SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGH RISE

BUILDINGS
Lesson 3:
Structural Analysis Fundamentals
MTYANA, H.J
PhD. Structural Engineering - on progress

Ass. Lecturer
Dept. of Structural and Construction Engineering
College of Engineering and Technology
University of Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Email: hjmtyana@gmail.com
Cell Phone: +255 (0) 655 004212
 Topics to be covered
3.1 Definition of seismic loads on
buildings

3.2 Response of tall buildings

under seismic loads

3.3 Overview on structural analysis

methods for seismic resistant
tall buildings
 3.1 Definition of seismic loads on buildings

Lateral load
Gravity Loads • Wind load (dynamic) Special load cases
• Earthquake load (dynamic) •Thermal loads
 Dead loads (static)
•Blast loads
 Live load (static)
•Impact load
 Snow load (static)
•Settlement loads

Building Loads
 What is Dynamic load???????????????
Dynamic load is one whose magnitude or direction or
position varies with time.
Dynamic response of the structure are displacement,
velocity, acceleration, stresses etc are.

Dynamic response of the structure depends on –

(i) dynamic load
(ii) dynamic properties of the structure itself (ex: natural
period)

7
LATERAL LOAD vs GRAVITY LOAD

Bending moment
Diagram

Shear Force
Diagram
LATERAL LOAD vs GRAVITY LOAD

Deflection
 3.1 Definition of seismic loads on buildings

 Earthquake produce loadings through its

interaction with the ground and its
response characteristics.
 Their magnitudes depends on:
• amount and type of ground
acceleration,
• mass and stiffness of structure
Earthquake (Seismic) forces are inertia forces

A building, experiences acceleration, inertia

force is generated when its mass resists the
acceleration
 3.2 Response of tall buildings under seismic loads
General overview
1. Inertia Forces
Ground acceleration at the base of structure
Structural vibration due to inertia force
Force generated at the floor mass level
Need to be transferred to ground safely
•When the ground moves, the building is thrown
backwards, and the roof experiences a force, called
inertia force
•The walls or columns are flexible, the motion of the roof
is different from that of the ground (F=M x a)
•More mass means higher inertia force. Therefore,
lighter buildings sustain the earthquake shaking better.
2. Effect of Deformation in Structures
The inertia force experienced by the roof is
transferred to the ground via the columns,
causing forces in columns.
The columns undergo relative movement (u)
between their ends
horizontal displacement u, larger is this
greater the internal force in columns.
Also, the stiffer the columns are, larger is
this force. these internal forces in the
columns are called stiffness forces.
the stiffness force in a column is the
column stiffness times the relative
displacement
3. Horizontal and Vertical Shaking

SEISMIC EFFECTS ON
STRUCTURES
 Earthquake Motions
◦ Three components
Two Horizontal
Longitudinal (X) & Transverse (Y)
One Vertical (Z)
Y Z
Vertical component X

Notcritical to structures

◦ Horizontal components
Inertia force & lateral displacement
Critical for structures performance
Need adequate load transfer path
 Effects of Horizontal Shaking

U-D
EW
Direction of Movement of
forces on building
NS
Building
4. Flow of Inertia Forces to Foundation

 The lateral inertia forces are transferred by the

floor slab to the walls or columns, to the
foundations, and finally to the soil system
underneath.
 So, each of these structural elements (floor
slabs, walls, columns, and foundations) and
the connections between them must be
designed to safely transfer these inertia
forces through them
House Elements Resist Horizontal Forces

Roof Diaphragm

f1 Shear Wall

f2 f3
Floor
Foundation
Diaphragm

GPC, SJCE, Mysore

 Earthquake Effects on Buildings
(Analysis and Design)

Vertical Acceleration – Significant near epicenter

(Adds/Reduces to the gravity forces, Large balconies)
Horizontal Acceleration – produces sway
( Effect of Inertia , distribution of lateral forces)
Effect of Resonance - Excessive deflection
( Natural frequency coincides with Earthquake frequency

0 1 2
weq/wnat
Vertical Acceleration

Up/Down
Acceleration
Large Span Cantilevers

Up/Down
Acceleration
Effects of Earthquake on Stress Distribution

Lateral Displacement
&
Overturning
Effects of Earthquakes on Stress distribution

Change in Stress

Change in Moment

Change in Load
Bending Moment Distribution in
Portal Frame
 RESONANCE
Frequency content of the ground motion is close to building's natural frequency
◦ tends to increase or amplify building response
◦ building suffers the greatest damage from ground motion at a frequency close or equal to its own
natural frequency
• Example: Mexico City earthquake of September 19, 1985
– majority of buildings that collapsed were around 20 stories tall
– natural period of around 2.0 seconds
– other buildings, of different heights and different natural frequencies,
were undamaged even though located right next to damaged 20 story
buildings
 3.3 Overview on Structural Analysis Methods for Seismic
Resistant Tall Buildings

1. Linear- elastic analysis

– to determine the seismic effects and the effects of the other
actionsconsidered
– may be performed using 2 planar models where one is for main
horizontal direction
– Two types of linear elastic can be used:

Method 1
• Lateral force method of analysis

Method 2 • Modal response spectrum analysis

 2. Non-linear analysis

 an alternative to the linearmethod

 should be properly substantiated with regard to seismic input,
constitutive model used, method of interpreting results of analysis
and the requirements to be met

Two types of non-linear analysis:

 Non-linear static (push over) analysis
 Non-linear time history (dynamic)analysis
 Lateral Force Method
Involves an equivalent static analysis method which is a
simplified technique to substitute the effect of dynamic
loading of an expected earthquake by a static force
distributed laterally on a structure for design purposes.
(Termed as simplified modal response spectrum)
Lateral Force Method
Z

Y
X

Base Shear, Fb

Fb  Sd T1 .m.
 Distribution of lateral force on each floor
h8
F1-5 h7
F2-5
F1-4 h6
F2-4
F5 F1-3 H5 h5
F2-3
F4 1-2
F F2-2 H4 h4
F3 H3 h3
F F F
2-1
b F
1-1
H2 h2
2

F1
sw1 sw2

F3-5 F4-5
F3-4 F3- F4-4

w i Hi 3
F4-

F=F i=n F3-2 3

i b
wi Hi F3-1 F4-2
i =1 F4-1

sw3 sw4

where: wi = ( D.L. + L.L + OW of Frames.)

Fi = Lateral force on individual story
Fb = Ultimate base shear force
 F8
F7
F6 F5
F4
Fb F3
F2 Story Forces
F1
Total seismic load

F8 h8
F7 h7
F6
6
F5 hh5
H5
F4
H4 h4
F3 H3 h3
F2
H2 h
F1 2
Lateral Load Diagram H1
h1

Q 8 = F8 Mbase U.L. = M2 +Q1xh 1 =

Q 7 = Q 8+ F7
M8 = Q 8 h8 ΣFi xHi = F1xH1 + F2xH2 + F3xH3 + ...
Q 6 = Q 7+ F6
Q 5 = Q 6+ F5 M7 = M 8 +Q 7 h 7
M6 = M 7 + Q 6 h 6
Q 4 = Q 5+ F4 M5 = M 6 + Q 5 h 5
Q 3 = Q 4+ F3 M4 = M 5 + Q 4 h 4
Q 2 = Q 3+ F2 M3 = M 4 +Q 3 h 3
Q 1 = Q 2+ F1
Fb=  F i M2 = M 3 +Q 2 h 2
Mbase U.L=.M2 + Q1 h1
Shear Force Diagram Overturning Moment
 Floor wi (kN) Hi(m) wi Hi Fi (kN) Q i (kN) M i (kN.m)
No.
8 w8 H8 w8 H 8 F8 Q8 = F8 M8 = Q 8 h 8
7 w7 H7 w7 H 7 F7 Q 7 = Q 8 + F7 M7 = M 8 + Q 7 h 7
6 w6 H6 w6 H 6 F6 Q 6 = Q 7 + F6 M6 = M 7 + Q 6 h 6
5 w5 H5 w5 H 5 F5 Q 5 = Q 6 + F5 M5 = M 6 + Q 5 h 5
4 w4 H4 w4 H 4 F4 Q 4 = Q 5 + F4 M4 = M 5 + Q 4 h 4
3 w3 H3 w3 H 3 F3 Q 3 = Q 4 + F3 M3 = M 4 + Q 3 h 3
2 w2 H2 w2 H 2 F2 Q 2 = Q 3 + F2 M2 = M 3 + Q 2 h 2
1 w1 H1 w1 H 1 F1 Q 1 = Q 2 + F1 Mbase U.L=. M 2+ Q 1 h 1
H i  wi H i  Fi Q i

where:

wi = Individual story loads

wi = ( D.L. + L.L.) x Floor Area + O.W. of beams and columns
 Stability Control
Check Overturning
F8
F7
𝑴𝑶.𝑻 = 𝑭𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑼𝑳𝑻𝒙𝑯𝒊
F6

F5
𝑩
F4
F 𝑴𝑺𝑻 = 𝑾𝒙
F3 b
𝟐
F2
W
F1 Moverturning
𝟐
𝑴𝑶𝑻 = 𝑭𝒃𝒙 𝑯
𝟑
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑭𝑶𝑺 = ≴ 1.5
𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
 Check Sliding

Sliding Force = Fb

F
b Resisting Force = xW
W where:

Fb W = Total weight of structure

 = Coefficient of friction

Resisting Force
𝑭𝑶𝑺 = ≴ 1.5
Sliding Force
 Structural analysis of frames under lateral loads

Portal Frame Method

The portal method is an approximate analysis used for
analyzing building frames subjected to lateral loading such as
the one shown in Fig. below. This method is more appropriate
for low rise buildings with uniform framing (less than 25 stories)
For 3 – bay Multi-framed tall building

General:
For a multi-frame building
with ‘n’ no. of span, and
Lateral Load Hi, the lateral
loads on columns are
computed as:
𝑯𝒊
1. For Outer frames =
𝟐𝒏

𝑯𝒊
2. For Inner frames =
𝒏
 𝑯𝟏 𝒉 𝑯𝟏 𝒉
𝑴𝑬𝑨 = 𝒙 =
𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟐

𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 𝒉 (𝑯𝟏 +𝑯𝟐 )𝒉
𝑴𝑬𝑰 = 𝒙 =
𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟐

𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑯 𝟑 𝒉
𝑴𝑴𝑰 = 𝒙
𝟔 𝟐
(𝑯𝟏 +𝑯𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 )𝒉
=
𝟏𝟐
𝑯𝟏 𝒉 𝑯𝟏 𝒉
𝑴𝑭𝑩 = 𝒙 =
𝟑 𝟐 𝟔

𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 𝒉
𝑴𝑭𝑱 = 𝒙
𝟑 𝟐
(𝑯𝟏 +𝑯𝟐 )𝒉
=
 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝑬
𝑯𝟏 𝒉
= 𝒙
𝟔 𝟐

𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑬

𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 𝒉
= 𝒙
𝟔 𝟐

The moment is shared equally by the beams FE and FG

𝟏 𝑯𝟏 𝒉 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 𝒉 𝑯𝟏 𝒉 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 𝒉
𝑴𝑬𝑭 = 𝑴𝑭𝑮 = + = +
𝟐 𝟔 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
 𝑯𝟏 𝒉 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 𝒉
𝑴𝑭 = +
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐

For equilibrium of moments at joint E, the beam is subjected to moment

𝑯𝟏 𝒉 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 𝒉
𝑴𝑬𝑩 = +
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
 Why are buildings with Shear
Walls Preferred in seismic regions?
•What is shear Wall ????

A shear wall is a wall that is designed to resist

shear, wind force or the lateral force that causes
the damage to building during earthquakes.
•RC Building SYSTEMS:
•Three common lateral load resisting systems in RC Buildings:
 Shear Wall in RC buildings:

 Vertical plate-like RC Walls

 Generally starts at foundation
 Goes through full building height
• Principal attributes:
– Large Strength
– High Stiffness
– Ductility
• Role of Shear Walls:
Smooth transfer of seismic forces
 Vertically oriented wide beams
 •Advantages of Shear Walls in
RC buildings:

•Very good earthquake performance, if properly designed

– In past earthquakes
 Large number of RC frame buildings damaged or
collapsed

 Shear wall buildings performed very well

 •Advantages of Shear Walls in
RC buildings:
• Easy to construct
- Easily implemented at site
– Effective in
- Reducing construction cost
• Minimizing earthquake damage to
-Structural elements
-Non-Structural elements E.g., Glass Windows,
Building Contents
 •Advantages of Shear Walls in
RC buildings:

• Lesser lateral displacement than frames

•Architectural Aspects:
Walls must be preferably in both directions
-In Plan
•Architectural Aspects:
If provided only in one direction, a proper moment
resisting frame must be provided in the other
direction.
•Architectural Aspects:
Shear wall can extend over the full width of building,
or even over partial width.
 •Architectural Aspects:
 Wallsshould be throughout the height
– Cannot be interrupted in lower
levels
•Architectural Aspects:
Wallsshould be throughout the height
– Cannot be interrupted in upper levels.
•Architectural Aspects:
Wallsshould be along perimeter of building.
– Improves resistance to twist
•Architectural Aspects:
Openings in walls must be
– As few as possible
– As small as possible
– As symmetric as possible
 •Seismic behavior:

Undesirable Modes of Failure

•Seismic behavior:
Undesirable Modes of Failure
•Seismic behavior:
Desirable Mode of Failure
•Seismic behavior:
Shear demand is more in lower storeys.
•Seismic Design of RC Walls
Region of Ductile Detailing
•Seismic Design of RC Walls
Possible Geometry of Walls.
•Seismic Design of RC Walls
Primary Reinforcement in Walls.
•Seismic Design of RC Walls
Detailing of Vertical and Horizontal Bars.
•Seismic Design of RC Walls
Confining Steel in Boundary Elements.
•Seismic Design of RC Walls
Confining Wall Concrete.
Tall buildings using shear walls will consist of an assembly of
walls of different lengths and thicknesses. Linking these walls
requires a careful study of how the moments and shears
redistribute their loads between the walls and their connecting
girders and floor slabs.

Categories of shear walls:

 Proportionate system
 Non-proportionate system
 In a proportionate wall system, the
ratios of the flexural rigidities remain
constant throughout their heights.
These walls do not incur any re-
distribution of shears or moments at
the change of levels. This system is
statically determinate, and from
equilibrium, the external moment and
shear is distributed between the walls
in proportion to their flexural rigidities.

the moment of
inertia changes
consistently
throughout
In a non-proportionate wall system, the
ratios of wall flexural rigidities are not
constant up the building’s height.

At stories where the rigidities change

there will be redistributions of the shears
and moments in the walls.

This system is statically indeterminate

and difficult to analyze by hand. For
that reason, they are analyzed using the
finite element method or the analogous
frame analysis.

the moment of inertia does

not changes consistently
throughout
 Analysis of Proportionate Non-Twisting
A structure that is symmetrical on
plan will not twist. At any level i, the
total shear, Qi, and the total
external moment, Mi will be
distributed between the walls in the
ratio of their flexural rigidities.

Where (EI) is the flexural rigidity of wall, j, at level

i, and (∑(EI) is the summation of the flexural
rigidity of the walls at level i.
 Proportionate Twisting Shear Wall
A structure that is non-
symmetrical on plan about
the axis of loading will twist.
As well translate.

Where (EI) is the flexural rigidity of wall, j, at level i, and (∑(EI) is the
summation of the flexural rigidity of the walls at level i.
Proportionate Twisting
Proportionate Twisting