I.S.

Code -456 Recommendation:

1. For concrete

A) modulus of elasticity :- E
! = 5000 fck

B) modulus of rupture / bending tensile strength/ Flexure strength :- f! cr = 0.7 × fck

fck
C) Bending compressive strength :- σ
! cbc =
3
fck
D) Direct compressive stress :- σ
! cc =
4

2. Minimum / Nominal cover for different exposure conditions:

Why needed: - To protect reinforcement from fire and corrosion.(i.e. to ensure durability and fire
resistance)

S.NO Exposure Explanation Grade of Nominal W/C

Condition concrete Cover (mm) Ratio
1. Mild Concrete surface protected against M-20 20 0.55
weather or aggressive conditions.
2. Moderate Concrete exposed to rain or in contact M-25 30 0.50
with aggressive soil / ground water
3. Severe Concrete completely immersed into M-30 45 0.45
the sea water, alternate wetting and
drying
4. Very Concrete exposed to corrosive fumes M-35 50 0.45
Severe or sea water spray or severe freezing
condition
5. Extreme Concrete present in tidal Zone. M-40 75 0.40

Nominal cover for the structures:

S.No. Structure Nominal Cover

1. Beam 20 mm
2. Slab 25 mm
 3. Column 40 mm
4. Footing 50 mm

Note : 1. Maximum cover in any case shall not be more than 75 mm.

2. Minimum cover is any case shall not be less than “Diameter of Bar”.

3. It has been recommended that minimum grade of concrete shall be not less than M 20
in reinforced concrete work.

3. Effective Span (Leff.):-

{l0 + w 
l0 + d 
A) Simply supported beam or slab:     L
! ef f = minimu m of

Where: d is effective depth and w is width of support.

d
B) For cantilever beam or slab: L
! ef f =  l0 +
2

4. Deflection: Deflection of a structure shall not adversely affect the appearance or efficiency of
the structure or finishes. The deflection shall be limited to the following:
Spa n 
A) Final deflection shall not be more than ! . ( At the cast level)
250

( 350 )
Spa n 
B) Final Deflection shall not be more than minimu
! m of   or 20 m m  . After the

erection of partition wall and application of loads.

C) Vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to be satisfied provided that:

7  For Cantilever beam
Spa n(l )
! = 20 For Simply supoorted beam
depth(d )
26  For  Continous beam 

35  For Simply supoorted Slab 28  For Simply supoorted Slab
{ 40 For Continous Slab { 32 For Continous Slab
Spa n(l )
! =  = 
depth(d )

For Mild steel For HYSD Bars

5. Longitudinal Reinforcement:

A) For beams:
• Maximum reinforcement = 4 % of cross section area.
Ast 0.85
• Minimum reinforcement : ! =
B×d fy

B) For slabs:
• Maximum reinforcement = 0.15% of cross section area. (For mild steel)

= 0.12% of cross section area. ( For HYSD Bars)

1
• Maximum Diameter of bars in slab =  ! × thick n ess of sl a b
 8
• Maximum Spacing between the bars = 3d or 300 mm ( For Main bars)

= 5d or 450 mm (For Distribution bars)

C) For columns:
• Minimum Reinforcement = 0.8 % of cross section area.

{4 % of cross section area      (when bars are laped)
6 % of cross section area  (when bars are not laped)
• Maximum Reinforcement = !

{6      In Circular column
4 In Rectangular column
• Minimum Number of bars required = !

• Minimum diameter of bar = 12 mm

• Maximum spacing between the bars = 300 mm

6. Shear reinforcement/ Lateral reinforcement:

• Maximum Spacing = 0.75! × d or 300 mm For Vertical stirrups

=d or 300 mm for inclined stirrups

For columns: The lateral reinforcement:-

1

{5 mm 
4
× Dia of largest longitudinal bar
1) Diameter of bar = minimum of !
7. Miscellaneous:
• PH of water use for concrete shall not be less than 6.
• Size of aggregates to use in concrete
1
Maximum size(In case of Normal reinforced beam) =   4  of the thickness of member
! Maximum Size (In case of heavily reinforced beam) = Clear distance between main bar − 5 mm 
                                   = Minimum cover to reinforcement − 5 mm 

∅ × σst
• Development length of bar !(Ld ) =  
4 × τbd

{ 2.5 for continous beam
L 2            for s . s . beam
• Deep beam :- when ! ratio is less than !
d 

• Thickness of edge of footing shall not be less than 150 mm.

• Surface width of cracks less not be more than =

0.3 mm  where cracking is not harmful
! 0.2 mm where cracking is harmful 
0.1 mm where cracking in severe zone