6/9/2019

Mathematical Importance of language

Language and Symbols  Language facilitates communication
and clarifies meaning.
 It allows people to express
themselves and maintains their
identity.
 Likewise, language bridges the gap
among people from varying origins
and culture without prejudice to
their background and upbringing.

USEFUL MATHEMATICS SYMBOLS USEFUL MATHEMATICS SYMBOLS

How it is How it is Sample How it is How it is Sample
Symbol What it is? Symbol What it is?
read? used? expression read? used? expression
Inequality sign ... is not equal Indicates two Inequality sign ... is greater Indicates
≠ to ... values are
x≠y > than ... value on left is
4>1
different larger than x>y
Inequality sign ... is less than Indicates value on right
< 2<4
... value on left is Inequality sign ... is greater Indicates x≥y
smaller than ≥ than or equal value on left is
value on right x<y to ... larger than or
Inequality sign ... is less than Indicates equal to value
≤ or equal to ... value on left is
x ≤y on right
... is at most
equal to ...
smaller than
or equal to  Existential
quantifier
For some ...
There exists
Logical
statements
x : x > 4
value on right a(n) ... and x < 5

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USEFUL MATHEMATICS SYMBOLS USEFUL MATHEMATICS SYMBOLS

How it is How it is Sample How it is How it is Sample
Symbol What it is? Symbol What it is?
read? used? expression read? used? expression

 Universal
quantifier
For all ... For
every ...
Logical
statements
x :  Element-of
symbol Sets a
... is an
element of a
Sets
aA
x < 0 or A set ...
x > -1  Not-element- ... is not an Sets bA
of symbol element of a
¬ Logical not ... Logical ¬(¬A)  A set ...
negation statements
symbol  Subset symbol
Sets
... is a subset
of ...
Sets
AB
 Logical ... implies ... Logical
A B
implication If ... then ... statements  Proper subset
symbol
... is a proper
subset of ...
Sets
AB
symbol

 Logical
equivalence
... is logically
equivalent to
Logical
statements
A B
symbol ...
... if and only
if ..

USEFUL MATHEMATICS SYMBOLS USEFUL MATHEMATICS SYMBOLS

How it is How it is Sample Symbol What it is? How it is read? How it is used? Sample expression
Symbol What it is?
read? used? expression Enhanced or bold N The set of natural Number theory N= {1, 2, 3, ...}
ℕ
 Union symbol
Sets
... union ... Sets AB = BA
Enhanced or bold Z
numbers
The set of
Set theory
Number theory Z= {,… -3, -2, -1
ℤ
 Intersection
symbol ...
intersect ...
... intersected
Sets AB = BA integers Set theory 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
Enhanced or bold Q The set of Number theory Q = {a/b | a and b
with ... ℚ rational numbers Set theory are in Z }
 Null symbol
Sets
The null set
The empty set
Sets
={} Enhanced or bold R The set of real Number theory
ℝ numbers Set theory

Truth of Sentences Difficulties

 Mathematical sentences may either be true, false, sometimes
true/false
 The word “is” could mean equality, inequality, or
membership in a set
Examples:
Consider the following sentences. Discuss how the word “is” is used.
1. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 + 2
true 1. 5 is the principal square root of 25. 5 = 25
2. 𝑥+2 < 𝑥−3 false 2. 5 is less than 10 5 < 10
3. 𝑓 2 = 3 sometimes true/false 3. 5 is a prime number 5 ∈ ℘
4. ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 For any real number x, its square is true  Different use of a number (cardinal, ordinal, nominal, ratio)
greater than or equal to zero.
 Mathematical objects may be represented in many ways
5. ∃𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ, 𝑚 − 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚 + 𝑛 such as sets and functions.
There exist integers m and n such that m – n true
is less than or equal to m + n .

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Describe the error in each of the following: Quantifiers

 Quantifiers are used to described the variable/s in a statement.
1. 1⊂N 1∈ℕ
 Words like “all,” “some,” “any,” “every,” and “nothing” are
called quantifiers
2. (1, 2) ∈ 𝑓 where 𝑓 is a function 1,2 ∈ 𝑓 where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
Universal quantifier means “for all”, “for every”
3. 𝑥 > 2 or 𝑥 > 1 is equivalent to 1 < 𝑥 < 2 written denoted by ∀
𝑥 > 2 or 𝑥 > 1 is equivalent to 𝑥 > 1
4. Given the function 𝑥 + 10, find the value of 𝑓 4 Existential quantifier means “there exist”, “for some”

Given the function f x = 𝑥 + 10, find the value of 𝑓 4 written denoted by ∃

Compound quantifiers Example: Compound quantifier

1. If using same quantifiers, then the ordering doesn’t Write as an English sentence and determine if it is true or false.
matter.
1. ∀𝑥 ∈ ℤ+ , ∃𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 2 = 𝑥
For any positive integer x, there exists a real number y
2. If using mixed quantifier, then the ordering does such that the square of number y is equal to number x.
matter.
Example: 2. ∃𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥
• For all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, there exist y ∈ ℝ such that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5.
There exists natural numbers x and y, such that the
• There exist y ∈ ℝ, for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, such that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5. difference of x and y is equal to the difference of y and x .

Translate each sentence using Translate each sentence using

mathematical symbols mathematical symbols
1. 0 is an integer. 1. 0 is an integer. 0 ∈ ℤ
2. 𝑥 is multiple of 5. 2. 𝑥 is multiple of 5. 𝑥 = 5𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
3. 𝑥 belongs to both sets A and B. 3. 𝑥 belongs to both sets A and B. 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑥 ∈ 𝐵
4. The values of x range from -2 to 5. 4. The values of x range from -2 to 5. −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5

5. The square of the sum of x and y is not more than 20. 5. The square of the sum of x and y is not more than 20. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 ≤ 20
6. The square of a number a is nonnegative. 6. The square of a number is nonnegative.  𝑎 ∈ ℤ | 𝑎2 ≥ 0
7. The sum of two consecutive numbers is 31. 7. The sum of two consecutive numbers is 31.
 𝑥 ∈ ℤ |(𝑥) + (𝑥 + 1) = 31

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Exercises: Exercises:

Translate each sentence using mathematical symbols Translate each sentence using mathematical symbols
1. 5 is an integer 6. The square of a number is 1. 5 is an integer 5 ∈ ℤ
2. y is not a multiple of 10 positive 2. y is not a multiple of 10 𝑦 ≠ 10𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
3. A belongs to sets x or set y 7. x is an even number 3. A belongs to sets x or set y 𝐴 ∈ 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 ∈ 𝑦
4. The values of y range 8. y is an odd number 4. The values of y range between -4 and 5 −4 < 𝑦 < 5
between -4 and 5 9. 1/4 is a rational number 5. The difference of the squares of x and y is not more
5. The difference of squares x 10.Every integer is even or odd than 10 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ≤ 10
and y is not more than 10

Exercises:

Translate each sentence using mathematical symbols

2
6. The square of a number is positive ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ | 𝑥 > 0
7. x is an even number ∃𝑘 ∈ ℤ | 𝑥 = 2𝑘
8. y is an odd number ∃𝑘 ∈ ℤ | 𝑥 = 2𝑘 + 1
9. 1/4 is a rational number 1/4 ∈ ℚ
10.Every integer is even or odd
∀𝑥 ∈ ℤ, ∃𝑘 ∈ ℤ| 𝑥 = 2𝑘 or 𝑥 = 2𝑘 + 1