IT430 Short Notes For Final Term Exam Preparation

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T430 SHORT NOTES

What is Server? Where is the server situated?
The internet is neither at one place nor does it can be
controlled from one place. Internet has many servers at
different locations. Internet is on every server that runs
even one website. But there are companies that register
websites these companies are called internet service
providers (ISP). Internet service providers have different
servers to register websites. For example brainnet, paknet,
PTCL are examples of internet service providers (ISP)
Why we classify E. Commerce and what is the need for
that?
In Classification objects are categorized into different
groups based on similar features. A general classification of
E Commerce is done by the nature of transactions. Dividing
different transactions which are similar to each other into
different groups helps reduce complexity. This Classification
makes things simple and easy to understand.
What is the difference between intranets and extranet
what is the term stateless means?
Intranet is networks that provide communication within an
organization. While extranet is a network that provides
communication within an organization and between its
allies. The term stateless means that sever does not store
information about previous or request after it.
Consumer to consumer and Consumer to business
C2C also called person to person e commerce is a type of
business in which buying and selling of goods occur
between individual consumers via the internet. In most
cases, a third party may also involve to facilitate the
transactions. EBay application is an example of
C2C. Through Ebay.com consumers sell their goods and
services to other consumers.
C2B is a type of e commerce business in which consumers
sell their products to the companies and the companies pay
them. This is completely opposite to business to consumer

where the businesses pay the individual. An example of C2B
is the online advertisement people put on major websites
like Amazon and Google. There is also a website called C2B
Direct that facilitates consumers to get in contact with
businesses to do e commerce.
What is work of logs files?
A log file is a file that is automatically created and
maintained by the servers and it automatically stores the
activities of a user. A log file normally contains the record
of transactions performed. The positive thing about a log
file is that it stores the transactions of the users for
example pages visited by user and the disadvantage of the
log file is that log files does not maintain privacy of the
users.
What is the main different between internet and
extranet?
Intranet is networks that provide communication within an
organization. While extranet is a network that provides
communication within an organization and between its
allies. While internets is a network that provides
communication throughout the world. Internet is a public
network i.e. The information flows in its actual form while
intranet is a private network, it is not accessible to users
outside the organization and the information is transmitted
in the form that is not understandable for hackers if they
access the information while transmission between sender
and receiver. for this different encryption algorithms are
used.
How the “log file" will be created in presence of http
statelessness and on which location it is created?
As HTTP is stateless which means that server is not aware
about the previous requests or the requests following it and
you are aware of the four steps given in the handouts that a
connection request is made by the client, makes a TCP/IP
connection, web site is download at the client side and at
the last step connection is terminated and a new connection

is established. Now as you know that HTTP is stateless in
order to recover previous states, log files are explicitly
maintained by the servers. Through log files server knows
about previous requests and states. Log files are maintained
at server side.
In the lecture statelessness of the HTTP has been
explained that the connection with server is broken not
with the Internet. How the connection is broken we have
never noticed it. Can we notice how the server
connection is broken?
HTTP is stateless because every request is independent of
the other requests. Server is not aware about the previous
request or the request after it. Server does not store
information about the previous request. Statelessness of
HTTP can be easily understood from the analog telephone
system which is a very good example of statelessness. In
analog telephone system a user calls a pre specified number
like 17 and a connection is established. Then the user tells
the telephone operator the required number and they
provide the number required. The call is disconnected
freeing the line to serve other users. The advantage of
stateless is that we can fulfill large number of requests.
In HTTP switches between connection establishment
and disconnection is so fast that we are not able to observe
it. Moreover connection is established or disconnected by a
server.
What is stateless?
Here, the term stateless means independence. HTTP is
called stateless because of the reason that execution of
commands is independent. It does not require any
knowledge of the commands that came before it or after it.
It is completely separated from the previous and up
coming commands.
What is common log file?
A common log file is a file that is automatically created and

maintained by the servers and it automatically stores the
activities at server side. Common log file resides at server
side.i.e. It is stored at server side. A log file normally
contains the record of transactions performed. The positive
thing about a log file is that it stores the transactions of the
users for example pages visited by user and the
disadvantage of the log file is that log files does not
maintain privacy of the users.
What is the basic concept of the server?
What is the role of the server in internet connection?
Who is the server?
What is the protocol?
A server can be both hardware and software. In software

terminology we can define a server as, a server is a
computer program that fulfills the requests or needs of
other programs running on the same or different computers.
In hardware terminology we can define a server as, a server
is a computer dedicated to fulfill the requests of other
clients computers. Or more simply there are two types of
computers in a network the first one are requesting
computers called client and the others are those who fulfills
the requests of clients called server.
In internet servers can be used for different purposes like
storing websites and providing them to client computers on
requests, fulfilling needs of client computers, sharing
internet connection to the client computers, sharing load of
clients, providing central security, providing central storage
and backup space and hardware/software sharing purpose.
In computer terminologies protocol is a set of rules that are
used by communication devices while communicating e.g.
What is IP (Internet protocol)?
IP is internet protocol and it is also called transmission

control protocole.It is a web program which make a
connection between the sender address and the server
machine. It deliver msg to the server machine and then
server machine accept this msg.it is the second step of
HTTP. Programs which are made for the internet connection
which are called protocol these are responsible.
Internet Protocol (IP) is a communication protocol that is
used for communication between computers on the
internet. It works at layer 3 of the OSI model. It is often
used together with the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and
referred to interchangeably as TCP/IP. TCP/IP represents all
communication rules for the internet and is based on the IP
addressing notion, i.e. the idea of assigning unique numbers
to each device connected to the network so as to be able to
route data packets. Each device on the internet is identified
by its IP address. "216.27.60.130" is an example of an IP
address.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages
the IP address space allocations globally and delegates five
regional Internet registries (RIRs) that allocates IP address
blocks to local Internet registries (Internet service
providers) and other entities.
What is header?
Header is a piece of information that is attached to the data
at the beginning. Header is used at each layer except the
physical layer. Header is used by the sending device to tell
the receiving device that how the data will be treated by
receiving device. The added headers are part of process to
make it possible to send data from source to destination.
What are Stacks?
In computer terminology a stack is a data type in which the
next item to be removed is the most recently added.
Normally we call stack LIFO i.e. last in first out. For
Example
Consider collection of four books placed on each other on a

table. Now in order to remove the second book from the
bottom side, it is necessary to remove the third and fourth
books first.
But in handouts the term Stack is used for an ordered
collection of items.
What is router?
A router is a networking device that is used to transmit the
data between two different networks or more simply we can
say that a router is a device that provides communication
between LAN to WAN or vice versa. Router is an intelligent
device and it has the capability to select the best suitable
path leading to the destination.
What is the subnet mask itself?
What are their functions?
And its relation with the IP address.
Subnet mask is used in conjunction with the IP address.

Subnet Mask tells the computer that in a particular IP
address, how many bits are used to identify a network, and
how many remaining bits are used to refer to a particular
host in that network.
For example,
IP address: 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
it shows that the first three octets (8-bits portions) are used
to identify a network address, and the remaining last octet
is a host address in that network.
What is ISP?
ISP stands for internet service provider. it is basically a
company that provides access to custormers in a specific
region. For example paknet, brainnet etc are internet
service providers.
What is one zone domain name and two zone domain
name?
Single zone domain name means that you only need to

contact a single name server to find the ip address of your
required web server. Whereas in two zone domain name the
local name server needs to contact two different name
servers to find the desired ip address.
Want to know that hexadecimal has 16 bases or 12
bases? Why u describe 12 characters.
The base of Hexadecimal is 16.
MAC address uses 12 Hexadecimal digits. Because the MAC
address is unique for each device, and there are millions of
devices; so a huge number of bits are reuired to generate
different number of patterns. 12 Hexadecimal digits = 48
bits. It means 248 (281,474,976,710,656) different MAC
addresses can be generated.
What is the top level domain? Or without top-level
domain any DNS exist?
A domain name consists of one or more parts, technically
called labels that are conventionally concatenated, and
delimited by dots, such as example.com. The right-most
label conveys the top-level domain. In www.google.com,
com is the top level domain.
How can we attach an image into our html code?
<HTML><BODY>
<IMG SRC="a.jpg" >
</HTML></BODY>
Make sure that you have given the complete address of the
image against "SRC" attribute if image is not available in the
same folder where your html file is saved.
e.g. <HTML><BODY>
<IMG SRC="http://www.vu.edu.pk/images/topbar/vu.jpg" >
<IMG SRC="Y:/a. jpg" >
</HTML></BODY>
What is the difference between thicknet and thinet

Cooper cables?
Thicknet and Thinnet are types of coaxial cables which are

used in Ethernet local area networks. Thicknet is 0.4 inches
in diameter and able to span distances of up to 500 meters.
Thinnet is 0.2 inches in diameter able to span distances of
up to 185 meters. Thicknet was the original Ethernet wiring,
but thinnet, which is cheaper and can be installed more
easily.
What are Bridges switches and routers?
Bridges just forward data depending on the destination
address in the data packet. This address is not the IP
address, but the MAC (Media Access Control) address that is
unique to each network adapter card. Bridging makes no
assumptions about where in a network a particular address
is located. A bridge operates at the data link layer in an OSI
model. This device ensures connectivity between two
segments of a computing network.
A network switch is a small hardware device that joins
multiple computers together within one local area network
(LAN). Technically, network switches operate at Data Link
Layer. A switch is a device that filters and forwards packets
between LAN segments or in other words switches channel
incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the
specific output port that will take the data toward its
intended destination.
A network router joins two computer networks together. A
router is a device that forwards data packets across
computer networks. Routers perform the data "traffic
directing" functions on the Internet.
I'll suggest you to study the page #15 of it430 handouts. And
if you still want some more details on bridges, switches and
routers, you can visit the following links.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_bridge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router
Types of cables?
There are two types of coaxial cabling: thinnet and

thicknet. Thicknet and Thinnet are types of coaxial cables
which are used in Ethernet local area networks. Thicknet is
0.4 inches in diameter and able to span distances of up to
500 meters. Thinnet is 0.2 inches in diameter able to span
distances of up to 185 meters. Thicknet was the original
Ethernet wiring, but thinnet, which is cheaper and can be
installed more easily.
What is hper text markup language? Why it is used in for
internet development .What are basic commands of html?
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and it is used
to define web pages or you can say HTML is a computer
language to create web documents, which provides
instructions that tell the browser how to display pages. It is
a language of tags. A tag is a special letter or key word
enclosed in angular brackets. Most tags have their
corresponding closing tags represented by the same special
letter or key word enclosed in angular brackets but
preceded by a slash (/).
Three main network topology my question is this which is
the best network in the three network?
Each topology has its own benefits and weaknesses but the
most common one is Star topology. It normally depends on
how and what you want it to be.
What is Network address and Host Machine address?
Every machine on the Internet has a unique identifying
number, called an IP Address. IP addresses (IPv4) are 32 bit
addresses and typically look like: 172.16.254.1. To make it
easier for us to remember, IP addresses are normally
expressed in decimal format as a dotted decimal number.
An IP address serves two principal functions: host and
network. A defined structure of IP classes tell us that which
portion of the IP address will serve as Host and which
portion will serve as network. As you know there are a lot of
networks available over the internet and there are many
hosts in each network. Network portion is used to identify
the network that a computer belongs to and Host

(sometimes referred to as Node) identifies the actual
computer on the network.
Write a note on any two methods to main state between
http request?
Methods of maintaining the state of HTTP

Cookies
Cookies are used to store small amounts of frequently
changed information on the client. The information is sent
with the request to the server.
Hidden files
Page-specific information can be stored in a hidden field on
the page as a way of maintaining the state of that page.
What is Transition control protocol (TCP)
What is host??
What is byte??
What is the classes ABC network mean?
TCP:
Transmission control protocol is a protocol developed for

the internet to get data from one network device to
another. TCP uses a retransmission strategy to insure that
data will not be lost in transmission.
Host computer:
A host is a computer connected to a computer network. A
network host may offer information resources, services, and
applications to users or other nodes on the network.
Byte:
The byte is a unit of digital information in computing and
telecommunications. It is an ordered collection of bits, in
which each bit denotes the binary value of 1 or 0. Collection
of 8 bits is called a byte.
Class
IP addresses are assigned to organizations in blocks. Each
block belongs to one of three classes: class A, class B, or

class C.
URL?
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the unique
address for a file that is accessible on the internet. The
most common examples are the addresses of the websites.
Every website has a unique address. For example:
www.vu.edu.pk
www.google.com
What stands for Asp? And what is the default scripting
language in ASP?
ASP stands for Active Server Pages and the default scripting
language used for writing ASP is VBScript
What is the difference between sniffing and IP address

spoofing?
In sniffing the hacker has the ability to monitor network
traffic using some kind of network monitoring software. For
example, a hacker may install some backdoor or Trojan
horse that can monitor the key strokes of a user while
typing and send the typed information to the hacker.
It is possible that a hacker (having special capabilities)
seizes the control of a router, changes the IP address of the
source/sender on data packets and thus forces the
destination machine to send the information/web page to a
different machine, that is, the machine of the hacker. This
is called IP address spoofing.
he Difference b/w Java script language And Html

Language?
HTML is a markup language while JavaScript is an object
based language.HTML is the language in which web pages
are written to be interpreted by the server as a graphic
interface. Javascipt is similar, but is actually a web-adapted
version of actual programming code, intended to write
applets (small, web-based applications) for use on websites.
They are both a type of code, but html is NOT a

programming code. The HTML defines what the webpage
looks like, the javascript handles things like counters,
games, etc.
Name any 3 E-Business models?
Ans: 1 online banking, 2: on line recruiting, 3: on line
entertainment 4: e
learning, 5: auction modal
Question No: 32 (Marks: 1)
What is the condition of contract to be formed?
Ans: Offer, acceptance and consideration.
Briefly describe analytical attack on public key
algorithms.
Ans: Attacks on Public Key Algorithms
Key Search Attacks
The public key and its corresponding private key are linked
with each other
with the help of a large composite number. These attacks
attempt to derive
the private key from its corresponding public key using that
number.
Analytical Attacks
Such attacks use some fundamental flaw in the
mathematical problem on
which the encryption system itself is based so as to break
the encryption.
Question No: 34 ( Marks: 2 )
Do you agree that Customization is one of the role of e-
commerce in
Competitive Strategy. Discuss briefly
Ans: customization:
With the help of e-commerce the customer data can b
gathered and analyze
it nd customer serve it in a better manner according to their
need one can
thus implement differentiation and focus strategy.KHALID
PERVEZ(MBA+MCS)CHICHAWATNI
How the coin is minted by E-Cash bank?
Ans: Minting of the coin:
A long serial no. is randomly generated by the client’s Cyber
wallet in order
to mint a coin. This serial no. is blinded, which means that
it is multiplied
with a blinding factor “r” and sent to the e-cash bank for
signatures. Thus,
the e-cash bank cannot see the serial no. it is signing. Key
version
(corresponding public key of the bank) is also part of the
coin, and is sent
usually at the time of account opening. An e-cash bank may
have 1 dollar
signature, 5 dollar signature or 10 dollar signature etc. If
the client wants to
mint a coin of 2 dollars then e-cash bank would use its
private or secret key
of 2 dollars to sign the serial no.
What do we mean by Relevance element of branding?
Ans: elements of branding:
There are three types of branding elements.
1: differentiation
2: relevance
3: perceived value
How lack of trust barrier can be overcome or minimized?
Discuss it
briefly
Ans: It is very important for online businesses to establish
trusting
relationships with their customers like in the physical world
where
companies ensure that customers know who they are.
However, it is difficult
to build trust because lack of kind of anonymity exists for
companies trying
to establish web presence.
So lack of trust barrier can be minimized not overcome.
What is the importance of hash function and how it is
applied on
Message digest?(3+2)
Ans: importance of hash function:
Hash function is one way mathematical function apply on
massage digest.
Result of the hash function is unique to each message called
message digest.
hash function can easily convert large data into small datum
hash function is
mostly use for look up the data ,findings and detecting the
similar files.
How it is applied on message digest:
Message digest is obtained by applying the hash function
For instance, the client may choose the word “Bluesky” as a

code. By
applying a hash function on this code, a message digest is
obtain
Where the originator has not agreed with the addressee that
the
acknowledgment be
given in a particular form or by a particular method, an
acknowledgment may be given by?
1: any communication, automated or otherwise, by the
addressee; or
2: any conduct of the addressee, sufficient to indicate to
the originator that
the
electronic communication is received.”
Differentiate between the online businesses (E-business)
with offline
businesses (Traditional business). Support your answer with
solid
examples.
Ans: difference between online and off line business:
On line business:
-No shop or show room is required, very less number of
employees.
-Remote handling of business.
-Less expenditures of running business
Offline business:
-High customer satisfaction level.
- Large number of employees.
-existence of physically goods and services
-large number of buyers and seller.
Example:plz give in ur own words.
Give an example to show how members of supply chain can
work
together to reduce inventory, increase quality of product,
reduce
production cost and increase process speed.
Examples of technology use in supply chain
Another example is of a famous computer selling brand. It
realized that by
increasing the amount of information about its customers it
was able to
reduce amount of inventory it should hold. It decided to
share this
information with other members of the supply chain by
allowing its top
suppliers to have access to a secure web site which
informed them about its
latest sales forecasts, planned product changes or any
warranty claims etc. It
also provided information about its customers and their
buying pattern.
Thus, it helped suppliers to plan their own production in a
much better way.
The above examples show how members of supply chain can
work together
to reduce inventory, increase quality of product, reduce
production cost and
increase process speed.
What is quantum computing?
Quantum computing is the branch of computer science that
deals with the
development of cryptographic algorithms.
Reference:
(Page # 109)
What is CRM stands for?(1)
Customer Relationship Management
Reference:
(Page # 136 )
What is cyber wallet .It uses is e-cah payment system.(2)
Cyber wallet is software which is installed on the buyer’s
computer. It
stores and manages e-coins and records every transaction.
Reference:
(Page # 116 )
What is section 3 of ETO.(3)
Section 3 of the ETO provides:
“No document, record, information, communication or
transaction shall be
denied legal recognition,admissibility, effect, validity, proof
or
enforceability on the ground that it is in electronic form and
has not been
attested by any witness”.
Reference:
(Page # 164 )
Difference between primary and support activities of
porter`s model.(3)
Describe the deficiencies of ETO.(5)
How a client can prove its payment in e-cash payment
system .Explain
with one example.(2+3)
Take a product and implement primary and secondary
activities of
porter`s model in stretagic units.(10)
What is Term ‘Catalog Display’ means?
It provides photos, detailed description and search facility
about the
availability of products or items..
It is simple list written in HTML. Some has to has to edit the
HTML code to
change it. Dynamic catalog stores information in a
database.

What is meant by a constructor?
It is initializing function used to create instance of an
object. It is after the
name of the object whose constructor it is.
What is meant by ‘Shopping Cart’ in context of e commerce?
It is an electronic shopping cart or basket that keeps record
of the items the
customer has select and allow him to view the details of the
items selected.
He/she can add new items or remove items. To order an
item, a customer
simply clicks at that item option. All details of that item
like product No.
Item name and its price store in cart automatically.
We have an array named myArray where this sentence is
stored. “Welcome
to Virtual University!”
If we apply str.split(’’) method.
What will be the output of str.split(’’)myArray(4) and
str.split(’’)myArray(2) respectively.
Str.Split split the string based on the blank spaces.
str.split(’’)myArray(4) = blank
str.split(’’)myArray(2) = virtual
Describe the importance of Cryptography in internet data
transfer security
in E-Commerce?
It is a collection of mathematical techniques used to ensure
confidentiality
of information. The process of scrambling a message with
the help of a key
is called Encryption.
Now a days as internet is widely used. So danger of data
safety and serurity
also rose.
Compare to its earlier use.
It provide the Transaction Integrity. Tranasction detail of
both the parties
can be verified which help to built the confidence between
business
community.
It provide Privacy like it provide controls to prevent third
parties
from geting access to the information within the transaction
Without cryptography, it is doubtful that banks, businesses
and individuals
would feel safe doing business online.
Cryptography provides the confidence to the customer that
their data is safe
and secure. Otherwise due to lack of confidence and doubt
e-commerce
business can not flourish.
Write a list of comparison operators in JavaScript with
symbols.
1. <= less than equal

1.
2. >= Greater than equal
3. == for Equal
4. != not equal
5. < Less than
6. > Greater than
What is stand for WIPO?
World Intellectual Property Organization
Name any 3 E-Business models?
1-Storfront Model
2-Auction Model
3-Onlien Banking
What is the basic purpose of using hash function in
communication?
A hash function is applied on the message to get the
message digest.
What is Competition between existing players ?.
If there are many players having same size and stretagy but
having different
qualities in product and services. Then there is true
competition between
them regarding price of that product or service.
On what basis, generally the protection under “fair use”
may be sought?
Doesn’t need to explain.
Nature of use:The work should be used only for non
profitable and for
education purposes.
Nature Of Work:The copied work is effectively covered
under fair use as
compaird to that of some new or creative work
Extent of the work copied:The extent of work to be copied
under fair use
shouold be small so that court take some favourable steps
to accussed.
In Virtual PIN Payment system, merchant side is less secure
than buyer side.
Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer.
1+2
Yes , I am agree with this statement that marchant side is
less secure than
buyer side because marchant send the product before
payment.So there is
threat of non payment from buyer side.

What are the disadvantages of Data Mining? (1+1+1)
Privacy Issues
Personal privacy has always been a major concern in this
country. In recent
years, with the widespread use of Internet, the concerns
about privacy have
increase tremendously. Because of the privacy issues, some
people do not
shop on Internet. They are afraid that somebody may have
access to their
personal information and then use that information in an
unethical way; thus
causing them harm.
Security issues
Although companies have a lot of personal information
about us available
online, they do not have sufficient security systems in place
to protect that
information. For example, recently the Ford Motor credit
company had to
inform 13,000 of the consumers that their personal
information including
Social Security number, address, account number and
payment history were
accessed by hackers who broke into a database belonging to
the Experian
credit reporting agency.
Maintanence Problem
Another problem with the data warehouse is that it is
difficult to maintain.
Any organization that is considering using a data warehouse
must decide if
the benefits outweigh the costs. Once you have paid for the
data warehouse,
you will still need to pay for the cost of maintenance over
time. The costs
involved with this must always be taken into consideration.
Describe the advantages of E-Business in detail.
Personalized service:
product , place , promotion and price are the 4 P`s of
marketing mix. Now
Personalization is the 5th P introduced in E-Business.The
bahavioural
information about customers can be added in data base and
then can be
utilized to by teh E-Commerce sites to analyze the needs of
taht particular
customer.So, in this way personalized service can be
provided to customer.
High-quality customer service
With the help of feed back of potential customers online
businesses can
improve the quality of their products according to the needs
and demands of
thier customers.So it will improve the customer services of
E-Buiseness.
No inventory cost
In case of E-Business we dont need to have any physical
place to start
business. In this way it reduces overheads and invemtory
costs.An onilne
busines can take orders from customers with out bearing
teh inventory cost
like offline traditional businesses.
Worldwide reach of your business:
In E-Busines there is a chance to extend your business
thruoghout the world.
So, global reach is possible in E-Business.
Electronic catalogues
Electronic catalogue is used in online busines have many
adbvantages over
paper catalogues.
Bulk transactions
Due to no limitations on collecting , carrying and packaging
goods we can
order bulk transactions during even one visit at online
shops.
Improved supply chain management
suppliers and manufacturer are the active members of
supply chain
members. They are effective addition in E-Business.
Elaborate the importance of OLAP in decision making
support for an
organization.
OLAP makes use of baksground knowledge regarding the
domain of the
data being studied .It is different from data mining as it
does not provide
patterns for any predictions.It allows the data being studied
to present at
different level of abstraction.Informartion stored in the
data base can be
viewed and reviewed conveniently in any formate .In case
of OLAP at
different levels facilitate managers and decision makers in
making
decisions.OlAP uses different tools namely, drill down , roll
up and and slice
and dice etc.By using drill down we can further dig into the
data for
recieving more information whcih is specific.Roll up works
opposite to the
drill down , It is used to sum up the information in a
particular dimention to
show the results.
What is Porter’s 5 forces model ? Discuss briefly 5 forces
with its
purpose.
Porter`s models helps a firm to identify threats to its
sompetitive
position.and to devide plans accordingly which includes uses
of IT and E
commerce to protect or enhance his competitive position .
Following are the 2 forces models of porter.
1- Threats of new potentian entrants to the sector
This threats relates to the opportunity that how easily a
company having
different products and services can enter into the a given
trade sector.How
effeciently it remove teh barriers liek IT, Capital and
skills.For example to
start online banking you need not to
2-Threats of substitute product or service in existingtrade
3-Bragaining power of the buyers

4-Bargaining power of the suppliers
5-Competition between existing players
What are the advantages and disadvantages of offline and
online catalogues?
5+5
Online catalogues vs. Paper catalogues
Paper catalogs
Advantages
Easy to create a catalog without high technology
Reader is able to look at the catalog without computer
system
More portable than electronic catalog
Disadvantages
Difficult to update changes in the product information
Only limited number of products can be displayed
Online or electronic catalogs
Advantages
Easy to update product information
Able to integrate with the purchasing process
Good search and comparison capabilities
Able to provide timely, up-to-date product information
Can provide broad range of product information
Possibility of adding voice and motion pictures
Cost savings
Easy to customize
What does PPTP stand for?
page98)ΛAns (
PPTP stands for point to point transfer protocol.
What are the keywords to define a variable and a function
in JavaScript?
“var” is the keyword used to define a variable in Javascript
e.g var a; “function” is the keyword to define a function in
javascript
e.g function myfunction(){ // some code }

Identify the object, property and method in the following:
Math.sin(45)
Math.PI
Ans:
Math is the object in above case
PI is the property of Math object
Sin() is the method of Math object
Performance of web servers can be evaluated mainly on the
basis of two
factors. What are they?
Ans:
Performance of web sever
Performance of web servers can be evaluated mainly on the
basis of two
factors:
Throughput, which is the number of http requests that a
particular
server hardware and software can handle in the unit time;
and
Response time, which is the amount of time a web server
requires to
process one request. Web server hardware architectures

Write the code for a web page displaying a button named
"Testing". After
clicking that button an alert should be displayed saying "The
test is
successful".
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function sndAlert()
{
window.alert("The test is successful!!!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<FORM
NAME="form1">
<INPUT TYPE="Button" name="showAlert" VALUE="Show
Alert"
onclick="sndAlert()">
</FORM>
</body>
</html>
What is the difference between an interpreted and a
compiled
language? Give one example of each.
Ans:
In a compiled language we compile to code or convert into
machine
language using a software called compiler as we can case
C++
Example C++
with interpret language we interpret the code (line by line)
at run time
using a program called interpreter browser is an
interpreter.
Example Browser…
What value will be printed after executing the following
statement in
JavaScript:
document.write( Math.pow(3, 2) );
document.write("Math.pow(2,3) :"+Math.pow(2,3)+"<P>");
What is a web server?
ANSWER:
Web server
web server is a machine that serves up the web page
requests of a client
on the internet. It is a combination of hardware and
software. Decision
as regards the type of a web server is largely dependent on
the volume
and type of web activities. So, transaction processing sites
generating
dynamic pages with high traffic volumes would need web
server
software that is more efficient and can easily be upgraded.
To calculate the area of a circle the formula pi r squared is
used. How would
you code it in JavaScript?
<html>
var radius,area;
radius = 10;
area = Math.PI*Math.pow(radius,2);
document.write("Area of circle with radius 10 is " + area );
</script>
</html>
Name four commonly used web server operating systems.
(PAGE 91)
Commonly used web server operating systems are Microsoft
Windows
NT Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server,
Microsoft.NET
Server, Linux or Unix based operating systems such as
Solaris.
Write the types of firewalls. Only names? Explain these
briefly
Packet filter firewall
It uses a set of rules to determine whether outgoing or
incoming data packets
are allowed to pass through the firewall.
Circuit level firewall
It is quite similar to the packet filter firewall. It also works
on the basis of a
set of rules for filtering packets but operates at the
transport layer of the OSI
Model so has greater functionality.
Application gateway firewall
It operates at application layer of the OSI Model. It uses
strong user
authentication to verify identity of a host attempting to
connect to the
network using application layer protocols such us FTP. In
contrast to packet
filter firewall, it filters the requests rather than packets
entering/leaving the
network. It can block any outgoing HTTP or FTP requests.
Write the JavaScript code which will display the following in
a web page
using a FOR loop:
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
<html>
var no;
for (no=0; no<6 ; no++)
document.write("The number is " + no + "<br>" );
</script>
</html>
What is a web server?
Answer : Web server – machine that services internet
request.
Web server – machine that services internet request
web server is a machine that serves up the web page
requests of a client on
the internet. It is a combination of hardware and software.
Decision as
regards the type of a web server is largely dependent on the
volume and type
of web activities. So, transaction processing sites generating
dynamic pages
with high traffic volumes would need web server software
that is more
efficient and can easily be upgraded.
What does ‘parseFloat(string)’ And NaN mean?
The parseFloat() function parses a string and returns a
floating point
number. This function determines if the first character in
the specified
string is a number. If it is, it parses the string until it
reaches the end of
the number, and returns the number as a number, not as a
string.
The NaN property represents "Not-a-Number" value. This
property
indicates that a value is not a legal number.
Write at least three rules for writing an XML code.
Rules for writing an XML code

-All elements must be properly nested
<outer><inner>content</inner></outer>
-All attribute values must be quoted <FRIES SIZE=“LARGE”>
-All elements with empty content must be identified by
ending in />
How ‘Man in The middle Attacks’ operates?
Man in the middle attacks
In it the attacker is able to monitor, capture and control
data between
sending and receiving machines. He may apply IP address
spoofing
technique to divert the packets to its machine, then modify
the packets
and resend the misleading information to the actual client.
form of man-in-the-middle attack is where the hacker is
able to
substitute the IP address of a genuine web site with the IP
address of his
own web site due to some security hole in the software that
runs on a
domain name server. A client would think that he is
communicating or
receiving the information form a genuine web site, though it
would not
be the case actually.
Write the code for a web page displaying a button named
"Testing". After
clicking that button an alert should be displayed saying "The
test is
successful".
<html>
<head>
function sndAlert()
window.alert("The test is successful!!!");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<FORM
NAME="form1">
<INPUT TYPE="Button" name="showAlert" VALUE="Show
Alert"
onclick="sndAlert()">
</FORM>KHALID PERVEZ(MBA+MCS)CHICHAWATNI
</body>
</html>
Differentiate between front end and back end.
Answer: Front end consists of that information which is
visible to the
user and he can interact with the same through some
interface. The
back end comprises that information which resides on the
server side
and is used to create certain dynamic results for the user. It
would
include different programs or scripts that may be developed
in different
languages/tools. Backend is mainly used for two purposes –
for querying
with the databases and for the maintenance of state. We
can use
different tools (ASP, JSP etc.) for that purpose depending
upon their
respective advantages/disadvantages.
What is Term ‘Catalog Display’ means? (page 92)
A Static catalog is a simple list written in HTML. One has to
edit the
HTML code to change it. A dynamic catalog stores
information about
items in a database usually on a different computer
accessible by the
web server. It can provide photos, detailed description and
search
facility about the availability of items.
What is meant by a constructor? (page 69)
object. It is after
the name of the object whose constructor it is.
(page 92)
shopping cart was used wherein the user had to remember
and type
certain information. It is now replaced by electronic
shopping
cart/basket that keeps record of the items the customer has
selected and
allows customers to view the details of the items selected.
The customer
can add new items or remove items. To order an item, a
customer
simply clicks at that item option. All details of an item,
including its
price, product no. and order identifying information are
stored
automatically in the cart.
We have an array named my Array where this sentence is
stored. “Welcome
transfer security
in E-Commerce?
confidentiality of information. The process of scrambling a
message
with the help of a key is called Encryption.

safety and
serurity also rose. Compare to its earlier use.
both the
parties can be verified which help to built the confidence
between
business community.
parties from
geting access to the information within the transaction
and
individuals would feel safe doing business online.
their data
is safe and secure. Otherwise due to lack of confidence and
doubt ecommerce business can not flourish.
symbols.
Comparison operators
‘==’ for Equal
‘!=’ for not equal
‘< ‘ for Less than
‘<=’ for less than equal
‘>’ for Greater than
‘>=’ for Greater than equal
What does this mean? padding-right

adds space to the right of the content
Do you agree or not that using Cascading Style Sheets one
can apply an
image to sections of one’spage or even to individual words.
YES! I AGREE
Suppose, there is an applet at
"http://www.vu.edu.pk/demo.class". Write the
code to include this applet in your web page.
<APPLET CODE= “http://www.vu.edu.pk/demo.class”
width=100
height=200> DEMO </APPLET>KHALID
PERVEZ(MBA+MCS)CHICHAWATNI
What do you think, is there any difference between Static
and Dynamic IP
Address assignment? Discuss.
A static IP address is an address that does not change over

time unless
changed manually. It is used when you need the IP address
or network
location to remain the same consistently. A good example
of this is for a
web server. If you go to www.google.com you are really
going to the IP
address of 66.102.7.99. If this were to change suddenly you
would not be
able to get to Google unless you knew the new IP address or
until Google
updated their DNS records.
A Dynamic IP address is an address that keeps on changing.
It is mostly
used when having a consistent IP address is not necessary.
An example of
this would be the IP address your ISP (internet service
provider) assigns you
when you log on to the internet. You must have an IP
address to surf the web
but once you disconnect you loose that address. Then the
next time you sign
on you are assigned a new one. This is done using DHCP.
What is cryptography? What techniques are used for
cryptography?
Cryptography is the technique of converting a message into
unintelligible or
non-understandable form such that even if some
unauthorized or unwanted
person intercepts the message he/she would still not be
able to make any
sense out of it. Cryptography is thousands of years old.
Techniques used for cryptography Substitution In
substitution we replace
each letter in the message with another to make the
message non-
understandable. For example, each letter “a” in the
message can be replaced
with letter “d” and letter “b” with letter “e” and so on.
Transposition It is
based on scrambling the characters in a message. A
transposition system
may first write a message into a table row by row then the
message can be
read and rewritten column by column to make it scrambled.
Analyze the following given code showing some Cascading
Style Sheets
tags and explain its lines one by one.
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css"> // Definition of internal style sheet
h1 {text-decoration: overline} // Defines a line above the
text
h2 {text-decoration: line-through} // Defines a line through
the text
h3 {text-decoration: underline} // Defines a line below the
text
a {text-decoration: none} // Defines a normal text. This is
default
</style> // end of internal style sheet
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is header 1</h1>
<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com/default.asp">This
is a
link</a></p>
</body>
</html>
What is Term ‘Catalog Display’ means?
It provides photos, detailed description and search facility
about the
availability of products or items..
It is simple list written in HTML. Some has to has to edit the
HTML code
to change it. Dynamic catalog stores information in a
database.
What is meant by a constructor?
object. It is after the
name of the object whose constructor it is.
It is an electronic shopping cart or basket that keeps record
of the items the
customer has select and allow him to view the details of the
items selected.
He/she can add new items or remove items. To order an
item, a customer
simply clicks at that item option. All details of that item
like product No.
Item name and its price store in cart automatically.
We have an array named myArray where this sentence is
stored. “Welcome
transfer security
in E-Commerce?
confidentiality
of information. The process of scrambling a message with
the help of a key
is called Encryption.
safety and serurity
also rose.
Compare to its earlier use.
both the parties
can be verified which help to built the confidence between
business
community.
parties from geting
access to the information within the transaction
and individuals
would feel safe doing business online.
their data is safe
and secure. Otherwise due to lack of confidence and doubt
e-commerce
business can not flourish.
symbols.
1. <= less than equal

1. >= Greater than equal
2. == for Equal
3. != not equal
4. < Less than
5. > Greater than

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T430 SHORT NOTES

organization. While extranet is a network that provides

communication within an organization and between its

information about previous or request after it.

Consumer to consumer and Consumer to business

C2C also called person to person e commerce is a type of

business in which buying and selling of goods occur

between individual consumers via the internet. In most

cases, a third party may also involve to facilitate the

transactions. EBay application is an example of

C2C. Through Ebay.com consumers sell their goods and

services to other consumers.

C2B is a type of e commerce business in which consumers

sell their products to the companies and the companies pay

them. This is completely opposite to business to consumer

the last step connection is terminated and a new connection

A common log file is a file that is automatically created and

What is the role of the server in internet connection?

Who is the server?

What is the protocol?

A server can be both hardware and software. In software

What is IP (Internet protocol)?

IP is internet protocol and it is also called transmission

Consider collection of four books placed on each other on a

What are their functions?

And its relation with the IP address.

Subnet mask is used in conjunction with the IP address.

Single zone domain name means that you only need to

<IMG SRC="a.jpg" >

image against "SRC" attribute if image is not available in the

same folder where your html file is saved.

<IMG SRC="http://www.vu.edu.pk/images/topbar/vu.jpg" >

<IMG SRC="Y:/a. jpg" >

What is the difference between thicknet and thinet

Thicknet and Thinnet are types of coaxial cables which are

There are two types of coaxial cabling: thinnet and

the network that a computer belongs to and Host

Methods of maintaining the state of HTTP

What is the classes ABC network mean?

Transmission control protocol is a protocol developed for

block belongs to one of three classes: class A, class B, or

language used for writing ASP is VBScript

What is the difference between sniffing and IP address

he Difference b/w Java script language And Html

They are both a type of code, but html is NOT a

Key Search Attacks

with each other

with the help of a large composite number. These attacks

Such attacks use some fundamental flaw in the

which the encryption system itself is based so as to break

Question No: 34 ( Marks: 2 )

Do you agree that Customization is one of the role of e-

Competitive Strategy. Discuss briefly

With the help of e-commerce the customer data can b

gathered and analyze

it nd customer serve it in a better manner according to their

need one can