CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF PLATES x

CHAPTERS Page
No.
1. INTRODUCTION 1-7
1.1 General 1
1.2 Discussion on various studies on Expansive soil 3
1.2.1 Problems 3
1.2.2 Remedies 3
1.2.3 Case study 3
1.3 Usage of Waste materials 4
1.5 Need for the study 6
1.6 Objectives of the study 7
1.7 Organization of the project 7
1.8 Summary 7

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8-21

2.1 General 8
2.2 Origin of Expansive soil 10
2.3 Nature of Expansive soil 11
2.4 Soil Mineralogy 11
2.4.1 Kaolinite group 11
2.4.2 Montmorillonite group 12
2.4.3 Illite group 13
2.5 Identification and classification of Expansive soils 13
2.6 Methods of Treatment 15
2.6.1 Stabilization using Fly ash 15
 2.6.2 Stabilization using Quarry dust 17
2.6.3 Stabilization using Copper slag 18
2.6.4 Stabilization using GGBS 19
2.6.5 Stabilization using Phosphogypsum 20
2.7 Summary 21

3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 22-41

3.1 General 22
3.2 Variables taken for the Study 22

3.3 Materials Used and their properties 22

3.3.1 Soil and its Composition 22

4.3.1.1 Grain size distribution 23

4.3.1.2 Physical properties of Expansive soil 24

3.3.2 Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) 24

3.3.2.1 Advantages of GGBS 25
3.3.2.2 Applications of GGBS 25
3.3.2.3 Physical properties and Chemical composition of 26
GGBS
3.3.3 Phosphogypsum 27
3.3.4 Gravel 28
3.4 Laboratory Tests 28
3.4.1 Grain size Analysis 28
3.4.2 Water Content 29
3.4.3 Consistency Limits and Indices 29
3.5 Identification and Classification of Soils 29
3.5.1 Compressibility 30
3.5.2 Liquid Limit Test 30
3.5.3 Plastic Limit Test 30
3.5.4 Compaction Test 31
3.5.5 Specific Gravity Test 33
3.5.6 Differential Free Swell Test 34
3.5.7 CBR Test 34
3.5.8 Unconfined Compressive Strength 36
 3.5.9 Cyclic Plate Load Test 37
3.5.9.1 Preparation of Sub base course 38
3.5.9.2 Preparation of Base course 39
3.6 Methodology 40
3.7 Summary 41

4. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ON RESULTS 42-70

General 42
4.1
4.2 Laboratory Test Results 42

4.2.1 Differential Free Swell 42

4.2.2 Atterberg Limits 43
4.2.1.1 Liquid limit of expansive soil treated with 43
percentage variation of GGBS
4.2.1.2 Plastic limit of expansive soil treated with 44
percentage variation of GGBS
4.2.1.3 Plasticity Index of expansive soil treated with 46
percentage variation of GGBS
4.2.3 Modified Proctor Compaction ,CBR and UCS test results of 47
Untreated Expansive soil and Expansive soil treated with
GGBS
4.2.3.1 Optimum Moisture Content and Maximum Dry 47
Density of Untreated Expansive Soil

4.2.3.2 OMC and MDD Values of Untreated Expansive 48

Soil and Treated Expansive Soil with Percentage
variations of GGBS
4.2.3.3 CBR Test results of Untreated Expansive soil and 51
Expansive soil treated with GGBS
4.2.3.4 UCS test results of untreated Expansive soil and 54
Expansive soil treated with GGBS
4.2.4 Atterberg limits of optimum percentage of GGBS treated 56
Expansive soil treated with percentage variation of
Phosphogypsum
 4.2.5 Modified Proctor Compaction ,CBR and UCS Test Results 58
of 25% GGBS treated Expansive soil with percentage
Variation of Phosphogypsum(PG)
4.2.5.1 OMC and MDD values of optimum percentage of 58
GGBS treated Expansive Soil treated with
Percentage Variation of Phoshogypsum
4.2.5.2 CBR values of optimum GGBS treated Expansive 61
soil treated with Percentage Variation of
Phoshogypsum
4.2.5.3 Unconfined Compressive Strength values of 25% 62
GGBS treated Expansive soil with various
percentages of Phosphogypsum
4.3 Laboratory Cyclic Plate Load Tests on Untreated and 67
Treated Expansive soil Flexible Pavements using Mode
Tanks
4.3.1 General 67
4.3.2 Laboratory Cyclic Plate Load Test Results 67
4.3.2.1 Laboratory Cyclic Plate Load Test Results of 67
Untreated Expansive soil sub grade at OMC
4.3.2.2 Laboratory Cyclic Plate Load Test Results of 67
Treated Expansive soil sub grade at OMC
4.3.2.3 Laboratory Cyclic Plate Load Test Results of 70
untreated and treated Expansive soil Sub grade
Model Flexible Pavements at OMC
4.4 Summary 70

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 71-74

General 71
5.1
5.2 Summary 71
5.3 Conclusions 72
5.4 Further Scope of Work 74

6. REFERENCES 76-80