Experiment Number 2

LAWS OF MOTION

Vagay, Patricia Anne D.

Speech Language Pathology 1-1

Group Number 4

Mr. Rolly Oraa and Mr. Gilbert Moises Oca

September 13, 2019

Criteria Excellent Very Satisfactory Developing

Satisfactory
Neatness and Organization 6 4 3 2
Cover Page 4 3 2 1
Abstract 12 9 6 3
Introduction 8 6 4 2
Procedure 8 6 4 2
Data and Results 4 3 2 1
Interpretation of Data and Results 16 12 8 4
Conclusion 8 6 4 2
References 4 3 2 1

TOTAL _______ / 70
 ABSTRACT

The experiments which were conducted had demonstrated Newton’s Law of Motion and its relation
to equilibrium. When the sum of the forces that acts on the object is zero, it denotes that an object is not
accelerating and therefore it is its equilibrium state. In conducting the translational equilibrium, a set-up of
dynamics track, cart, angle indicator, force sensor and Xplorer GLX were used to calculate the mass of the
object in static equilibrium. Through the use of the tension and the angle of the track, the mass of the cart
𝑇
was calculated. In solving for the experimental mass of the object, the formula of m = g sin 𝜃 is used, wherein
the track's normal force balances the cart's weight which is perpendicular to the track, and the tension then
equals the parallel component. The calculated mass was 0.51 kg or 1.19% below the actual mass. For the
second experiment, the rotational equilibrium is exhibited as the sum of all the clockwise torques equals the
sum of all the counterclockwise torques as measured from the pivot point. In this case the net torque must
be zero. In rotational equilibrium experiment, an equal arm balance, force sensor, and Xplorer GLX were
used to determine the moments of force. The formula of T = r F cos 𝜃 is used to obtain the torque values on
both masses. In this experiment, the mass of the hanging object is producing a counter-clockwise torque
while the mass from the force sensor is producing a clockwise torque about the fulcrum. As equilibrium
happens, there would be horizontal balance. The calculated torque of the 50 g hanging object produces
558,769.25 while the applied force has 535,962.34 of torque value. Thus, giving a percentage error of 4.08%.
For the third experiment, newton’s second law of motion is tested. The objective is to determine the
relationship of the hanging mass to the acceleration of the cart and time travel. In this experiment, the
experimental acceleration of the 50 g hanging object is 36.49 m/s2 while the theoretical acceleration is 33.97
m/s2. Thus, giving a percentage error of 6.91%. From the experiment, it is noticeable that both the masses
of the cart and the object will occur on the same magnitude of acceleration with different directions. On the
other hand, the masses are inversely proportional to the average time traveled.

INTRODUCTION

Force has a direction and magnitude. It can be represented by push and pull. In relationship to this,
Aristotle had believed that force is required to move an object. But then, Galileo claimed that it is natural for
an object to be in motion with a constant velocity as it is for it to be rest. Upon this claim, Isaac Newton built
an idea on theory of motion. It is published in his book, Principia.

In the second law of motion, the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and is inversely proportional to the object’s mass. This relates to the description of motion to force
wherein force is defined as an action that has the capability to accelerate an object. It is represented by the
formula of F = ma.
 In kinematics and dynamics, it is discussed that all points in the body travel on parallel paths based
on the principle of translational. It can be noted that in pure translational motion, there is no rotation. Other
names for translational motion include curvilinear motion and linear motion. This translational motion can
occur at the same time with rotational motion. It requires a force to make an object starts rotating. When a
rigid object rotates about a fixed axis, each point moves in a circular path. The magnitude of torque tends to
be positive when it produces a counterclockwise rotation about the axis. A rigid body is in equilibrium if it has
zero translational acceleration. The net external force and the net external torque are always zero in
equilibrium.

In the experiments conducted, it is important to calculate the mass of the object in static equilibrium
by means of the tension and the angle of track. It is necessary to determine the moments of force in an equal
arm balance, wherein the masses are supported by the balance arms. Lastly, it explains the second law of
newton’s law of motion by determining the relationship of the hanging mass to the acceleration of the cart
and time travel.

SCHEMATIC PROCEDURE

I. Translational Equilibrium

Set the angle of With no tension on

Set up the the Inclined Release the cart connected
the string, press
equipments. Refer Dynamis Track by a thread string to the
the zero button of
to Figure 1. to 15°. hook of the Force Sensor.
the Force Sensor.

Use the Click on the play

Repeat Top Use the tension button of the GLX to
steps 3 to Compute and the angle of
Loading measure the
8 by using the track to determine
Balance to tension in the string
the angle percentag the 𝒎𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
measure attached to the
20°. e error.
the mass using the formula. Force Sensor.
of the cart. Record your data.
 Figure 1. Set up for Translational Equilibrium Experiment

The first part of the experiment deals with Translational Equilibrium. First, the equipment and apparatus
were set as well as the functions of the GLX Xplorer. The angle of the inclined dynamics track was set to 15
degrees. With no tension to the string, the force sensor was pressed. The cart was release and the play
button was pressed to start measuring the tension in the string. This was preceded by computations of the
experimental mass. Afterwards, the actual mass of the cart was measured using the top loading balance. To
validate the results, the percentage difference was used. The procedure was repeated with the angle of 20
degrees.

II. Rotational Equilibrium

Measure the moment arm

Hang a hooked mass (50
Set up the equipments. and the angle between
g) at the 2nd loop from
Refer to Figure 2. the force and the moment
the left side of pivot point.
arm.

Pull on the Force Sensor Connect the Force

until Equal Arm Balance
Repeat steps 3 to 5 using
is horizontal in position.
100 g of hooked mass.
Record the force apploed
on displalayed on GLX.
Sensor of the GLX to the
nylon string. Place it to
the 2nd loop from the
right side of pivot point.

Compute for Torque using Calculate for Percenatage

Record data.
the formula. Error.
 Figure 2. Set up for Rotational Equilibrium Experiment

The second part of the experiment deals with the Rotational Equilibrium. First, the equipment and
apparatus were set as well as the functions of the GLX Xplorer. The balance axle of the equal arm balance
was attached to the multi clamp. A mass of 50g was hanged at the second loop from the left side of the pivot
point. The moment arm and the angle between the force and the moment arm was measured and recorded.
On the second loop from the right side, the force sensor of the Xplorer GLX was attached. The force sensor
was slowly pulled to make the equal arm balance in horizontal position. The amount of force applied displayed
on the Xplorer GLX was recorded. The moment arm and the angle were also measured. This procedure was
repeated by using 100g of a hanging object. The data was recorded. Afterwards, the value of torque was
computed for the two masses. To validate the results, the percentage difference was used.

III. Law of Acceleration

Put a loop in one Drape the string

Level the table end of the string. over the pulley.
Set up the
until the cart has Place it over Adjust the pulley
equipments.
no tendency to spring-release so the string is
Refer to Figure 3.
drift. trigger on the
cart. level.

Determine the average Determine

time for the cart to move the Hang the 20 g Adjust the
through distance from distance mass on the length of the
releasing to resting and record string string.
point. your data.

Determine total
Compute the Repeat dteps 5 to
mass and Record your
experimental 9 using 50 g of
compute for data.
acceleration. hanged mass.
theoretical value.
 Figure 3. Set up for Law of Acceleration Experiment

The third part of the experiment deals with the Law of Acceleration. First, the equipment and
apparatus were set. The table was carefully leveled to avoid any drifting or acceleration. A loop was placed
on the end of the string. It was placed over the spring-release trigger on the Dynamics Cart. The pulley and
the length of the string was adjusted to avoid the masses from hitting the floor. The 20g object was hanged
on the strings until the cart moves form the starting up to the final point. The distance was determined and
recorded. With the use of a stop watch, the time was recorded from the releasing point up to the resting point.
It was averaged and used to compute for the experimental acceleration. The mass of the system was
determined with the use of a top loading balance. Afterwards, with the data obtained, the theoretical value
was computed. The procedure was then repeated by using 50g of hanged mass. To validate the results, the
percentage difference was used.

DATA AND RESULTS

The following results were obtained after performing law of acceleration, translational and rotational
equilibrium experiments. The first set up is focused on computing the mass of an object in static equilibrium.
Meanwhile, the second set up is for computing the torque values of the masses and applied forces. Lastly,
the last set up is computing for the acceleration of the cart and its relationship to the hanging mass. Upon
performing the experiments, the following results were gathered and tabulated.

A. Law of Inertia

Table 1

Translational Equilibrium

Trial 𝜽 Tension (N) Mass (kg) Percentage

Experimental Theoretical Error
2 150 1.3 0.51 0.52 1.19
 3 200 1.7 0.51 0.52 1.19

It can be noted from Table 1 that the theoretical mass of the cart is very close to the value of the computed
mass; thus, garnering a similar percentage error from the two trials, which is 1.19%.

B. Rotational Equilibrium

Table 2.1

Hanging Mass (left side of the pivot point)

Mass 𝑭𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝜽𝟐 𝑻𝟏 (dyn-cm)
(g) (dyn) (cm)
1 50 49,000 12.75 26.57 558,769.25
Loop 2
2 100 98,000 18.02 18.43 1,675,384.99
Loop 3

From the table above, it can be seen that the torque value of the hanging mass weighing 50g is 555,769.25.
On the other hand, the torque value of the hanging mass weighing 100g is much larger as it obtains the value
of 1,675,384.69

Table 2.2

Applied Force (right side of the pivot point)

Applied Force 𝑭𝟐 𝒓𝟏𝟐 𝜽𝟐 𝑻𝟐 (dyn-cm)

(N) (dyn) (cm)
1 50 47,000 12.75 26.57 535,962.34
Loop 2
2 100 282,000 8.06 45 1,607,197.15
Loop 3

Table 2.2 depicts that the torque value of the force sensor, under the condition of 50g hanging object, is
535,962.34. On the other hand, the torque value of the force sensor, under the condition of the 100g hanging
object, is much larger as it obtains the value of 1,607,197.15.
Table 2.3

Torque

𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 Percentage Error
(dyn-cm) (dyn-cm)
1 558,769.25 535,962.34 4.08
2 1,675,384.99 1,607,197.15 4.07

Comparing the torque values from Table 2.1 and 2.2, it is noticeable that their values are close to each other.
The small difference from the torque values gives a percentage error of 4.08% for the 50g hanging mass
while 4.07% for the 100g hanging mass.

Table 3

Law of Acceleration

Mass of dynamics cart (𝒎𝒄 ) = 517.12 g

d: 70 cm

Trial Hanging 𝑴𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 Time (s) 𝒂𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 Percent

mass (g) 1 2 3 Ave Error
(g)
1 20 g 537.12 2.01 2.02 2.06 2.03 36.49 33.97 6.91
2 50 g 567.12 1.36 1.32 1.35 1.37 86.40 77.97 9.76

It can be noted from Table 3 that the values of the experimental acceleration and theoretical acceleration are
close to each other; thus, having a small difference from the percentage error. The first trial depicts a
percentage error of 6.91% while the second trial shows a much larger percentage error of 9.76%.

INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RESULTS

The first experiment that was conducted was about the translation equilibrium wherein the angle for
the dynamics track is 15 degrees. Having the values of the tension and the degrees, the mass was calculated
𝑇
using the given formula of m = g sin 𝜃 , wherein the track's normal force balances the cart's weight which is
perpendicular to the track, and the tension then equals the parallel component. In the first trial, the tension
measured was 1.3 N. Thus, inputting the tension and the angle in the the formula, data result for the
experimental would be 0.51 kg, which if compared to the theoretical value, shows as percentage error of
1.19%. In the second trial, a 20-degree angle was used that gives a tensional force of 1.7 N. This tensional
force is then inputted using the same formula; which gives a mass that is similar to the first trial. From the
experiment, it is by the means of the tension and the angle of track that the mass can be calculated. The
angle is directly proportional to the tension. As the angle increases, the tension also increases. In this case,
the mass of the cart would remain the same even if the angle kept on rising.

The second experiment was about the rotational equilibrium with the use of an equal arm balance,
force sensor, and Xplorer GLX were used to determine the moments of force. The formula of T = r F cos 𝜃
is used to obtain the torque values on both masses. The calculated torque of the 50 g hanging object
produces 558,769.25 while the applied force has 535,962.34 of torque value. Thus, giving a percentage error
of 4.08%. In this case, there’s a horizontal balance between the two masses. From the experiment, it is
noticeable that the mass and the torque are proportional to each other. As the mass increases, the torque
also increases.

The third experiment was about the Newton’s Second Law of Motion wherein the relationship of the
hanging mass to the acceleration of the cart and time travel was determined. In this experiment, the
experimental acceleration of the 50 g hanging object is 36.49 m/s2 while the theoretical acceleration is 33.97
m/s2. Thus, giving a percentage error of 6.91%. Both the masses of the cart and the hanging object will occur
on the same magnitude in different directions. This depicts that the acceleration of the cart and the hanging
object are proportional to each other; however, they are inversely proportional to time.

CONCLUSION

In translational equilibrium, the experimental value of mass is 0.51 kg that is close enough to the
theoretical value of 0.52 kg. These values gave a percentage error of 1.19%, that means that there’s a very
little difference between the two. Therefore, the experiment proves that the mass of the cart would remain
the same even if the angle kept on rising.

In rotational equilibrium, it can be observed that as the mass increases, the torque also increases.
Therefore, in rotational equilibrium, the mass and the torque are proportional to each other.

In the law of acceleration, experimental acceleration of the 50 g hanging object is 36.49 m/s2 which
display Newton’s second law of motion that with the presence of the gravitational force, the heavier the mass
the faster the acceleration of the cart. Therefore, the cart and the hanging object are proportional to each
other.
REFERENCES

Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion. (2014). D. Giancoli. Physics Principles with Applications (7th ed., pp.
76-78). Boston, Pearson Education, Inc.

Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motions. (2012). J. Cutnell & K. Johnson. Physics (9th ed., pp. 85-107). United
States, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Rotational Kinematics. (2012). J. Cutnell & K. Johnson. Physics (9th ed., p. 267). United States, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.