Digital Signal Analysis

X-Series Spectrum Analyzers Seminar 2010

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Objectives

- Provide a digital modulation overview

- Review common digital radio impairments

X-Series Spectrum Analyzers Seminar 2010

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 Di it l Modulation
Digital M d l ti Overview
O i

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Vector Signal Analysis on one page

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Transmitter Overview

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Receiver Overview

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Signal Characteristics to Modify

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Polar Display / IQ Relationship

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 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK
2 bits /symbol
Symbol Rate = 1/2 bit
64 QAM
rate
6 bits /symbol
Symbol Rate = 1/6 bit
rate

16 QAM
4 bits /symbol

Symbol Rate = 1/4 bit

rate

128 QAM
32 QAM 7 bits /symbol
5 bits /symbol Symbol Rate = 1/7 bit
Symbol Rate = 1/5 bit rate
rate

X-Series Spectrum Analyzers Seminar 2010

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Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA
QPSK example using N=4 subcarriers
The following graphs show how
this sequence of QPSK symbols is 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1
represented in frequency and time

V V

CP
CP

Frequency
F 60 kHz Frequency
fc 15 kHz fc
OFDMA SC-FDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for Data symbols occupy N*15 kHz for
one OFDMA symbol period 1/N SC-FDMA
SC FDMA symbol
b l periods
i d
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IQ Modulator

1 0

0,1 0,0

1,1 1,0

0 symbol

1
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IQ Demodulation

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Error Vector Concept

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How EVM is calculated

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 Digital Radio Impairments and
Measurements

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Common Radio Impairments
IQ Imbalance
Transmitter I/Q Modulator
Compression
I
IF Filter
0 deg
d
Symbol
Encoder
BB Filter DAC IF LO + PA

90 deg

Phase Noise RF LO
DAC/DSP Error
Spurious
Incorrect Coefficients
I/Q Demodulator
I
Receiver
RF Filter IF Amp IF Filter
0 deg
Symbol
LNA IF LO ADC BB Filter Decoder

I t f
Interferers 90 deg
d

Q
Thermal Noise
RF LO Ripple & Tilt
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Wrong filter coefficients
I/Q Modulator
I
IF Filter
0 deg
Symbol
Encoder
BB Filter DAC IF LO + PA

90 deg

Q
Baseband Filter Impulse Response
RF LO

Overshoot from incorrect alpha

Baseband Filter Freq. Response

For this example, the alphas for the Nyquist filter were
0.2 in the transmitter and 0.35 in the receiver.

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Amplifier Nonlinearity
Transmitter I/Q Modulator Compression
I
IF Filter
0 deg
Symbol
Encoder
BB Filter DAC IF LO + PA

90 deg

RF LO

Traditional Two-Tone Test Testing a Digitally Modulated Signal

With compression
IMD

f1 f2 Without compression

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Amplifier Nonlinearity - CCDF
Wh t are the
What th other
th observable
b bl effects
ff t off Compression?
C i ?
CCDF Measurements

AWGN Signal
Si l as
probability
p y a reference

Compressed
QPSK Signal
Non-compressed
QPSK Signal

g
dB above the average

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Amplifier Nonlinearity - Demodulation
What are the other observable effects of Compression?
Vector ((IQ)) Diagram
g

Without compression

Increased EVM

With compression

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I/Q Impairments
Imbalances
I/Q Modulator
I
IF Filter
0 deg
Symbol
Encoder
BB Filter DAC IF LO + PA
90 deg

RF LO

• Gain Imbalance
• Quadrature Error
• DC Offset
• P th Diff
Path Difference - Delay
D l

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I/Q Impairments – Gain Imbalance

IQ Constellation
QPSK Summary Table

Gain Imb. = 1.02 dB

((Ideallyy 0 dB))

Ideal Measured
(square) (rectangle)

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I/Q Impairments – Quadrature Error

IQ Constellation
QPSK Summary Table

Quad. Error = 5.9 deg.

((Ideallyy 0 deg*)
g)

Ideal Measuredd
M
(square) (parallelogram)
* meaning that I and Q are ideally 90 deg. apart

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What is causing this problem?
I/Q Demodulator
I
Receiver
RF Filter IF Amp IF Filter
0 deg
Symbol
S b l
LNA IF LO ADC BB Filter Decoder

Interferers 90 deg

RF LO

Spectrum A Spectrum B

No Spurious
Signals

ACP Looks Good

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Signal A: Demodulation is Good

S
Spectrum A
Points randomly
Demod distributed

EVM Low (0.4%)

( )

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Signal B: Demodulation

S
Spectrum B
Points are not
Demod randomly distributed

EVM High
g ((3.6%))

Mag & Phase Errors High

and comparable
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Signal B: EVM Spectrum Shows Spur
EVM Spectrum
S i
Spurious Signal
Si l

-36dBc spur was

buried under the
modulated carrier

Spectrum B

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 Infamous V-shape
I/Q Demodulator
I
Receiver
RF Filter IF Amp IF Filter
0 deg
Symbol
S b l
LNA IF LO ADC BB Filter Decoder

90 deg

RF LO
Symbol Rate

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Digital Modulation Measurements
Constellation Errors

Ideal Symbol Point 64 QAM Constellation

C t ll ti
Q
Random Noise

Phase Noise

AM Distortion
I

PM Distortion

D l Distortion/ISI
Delay Di i /ISI

Interference

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 Demonstration

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 THANK YOU!

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