that produce more
water than water ways can handle. Floods usually are events that can happen suddenly
and sometimes with little or no warning. One of the means developed by humans to
minimize flooding was through directing water to an outlet, hence, the drainage system.
Drainage system is a system of natural or artificial channel through which water
flows or drains for carrying off excess water. A drainage system is designed that the
water flows away quickly, smoothly and is disposed off in a surface watercourse. To
prevent flooding, an efficient drainage system is therefore essential to allow water to flow
off and away from the ground as quickly as possible.
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Schools adopt the drainage system in order to regulate the flow of water inside or
around property and convey water to a suitable outlet. Not considering an effective
system may cause all sorts of problems to develop. This is why it’s important that every
school pays attention to any drainage issues.
Cebu Technological University was established since 1911 and still continuing its
service in the present time. Even before it was converted to a state university, the school
has been a remaining supplier of skilled man-power and professionals. To continue
improving its facilities and services to the public, a good drainage system should be
considered.
The existing drainage system of Cebu Technological University is no longer
efficient because during heavy rainfall, the water starts overflowing. Instead for the water
or the storm water to be drained through the catchments, the water tends to build up
quickly which causes flood. This problem brings hazard to students, teachers and staffs
upon entering and leaving the campus. The incompetent flow of water, the backflow from
the main drainage source and the capacity of the catchments are the failures of the
existing drainage system based on the study. To address the drainage problem is to
provide a good and sufficient drainage design and maintenance work to prevent flooding
which serves a lifetime purpose to the school.
The new drainage system is design to provide its objectives: to prevent flood, to
secure long time service and to have efficient drainage system. The design flows of water
were obtained by accurate hydraulic computations that aims to measure the amount of
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water in designing the structure for the drainage lines and a necessary estimate were also
taken into considerations.
Providing proper drainage system is an effective technique to redirect water.
Getting a clear understanding of how water drains on the campus area can go a long way
in improving drainage system and preventing issues caused by floods. By improving
works which are required to bring the drainage system up to an acceptable standard, it is
important that the reasons for the damages are fully understood before carrying out
drainage improvements. More effective improvements can be made by establishing the
exact cause and effect of the drainage failures.
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THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Drainage System Construction
A drainage system is a pattern formed by the streams, rivers and lakes in a
particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a
particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. The
civil or site engineer is responsible for drainage in construction projects. They set out
from the plans of all the roads, streets, gutters, drainage, culverts and sewers involved in
construction operations. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins found in an
area vary and the larger the topographic map, the more information on the drainage basin
is available.
Drainage System in Cebu Technological University – Main Campus
The latest proposed drainage system was designed by PLD Construction. It was
officially accepted and formally turned over to the CTU-MC (CSCST – MC). The design
in catch basins, culverts and manhole vary based on their calculations. The project cost
that includes the asphalting was Php 3,752,683.59 and was revised into Php
3,901,439.07. The duration is only 30 days plus 57 ext. days and it started on Feb. 26,
2007. It was completed on May 23, 2007 and this certifies that all approved plans,
specifications and other requirement which includes the materials, quality and quantity
were done accordingly.
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Stage of Development
The first CTU – MC drainage system was first designed on 1911 since it was the
time the school was established. The latest improvement was prepared by Engr. Traces
and the contractor was PLD Construction on 2007. Due to developments and
environmental aspects the design is no longer sufficient to accommodate the greater
volume of rain water during heavy downpour. Base on on-site observation, the failure of
the design is the catchment and culvert size it cannot hold and withstand the discharge
from one catchment to another. Based on our own observations and information gathered
about the real status of the latest drainage system, our team decided to make a study and a
proposal about the drainage system and how it can prevent flood from occurring. In this
scenario, a need of newly designed drainage system is highly recommended.
In designing the drainage system plan, several data were involved. First is to solve
the total flow (𝑄) in which it requires the total land area (𝐴) = 28,988.53 𝑚2 , rainfall
intensity (𝑖) and the coefficient of run-off (𝑐). We assumed that 𝐶 = 0.90 and 𝑖 =
30 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟 (based on “RED WARNING”; where severe flooding is occurring in low
lying areas and for c is the asphaltic profile of CTU-MC). The computed value of the
total flow was 0.2174 m3/s. It is then used to design the size of the catch basin. The total
flow was divided into 30 units of CB (catch basins) that results to 0.00725 m3/s which is
the individual flow of the CB. Time of concentration (t) is to be solved by having the path
flow (L) and the surface velocity (v). By using L = 100 m (usual and average longest path
on plan) and v = 0.914 m/s (based on surface type), t will equal to 109.41 seconds.
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After such calculations by multiplying the individual flow of CB and the time of
flow, volume of CB was solved this is equal to 0.8 mᵌ. Therefore, the resulting dimension
of the CB was 1m x 1m x 0.8m. In solving the diameter of the culvert, total flow will be
divided into 8 junctions/outfall of the CB which results to 0.0272 m3/s. By using the
2 1
1
Manning’s Formula[𝑞 = 𝐴 𝑅 3 𝑆 2 ] where 𝑛 = 0.013 (for concrete), 𝑠 = 0.005 (as
𝑛
𝐷
specified), and 𝑅 = (for circular pipes), the computed minimum diameter is 12”, 18”
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inches diameter of the outfall and 15” lateral diameter. After the said calculations, we had
designed the size of CB and the diameter of culverts which is more specified in the plan
presented. With the newly designed drainage system, the school’s environmental problem
specifically the control of water flow shall be solved.
Drainage System and Its Economic Consideration
Drainage system is one of the infrastructure projects that causes severe problem
not only in our school but also in all over the country. Contemplating an alternative
solution which includes reasonable estimated costs with economic basis and possible
damages are to be considered in such problem.
Cardinal Rules in Drainage Designs
Any existing drainage system patterns and soil cover should not be disturbed as
much as possible. Necessary changes in drainage pattern must not, in any manners bring
velocities that may create new erosion problems. Non-observance of this simple rule has
created many serious problems in the past. Road construction disrupts natural drainage
patterns. Water that is originally passing the right of way is often intercepted by road
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cuts. Construction operation may disturb the ground cover and loosen the soil. Records
show that almost drainage installation disturbs the balance of nature. Any change in the
land use may alter the historical run off or ungauged rural watershed which could be
disastrous on wide scale basis.
Drainage Maintenance
Maintenance calls for periodic or almost immediate correction of unfavorable or
unacceptable situations. It involves in making the facilities as near the constructed or
reconstructed conditions as possible.
The utilization of manpower is what makes the maintenance very costly. The type
and kind of maintenance required for the drainage included cleaning ditches, culverts,
and catch basins making them ready to accommodate coming flow of water, removal of
sediments and other debris gathered at trash rack or culvert and structure entrances, repair
of eroded channel and dikes and bank protection needs attention to prevent recurrence.
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THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to look at the prospect of having a new drainage system in Cebu
Technological University - Main Campus.
Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. Is it necessary to have a new drainage system in CTU-Main Campus?
2. What is the condition of the present drainage in CTU-Main Campus?
3. What proper approach and mitigation should be addressed to solve the
situation?
4. What detailed plan for a design of Drainage Rehabilitation in CTU may be
projected?
5. What are the financial aspects of the proposed new drainage system?
6. What recommendation can be obtained based on the findings of the study?
Objectives of the Study
In this study, we are about to learn to:
1. Ease the flood crises within the range of CTU-Main Campus.
2. Develop a new constitutive drainage model that serve a lifetime with maximum
security and assurance.
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3. Realized the future landscape when heavy rains strike.
4. Conceptualized and make real the rendered view of the plan and system.
Assumption of the Study
Various conjectures that the researchers have considered during the conducted study are
as tag along:
1. Plumbing of the structure are assumed to be existing
2. CTU Management and Development Office has designated points and areas of
location and status of the past drainage network and some data including
population which are the basis for the study.
3. Finance for the implementation will be through the fund of the Administration
of CTU and the support of the local government.
Scope and Limitations
The area roofed in this unit of scrutiny, and the researchers’ looms of the problem are:
1. Technical Aspect
1.1 Architectural Design
1.2 Structural design
2. Financial Aspect
Various conditions beyond the researchers’ control that may leave restriction are as
follows:
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1. Obtain complete authorization from environmental and other regulatory
agencies
2. Dig exploratory pits where required to survey underground
3. Perform complete and accurate environmental impact studies
Delimitations of the Study
Various boundaries away from which the reading is not concerned:
1. Plumbing connections to the different structures in CTU
2. Rain Water Tank
3. Limited to storm drainage and catch basin only
4. The design of drainage outside CTU
Significance of the Study
Various insights of the study that is significant to the following entities:
CTU residents
As in one piece, the major concern of this study is the people who are part of the
institution. Health and convenience of the habitants, students, teachers, and non-teaching
personnels are the points of view. In this way, it will be less worry or no more worries
regarding the flood crisis that happens in the boarders of CTU.
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Researchers
With this study, the researchers can apply and make use of the knowledge they
have accumulated during the past years of civil engineering course. In this way, the
researchers can also contribute in solving one of the major problems experienced by the
university, easing the inconvenience this problem has brought.
Future Researchers
Other researchers can refer to studies related to their work and topic, they would
be able to grasp new ideas and amass data and information needed in their studies.
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Definition of Terms
Activity ………………. Is the work operations required to complete a task or in
some cases, a segment of that task. In short, it is the actual
work between events.
Catchment …………… A structure in which water is collected (especially a natural
drainage area).
Catch Basin ………........ A transverse and totally enclosed drain under a road or
railway
CPM …………………. Critical Path Method. A tool for planning, scheduling and
control of construction work.
Culvert ………………. Transverse drains that convey water to a desired point or
destination.
Debris ………………... The remains of something that has been destroyed or
broken up.
Dikes …………………. A barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to
keep out the sea
Ditches ……………….. A long narrow excavation in the earth. Any small natural
waterway.
Discharge ……………. Refers to the flow characteristic of the sewage and storm
water in the system.
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Drainage ……………... Refers to the manner in which the water of a certain area
passes off and discharges to a body of water. Emptying
something accomplished by allowing liquid to run out of it.
Drainage System …….. A system of gully inlets, pipes, overland flow paths, open
channels, culverts and detention basins used to convey
runoff to its receiving waters.
Feasibility …………..... An evaluation and analysis of the potential of the proposed
project which is based on extensive investigation and
research to give full comfort to the decision makers.
Flood …………………. The temporary inundation of land by expanses of water that
overtop the natural or artificial banks of a watercourse,
including a drainage channel, stream, creek, river, estuary,
lake or dam, and any associated water holding structures.
Inlet …………………... An opening through which fluid is admitted to a tube or
container.
Manholes …………….. A hole (usually with a flush cover) through which a person
can gain access to an underground structure.
Manning’s Formula … Is used for calculating the capacities of channels & pipes
running part full.
Nodes ………………… A connecting point at which several lines come together.
Appurtenance ……… An accessory associated with particular activity.
Pipe …………………... A long tube made of metal or plastic that is used to carry
water or oil or gas and etc.
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Proposal……………... A document written by a researcher that provides detailed
description of the proposed program.
Rain fall intensity …… The rates of rain fall on a catchment area. It is measured in
mm/hr or similar units. The unit mm refers to the coverage
depth of water that falls in the catchment.
Run off ……………….. That part of rainfall which is not lost to infiltration,
evaporation, transpiration or depression storage.
Run off coefficient …... The ratios of the volume of direct to the volume of rain fall
in a storm.
Scheduling …………… It is the process of allocating calendar dates to jobs based
on the approved plan.
Sewer …………………. A waste pipe that carries away sewage or surface water.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The researchers made a review of related literature in order to conceptualize
thoroughly the research investigation about drainage system.
RELATED LITERATURE
The United Nations through the World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED) promotes sustainable development, sustainability involves
simultaneous progress in four major areas human, economic, technological and
environmental; a development that meets the need of the present without comprising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Dupont,et.al. 2000:240)
However, the present industrial development and urbanization have serious
environmental consequences such as waste disposal problem, in danger human health,
water pollution, radioactive and hazardous waste, depletion of natural resources, highly
unpredictable world climate and many others.
The united nations environment programs (UNEP) recommended pollution
strategy such reduction of production of waste as feasible solution to reduce
environmental problem (McGhee,1991:3)
Montoya (1987:24) found out that water discharged from storm drainage system
was not directly attributed to precipitation. Sources of some of the water can be identified
and accounted from permit for permitted industrial wastewater that discharges to the
storm drainage system. However, most of the waste comes from other sources, including
15
illicit and or inappropriate entries to the storm drainage system. These entries can account
for significant amount of pollutants discharge from storm and domestic sewerage system
(Piit and Mclean,1996).
Waters from septic tanks are considered as entries to the storm drainage system.
In cities and large municipalities, Septic tank system discharges to storm drainage system
without treatment. The septic tank system discharges to storm drainage system without
treatment. The septic water contains micro pollutants and toxic substances that are
detrimental to human, especially when septic tank has a failure. The widespread failure
of septic tank system might necessitate the construction of a sanitary sewer to replace the
system.
In some urban areas, sanitary sewers are used to transport waters from septic tank
while sanitary sewers are connected to storm drainage. Connections of sanitary sewers to
the storm drainage system may be so widespread that the storm drainage system has to be
recognized as a combined sewer system. The storm drainage system operates to some
degree as a combined sewer system, because it is used to transport both domestic sewage
and storm water. It may be that the sanitary sewerage system is not capable of handling
the load that would imposed on it if a complete sewer separation program were
undertaken.
For a more environmentally acceptable sewerage system, the combined sewer
may be tied into a centralized treatment system so that the sewer waters will be treated
before disposal to the environment (Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991:9). The
identification and decision to connect a storm drainage system into a sewer system with
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centralized treatment will depend on the financial capability of the city or municipality.
In essence, recognition of a system as being a combined sewer system provides a focus in
the regulatory community so that it may be possible to operate the system to minimize
the damage to the environment.
Storm-water drainage piping is designed to convey excess groundwater to a
suitable location. A suitable location might be a catch basin, storm sewer, or pond. Storm
water drainage may never be piped into a sanitary sewer or plumbing system.
When you wish to size a storm-water drainage system, you must have some
benchmark information to work with. One consideration is the pitch of a horizontal pipe.
Another piece of the puzzle is the number of square feet of surface area your system will
be required to drain. You will also need data on the rainfall rates in your area.
When you use your codebook to size a storm-water system, you should have
access to all the key elements required to size the job except possibly for the local rainfall
amounts. You should be able to obtain rainfall figures from your state or county offices.
Your codebook should provide you with a table to use in making your sizing calculations.
(McGraw-Hill companies)
The following Hydrologic and hydraulic methods and formulas are widely used in
the study.
RATIONAL METHOD
This method is used to design storm sewers. It takes into consideration the
physical and hydraulic properties of catchments and their effects on storm water runoff.
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The equation for the determination of the peak flow from a catchment is expressed by the
formula:
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴
where:
𝑄 = peak rate of discharge
𝐶 = runoff coefficient. It varies from 0 to 1.0 depending on the surface

character of the area considered.
i = the ratio of rainfall to time and is measured usually in mm/hr
𝐴 = area covered in hectares

THE MANNING’S FORMULA
The Manning’s Formula or equation is used for calculating the capacities of
channels and pipes running part full.
The flow rate or discharge and the velocity of flow in a channel or pipe running
part full are given by the equations:
𝑄 =𝐴𝑥𝑉
1 2 1
𝑉= 𝑥 𝑅3 𝑥 𝑆 2
𝑛
therefore:
2 1
1
𝑄 =𝐴𝑥 𝑥 𝑅3 𝑥 𝑆 2
𝑛
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where:
𝑚3
𝑄 = flow rate or discharge, 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉 = velocity of flow, 𝑠
𝐴 = cross sectional area of the conduit, 𝑚2

𝐴
𝑅 = hydraulic radius = 𝑃
𝑃 = wetted perimeter, 𝑚
𝑚
𝑆 = pipe or channel slope, 𝑚
𝑛 = Manning’s friction factor = 0.013 (value of n for concrete materials)
RELATED STUDIES
The following are the conducted studies related to this research work.
A study of Perante (2001) entitled “Sewerage System in Tacloban City: Basis for
a Proposed Centralized Sewerage System” discussed about the existing sewerage system
in Tacloban City and how to develop a new system. Tacloban City experiences flooding
even at small rain and other associated environmental problems. This was because the
existing drainage system in Tacloban City doesn’t function according to its purpose.
Problems were encountered in the existing sewerage system such as the presence of solid
wastes on the sewerage canal, no monitoring and maintenance program and the people of
Tacloban were not aware of the purpose of the sewerage system. Highly felt problems by
the residents of Tacloban City were the solid wastes and its other forms being
indiscriminately discharged to the canals, and the lack of inspection and monitoring
programs for household sewer to the common sewer. Moderately felt problems
encountered were the absence of city ordinance that regulates waste materials that may be
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discharged to the canal, sewers were not covered which proved harmful to the health and
life of the residents, and building sewers were not connected to the common sewer. The
study came up with several recommendations to solve or minimize the problems
encountered. Some of which are:
(a) In order to solve the increasing problems associated with the poor sewerage
system and to protect the area of the future generation, the City of Tacloban
should implement a centralized sewerage system.
(b) A city ordinance should be formulated requiring all establishments to provide
sewer connections from storm sewer and septic sewers to street or secondary
sewer lines.
(c) The city government should develop maintenance and monitoring program for
the sewerage system
(d) An educational and informative campaign should be established to create
environmental awareness on sewerage treatment and disposal.
Bayag (1997) conducted a study entitled “A Proposed Drainage System for the
University of San Carlos – Talamban Campus” that discussed about establishing a
reasonably adequate storm sewage drainage system at the university that will incorporate
in the future physical expansion and development of the said university. The goal was to
regulate storm water runoff that may cause flood in the university area during heavy
downpour so that the safety, health and general well-being of the students, employees and
clients of the university can be ensured, and so as not to hamper and disrupt the daily
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activities and services of the university even during heavy downpour or storm. The
University of San Carlos - Talamban Campus has an existing drainage system but is
inadequate to convey the rainwater into its point of discharge. The main streamline,
which is the point of discharge, is also deficient to accommodate and convey the storm
water from the university sub catchment. The sizes of the sewer pipes the existing
drainage system use are insufficient. The flooding at the two gates of the university
during heavy downpour is the evidence of this deficiency and inadequacy. Based from
the findings of the study, the researcher has derived the following recommendations:
(a) Two drainage systems should be constructed separately in the service area.
(b) The man-made retarding dam and lagoon should be improved and maintained,
and an outlet for the lagoon should be provided.
(c) The main streamline should also be corrected, which is the government’s
responsibility.
(d) Information drive or proper education regarding proper waste disposal should
be extended to all residents of the campus. Garbage collection boxes for
biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and recyclable materials in strategic places
should be provided by the university administration.
(e) Continuous maintenance of the sewers should be implemented.
A study by Monisit (1997) entitled “The Status of Danao City Main Drainage
with its Implications to Sewerage System of the Local Government Unit: Measures for
Improvement” discussed about the need of the existing drainage system in Danao City to
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be improved and developed. Residents of the city have experienced major problems
about health and water supply. To solve the problems, the researcher came up with the
following recommendations:
(a) For the implementation of infrastructure programs to conform to the plans, the
progress should be monitored and corrective actions must be taken if necessary.
(b) A comprehensive plan should be developed to solve the problems of waste
management and waste disposal.
(c) Efficient waste management system in the area should be given attention and
recycling of non-biodegradable materials should be encouraged.
(d) Formulation of drainage master plan must be done to solve the flooding in the
central business district.
(e) Strict implementation and enforcement of all existing Sanitation and
Environmental laws, rules and regulations, and ordinances.
(f) Preservation of the environmental integrity of waterways by regulating the
disposal of domestic and industrial waste.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES
This part discusses the research method, research environment, research
respondents, research instruments, research procedures, and statistical treatment of the
data.
Research Method
This study used the descriptive method. It is a fact-finding strategy, with adequate
and accurate interpretation of the findings, using questionnaires and documentary
analysis in data gathering. It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current
conditions, practices situations, or any phenomena. Since this study is concerned with the
present condition of the drainage system in Cebu Technological University, the
descriptive method of research was the most appropriate method to use. Survey
questionnaires were administered to 537 respondents.
Research Environment
Cebu Technological University is an educational institution located at M.J.
Cuenco Avenue corner R. Palma Street, Cebu City, Philippines, and is a continuing
supplier of skilled manpower, technicians, engineers, educators, and blue-collar
professionals to the labor and entrepreneurial market. Established in 1911 as one of the
earliest vocational schools in the country, and founded by the Americans as the Manual
Arts Department of the Cebu Normal School (now Cebu Normal University), it was
called Cebu Trade School back then. Under Proclamation No. 180 of August 20, 1928,
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the school acquired its present site at Corner M.J. Cuenco Avenue, and R. Palma Street,
Cebu City. On June 9, 1938, by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 313, Cebu Trade
School was changed to Cebu School of Arts and Trades (CSAT). On June 10, 1983,
Batas Pambansa bilang 412 converted CSAT into a state college, the Cebu State College
of Science and Technology (CSCST).
Then, on July 27, 2009, Philippine Congress passed into law Republic Act No.
9744, which was subsequently signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on
November 10, 2009, converted Cebu State College of Science and Technology into a
university and renamed it Cebu Technological University (CTU).
Characteristics of the Study Area
Topography
Cebu’s terrain is relatively flat on the coastal plain and becomes rolling and hilly
at elevations of 40 to 200 meters, then generally rugged and mountainous at elevation of
200 to almost 800 meters above sea level. The slopes vary from 0 to 60 degrees. Its
relatively flat terrain is only approximately 15% of the total land area.
(www.cebubesthomes.com)
Geology
The top soil on the higher elevation is primarily Faraon Clay. It is residual since it
is derived from limestone. The top soil for the lower elevation is primarily clay loam. It is
fertile since it is organic in nature, and it can also retain water very well. The primary
composition of the sub-trait is limestone interspersed with bedrock formation. Severe
erosion has extremely exposed the limestone and rock foundation in some areas.
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According to Bureau of Soils, the type of soil common in the different districts of the city
and its environs are Faron Clay, Mandaue Clay, and silt-loam, Baguio and Bolinao clay.
(www.cebubesthomes.com)
Climate
The Cebu Metropolitan Area has what is termed by the Weather Bureau as the
third type of climate in which there is no distinct wet and dry season. There is more
rainfall during the southeast monsoon seasons in the month of September. The summer
heat which generally comes in March reaches its peak in April and May. Humidity is
approximately 77%, decreasing during the summer months and increasing during the
rainy days by a few percent. As per records of the Weather Bureau, the average
temperature in Cebu City is 27.4 ̊ C or 81.3 ̊ F. (www.cebubesthomes.com). Cebu belongs
to Zone 2 of the wind zone for the different provinces of the Philippines. The basic wind
speed for this classification is 200 kph. (NSCP 6th Edition 2012)
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Fig. 1 MAP OF CEBU (showing CTU)
26
Fig. 2 MAP OF CTU
27
Research Respondents
The research respondents are the students and employees of Cebu Technological
University – Main Campus. The respondents were chosen through random sampling
since everyone within the study population was educated and literate, thus making
anyone of them capable of answering the survey questionnaire. This study has a total of
387 respondents for the students and 150 respondents for the employees.
The tables below show the distribution of respondents.
Table 1. Distribution of Respondents for the Students
Respondents Sampled Total number of students Percentage (%)
Students 387 11,287 3
Table 2. Distribution of Respondents for the Employees
Employees Sampled Total number of Employees Percentage (%)
Organic 100 162 42
Non - Organic 50 78 21
TOTAL 150 240 63
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For Table 1, 387 students were chosen to answer the prepared questionnaires from
the 11,287 students. Both students from the day and evening program were given the
chance to participate in the aforementioned survey.
The next table, Table 2, shows the combined number of organic and non-organic
employees who were chosen to answer the survey questionnaires.
Furthermore, the percentage of respondents was calculated using the Slovin’s
formula:
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
n = identified number of respondents / sample size

N = total number of students or employees / population size
e = the margin of error
Research Instruments
The main tool in gathering data was the questionnaire prepared by the researchers.
The data were taken from the response of the respondents. Granted, the instrument was
self-formulated by the researchers, so there’s a need for the questionnaire to be checked
by someone knowledgeable. In this study, it was the researcher’s adviser. After the
questionnaire was checked, it was improvised, revised and finalized. The questions dealt
with the current status of the existing drainage system in Cebu Technological University.
Information about the respondents and their ideas regarding the present status of the
existing drainage system in Cebu Technological University were indicated in the
questionnaire.
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Research Procedure
Data were collected from the answers given by the respondents based on their
actual accounts and experiences pertaining to the situations generated by the current
status of the existing drainage system.
First, the researchers asked the permission of the President of the Cebu
Technological University through a Letter of Request to allow them to conduct a survey
and administer questionnaires to the students and employees of Cebu Technological
University. Upon the approval of the request to conduct the survey, the researchers
immediately started personally distributing the questionnaires to the respondents. The
respondents were informed of the purpose of the research. The respondents were
personally guided by the researchers in answering the questionnaires in case of
clarifications and queries. As soon as the respondents finished answering the
questionnaires, the researchers retrieved them. The data collected were consolidated,
tabulated, analyzed and treated statistically.
Treatment of Data
Responses to the items in the questionnaire are measured using the 5-point Likert-
scale as Strongly Agree, Agree, Uncertain, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree.
Scoring Procedure
The survey was administered personally by the researchers to the target
respondents of the study.
30
To score the necessity for a new drainage system and the present condition of the
existing drainage system in Cebu Technological University - Main Campus, point values
were assigned.
Table 3 shows the scoring procedure of the respondents’ ideas to the statements
within the questionnaire. The following scoring scale was used:
Table 3
Scoring Procedure
Range Descriptive Category Verbal Description
The respondents have a strong

4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
confirmation of the statement.
The respondents confirmed the statement

3.41 – 4.20 Agree
but not to the fullest.
The respondents have no idea or are not

2.61 – 3.40 Uncertain
sure with the statement.
The respondents don’t agree with the

1.81 – 2.60 Disagree
statement.
The respondents have a strong negative

1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree
confirmation with the statement.
31
To quantify the response-category of the respondents as to the necessity for a new
drainage system and the present condition of the existing drainage system in Cebu
Technological University - Main Campus, the scoring procedure as shown in Table 3 was
used. The range of 4.21 – 5.00 means that the respondents confirm the statement to the
fullest thus it is categorized to strongly agree, 3.41 – 4.20 means that the respondents
confirm the statement but not to the fullest, thus it is categorized to agree, 2.61 – 3.40
means that the respondents don’t confirm the statement but don’t disagree with it either,
thus it is categorized to uncertain, 1.81 – 2.60 means that the respondents don’t agree
with the statement, thus it is categorized to disagree, and 1.00 – 1.80 means that the
respondents have a strong negative confirmation with the statement, thus it is categorized
to strongly disagree.
32
INPUT
Identification of the Problem
PROCESS
Research, Survey,
Documentary Analysis
OUTPUT
Proposed Drainage Design and
Recommendations
Fig. 3 FLOW OF THE STUDY
33
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the gathered data from the
questionnaires administered by the researchers to the concerned respondents. The
following areas covered in the questionnaire were considered primary and essential to
arrive at the solution and answers to the problems.
I. Necessity for a New Drainage System in Cebu Technological University - Main
Campus
This part presents the respondents’ perception regarding the notion if there’s a
necessity for a new drainage system in Cebu Technological University – Main Campus.
Table 4: Necessity for a New Drainage System in CTU - MC
Respondents Mean ( X ) Verbal Description

Students 4.87 Strongly Agree
Employees 4.49 Strongly Agree
Average 4.69 Strongly Agree
Table 4 shows the respondents’ reaction regarding the notion if there’s a necessity
for a new drainage system in Cebu Technological University - Main Campus. The table
34
shows that the respondents strongly agree with the statement, having an average of
strongly agree.
This implies that majority, if not all, of the respondents considerably agree with
the idea that there is indeed a necessity for a new drainage system in CTU – MC.
II. Present Condition of the Existing Drainage System in Cebu Technological
University – Main Campus
This chapter shows the respondents’ ideas about the present condition of the
existing drainage system in Cebu Technological University – Main Campus.
Table 5: Present Condition of the Existing Drainage System in CTU - MC
Verbal
Statement Respondents Mean ( X )
Description
The present drainage system in Students 4.89 Strongly Agree
CTU needs improvement. Employees 4.49 Strongly Agree
CTU experiences flooding Students 3.42 Agree
during light rain Employees 3.32 Uncertain
CTU experiences flooding Students 4.31 Strongly Agree
during moderate rain Employees 4.12 Agree
CTU experiences flooding Students 4.94 Strongly Agree
35
during heavy rain Employees 4.91 Strongly Agree
The flooding in CTU affects Students 4.96 Strongly Agree
your comfort Employees 4.81 Strongly Agree
Average 4.417 Strongly Agree
Table 5 presents the respondents’ ideas regarding the statements which can
determine the present condition of the existing drainage system in CTU –MC. The
statements contained in Table 5 determine the present condition of the existing drainage
system in CTU – MC if it is poor or not. It had the average of 4.417 which is strongly
agree.
The result implies that the present condition of the existing drainage system in
CTU –MC has a poor performance. Presented with statements that will determine if the
existing drainage system in CTU –MC has a poor condition, the respondents have
strongly agreed. In the first statement, the respondents have strongly agreed that an
improvement was needed with the existing one. The second statement divided the
responses of the respondents. The students thought that even during light rain, the
university experiences flooding, while the employees gave the mean of uncertain. In the
next statement, the respondents have agreed that during moderate rain, the university
experiences flooding. The fourth statement gave the respondents a mutual answer, that
the school experiences flooding during heavy rain. The fifth statement also unified the
answer of the respondents, that the flooding does affect their comfort.
36
Table 6: Present Condition of the Existing Drainage System in CTU – MC
Verbal
Statement Respondents Mean (X )
Description
The present drainage system Students 2.68 Uncertain

in CTU –MC functions
efficiently Employees 2.32 Disagree
The present drainage system Students 1.92 Disagree

in CTU –MC doesn’t
overflow even during
Employees 1.85 Disagree
moderate rain
The present drainage system Students 1.98 Disagree

in CTU –MC can
accommodate the rain water
Employees 1.89 Disagree
sufficiently
Average 2.11 Disagree
The Table 6 above shows the respondents’ thoughts about the statements the table
contain. The statements determine whether the existing drainage system in CTU –MC is
in a good condition or not. It had an average of 2.11, which is disagree.
This implies that the existing drainage system is not in a good condition, as
perceived by the respondents. The first statement gives the idea that the existing drainage
system functions properly, but the respondents thought otherwise. The students answered
uncertain, while the employees disagreed with the statement. The second statement gave
the respondents the same thought, which is disagree, that the existing drainage system
37
overflows even during moderate rain. The last statement in the table, which is connected
with the second, also gave the respondents a common reaction. The respondents don’t
agree that the existing drainage system sufficiently accommodates the rain water.
The following images were taken after a downpour in Cebu Technological
University – Main Campus.
Fig. 4: Flooding of the Basketball Court near Technology Bldg. I (Annex) (a)
38
Fig. 5: Flooding of the Basketball Court near Technology Bldg. I (Annex) (b)
Fig. 6: Flooding of the Oval (a)
39
Fig. 7: Flooding of the Oval (b)
Fig. 8: Flooding of the Oval (c)
40
Fig. 9: Flooding of the Oval (d)
Fig. 10: Flooding of the Oval (e)
41
Fig. 11: Students using chairs to cross the flooded roadway
42
TECHNICAL ASPECT
A. ARCHITECTURAL
Preparation of Profiles
On-site Observation
To prepare the profile for the service area, it is necessary to see and
investigate the place especially its surface characters, the occupants, etc. The Main
Campus is not that big in terms of land area, and what is definite is to develop a
sustainable drainage system in diverting and accommodating greater volume of storm
water.
A reconnaissance survey was made within the service area. Observations
were made with regard to the following: surface characters, the flow path of water, the
possible inlets and possible drainage lines.
Culvert Network
The networking of culvert and catch basins was based on the locations of
the inlets. Since the elevation for each culvert and catch basin corresponded to the flow of
water, appropriate illustrations and designations were prepared.
43
SURVEYING
@ PALMA (referred from track gutter)
PT . BS HI FS ELEV
1 1.375m 1.33m 0
2 1.383m 0.008m
 Almost the same elevation with the reference point which is the
the gutter of the asphalt inside CTU.
44
@ M.J. CUENCO
 near M.J. CUENCO had higher elevations of 0.505m than the reference point.
45
B. STRUCTURAL
GENERAL CONDITIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS
General Conditions
The work shall include the supply of labor, materials, tools, equipment and
services necessary to complete the subject project in accordance with the approved Scope
of Works, Plans and Specifications. All works shall be in accordance with the existing
National Building Code, Plumbing Code, all related applicable local and city ordinance
and regulations.
The work shall be provided with adequate supports; using good quality materials,
free from any defects, PS approved, and with appropriate dimensions, weight, measure
and appearance as per approved specifications. Skilled and qualified personnel shall be
employed to execute the specified items of work; utilizing appropriate equipment, tools
and techniques necessary to complete the project within acceptable standards; and,
provided with utmost safety and security to protect the people and property within the
duration of the project.
All works shall be supervised and monitored to ensure that all standard
engineering practices are followed in all phases of the work.
The Owner and/ or the Engineer reserves the right to reject any materials or
workmanship that may be found defective or not in conformity with the approved Plans
and Specifications. Cases arising in conflicts between the Plans and Specifications should
46
immediately be brought to the attention of the Engineer for appropriate action. Normally,
the Specifications govern.
The Contractor, if any, shall be submit, prior to the execution of the specified
works, a schedule of work expressed in either Bar Chart or PERT/ CPM, indicating all
activities, their duration and projected percentage accomplishments/ cash flow, for
monitoring purposes.
All billings shall be subject to submission of a statement of Account by the
Contractor, including his percentage accomplishment report and photographs for
evaluation and acceptance by the Engineer.
Technical Specifications
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. All plumbing works shall conform with all the rules and regulations of the
National Plumbing Code and the Local Health Authorities. All works shall
be supervised by a duly licensed Master Plumber.
2. Storm drainage system shall consist of concrete pipes of sizes and
dimensions indicated in the drawings. All joints shall be cement grouted
and sealed.
47
DESIGN
Basic Design Procedure
In the Rational Method, surface character of the service area must be satisfactorily
approximated. This is because the total rainfall that will reach the storm drain depends on
the surface character and the surface character determines the value of the runoff
coefficient.
Design Procedure
In the design analysis, the Rational Method was used. Four procedures
were followed, namely: (1) the determination of design discharge, (2) the determination
of the time of flow, (3) the determination of catch basin and manhole size, and (4) the
determination of culvert diameter.
Determination of Rainfall Intensity
The rainfall intensity was based on Red Warning of PAG-ASA where
serious flooding is expected in low lying areas.
The Color of Danger: PAGASA’s New Rainfall and Flood Warning System
The colors red, green, and yellow —the same iconic symbols used in streets
everywhere— are now given new meaning to alert the public of possible floods.
This June, the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) started using a color-coded rainfall and flood warning system
to help communities prepare for upcoming disasters.
48
Table 7: PAGASA’s New Rainfall and Flood Warning System
Yellow means “caution”. Residents are advised to monitor the news for further updates.
“Yellow warning” represents 7.5-15 mm rain in an hour which could also cause flooding.
Green means “go”. Go ahead and prepare for possible evacuation. “Green warning”
stands for 15-30 mm rain in an hour that is also expected to continue within the next two
hours. At this point, low-lying areas are expected to suffer from floods because of
relatively heavy downpour. The memorable Typhoon Pedring (Nesat), which hit the
country on September 27, 2011, fell within the green warning range as it had a recorded
rainfall of about 15-25 mm per hour.
Red means “stop”. Better stop what you are doing now if PAGASA says your area is
under a “red warning.” Evacuate. Think about the amount of rain at Typhoon Ondoy’s
(Ketsana) peak when it hit the country on September 26, 2009. The recorded rainfall at
that time was approximately 56 mm in an hour. According to PAGASA, if more than
30mm rain is observed in an hour, and is expected to continue in the next two hours, then
49
low-lying areas are expected to experience serious flooding. Residents in areas that have
low elevation, such as coastal towns and cities are advised to evacuate immediately.
Determination of the Design Discharge
When rain falls in a catchment, some of it is absorbed by the ground and
vegetation, some evaporates and the rest becomes surface runoff or excess water. The
interest of this study is the surface runoff and flow diversion. Since rainfall intensity,
surface character of the area and the area of the catchment were known, peak flow was
determined by Rational Method.
Determination of Pipe/ Culvert Diameter
Once the discharge, Q was determined, the required diameter of the pipe
or size of the channel was computed by using the Manning’s Formula. By the equation
𝑄 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝑉, we can obtain the equation for pipe diameter:
where:
𝜋𝐷 2
𝐴 = area of the pipe = 4
2 1
1
𝑉 = velocity = 𝑛 𝑅 3 𝑆 2
𝐴
𝑅 = hydraulic radius =
𝑃
2𝜋𝑟𝐷
𝑃 = wetted perimeter = 2
𝑛 = Manning’s roughness coefficient = 0.013
By substituting values to the equation Q = A x V, we get the diameter, D.
50
Hence:
2
𝜋𝐷2 3 1
1 𝜋𝐷 2 4
𝑄= ( )( 2𝜋𝐷 ) 𝑆2
𝑛 4
2
2
1 𝐷2 𝐷 3 1
Q = 𝜋 (𝑛) ( ) ( ) 𝑆2
4 4
2
2 1
1 𝐷2 1 3
Q = 𝜋 (𝑛) ( ) (4) (𝐷)3 𝑆 2
4
6 2 1
1
Q = 𝑛 (0.3115) 𝐷3 (𝐷)3 𝑆 2
8 1
1
Q = 𝑛 (0.3115) 𝐷3 𝑆 2
8
𝑄
𝐷3 = 1 1
(0.3115) 𝑆 2
𝑛
therefore:
3.21 𝑄 𝑛 3
D=( )8
√𝑠
Determination of the Flow time
The flow time was computed by dividing the length of the pipe to the
𝐿
velocity, or 𝑇 = 𝑉
where:
T = flow time, sec
51
L = length of pipe / culvert, m
V = velocity, m/s
Determination of the size of Catch Basin Size
After having the value of the time of flow, T and having the sufficient
numbers of catch basins the size of the catch basins was obtained by:
𝑉 = 𝑞𝑡
where:
V = volume of catch basin

𝑄
q = flow in every catch basin = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠
t = time of flow
After calculating the volume of each catch basin, we can obtain its dimension by:
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑑
where:
V = volume of catch basin

A = area of catch basin
d = depth of catch basin
52
DRAINAGE DESIGN COMPUTATION
Total land Area = 28,988.53 𝑚2
Total Flow :
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴 Where:
𝑄 = total flow
𝐶 = run-off coefficient
𝑖 = rainfall intensity
Using:
𝑖 = 30 mm/hr (based on RED WARNING where serious flooding is expected in
low lying area)
𝐶 = 0.9 run-off coefficient
Solution:
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴
𝑚𝑚 1ℎ𝑟 1𝑚
𝑄 = 0.90 (30 ) (28988.53𝑚2 ) 𝑥 𝑋
ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐. 1000𝑚𝑚
𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.2174 𝑠
53
SIZE OF CATCH BASIN NEEDED:
Using CATCH BASIN @ Tracks and adjacent areas 30 units.
𝑄
𝑞= where:
30
𝑚3
0.2174
𝑠
𝑞= 𝑞 =flow at each Catch Basin
30
𝑚3
𝑞 = 0.00725
𝑠
TIME OF FLOW
𝐿
𝑡=
𝑉
Where:
𝐿 = Path flow
𝑉 = Surface velocity
Using :
𝐿 = 100m (usual)
𝑚
𝑉 = 0.914 𝑠 ( based on surface type )
SOLUTION:
𝐿 100𝑚
𝑡= = 𝑚
𝑉 0.914 𝑠
𝑡 = 109.41 𝑠𝑒𝑐
54
VOLUME OF CATCH BASIN
𝑉 = 𝑞𝑡
𝑉 = 0.00725(109.41)
𝑉 = 0.8𝑚3
Using 𝑑=0.8m
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑑
0.8𝑚3 = 𝐴 (0.8)
𝐴 = 1𝑚2
Use 1m x 1m x 0.8m CATCH BASIN
LEAST CULVERTS DIAMETER NEEDED:
-using the 8 junction/outfall CATCH BASIN
where:
𝑞 ′ = flow capacity
𝑄
𝑞′ =
8
0.2174
𝑞′ =
8
′
𝑚3
𝑞 = 0.0272
𝑠
55
MANNING’S FORMULA:
1 2 1
𝑞 ′ = 𝐴 ( ) (𝑅 3 ) (𝑆 2 )
𝑛
where:
𝑛 = 0.013 (for concrete)
𝑆 = 0.005 (as specified)

𝐷
𝑅= (For circular pipes)
4
SOLUTION:
1 2 1
𝑞 ′ = 𝐴 ( ) (𝑅 3 ) (𝑆 2 )
𝑛
2
𝜋 1 𝐷3 1
0.0272 = (𝐷2 ) ( )( )(0.005)2
4 0.013 4
𝐷 = 0.212𝑚 ≈ 𝐷 = 0.22𝑚 ∅
𝐷 = 8.66𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒
Dmin= 12 inches diameter
56
LARGEST CULVERT DIAMETER
-Using total flow (Q)
1 2 1
𝑄 = 𝐴 ( ) (𝑅 3 ) (𝑆 2 )
𝑛
2
𝜋 1 𝐷3 1
0.2179 = (𝐷2 ) ( )( )(0.005)2
4 0.013 4
𝐷 = 0.46𝑚 ≈ 𝐷 = 0.18𝑖𝑛 ∅
Use DOutfall= 18 inches diameter
SUMMARY:
CATCH BASIN DIMENSION:
1m x 1m x 0.8m
CULVERT DIAMETER TO BE USE:
Dinner = 12 inches diameter
Dlateral = 15 inches diameter
Doutfall = 18 inches diameter
57
58
59
60
61
62
C. FINANCIAL/COST ESTIMATES
The total cost of the project is about five million four hundred ninety-six thousand
six hundred eighty-six pesos and fifty-nine cents (₱ 5, 496, 686.59). This figure is limited
to the cost of materials, labor and equipment, contingencies, profit and tax.
The materials needed for this project are locally available. The common ones are:
cement, sand, gravel, culverts/ concrete pipes, tie wires, steel bars, and wood forms. The
total cost of the above mentioned material is two million three hundred thirty-three
thousand six hundred eighty-four pesos and sixty-one cents (₱ 2, 330, 684.61). The labor
cost, equipment, contingencies, profit and value added tax are sixty (60), sixteen (16),
seven (7), fifteen (15), and twelve (12) percent, respectively.
As mentioned earlier, the cost estimates will provide the university administration
an idea of the project cost for budget projection.
Project : PROPOSED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Location : R. Palma cor. M.J. Cuenco Ave., Cebu City
Subject : BILL OF MATERIALS
TOTAL
SCOPE OF WORKS QUANTITY UNIT UNIT COST
COST
I. CONCRETE CATCH BASIN
1. Earthworks
a. Backfill 30.93 cu.m 779.66 24114.88
b. Gravel base 2" thk 1.95 cu.m 992.30 1934.99
2. Concrete Works
a. Portland cement 281 bags 297.69 83650.89
b. Washed sand 15.6 cu.m 992.30 15479.88
63
c. Gravel - 3/4" dia. 31.2 cu.m 992.30 30959.76
d. Deformed Bars Gr.40
12mm dia x 6m 160 lengths 173.69 27790.40

e. # 16 G.I. wire 10 kg 60.00 600.00
3. Formworks 31.2 sq.m 180.00 5616.00
II. STEEL GRATING COVER
a. Angle Bars
50mm x 50mm x
6m 14 lengths 1326.38 18569.32
b. Deformed bars Gr.
40
16mm dia. X 6m 55 lengths 522.60 28743.00
c. Accessories
Welding
rod(1/8"), 6011,
Fuji brand or its
equivalent 1 box 2632.37 2632.37
Consumables 1 lot 5040.89

Red oxide 1 gal 464.23 464.23
III. REINFORCED CONCRETE
PIPE
a. 8" dia. X 1m 68 pcs 810.94 55143.92
b. 12" dia. X 1m 118 pcs 1302.42 153685.56
c. 15" dia. X 1m 268 pcs 1582.06 423992.08
d. 18" dia. X 1m 262 pcs 1954.40 512052.80
e. 24" dia. X 1m 375 pcs 2365.23 886961.25
f. Capping
Portland cement 141 bags 297.69 41974.29
Washed sand 7 cu.m 992.30 6946.10
g. Sand bedding 2" thk 7.6 cu.m 570.00 4332.00
TOTAL MATERIAL COST(Php): 2,330,684.61

LABOR COST(Php): 1,398,410.77
EQUIPMENT(Php): 372,909.54
TOTAL COST(Php): 4,102,004.92
64
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
MAIN CAMPUS
R. PALMA COR. M.J. CUENCO AVE., CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES
Project Title : PROPOSED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Location : CEBU TECHNONOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
SUMMARY OF COST
Proposed Drainage System Php 4,102,004.92

_________________________
Total Direct Cost PhP 4,102,004.92
Other Cost:
Contingencies (7%) 287,140.34
Profit (15%) 615,300.74
VAT (12%) 492,240.59
_________________________
TOTAL PROJECT COST Php 5,496,686.59
65
Duration
Nodes Activity Description Manpower
(Days)
1-2 a Layouting 5 3
1-3 b Delivery of Materials 5 11
2-4 c Excavation 32 4
Fabrication of Steel Bars for

3-4 d 12 5
Manhole
3-5 e Fabrication of Formworks 5 3
Installation of Steel Bars for

4-6 f 9 8
Manhole
Pouring of concrete at Manhole

6-7 g 5 6
slab
5-7 h Installation of Formworks 7 3
Pouring of Concrete at Manhole

7-8 i 7 8
walls
Installation/Connecting of
8-10 j 45 6
Culverts
8-9 k Fabricating of Manhole Cover 12 7
9-11 xx Dummy 0 0
10-11 l Installation of Manhole Cover 5 6
11-12 m Backfilling 10 6
12-13 n Checking the Project 1 3
66
67
CHAPTER V
Summary, Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations
This chapter presents the general overview of the entire study that serves as the
basis for conclusions and recommendations. This includes the summary, findings,
conclusion, and recommendations.
Summary
This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the present condition of
the existing drainage system in Cebu Technological University - Main Campus, if there’s
a necessity for a new drainage system in the university, and to propose for a new drainage
system should it prove necessary.
Findings
The results were determined based on the statistical technique applied to the data.
Based on the questions raised in the study, the following results were obtained:
1. The respondents have strongly agreed that there is a necessity for a new drainage
system in Cebu Technological University - Main Campus.
2. The existing drainage system needs improvement as perceived by the
respondents.
3. When it rains moderately or heavily, the university experiences flooding.
4. With the flooding of CTU, the comfort of its residents is considerably affected.
5. The existing drainage system doesn’t function efficiently.
6. The existing drainage system can’t accommodate the rain water sufficiently.
68
Conclusion
This following are the conclusions derived from the findings of the study:
1. There is a need for a new drainage system to be established in Cebu
Technological University - Main Campus.
2. The existing drainage system is not efficient.
3. The existing drainage system is in a poor condition and needs to be replaced.
Recommendations
Guided by the findings and conclusions obtained from the data analyzed, the
following recommendations are hereby made:
 Small catchments installed in CTU –MC should be replaced with larger
catchments that can sufficiently accommodate the rain water collected. The rain
𝑚𝑚
fall intensity of 30 above which has been considered by PAG-ASA to cause
ℎ𝑟
serious flooding in low lying areas can be used in designing the catchments.
 Providing other outlets should be provided. Having many outlets will make the
draining of water collected faster and more effective. This will also help avoid the
backflow of water if some of the outlets are full or cannot discharge the water it
carries.
 An informative and educational campaign should be organized to raise awareness
to the public about drainage system and its functions. The success of the storm
water management depends on the publics’ support and participation.
69
 A continuous maintenance should be implemented to keep the drainage system in
good condition and effective.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
Perante, Wenceslao. Nov. 2001. Sewerage System in Tacloban City: Basis for a
Proposed Centralized Sewerage System
Monisit, Cora. 1997. The Status of Danao City Main Drainage with its
Implications to Sewerage System of the Local Government Unit: Measures for
Improvement.
Dayas, Lucio Pedro. Oct. 1997. A proposed Drainage System for the University
of San Carlos Talamban Campus.
BESAVILLA, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics (third edition)
GILLESANIA, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
OTHERS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_system
70
APPENDIX A
71
72
Runoff coefficients for use in the rational method
Return Period (years)
Character of Surface 2 5 10 25 50 100 500
Developed
Asphaltic 0.73 0.77 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
Concrete roof 0.75 0.80 0.88 0.88 0.92 0.97 1.00
Grass areas (lawns, park, etc.)
Poor condition (grass cover less than 50% of the area)
Flat, 0-2% 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.58
Average, 2-7% 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.61
Steep, over 7% 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.62
Fair condition (grass cover on 50% to 75% of the area)
Flat, 0-2% 0.25 0.28 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.53
Average, 2-7% 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.58
Steep, over 7% 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.60
Good condition (grass cover larger than 75% of the area)
Flat, 0-2% 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.49
Average, 2-7% 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.46 0.56
Steep, over 7% 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.60
73
Undeveloped
Cultivated Land
Flat, 0-2% 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.57
Average, 2-7% 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.51 0.60
Steep, over 7% 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.61
Pasture Range
Flat, 0-2% 0.25 0.28 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.53
Average, 2-7% 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.58
Steep, over 7% 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.60
Forest/Woodland
Flat, 0-2% 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.48
Average, 2-7% 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.56
Steep, over 7% 0.35 0.39 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.58
Note: This table is taken from Applied Hydrology by: Ven Te Chow on page 498. The values in the table
are the standards used by the City of Austin, Texas.
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
APPENDIX B
83
84
85
86
87
88
APPENDIX C
89
Republic of the Philippines
CTU – Main Campus
Corner M.J. Cuenco Avenue, R. Palma St., Cebu City
College of Engineering
December 5, 2012
KENNETH ENRIQUEZ
CITY ENGINEER
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC WORKS
Sir:
Greetings!
We, the 5th year students of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, are now having our project
study in partial fulfillment of our curriculum. Our study is entitled “The Proposed New Drainage
System in Cebu Technological University – Main Campus,” and requires us to gather
information about the existing drainage system surrounding our school.
In line with this matter, we would like to ask for a copy of the blueprint of the main sewer line
around Cebu Technological University.
We are hoping for your positive response. Thank you.
90
Respectfully yours,
Kris Jyn C. Carulasan
Donna Marie M. Maluya
Caroline Jay S. Lapas
Darius Janver M. Punzalan
Edmon I. Sabellano
Rodel S. Tejero
Rogin U. Ylaya
NOTED BY:
ALEX C. MAYOR JR., CE

Chairman, Civil Engineering Department
NOLASCO K. MALABAGO, Ph.D.

Dean, College of Engineering
91
Main Campus
Dear respondents:
Good day!
We are 5th year – Civil Engineering students of Cebu Technological University – Main
Campus. We are currently conducting our research entitled: “The Proposed New
Drainage System in Cebu Technological University – Main Campus.”
In line with this, we would like to ask your precious time to answer this questionnaire.
Please return this questionnaire after completion. Thank you very much.
Sincerely yours,

Edmon I. Sabellano
Rodel S. Tejero
Rogin U. Ylaya
92
CTU – Main Campus
December 6, 2012
ADOR G. CANLAS, CESO IV

REGIONAL DIRECTOR
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS
SOUTH ROAD PROPERTIES, CEBU CITY
Sir:
Greetings!
System in Cebu Technological University – Main Campus,” and requires us to gather
information about the existing drainage system surrounding our school.
In line with this matter, we would like to ask from your good office a copy of the blueprint of the
main sewer line around Cebu Technological University, particularly, the drainage system along
the service road in Sergio Osmeña Boulevard.
93
Respectfully yours,
Edmon I. Sabellano
Rodel S. Tejero
Rogin U. Ylaya
NOTED BY:


94
CTU – Main Campus
November 28, 2012
FELICIDAD C. HIRAMIS
UNIVERISTY REGISTRAR
Ma’am:
We, the 5th year students of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, Day program, are now
having our project study in partial fulfillment of our curriculum. Our study is entitled “Proposed
Drainage Improvement Plan for CTU – Main Campus,” and requires us to distribute
questionnaires to gather data essential to our study.
In line with this matter, we would like to ask for a copy of the total number of students enrolled for
the second semester in our school, Academic Year 2012-2013.
We are hoping for your positive response. Thank you and more power to you!
Respectfully yours,
Edmon I. Sabellano
Rodel S. Tejero
Rogin U. Ylaya
NOTED BY:
95
Chairman, Civil Eng’g. Dept.

Main Campus
December 10, 2012
BONIFACIO S. VILLANUEVA, Ed.D.

UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS
Sir:
Greetings!
System in Cebu Technological University – Main Campus.”
In connection to this, we would like to request for your help and cooperation to allow us to
administer questionnaires to some students at the school.
Respectfully yours,
96
Edmon I. Sabellano
Rodel S. Tejero
Rogin U. Ylaya
NOTED BY:


APPROVED BY:
BONIFACIO S. VILLANUEVA, Ed.D.

University President, Cebu Technological University – Main Campus
97
Main Campus
November 8, 2012
MR. REDGIE ARCADIO

College of Technology
CTU Main
Sir:
In the completion of our Project Study “Drainage Rehabilitation of Cebu Technological

University”. We, the 5th year Civil Engineering students, would like to ask permission to allow us
to borrow the stadia Rod, theodolite and measuring devices from your office.
We are optimistic to hear a positive response regarding this matter.
Respectfully yours,
ROGIN U. YLAYA
DARIUS JANVER M. PUNZALAN
NOTED BY:
ALEX C. MAYOR JR., C.E.

Chairman, BSCE
98
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT STUDY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY-MC
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Name (Optional): Date:

Section (for students only):
(For students) How long have been studying at CTU?
(For employees) How long have been working at CTU?
Directions: Identify which respondent you are by putting a check mark ( ) beside it.
A. NECESSITY FOR A NEW DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN CTU
RESPONDENTS
Student
Teaching Personnel
Office Staff
Utility Staff
Directions: Put a check mark ( ) on the box that best corresponds to your answer
B. PRESENT STATUS OF THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN CTU
SA – Strongly Agree U - Uncertain SD – Strongly Disagree

A – Agree D – Disagree
SA A U D SD
1. It is necessary to have a new drainage system in
CTU
2. The present drainage system in CTU needs
improvement
3. CTU experiences flooding during
a. light rain
b. moderate rain
c. heavy rain
4. The flooding at CTU affects your comfort
5. The present drainage system in CTU
a. is function efficient
b. doesn’t overflow even during moderate rain
c. can accommodate the rain water sufficiently
99
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Rodel S. Tejero Place of Birth: Pototan, Ilo-ilo
Address: San Antonio Jubay, Gender: Male
Liloan, Cebu Civil Status: Single
Age: 21 Nationality: Filipino
Date of Birth: January 16, 1992 Religion: Roman Catholic
Educational Information
Elementary: Jubay Elementary School
Address: Jubay, Liloan, Cebu
Year Attended: 1998-2004
Secondary: La Consolacion College
Address: Poblacion, Liloan, Cebu
College: Cebu Technological University - MC
Address: M.J. Cuenco Ave. R. Palma St. Cebu City
Affiliation: Member, PICE CTU Chapter
Work Experience: OJT Trainee, UNDALOC Construction
100
Name: Kris Jyn C. Carulasan Place of Birth: Cebu City
Address: 125 - C. A Lopez St. Gender: Female
Cebu City Civil Status: Single
Elementary: Labangon Bliss Elementary School
Address: Labangon, Cebu City
Secondary: CCDCA Gothong MNHS
Address: Cebu City
Work Experience: OJT, (Fieldwork Engineering & Construction)
101
Name: Caroline Jay S. Lapas Place of Birth: Carcar City Cebu
Address: P. Burgos St. Carcar Gender: Female
City, Cebu Civil Status: Single
Date of Birth: July 23, 1991 Religion: Roman Catholic
Elementary: Carcar Central School
Address: Carcar City Cebu
Secondary: Carcar Central National High School
Address: Carcar City Cebu
Work Experience: OJT, Cebu Port Authority
102
Name: Donna Marie M. Maluya Place of Birth: Cebu City
Address: Whiterose, Yati, Liloan, Gender: Female
Cebu Civil Status: Single
Date of Birth: March 3, 1992 Religion: Roman Catholic
Elementary: Subangdaku Elementary School
Address: Subangdaku, Mandaue City, Cebu
Secondary: Consolacion National High School
Address: Consolacion, Cebu
Work Experience: OJT, Cebu Port Authority
103
Name: Darius Janver M. Place of Birth: San Antonio, Ozamiz
Punzalan City, Misamis Occidental
Address: San Antonio, Ozamiz Gender: Male
City, Misamis Occidental Civil Status: Single
Elementary: San Antonio Elementary School
Address: San Antonio, Ozamiz City
Secondary: Ozamiz City School of Arts & Trades
Address: Maningcol, Ozamiz City
Work Experience: OJT ,(Cebu Technological University at Architect Office
104
Name: Edmon I. Sabellano Gender: Male
Address: Toledo City Civil Status: Single
Date of Birth: July 14, 1991 Religion: Roman Catholic
Place of Birth: Toledo City
Elementary: BES
Address: Toledo City
Secondary: TNVS , SRNHS
Year Attended: 2004-2005 , 2005-2008
Address: Toledo City , Lapu-lapu City
Work Experience: OJT, (D-5 Stainless works, Architecture, & Construction)
105
Name: Rogin U. Ylaya Gender: Male
Address: Caubian LLC Civil Status: Single
Place of Birth: Caubian LLC
Elementary: Caubian Elementary School
Address: Cubian LLC
Secondary: Caubian High School
Address: Caubian LLC
Work Experience: OJT (Antecristo Builders and Construction)
106

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study

Drainage system is a system of natural or artificial channel through which water

off and away from the ground as quickly as possible.

school pays attention to any drainage issues.

has been a remaining supplier of skilled man-power and professionals. To continue

The existing drainage system of Cebu Technological University is no longer

which serves a lifetime purpose to the school.

taken into considerations.

Providing proper drainage system is an effective technique to redirect water.

in improving drainage system and preventing issues caused by floods. By improving

drainage improvements. More effective improvements can be made by establishing the

exact cause and effect of the drainage failures.

Drainage System Construction

A drainage system is a pattern formed by the streams, rivers and lakes in a

Drainage System in Cebu Technological University – Main Campus

were done accordingly.

environmental aspects the design is no longer sufficient to accommodate the greater

scenario, a need of newly designed drainage system is highly recommended.

30 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟 (based on “RED WARNING”; where severe flooding is occurring in low

specifically the control of water flow shall be solved.

Drainage System and Its Economic Consideration

damages are to be considered in such problem.

Cardinal Rules in Drainage Designs

disastrous on wide scale basis.

Maintenance calls for periodic or almost immediate correction of unfavorable or

unacceptable situations. It involves in making the facilities as near the constructed or

reconstructed conditions as possible.

Statement of the Problem

Technological University - Main Campus.

Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. Is it necessary to have a new drainage system in CTU-Main Campus?

2. What is the condition of the present drainage in CTU-Main Campus?

3. What proper approach and mitigation should be addressed to solve the

4. What detailed plan for a design of Drainage Rehabilitation in CTU may be

6. What recommendation can be obtained based on the findings of the study?

Objectives of the Study

In this study, we are about to learn to:

1. Ease the flood crises within the range of CTU-Main Campus.

security and assurance.

Assumption of the Study

1. Plumbing of the structure are assumed to be existing

population which are the basis for the study.

of CTU and the support of the local government.

Scope and Limitations

1.1 Architectural Design

1.2 Structural design

2. Dig exploratory pits where required to survey underground

3. Perform complete and accurate environmental impact studies

Delimitations of the Study

Various boundaries away from which the reading is not concerned:

1. Plumbing connections to the different structures in CTU

2. Rain Water Tank

3. Limited to storm drainage and catch basin only

4. The design of drainage outside CTU

Significance of the Study

Various insights of the study that is significant to the following entities:

regarding the flood crisis that happens in the boarders of CTU.

university, easing the inconvenience this problem has brought.

Activity ………………. Is the work operations required to complete a task or in

some cases, a segment of that task. In short, it is the actual

work between events.