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RATIONALE OF ENDODONTIC
TREATMENT
Contents of these presentation 2
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF SPREAD OF INFECTION
CULPRIT OF ENDODONTIC PATHOLOGY
PORTALS FOR ENTRY OF MICROORGANISMS
INFLAMMATION
TISSUE CHANGES FOLLOWING INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATORY CELLS
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO PERIAPICAL LESION
ANTIBODIES (SPECIFIC MEDIATORS OF IMMUNE REACTIONS)
ROLE OF IMMUNITY IN ENDODONTICS
ENDODONTIC IMPLICATIONS (PATHOGENESIS OF APICAL PERIODONTITIS AS
EXPLAINED BY FISH)
KRONFELD’S MOUNTAIN PASS THEORY
RATIONALE OF ENDODONTIC THERAPY
INTRODUCTION 3
INFECTION
Focal Infection
Definition: It is localized or general infection caused by the
dissemination of microorganisms or toxic products from a focus
of infection.
Focus of Infection
Definition: This refers to a circumscribed area of tissue,
which is infected with exogenous pathogenic microorganisms
and is usually located near a mucous or cutaneous surface.
Theory Related to Focal Infection
William Hunter first suggested that oral microorganisms and their
products involved in number of systemic diseases, are not always
of infectious origin.
In year 1940, Reimann and Havens criticized the theory of focal
infection with their recent findings
Cont of theories 5
PATHOLOGY
MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms may gain entry into pulp through
o Most common route for entering of microorganisms to dental
pulp is dental caries
Microorganisms can pass into the dentinal tubules and subsequently
to the pulp resulting in its necrosis
Through the periodontal ligament or the gingival sulcus,
microorganisms can enter into the pulp via accessory and lateral
canals which connect pulp and the periodontium
o Entry into pulp cavity via mechanical or traumatic injury,
through gingival sulcus and via bloodstream
o Anachoresis
Anachoresis refers to the attraction of blood borne bacteria in the
areas of inflammation
Microorganisms are transported in the blood to an area of
inflammation where they establish an infection.
o Through defective restorations, faulty restoration with marginal
leakage can result in contamination of the pulp by bacteria.
Cont of portal of entry 9
Signs of Inflammation
The roman writer celsus in 1st century AD gave four
cardinal signs of inflammation:
1. Rubor i.e. redness
2. Tumor i.e. swelling
3. Color i.e. heat
4. Dolor i.e. pain
Virchow later added the fifth sign of inflammation
function lasea,
i.e. loss of function
Cont of inflammation 12
2. Proliferative changes
The irritant may be strong enough to produce
degeneration or destruction, whereas at the periphery,
the irritant may be mild enough to stimulate proliferation.
The principal cells are
Fibroblasts, which lay down cellular fibrous tissues.
In some cases collagen fibers may be substituted by a dense
acellular tissue.
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Lymphocytes
4. Osteoclasts
5. Ephithelial
cells
Inflammatory Response to 16
Periapical Lesion
Nonspecific Mediators of Periradicular Lesions
1. Innate immunity
It is responsible for the initial nonspecific reactions.
Cells providing innate immunity are neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils,
basophils, NK cells, dendritic cells, and odontoblasts.
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2. Acquired/Adaptive immunity
It involves release of specific receptor molecules by
lymphocytes which recognize and bind to foreign
antigens.
FISH in 1939 theorized that the zones of infection are not an infection
by themselves but the reaction of the body to infection.
Thus he concluded that the removal of this nidus of infection will
result in resolution of infection.
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Zone of Infection
Infection was confined to the center of the lesion.
This zone is characterized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and
microorganisms along with the necrotic cells and detructive
components released from phagocytes.
Zone of Contamination
Area of cellular destruction.
This zone was not invaded by bacteria, but the destruction was
from toxins discharged from the microorganisms in the central
zone.
This zone is characterized by round cell infiltration, osteocyte
necrosis and empty lacunae.
Lymphocytes were prevalent everywhere.
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Zone of Irritation
FISH observed evidence of irritation further away from the central lesion as
the toxins became more diluted.
This is characterized by macrophages, histocytes and osteoclasts.
The degradation of collagen framework by phagocytic cells and
macrophages was observed while osteoclasts attack the bone tissue.
The histologic picture is much like preparatory to repair.
Zone of Stimulation
FISH noted that, at the periphery, the toxin was mild enough to act as
stimulant.
This zone is characterized by fibroblasts and osteoblasts.
In response to this stimulatory irritant, fibroblasts result in secretion of
collagen fibers, which acted both as wall of defense around the zone of
irritation and as a scaffolding on which the osteoblasts synthesize new
bone.
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Zone A:
He compared the bacteria in the infected root canal
with the invaders entrenched behind high and inaccessible
“mountains”, the foramina serving as mountain passes.
Zone B:
The exudative and granulomatous (proliferative)
tissue
of the granuloma represents a mobilized army defending
the
plains (periapex) from the invaders (bacteria). When a few
invaders enter the plain through the mountain pass, they
are
destroyed by the defenders (leukocytes). A mass attack of
invaders results in a major battle, analogous to acute
inflammation.
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Zone C:
Only complete elimination of the invaders from their
mountainous entrenchment will eliminate the need for a defense
forces in the “plains”. Once this is accomplished, the defending
army of leukocytes withdraws, the local destruction created by
the battle is repaired (granulation tissue) and the environment
returns to its normal pattern
Therapy
The rationale of RCT relies on the fact that the nonvital pulp,
being avascular, has no defense mechanisms
The damaged tissue within the root canal undergoes
autolysis and the resulting breakdown products will diffuse
into the surrounding tissues and cause periapical irritation
associated with the portals of exit even in the absence of
bacterial contamination.
It is essential therefore, that endodontic therapy must seal
the root canal system three-dimensionally so as to prevent
tissue fluids from percolating in the root canal and toxic
byproducts from both necrotic tissue and microorganisms
regressing into the periradicular tissues.
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