Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
12 STEM E
3 CLASSIFICATIONS: a. Survey
1. English as Mother Tongue (EMT) - Process of elimination
- Taught as a child at home - Know what you are looking for
- First language b. Ask questions
2. English as Foreign Language (EFL) - The reason why
a. English for Specific Purposes c. Read actively
– includes extended vocabulary - Questioning author and purpose of
and jargon writing
- Professional, intends to meet d. Respond to your questions
the needs of a particular learner e. Record key concepts
English for Academic Purposes
English for Professional Purposes
V. FALLACIES ii. Potluck paper – mixing of different
- Inconsistencies in reasoning sources
- Element of argument that is iii. Poor Disguise – paper altered but
flawed; an invalid statement evidently enough
iv. Self-stealer – reusing of old work
TYPES:
b. SOURCES ARE CITED
a. Ad Misericordiam – appeal to pity
i. Forgotten footnote
(degradation of personality)
ii. Too-perfect paraphrase – too
b. False Analogy – comparing to
many citations, too little original
unrelated things
work
c. Hypothesis contrary to fact – if and
iii. Resourceful citer
why
d. Ad Hominem – attacking the person,
not the argument (physical
appearance) IX. PARAPHRASING
e. Hasty Generalization – small - Changing of words, form and
population of evidence (if a is b, b is part of speech
c, a is c) - Changing of word order
f. Slippery Slope – doing something - Using of relationship words
that leads to negative consequence (synonyms)
g. Post hoc ergo propter – event is the
cause of why X. METHODS OF
h. Appeal to false authority PARAPGRAPH
i. Appeal to ignorance
j. Genetic fallacy – generalization of
DEVELOPMENT
biological traits
k. Moral equivalence a. Definition – explores subject matter by
l. Red herring – going away to the presenting denotation and connotation;
topic distinguishing subjects from other topics
b. Illustration – presenting examples to
VI. TOPIC SENTENCE & clarify and support a general statement
c. Description – vivid details to help
THESIS STATEMENT readers visualize the subject and
determine the dominant impression
1. Topic sentence
d. Process Analysis – how something is
- what each paragraph is all about
done, how something works; step by
- helps to stay focused on main idea step sequence
2. Thesis statement e. Comparison and Contrast – explain two
- What the whole paper is all about ideas with their similarities and
- Not a title, announcement, has no differences
absolute truth f. Cause and Effect – why something
- Restricted, unified, contains happened and the consequences of
dominating idea these events
g. Classification – clustering/grouping
subjects based on their similarities and
VII. PARAGRAPH characteristics; categories
- Unit of writing a larger body of
work
a. Introduction – foundation
b. Body – additional info
c. Conclusion – summary or
clincher
VIII. PLAGIARISM
- Meaning “forget”
- Altering of words and copying
the sentence structure
TYPES: