A

Training Report
ON
“Erection Testing and Commissioning of Transmission lines & Sub-
Station”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
REQIREMENT OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL& ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Mr. RAHUL SHARMA AVNISH KUMAR
(Assistant Professor) Roll No. - 1603321015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY,GHAZIABAD
(Affilated to Dr.A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,Lucknow)
(2019 – 2020)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skill of an employee for doing a
particular job.”

This project report has been made as a part of the industrial training underwent at the
NCCLIMITED jahangirpuri, Delhi.

I would like to extend sincere thanks to Mr. Arvind Kaushik, junior engineer for his prodigious
guidance throughout my training and I would specially like to thank Mr. P.K Singh for their
immensely helpful, painstaking attitude and suggestion during the training. Efforts have been made
to make the report as succinct as possible. Quantitative data has been presented through tables,
charts and suitable illustrations.The project would not have been possible without the help and
cooperation of the aforementioned officials. Last but not the least; I would like to thank all the
staff members of NCCL jahangirpuri, Delhi.

With immense please I, Mr. AVNISH KUMAR…presenting “INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

REPORT..”as part of ‘Electrical & Electronics Engineering’. I wish to thank all the people who
gave me unending support.

I express my profound thanks to Mr. RAHUL SHARMA, report guide…..And all those who have
indirectly guided and helped me in preparation of this taining report.

AVNISH KUMAR SHAILESH GUPTA

B.TECH : 4th year (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT, EEE)

ROLL NO. :1603321015

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 ABSTRACT

NCC’s mission is to build a strong future ensuring increased returns to shareholders. Today our
business portfolio includes infrastructure projects like Buildings, Roads, Water & Environment,
Electrical, Irrigation, Power, Metals, Mining, International and Railways which are fortified by
four enduring strengths that equip NCC to execute its mission. A proactive management approach
with focus on value creation. A disciplined approach to growing our portfolio with focus on
financial viability and enhancing returns. Improving Human Resource skills across functions.
Building a fundamentally strong NCC with enduring financial strength

The Company has adequate system of Internal Financial Controls to help Management review the
effectiveness of the Financial and Operating Controls and assurance about adherence to
Company’s laid down Systems and Procedures. As per the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013,
internal controls and documentation are in place for all the activities. Both Internal Auditors and
Statutory Auditors have verified, Internal Financial Controls (IFC) at entity level and operations
level and satisfied about control effectiveness. The controls are reviewed at regular intervals to
ensure that transactions are properly authorized and correctly reported and assets are safeguarded.
The Audit Committee periodically reviews the findings and recommendations of the Auditors and
takes necessary corrective actions as deemed necessary. Enterprise Resource Planning Software is
in implementation for most of the Projects, Head Office, Divisions and Regional Offices that
would further strengthen the internal control mechanism.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Intoduction………………………………………………………………………………6

1.1 NCC LTD…………………………………………………………………………6-7

2. Disclaimer……………………………………………………………………………...7-8

3. Opereation& maintenance of electrical sub-stations…………………………………….8

3.1 Features……………………………………………………………………………8-9

4. Erection, Testing & Commissioning……………………………………………………..9

5. Relay testing,System Coordination & Conditio Monitoring…………………………9-10

6. Modelling of the evaluated system……………………………………………………..10

6.1 Overhead transmission characterstics………………………………………………10

6.2 Lightning return stroke current……………………………………………………..10
6.3 Overhead transmission line…………………………………………………………11
6.4 Transmission line tower…………………………………………………………….12
6.5 Transmission line insulation………………………………………………………...12
6.6 Tower grounding system……………………………………………………………12

7. Summary………………………………………………………………………………...14

7.1 Electrical overview…………………………………………………………………..15

7.1.2 Key Project…………………………………………………………………….15-16

8. Electrical Division……………………………………………………………………….16

9. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….18

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 LIST OF FIGURES

1. 6.3.1 Overhead transmission line……..………………………………………………..11

2. 6.3.2 Overhead transmission line………………………………………………………11

3. 6.6.1 Tower grounding system…………………………………………………………13

4. 6.6.2 400KV Double-Circuit overhead lines of the Hellenic transmission system……14

5. 8.1 220 KV Transmission line……………………………………………………….17

8.2 33/11 KV Sub-Station……………………………………………………………17

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 NCC LTD. (NCC) :

Nagarjuna Construction Company Limited (NCCL) a construction and infrastructure enterprise
was established as a Partnership firm in 1978 and started its journey in 22nd March of the year
1990. NCC is the only construction company from India hailed as 'Best Under a Billion' in Asia
Pacific and evolved from a mere contractor to a full-fledged infrastructure solutions provider. The
Company is engaged in the infrastructure sector and is undertaking turnkey EPC contracts as well
as BOT projects on Public-Private Partnership basis. The Company's range of verticals comprises
of Building & Housing Transportation Water & Environment Irrigation Power Electrical Metals
and Oil & Gas and International business division.The Company has a cluster of regional offices
in Delhi Ahmedabad Bhubaneshwar Kolkata Mumbai Bhopal Lucknow Hyderabad Chennai and
Bangalore. Also NCC has presence in international level through offices in Dubai (UAE) and
Muscat (Sultanate of Oman).The Property Division of the company was established in the year
1996 it keeping pace with the times its process features cutting-edge construction technologies on
par with international standards followed by the Transportation Division of the company was
started in the year 1998 with the objective to capture opportunities in the country's road network.
For undertake the Design Engineering Supply Erection Testing & Commissioning of EHV
Transmission Lines 33/11 KV Sub-stations & Lines and Distribution Systems the company
established the Electrical Division in the same year 1998. A year after in 1999 NCC had started its
Water & Environment division keeping in view of the increasing investments in several projects
by various Government agencies in water supply and sewerage effluent and underground waste
water treatment plants across the country. The division meticulously executes projects to the
country's urban and rural areas. CRISIL had upgraded the rating of the company from FB+ to FA
in the year 2000. During the year 2004 NCC made Joint Venture with M/s Somdatt Builders Ltd
and also awarded a contract worth Rs 993.80 million for strengthening and paving of shoulders of
SH 24 Rajkot-Morvi (Km 1/827 to Km 70/192) from the State Road Project Circle at Gandhinagar
Gujarat and also NCC had kicked off its activity in the Irrigation segment in the year 2004. The
Company had teamed up with South Korean firm-Dealim Industrial Co Ltd in the same year 2004
to undertake some projects. The Company had started its International operations by registering as

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a local company in the Sultanate of Oman in May of the year 2005. This Company is known as
NCC International LLC now. NCC Ltd had joined hands with National Highway Authority of
India in the year 2006 for different projects. Also in the same year of 2006 the company bagged
order from Sultanate of Oman and secured two new Orders worth of Rs 1180 million. The Power
Division of the company was started in the year 2007. The Division mainly works for the
development of BOOT and BOT projects & participates in tenders for turnkey contracts of power
plants as well as the execution of Balance of Plant (BOP) on EPC basis and also in the Civil
Structural and Architectural works of Thermal and Hydro Power plants. Also in the same year
2007 NCC started its Metals Division and the Oil & Gas Division to cater to the infrastructure
needs of various Oil & Gas Companies in India. In December of the year 2007 the company had
secured a major contract from the Govt. of Oman for the prestigious Wadi Adai Al Amerat Road
project. NCC Ltd had bagged three new orders worth Rs 5.75 billion in June of the year 2008. The
first order valued at Rs 2846.4 million from the Steel Authority of India (SAIL) Burnpur West
Bengal for structural works for basic oxygen furnace (BOF). the Company at its meeting held on
24 May 2018 subject to the approval of the members of the Company and other requisite approvals
had accorded in principle approval for raising an amount up to Rs1100 million by issue of
convertible warrants to M/s. AVSR Holdings Private Limited one of the promoters of the
Company.

2. DISCLAIMER

No representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to, and no reliance should be placed
on, the fairness, accuracy, completeness or correctness of the information or opinions contained in
this presentation. Such information and opinions are in all events not current after the date of this
presentation. Certain statements made in this presentation may not be based on historical
information or facts and may be "forward looking statements" based on the currently held beliefs
and assumptions of the management of NCC, which are expressed in good faith and in their
opinion reasonable, including those relating to NCC’s general business plans and strategy, its
future financial condition and growth prospects and future developments in its industry and its
competitive and regulatory environment. Forward-looking statements involve known and

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unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause the actual results, financial
condition, performance or achievements of NCC or industry results to differ materially from the
results, financial condition, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-
looking statements, other factors, viewers of this presentation are cautioned not to place undue
reliance on these forward-looking statements. NCC disclaims any obligation to update these
forward-looking statements to reflect future events or developments. This presentation is for
general information purposes only, without regard to any specific objectives, financial situations
or informational needs of any particular person. This presentation does not constitute an offer or
invitation to purchase or subscribe for any securities of NCC by any person in any jurisdiction,
including India and the United States. No part of it should form the basis of or be relied upon in
connection with any investment decision or any contract or commitment to purchase or subscribe
for any securities.This presentation is confidential and may not be copied or disseminated, in whole
or in part, and in any manner.

3. OPEREATION & MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL SUB

STATIONS:
JBS specializes in providing services for Operation & Maintenance (O&M) of substations and
transmission lines. JBS offers innovative models for O&M as per the client’s requirements. We
offer comprehensive solutions for all O&M activities, including testing and condition monitoring
of installations. The electrical installation is entirely managed / operated 24x7 by us, where we
provide all necessary resources like skilled / unskilled manpower for operations, tools and tackles,
technical support, instruments for testing, staff for housekeeping, security, additional manpower.
.

3.1. FEATURES
• All Manpower, Tools & Tackles, Consumables and Spares

• Statutory requirements / Insurance of our staff as per Workmen Compensation Act.

• Provisions ofLabour Laws, Electrical Safety & General Safety procedures.

• Provide Stationary, Log books etc.

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 • Preventive & Routine Maintenance

• Operations as per standard operating procedure.

• Maintenance as per maintenance schedule.

• Condition monitoring e.g. DGA of transformer oil, Dew point measurement of SF6 gas,
Tower footing resistance, Thermo vision scanning, Breaker timing, Impedance
measurement of batteries, Relay testing, Leakage current measurement, etc.

JBS started this journey with the O&M contract of 220 kV Substation (S/S) for M/s. Jindal Steel
Ltd. Vasind, Thane, in the year 1996. This venture picked up growth further in the year 2003 after
the implementation of new electricity act, and now we are executing O&M of more than 300
Substations & 3500 kms of Transmission Line

4. Erection, Testing & Commissioning:

With over 29 years of experience in Erection, Testing & Commissioning (ETC), JBS has executed
more than 50 Nos. projects for substations up to 765 kV and small transmission lines up to 400
kV. We provide human resources, which includes unskilled workers, skilled workers, technical
staffs, coordination staff and management for all aspects of ETC. All the essential tools and tackles,
machinery, testing instruments are also available with us. JBS has expertise in testing and
commissioning of Power transformers. The organisation has successfully commissioned over 100
Nos. of power transformers up to 350 MVA, 400 kV Class
Mr. Milind Thekedar, MD JBS, is an expert with vast experience and proficiency in providing
innovative ideas and solutions for troubleshooting of transformers. JBS also performs pre-
commissioning checks of EHV transmission lines.
Testing is extremely essential for preventive as well as breakdown maintenance. JBS has a
dedicated testing team equipped with modern instruments, which conducts tests with accuracy,
reliability and repeatability. The teams are well trained and equipped to thoroughly and reliably
test all the installations in a switchyard and transmission line.

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5. RELAY TESTING, SYSTEM COORDINATION &
CONDITION MONITORING:
We offer testing of all kinds of relay, including the numerical relay. In large electrical installations,
the coordination between relays becomes very critical in event of a fault. Hence, the system is
studied and appropriate relay settings are suggested for improved fault remediation. A coordinated
system can avoid false fault alarms, spurious tripping, and help in fault analysis.This enables to
maintain a stable system and hence, a steady network.Condition Monitoring is the process that
determines the condition of the electrical equipment by monitoring a parameter whose
considerable change can indicate the development of a fault. It is a major component for preventive
maintenance. This proves advantageous in scheduling reconditioning / testing actions, which in
turn prevents failure and further damage to the system. In case of any problem, the issue can be
addressed well in advance before it has developed into major failure.JBS are very well equipped
with human resources and tools to offer Condition Monitoring of the electrical installations.

6. MODELLING OF THE EVALUATED SYSTEM :

6.1 Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Fig. 1 shows typical transmission towers of the 150 kV and 400 kV double-circuit overhead lines
of the Hellenic transmission system employed in ATP-EMTP ,simulations; line characteristics
are given in Table 1.

6.2 Lightning return-stroke current

Negative lightning was assumed to strike at the top of the tower. The CIGRE lightning return-
stroke current waveshape was adopted using a CIGRE type 15 current source, so as to consider
the upwardly concave wavefront observed in measured lightning current waveshapes [2]. The
impedance of the return-stroke channel was represented by a 400 Ω resistor connected in parallel
to the current source . For the lightning current waveshape parameters median values were utilized;

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actually, the time to half value was taken as 77.5 μs whereas the front time, tf(μs), and maximum
steepness.0
6.3 Overhead transmission lines
The simulated transmission lines comprised five spans on each side of the tower where lightning
terminated, so as to consider reflections caused by the adjacent towers on the surges propagating
along the shield wires. Long line sections were connected at the end of the last span to eliminate
artificial reflections. Each span of the overhead lines as well as the terminating long line
sections were represented by JMarti frequency-dependent models [11] considering a
superbundle phase configuration (ABC-ABC with A being the upper phase) for the double-circuit
overhead transmission lines. Simulations employing this phase configuration yield simultaneous
flashover in both circuits due to symmetry; therefore, backflashover was investigated in one circuit
only. The phase angle of the power frequency voltage (cosinus function) at the time instant of the
o o o
lightning stroke was varied from 0 to 330 in 30 increments (12 phase angle values), so as to
estimate the corresponding minimum backflashover current. Such an increment in phase angle
is considered as satisfactory for BFR calculations [3].

FIGURE:- 6.3.1 & 6.3.2

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6.4 Transmission line towers
For backflashover studies several transmission tower models have been proposed in literature, as
summarised in [12], [13]. Common double-circuit line towers can be modelled as a sequence of
four lossless single-phase frequency-independent distributed parameter lines with equal surge
impedance,ZT, connected in series as shown in Fig. 2. For lightning strokes to the top of the
double-circuit towers, ZT (Ω) can be appropriately calculated according to (3), as proposed by
Sargent and Darveniza and adopted in [15], by approximating the tower as a cone.

6.5 Transmission line insulation

The lightning impulse behaviour of line insulation can be predicted using leader development
models which were derived based on the physical breakdown process of long air gaps and
insulators.These models assume that the leader starts propagating after streamers crossed the full
gapand flashover of line insulation occurs when the leader length becomes equal to the gap length.
Leader propagation is described by leader velocity expressions which are functions of the applied
voltage and the length of the unbridged part of the gap by the leader.

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6.6 Tower grounding system
The typical ground electrode configurations of the 150 kV and 400 kV transmission towers consist
of a ground rod (diameter: 2 cm, length: 2 m) for each footing of the tower. These concentrated
grounding systems were modelled by neglecting or considering soil ionization. It is well
established that soil ionization causes a decrease in the impulse ground impedance to values lower
than that of the low current and low frequency (power frequency) ground resistance.
When neglecting soil ionization, a constant resistance with a value equal to the power frequency
ground resistance, as suggested by [15], was employed in simulations. The CIGRE current-
dependent impulse resistance model [2], as proposed by Weck, was utilized to take into account
soil ionization. According to this model, the current-dependent impulse ground resistance, R(I).

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 Figure 6.6.1: Tower Grounding System

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Figure 6.6.2: 400 kV double-circuit overhead lines of the Hellenic
transmission system

7. SUMMARY:

Estimation of the minimum lightning current causing backflashover of line insulation is of

great importance for the calculation of the backflashover rate of overhead transmission lines. The
minimum backflashover current can be estimated through simplified expressions or, more
accurately, through computer simulations. The latter allow for the detailed modelling of the
transmission line components as well as of the complex phenomena involved in backflashover,
such as soil ionization around tower ground electrodes and flashover of line insulation under
fast-front overvoltages of non-standard waveshape. In this work the minimum backflashover
current of typical 150 kV and 400 kV overhead lines of the Hellenic transmission system is

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estimated through ATP-EMTP simulations by neglecting or considering soil ionization around the
concentrated ground electrodes of transmission towers; the phase angle of the power frequency
voltage and the low current and low frequency ground resistance are considered parameters.

7.1 Electrical
7.1.1 Overview
Electricity has opened up a gamut of possibilities. It is Energy that makes our lives simpler and
easier. With its ability to lighten up and touch lives, electricity is at the core of human
development.To match with the increased GDP growth rate, power supply in India will need to
grow at an even higher pace. Specialist governmental schemes to improve transmission and
distribution network across states provide adequate impetus.Holding a large repertoire of expertise
- design, engineering, erection, testing and commission of EHV/HV sub-stations and transmission
lines, high voltage distribution system (HVDS), feeder separation scheme (FSS) - NCC will plug
into the opportunities and enable a brighter world, literally!

7.1.2 Key projects

• Rural Electrification works of Dumka Package Comprising of Dumka &Jamtara
Districts in Jharkhand State under DeenDayal Upadhyay Gram Jyothi Yojana
(DDUGJY) Ranchi.

• Rural Electrification works of Ranchi District in Jharkhand State under DeenDayal

•
Upadhyay Gram Jyothi Yojana (DDUGJY).

• • Rural Electrification works of Dumka Package Comprising of Dumka &Jamtara

Districts in Jharkhand State under DeenDayal Upadhyay Gram Jyothi Yojana
(DDUGJY)

• Urban Electrification works of Deogarh Electric Supply Circle of JBVNL covering

• three towns (Deoagarh, Godda& Madhupur) in Deogarh &Godda districts in
Jharkhand

• Rural Electrification and other related works on Turnkey basis in district Mirzapur,
•
Sant Ravidas Nagar &Sonbhadra in Varanasi under SaubhagyaYojna of Govt of India.

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 • Rural/Urban Electrification Works Of Moradabad, Sambhal& J.P. Nagar District Of
•
Uttar Pradesh Under Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana "Saubhagya"

• Providing Electricity Connections in Rural/Urban Area Of Cluster-3 Districts of Agra,

• Mathura of DVVNL Uttar Pradesh Under Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana
"Saubhagya".

• Rural/Urban Electrification Works Of Cluster -14 (Behraich) District Of Uttar Pradesh

•
Under Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana “ Saubhagya”

• Rural Electrification works of package-6 (Comprising of Palamu, Latehar&Garhwa)

• districts in Jharkhand State under Jharkhand Sampurna Bijli Achchhadan Yojana
(JSBAY).

8. ELECTRICAL:
ELECTRICAL DIVISION
DESIGN, ENGINEERING, ERECTION, TESTING & COMMISSI
ONING OF TRANSMISSION LINES
• 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINE

• 220 KV TRANSMISSION LINE

• 33/11 KV SUB STATION

• 33 KV OVER HEAD LINE

• 11 KV OVER HEAD LINE

• PROJECT ELECTRIFICATION

• SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

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 Figure 8.1: 220KV TRANSMISSION LINE

Figure 8.2: 33/11 KV SUB STATION

9. CONCLUSION :

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The minimum backflashover current, I, of typical 150 kV and 400 kV double-circuit overhead
lines of the Hellenic transmission system has been estimated through ATP-EMTP simulations. The
dependence of this critical current on the phase angle of the power frequency voltage at the instant
of lightning stroke as well as on the low current and low frequency ground resistance of the towers
was investigated by neglecting or considering soil ionization around the concentrated tower
grounding systems. The estimation of the minimum backflashover current enabled the
calculation of the backflashover rate, BFR, of the evaluated lines.Thepeak of the limiting fast-
front overvoltage across line insulation causing backflashover isapproximately constant about
1.8 times the BIL of the overhead line.This value corresponds to a minimum average gradient of
~720 kV/m across insulator string required for backflashover. This applies both when neglecting
or considering soil ionization and for the full variation of the lightning return-stroke current
wavefront parameters used in simulations. Considering soil ionization in simulations results in
notably higher minimum backflashover current, as well as higher instantaneous flashover voltage
and longer flashover time at backflashover. This is because of the substantial reduction of the tower
impulse ground resistance with respect to the power frequency ground resistance. A linear
relationship exists between the minimum backflashover current and the reciprocal of the power
frequency ground resistance. The applicability of such a relationship to overhead transmission
lines differing in geometry and parameters requires further investigation. An expression for
estimating the BFR of overhead transmission lines has been introduced, which considers only
those lightning strokes to shield wires with prospective current higher than IBF. This is not the
case for the traditional BFR expression of CIGRE, yielding significantly lower BFR especially as
the tower ground resistance decreases. The estimated BFR of overhead transmission lines
is affected substantially by neglecting or considering soil ionization in simulations for the
estimation of IBF; when neglecting soil ionization a higher BFR, more than one order, could be
obtained. Reliable field data on BFR of overhead transmission lines would certainly assist to a
thorough evaluation of the procedure used for BFR estimations.

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