Useful Finite Summation Identities (a 6= 1)

X
n
1 − an+1
ak =
k=0
1−a
X
n
a
kak = [1 − (n + 1)an + nan+1 ]
k=0
(1 − a)2
X
n
a
k 2 ak = 2 n 2
3 [(1 + a) − (n + 1) a + (2n + 2n − 1)a
n+1
− n2 an+2 ]
k=0
(1 − a)

X
n
n(n + 1)
k=
2
k=0
X
n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
k2 =
k=0
6
X
n
n2 (n + 1)2
k3 =
k=0
4
X
n
n
k4 = (n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n2 + 3n − 1)
k=0
30

Useful Infinite Summation Identities (|a| < 1)

X
∞
1
ak =
k=0
1−a
X
∞
a
kak =
k=0
(1 − a)2
X
∞
a2 + a
k 2 ak =
k=0
(1 − a)3