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1.0.0 PHILOSOPHY FOR PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION

1.1.0 General Philosophy

1.1.1 Protection coordination shall be designed to achieve sensitivity, speed, selectivity and
reliability to isolate faults from the rest of the healthy system and minimize the plant
loss due to the faults under all foreseen system operation condition.

1.1.2 Relay characteristics shall be selected to give optimal performance in terms of

sensitivity and rapidity of fault clearance.

This has resulted in the use of :-

 inverse time schemes supplemented by instantaneous/definite time schemes for

phase over current protection and

 earth fault protection of solidly earthed systems: and definite time schemes for
earth fault protection of resistance earthed systems.

When set as recommend, the protection schemes achieve discrimination and provide
satisfactory clearance times of phase and earth faults within the range of fault
currents available in the system

Particular attention shall be given to ensuring satisfactory sensitivities of schemes and

adequate clearance times for minimum source fault level conditions.

2.0.0 BASIS OF COORDINATION FOR PROTECTION SETTINGS

2.1.1 Fault clearance time shall be estimated as relay time plus switching device opening time.
Average opening times of circuit breakers have been taken as:

 33 kV & 6.6 kV vacuum circuit breakers opening time ( Simens) – 60 ms

 415V air circuit breakers opening time ( L &T) – 50 ms.

2.1.2 The grading time comprises of the following component times as recommended in Ref.
11:

Between Inverse time Between Definite time

relays relays
Formula for calculating grading t’ = 2ER + ECT + tCB + to + tS t’ = 2ER + tCB + to + tS
time
2ER (Total Relay timing error in ms) 2 x 30 – 60 ms 2 x 30 – 60 ms
ECT (Allowance for CT ratio error in 60 ms Not applicable
ms)
FORMT9-P REV-B (MUM)

tCB (CB interrupting time in ms) 60 ms 60 ms

to (Relay overshoot time in ms) 20 ms 20 ms

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tS (Safety margin in ms 30 ms 30 ms
Total grading time 230 ms 170 ms

Hence the minimum grading interval between inverse time and definite time relays
shall be at 0.25 s.
FORMT9-P REV-B (MUM)

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2.1.3 The operating time of a fuse is a function of both the pre-arcing and arcing time of the
fusing element, which follows the I2t law. To achieve proper co-ordination between
two fuses in series, it is necessary to ensure that the to I 2t taken by the smaller fuse is
not greater than the pre-arcing I2t value of the larger fuse. It has been established by
tests that satisfactory grading between the two fuses will generally be achieved if the
current rating ratio between them is greater than two ( Ref. 10).

The minimum grading interval t” between inverse time relays and fuses shall be set in
accordance with the formula ( Ref.10);

t’ = 0,4t + 0,10 seconds = 0.4 x 0.01 + 0.10 = 0.104S

Where, t = nominal operating time of fuse = 10 ms

When grading inverse time relays with fuses, it should be ensured that the relay backs
up the fuse and not vice versa, since it is very difficult to maintain correct
discrimination at high values of fault current because of the fast operation of the fuse.

The relay characteristic best suited for co-ordination with fuses is normally that of the
extremely inverse relay, which follows a similar I2t characteristic. For satisfactory co-
ordination between the relay and the fuse, the primary current setting of the relay
should be approximately three times the current rating of the fuse ( Ref.10).

2.1.4 Switchboards have short time current withstand rating of 1 second. No short circuit
protection settings are therefore allowed to exceed Is.

2.1.5 Protection discrimination and operational sensitivity shall be established for the maximum
and minimum three phase fault current as shown in the Power System Study Report.
The minimum three phase fault currents are generally based upon the least number of
generators and a transformer outage, and excludes the short-circuit current
contribution from motors.

Where the fault is electrically close to a generator or motors, the three phase fault
current value will follow the a.c. decrement curve. Generally, when remote from
generators or motors, the three-phase fault current shall be based on the initial
symmetrical current (Ik”).

2.1.6 Based on the transformer data sheets furnished by the manufacturers, the transformer
inrush current shall be considered as follows:

 33/6.9 kV and 33/11.5 kV transformers: 8 times full load current for 0.2s.

 6.6/. 433 kV transformers; 12 times full load current for 0.2s.

FORMT9-P REV-B (MUM)

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2.1.7 Step down Transformers

a) Phase overcurrent protection on the HV and LV sides of step-down transformers

shall be set to pick up between 105% - 110% of the transformer rated current in
order to provide a degree of overload protection albeit not thermally matched to
the transformer. However the setting can be increased if required to achieve
proper grading time with the down stream protections.

b) The 6.6 kV switchgear and the 415V PCCs are provided with ‘Reverse Interlock’
between the outgoing feeders and the incomers. The contacts of the
overcurrent protection provided on the outgoing feeders are used to block the
operation of the high set overcurrent protection provided on the incomers. This
allows the high-set overcurrent protection on the incomers to be set with time
grading of 50 ms to provide fast busbar protection. The high-set overcurrent on
the incomers and the instantaneous overcurrent on the outgoing feeders are set
for the same pick up level at minimum150% of transformer rated current.

c) The 6.6 kV switchgear and the 415V PCCs are provided with ‘Reverse Interlock’
between the bus coupler and the incomers. The contacts of the IDMT
overcurrent and earth fault protections provided on the bus coupler are used to
block the operation of IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection provided on
the incomers. This allows the IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection on the
incomers to be set with the same time delay as that on the bus coupler.

d) The high-set instantaneous pickup setting on the HV side of step down

transformers should be set as the higher of the following current values;

 Transformer inrush current ( as per Section 5.3.4 above)

 150% of the reflected current at HV for a fault on the LV side of the
transformer.

e) Short circuit protection of the transformer should ensure that a through fault short
circuit current based upon the transformer impedance is cleared within 2
seconds ( Ref. 13)

2.1.8 The 33 kV and 415V systems are solidly earthed. Discrimination shall be provided for
earth fault protection between incomer and outgoing feeders.

2.1.9 The 6.6 kV system is resistance earthed with the earth fault current limited to 250A.
Discrimination shall be provided for earth fault protection between incomer and
outgoing feeders.
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3.0.0 PHILOSOPHY FOR SETTING UP UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION

3.1.0 Motor Feeders

Under voltage protection shall be set to distinguish between normal transient under
voltage occurring due to the motor starting or load additions, and the severe under
voltage associated with system fault conditions. Transient voltage dips to 80% of
nominal voltage will be regarded as normal and values below 80% as abnormal.
Motors shall be tripped on abnormal under voltage in order to protect the motor from
the transient torques that occur when the voltage is depressed and restored in rapid
succession.

The undervoltage setting shall also be selected to ensure that the motor does not stall
due to load torque requirement exceeding the motor pullout torque while operating at
reduced voltages.

The undervoltage settings for motor feeders shall be selected as follows:

Voltage : 75% of nominal voltage ( set below the minimum normal voltage limit of
80%)

Time: 0.8s (set above the operating time of the incomer/outgoing feeder overcurrent
and earth fault protections, thus preventing nuisance tripping of the motor feeders
under temporary undervoltage conditions due to fault elsewhere in the electrical
system). Overcurrent and undervoltage protection should be checked for
coordination.

3.2.0 Transformer Feeder / Bulk Feeders

For non-motor feeders, the intention will be to trip only when a complete failure of the
system has occurred. Hence, no undervoltage tripping is provided for these feeders.

3.3.0 Incomers

The undervoltage protection for the switchboard incomers is related to the operation
of the switchboard auto-change over scheme. Refer to Section 5.3.11 below for
details of setting the under voltage protections for incomers.

4.0.0 PHILOSOPHY FOR AUTO CHANGE OVER ( ACO) SCHEME

ACO schemes are provided for 6.6 kV and 415V systems. This enables automatic
closing of the bus coupler circuit breaker on loss of normal supply to any of the bus
sections. The following conditions shall be fulfilled before the ACO scheme issues
closing command to the bus coupler Circuit Breaker:

 All outgoing motor feeders connected to the de-energised bus are tripped on
undervoltage. This will prevent simultaneous restarting of these motors on
FORMT9-P REV-B (MUM)

resumption of power supply to the bus section.

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 One of the two incomers to the switchboard is tripped on undervoltage

protection.
 The circuit breaker on the ‘healthy’ incomer is in the ‘service’ position and
closed.
 The voltage at the ‘healthy’ bus is more than 80% of the nominal voltage.

ACO schemes shall be blocked by high set over current and earth fault protection
when there is a bus fault. In addition, the overcurrent protection on the HV side of the
incomer transformer shall be graded with the incomer overcurrent protection to ensure
that the upstream relay does not clear a switchboard bus fault before the incomer
protection operates and inhibits the ACO scheme.

(a) Undervoltage protection settings for ACO scheme on 6.6 kV Switchboard

As discussed in Section 5.3.10 above, the undervoltage protection for the

motor feeders shall be set at 75% of the nominal voltage with a time delay of
0.8s.

Undervoltage protection for incoming feeders shall be set at 75% of the

nominal voltage with time delay of 0.9s. This allows tripping of the outgoing
motor feeders on undervoltage protection prior to tripping of incomer Circuit
Breaker and initiation of the ACO scheme.

Undervoltage protection for the bus section shall be set at 20% nominal voltage
with no time delay to indicate “dead bus” conditions, permitting operation of the
ACO scheme.

The total operation time of the ACO scheme at 6.6 kV switchboards shall be
0.9s (Incomer under voltage protection time delay) + 0.6S (Incomer CB opening
time) + 0.06S (Bus coupler CB closing time) = 1.02s.

(b) Undervoltage protection settings for ACO scheme on 415V Switchboards

The ACO scheme for the 415V Switchboards shall be time-delayed to take
place only if the operation of the ACO scheme at the upstream 6.6 kV
switchboards has not occurred.

As discussed in Section 5.3.10 above, the undervoltage protection for motor

feeders shall be set at 75% of the nominal voltage with 0.8s time delay.

Undervoltage protection for the incomer feeder shall be set at 75% of the
nominal voltage with 1.2s time delay (graded with the time delay settings of the
upstream 6.6 kV switchboard ACO switchboard scheme).

Undervoltage protection for the incomer feeder shall be set at 20% of the
nominal voltage with no time delay to indicate “dead bus” conditions, permitting
operation of the ACO scheme.
FORMT9-P REV-B (MUM)

The total operation time of the ACO scheme at 415V switchboards shall be 1.2s
(Incomer undervoltage protection time delay) + 0.05s (Incomer CB opening
time) +0.05s (Bus coupler CB closing time) = 1.3s.

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5.0.0 PHILOSOPHY FOR CHECK SYNCHRONISING SCHEME

The check synchronizing function is provided for 6.6 kV switchgear and 415V PCC as
part of the individual incomer and bus coupler protection relays. The check
synchronizing function permits closing of the associated circuit breaker under the
following conditions:

 For incomer/bus coupler circuit breakers, the closing of the circuit breaker is
permitted if voltages on both sides of the circuit breaker are within the limits of
synchronization.
 Closing of incomer circuit breaker is permitted in case the incomer voltage is
‘Live’ (i.e. greater than 80%) and the associated bus section voltage is “Dead”
(less than 20%).

 Closing of bus section circuit breaker is permitted in case one bus section
voltage is ‘Live’ (i.e. greater than 80% and the other bus section voltage is
‘Dead’ (less than 20%).

The following settings are selected in the voltage and synchro-check functions:

 Maximum operating voltage for check synchronizing function – 110%

 Minimum operating voltage for check synchronizing function – 80%
 Mode of operations – Synchrocheck

Incomers Bus Coupler

Dead –Bus /Live-Line (to permit manual Live-Bus/Dead-Line (to permit ACO
closing of CB operation when incomer is operation or manual closing of CB when
‘Live’ and associated bus is ‘Dead’ Bus-A is ‘Live’ and Bus-B is ‘Dead’

Dead-Bus/Live-Line (to permit ACO

operation or manual closing of CB when
Bus-B is ‘Live and Bus-A is ‘Dead’)

 Threshold voltage for Live-Bus or Live-Line conditions – 80%

 Threshold voltage for Dead-Bus or Dead-Line conditions – 20%
 Voltage differential (V) –10%
 Phase angle differential () – 10°

6.0.0 LV FUSED CONTACTORS

In the case of fused contactor feeders, any fault currents in excess of the contactor’s
breaking capability are cleared by the fuse, thus avoiding the contactor being required
to break a fault current beyond its capability. Where necessary overload or earth fault
relay operation shall be time delayed to ensure the fuse operates before the contactor
opens for fault currents beyond its capability. Contactors breaking capability are listed
FORMT9-P REV-B (MUM)

in Ref. 14, which for utilization category AC-3 (squirrel case induction motors started
DOL) is minimum 8 times rated operational current.

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7.0.0 PROTECTION FOF DIFFERENT CIRCUIT TYPES

7.1.0 31.5 MVA 33/6.9 kV Transformer Feeder ( 6.6 kV Switchboard Incomer)

(a) Highset instantaneous overcurrent for reverse interlocking scheme shall be set at
150% of transformer rated current with definite time delay of 50 ms as stated in
Section 5.3.7(b).

(b) The incomer IDMT overcurrent and definite time earth fault protection settings
shall be kept same as the settings for the bus coupler protection as explained
in Section 5.3.7(c) above. These protections shall coordinate with the over
current and the earth fault protection of the outgoing feeders, to provide backup
protection to the outgoing feeders.

(c) It shall be ensured that the over current protection does not operate during the
starting of the largest connected motor with the maximum possible standing
load.

(d) The earth fault protection shall be definite-time type, set at 180A and graded with
the outgoing feeders to provide backup protection to the outgoing feeders.

(e) Standby earth fault protection shall be definite-time type, set at 200A and graded
with the incomer earth fault protection shall trip the circuit breakers on both 33
kV and 6.6 kV sides of the transformer.

7.2.0 6.6 kV Bus Coupler

(a) The bus coupler IDMT overcurrent and definite time earth fault protection shall
coordinate with the over current and the earth fault protections of the outgoing
feeders, to provide backup protection to the outgoing feeders.

(b) It shall be ensured that the overcurrent protection does not operate during the
starting of the largest connector motor.

(c) The instantaneous overcurrent protection on the bus coupler shall be blocked
from use.

7.3.0 6.6 kV Tie Feeder Protection

In certain units, a satellite substation is fed from a main substation through a tie
feeder.

(a) IDMT overcurrent and definite-time earth fault protection is provided for the Tie
feeders. If required, high-set definite-time overcurrent shall be used to
supplement the IDMT overcurrent protection, while ensuring proper
coordination with all downstream protections. This protection shall be graded
with the outgoing feeders of the satellite station.
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(b) Wherever the tie feeder from Main Substation feeds a 6.6 kV Switchboard with
ACO facility, the overcurrent and earth fault protection at the main substation
end of the tie feeder shall be graded with the protection at the satellite
substation end.

(c) The IDMT overcurrent pickup shall also be used in the reverse interlocking
scheme to block the high set instantaneous overcurrent protection on the
incomer as described in Section 5.3.7(b).

7.4.0 6.6 kV Induction Motor

(a) Overcurrent pickup setting shall be set to pick up at 125% FLC for use in the
reverse interlocking scheme (Refer to Section 5.3.7 (b) for details).

(b) Short circuit protection shall be set at 1.25 times of the maximum possible locked-
rotor current with a time delay of 0.1 seconds to avoid nuisance tripping during
motor start.

(c) Thermal overload protection shall be set at 100% FLC and shall be coordinated
with motor locked-rotor time, starting characteristics and thermal withstand
curves.

(d) IDMT negative phase sequence protection shall be set as per the I 22t value
indicated by the motor manufacturer. In case this is not available I 22t= 20 as
indicated in IEC 60034 shall be used as the basis for the relay setting.

(e) Prolonged Start protection and Locked Rotor protection.

For motors with run-up time not exceeding the ‘hot’ locked rotor withstand time,
both Prolonged Start protection and Locked Rotor protection are provided
through inverse-time overcurrent characteristic. The current settling shall be
250% FLC and time setting shall not exceed the ‘hot’ locked rotor withstand
time or the maximum allowable run-up time (whichever is lower). Unless
specified by vendor, the motor run-up plus 15% margin shall be used.

For motors with run-up time exceeding the ‘hot’ locked rotor withstand time, the
prolonged Start protection is provided through inverse-time overcurrent
characteristic. The current settling shall be 250% FLC and time setting shall not
exceed the maximum allowable run-up time. Unless specified by the vendor,
the motor run-up-time plus 15% margin shall be used. The locked Rotor
protection is provided through a separate definite-time overcurrent
characteristic. The current setting shall be 250% FLC and time setting shall
generally not exceed 85% of the ‘hot’ locked rotor withstand time. The
operation of the locked Rotor protection is inhibited once the motor starting
condition is verified (through speed-switch contacts wired to one of the digital
inputs of the motor protection relay).
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(f) Sensitive earth fault protection is energised by 50/1A CBCT. The earth fault
protection shall be set at 2% (1A) with time delay of 0.1s. For motors with long
feeder cables, a reasonable upper margin of 1.5 – 2 times charging current
shall be taken into consideration.

(g) Other motor protection settings shall be set in accordance with recommendation
by motor manufacturer.

7.5.0 6.6 kV 2 MVA Transformer Feeder

(a) High set over current protection

The protection shall be instantaneous and the pick up value shall be arrived at
by considering the conditions listed below. The higher of the two current
values, thus arrived, shall be set as pick up.

 12 times the transformer full load current (to account for the inrush current)

 1.5 times the through fault current reflected on the 6.6 kV side, for a fault on
the LV side of the transformer

(b) IDMT over current protection

The protection will act as a backup to the protection provided on the L.V side
Incomer. It will also act as the primary protection for the circuit between the
transformer 6.6 kV terminals and the LV incomer breaker. It shall be set to
1.1 times the transformer FLC and coordinated with the protection setting
characteristics provided on the LV side incomer.

The IDMT overcurrent pickup shall also be used in the reverse interlocking
scheme ( Refer to Section 5.3.7 (b) for details).

(c) Earth Fault Protection

The 6.6/0.433 kV 2 MVA transformers are delta/star-wound with delta on the

6.6 kV side, thereby isolating the HV side from the LV side earth fault current.
Therefore, no earth fault relay grading is required with respect to the LV side.
Earth fault protection shall be set at 10% of maximum earth fault current (25A)
with time delay of 0.1s.
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7.6.0 415V PCC Incomer

(a) Highset instantaneous overcurrent for reverse interlocking shall be set at 150% of
transformer rated current with definite time delay of 50ms as stated in Section
5.4.7(b).

(b) The incomer IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection settings shall be kept
same as the settings for the bus coupler protection as explained in Section
5.3.7(c). These protections shall coordinate with the over current and the earth
fault protection of the outgoing feeders, to provide backup protection to the
outgoing feeders.

(c) It shall be ensured that the over current protection does not operate during the
starting of the largest connected motor with the maeimum possible standing
load.

(d) The earth fault protection shall be IDMT type, set at 20% and graded with the
incomer earth fault protection. This protection shall trip the circuit breakers on
both 6.6 kV and 415V sides of the transformer.

7.7.0 415V PCC Bus coupler

(a) The buscoupler IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection shall coordinate with
the over current and the earth fault protection of the outgoing feeders, to
provide backup protection to the outgoing feeders.

(b) It shall be ensured that the overcurrent protection does not operate during the
starting of the largest connected motor.

(c) The instantaneous overcurrent protection on the buscoupler shall be blocked form
use.

7.8.0 415V PCC feeder to MCC/PMCC

(a) Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

The IDMT protection shall be coordinated with the largest downstream fuse. To
have a proper coordination with the fuse, an extremely inverse characteristic
shall be adopted. The two characteristics combine to give a very effective
protection.

(b) Since the PMCC is provided with ACO scheme, the overcurrent and earth fault
protection for the tie feeder at the PCC end shall be graded with the protection
at the PMCC incomer.

(c) The IDMT overcurrent pickup shall also be used in the reverse interlocking
scheme to block the high set instantaneous overcurrent protection on the
FORMT9-P REV-B (MUM)

incomer as described in Section 5.3.7(b).

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7.9.0 Low voltage (415V) Motor Feeder

(a) Short circuit protection

In the case of fused contactor feeders, any fault currents in excess of the
contactor’s breaking capability are cleared by the fuse (Refer to section 5.3.13
for details).

For breaker-controlled motors, the short circuit protection shall be set at 10

times the FLC to avoid nuisance tripping during motor starting.

(b) Thermal over current protection

Overload protection shall set at 100% of FLC and shall be coordinated with
motor locked-rotor time, starting characteristics and thermal withstand curves.

(c) Negative phase sequence with IDMT protection shall be set as per the I22t value
indicated by the motor manufacturer. In case this is not available I 22t=20 as
indicated in IEC 60034 shall be used as the basis for the relay setting.

(d) Earth fault protection

For contactor-controlled motor feeders rated up to 22 kW, earth fault protection

shall be provided by the fuse.

For Contactor-controlled motor feeders rated above 22 kW and breaker-

controlled motor feeders, CBCT-fed earth fault protection is provided. The
sensitivity of the CBCT shall allow earth fault current of the order of 300 mA
tobe detected and reliably tripped. For contactor-controlled motor feeders, the
operation of the relay shall be time delayed to ensure the fuse operates before
the contactor opens for fault currents beyond its capability.

(e) Where required (e.g. motors for fin fan coolers), under current protection shall
be provided set at 40% of FLC with time delay of 10s.

(f) Other motor protection settings shall be set in accordance with

recommendation by motor manufacturer.
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7.10.0 415V PMCC

7.10.1 Incomer Feeder

(a) Highset instantaneous overcurrent for reverse interlocking shall be set at 150% of
transformer rated current with definite time delay of 50 ms as stated in Section
5.3.7(b).

(b) The incomer IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection settings shall be kept
same as the settings for the bus coupler protection as explained in Section
5.3.7(c) above. These protections shall coordinate with the over current and
the earth fault protection on the outgoing feeders, to provide backup protection
to the outgoing feeders.

(c) It shall be ensured that the over current protection does not operate during the
starting of the largest motor with the maximum possible standing load.

(d) The earth fault protection shall be IDMT type, set at 20% and graded with the
outgoing feeder to provide backup protection to the outgoing feeders.

(e) As stated in Section 5.4.8(b), an attempt shall be made to grade the incomer
IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection with the protection on the upstream
PCC feeder.

7.10.2 Emergency DG Incomer

(a) Voltage Restrained IDMT Overcurrent and earth fault protection

These protections shall coordinate with the over current and the earth fault
protection on outgoing feeders, to provide back up protection to the outgoing
feeders.

(b) Reverse Power Detection with Definite Time Delay

This protection is disabled since the Emergency DG cannot operate in parallel

with the main system.

(c) Other protections

Other protections like Thermal overload protection, Negative phase sequence

protection and Under/Over frequency protection shall be set in accordance
with recommendation by Emergency DG manufacturer.

7.10.3 PMCC Motor Feeder

This shall be similar to the philosophy described in section 5.4.9

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8.0.0 UNIT TRANSFORMER-FED 11KV SYNCHRONOUS/INDUCTION MOTORS AND

MOTOR-GENERATOR SETS

8.1.0 33/11 kV Unit Transformers (Dyn11) for Induction/Synchronous motors

Earth fault protection shall be definite-time type, set at 10% of maximum earth fault
current (25A) with time delay of 0.1s.

8.2.0 333/11 kV unit Transformers (Ynd11) for Motor-Generator sets

Earth fault protection shall be neutral displacement (residual-voltage) type, set at

10% (i.e. above any standing level of residual voltage in the system) with time delay
of 0.1s.

8.3.0 Induction/Synchronous Motors and Motor-Generator sets

The protection settings shall be similar to the philosophy described in Section 5.4.4.
However, the following shall be taken into account while deciding the protection
settings.

(a) The undervoltage protection setting for 11 kV induction motor shall be coordinated
with the minimum possible voltage that can occur at the 11 kV switchgear
terminals during satisfactory motor starting.

(b) The 11 kV synchronous motor is started as an induction motor. The undervoltage

protection setting for 11 kV synchronous motor shall be coordinated with the
minimum possible voltage that can occur at the 11 kV switchgear terminals
during satisfactory motor starting.

(c) The tripping delay for undervoltage protection of synchronous motors shall be
coordinated with the out-of-step protection.

(d) Motor generator sets shall be provided with neutral overvoltage protection, in the
form of an over voltage relay connected to the Neutral Grounding Transformer
terminals. This protection shall be set at 10% with time delay of 0.1s.
FORMT9-P REV-B (MUM)

441558844.doc PNK / ELEC 24-10-2007