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I. Overview
V. Design Loads
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I. Overview
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Overview
Tabletop-type foundation
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Overview
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Overview
1. ASCE 7-10, American Society of Civil Engineers, "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures."
2. ACI 318M-14, American Concrete Institute, "Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary."
3. ACI 351.3R-04, Report on "Foundations for Dynamic Equipment."
4. PIP STC01015, Structural Design Criteria
Reference
1. S. Arya, M. O'Neill, and G. Pincus, "Design of Structures and Foundations for Vibrating
Machines", Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, May, 1981.
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II. Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
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Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
Dynamics also include the study of free vibrations, i.e., the oscillations of a structure
after the force causing the motion has been removed.
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Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
F F
FS k xsta
k
F(t)
V k xsta F
M
Inertia
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Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
Modal Analysis:
Modal analysis is used to determine a
structure’s natural frequencies and mode
shapes.
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Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
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Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
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Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
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Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
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Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
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Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis
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Design Requirements
Requirements Description
2 Frequency Ratio 0.8 < 𝑓𝑜 /𝑓𝑛 < 1.2 (per ACI 351.3R)
The foundation which needs to be designed through a detail dynamic analysis shall be
3 Isolation
isolated from the adjacent foundation and/or structure.
Centrifugal:
Less than 500 HP (375 kW) and 3 times total machine weight
(2.5 times for pile foundation as per ACI 351.3R)
Exemption Provisions
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from Dynamic Analysis
Reciprocating:
Less than 200 HP (150 kW) and 5 times total machine weight
(4 times for pile foundation as per ACI 351.3R)
Vibration Performance Criteria Centrifugal: 0.12 inch/sec (3.0 mm/sec)
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- Vibration Velocity Reciprocating: 0.15 inch/sec (3.8 mm/sec) (per PIP STC01015)
The maximum soil pressure and/or pile reaction due to static and dynamic load combinatio
7 Allowable Bearing Capacity
ns shall not exceed 75% of the allowable soil and/or bearing capacity. (per PIP STC01015)
uniform settlement: 1 inch (25 mm)
8 Allowable Settlement
differential settlement: 3/4 inch (20 mm)
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Design Requirements
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Design Requirements
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Design Requirements
0.080-0.160 Fair
0.160-0.315 Slightly rough
0.315-0.630 Rough
>0.630 Very rough
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Design Requirements
No. Seismic Design Requirement Application Remark (for a Case: Seismic Design Category B)
2 Orthogonal Combination of Horizontal Seismic Loads N/A Not Required for Seismic Design Category B
7 Amplification of Accidental Torsional Moment N/A Not Required for Seismic Design Category B
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Design Requirements
Seismic Coefficients for Nonbuilding Structure Similar to Building (Table 15.4-2, ASCE 7-10)
Response Modification Factor (R): 3.0 for ordinary reinforced concrete moment structure
Overstrength Factor (Ω0): 3.0 for ordinary reinforced concrete moment structure (not used in the calculations)
Deflection Amplification Factor (Cd): 2.5 for ordinary reinforced concrete moment structure
For more convenient design using STAAD program, the "modal response spectrum analysis" is selected for the
structural analysis.
The base shear based on ELF (and T = Ta Cu) should be calculated to check if the computed from modal analysis is
less than 85% of the ELF base shear.
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Design Requirements
original source:
Inelastic Force-Deformation Curve A Brief Guide to Seismic Design Factors
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Design Requirements
Special Reinforced
Concrete Moment Frames
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IV. Preliminary Sizing
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Preliminary Sizing
Preliminary member sizing and geometrical arrangement constitute the initial design phase for
the structural system.
The vendor will provide a preliminary foundation outline drawing, which can be used in the initial
design phases.
Deck System/Beams
Beam depth should be equal to approximately 0.2 times the clear span or 600 mm (2 ft),
whichever is greater.
The beams should not deflect more than 0.5 mm (0.02") when subjected to static loads.
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Preliminary Sizing
Columns
Locate columns at the intersection of beams where they are stressed approximately equally
under static vertical loads.
The column dimensions should not be less than one eighth of the unsupported column
length and should not be smaller than 0.14 m2 (1.5 ft2).
The center of column rigidity for the column group should coincide with the point of dynamic
load application, and should also be compatible (eccentricity less than 5%) with the center of
mass of the equipment including the top half of the structural mass.
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Preliminary Sizing
Mat
The minimum thickness of mat shall not be less than the following.
tmin = 0.6 + L/30 (m) ≥ 750 mm (2.5 ft) , where L is the foundation length.
The weight of the mat foundation plus soil surcharge should be at least equal to the weight
of the deck plus vibrating equipment.
The following rule-of-thumb formula proposed by the ASCE task committee (Ref. 9.10) can
also be used for calculating the minimum thickness, t, for soil-supported mat foundation:
tmin = 0.07 L4/3 (ft) , where L is the average of two adjacent spans between columns, in terms
of feet.
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V. Design Loads
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Design Loads
Thermal Loads Applied if any not governing (except under constrained conditions)
Dynamic Loads
Dynamic Applied Required operating speed, loading point, phase difference
due to Unbalanced Masses
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Design Loads
The dynamic loads due to unbalanced masses are generally reflected by loading sinusoidally-varying
loads at the C.O.G in the analysis model including the rigid links and a lumped mass attached at the
dynamic loading point. If dynamic loads are applied at the anchor points, those loads should include the
additional coupled forces.
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Design Loads
Effective Eccentricity
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Design Loads
The normal torque (sometimes called drive torque) is generally applied to the foundation as a static force
couple in the vertical direction at the anchor points
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Design Loads
Static Loads (Not Time-varing) Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.
Self-weight of Equipment
Wself
Case 1 Case 2
Wself /2 Wself /2
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Design Loads
Static Loads (Not Time-varing) Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.
Static Operating Loads: Additional Weight
Woper
Case 1 Case 2
Woper /2 Woper /2
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Design Loads
Static Loads Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.
Static Operating Loads: Torque
(9550)(Ps )
NT = N∙m
f0
where
NT = normal torque, N·m
Case 1 Case 2
Ps = power being transmitted by the shaft
at the connection, kilowatts
f0 = machine operating speed, rpm
T
T/L T/L
h h
L L
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Design Loads
Dynamic Loads Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
Case 1-1: All loads are applied to the center point between two anchors
Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.
F(t) M(t)=FX(t) × h
FY(t)
FX(t)
h h
FY(t)
M(t) FX(t)
L L
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Design Loads
Dynamic Loads Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
Case 1-1: All loads are applied to the center point between two anchors
Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.
Case 2
FX(t)×h /L FX(t)×h /L
h + h
FX(t) /2 FX(t) /2
L L
FY(t) /2 FY(t) /2
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Design Loads
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Design Loads
Dividing it by m,
Because the motion repeats itself over equal intervals of time, it is called
periodic motion. Furthermore, motion that is described in terms of the
circular functions, sine and cosine, is known as harmonic motion. (All
harmonic motion is periodic, but not all periodic motion is harmonic.)
The parameter p is referred to as the (natural) circular frequency, E is called
the amplitude, and α is known as the phase angle. As shown in the figure
above, τ denotes the period of the motion—that is, the time taken by one
complete cycle of the motion.
Harmonic Loading for Time History Analysis
(STAAD Input)
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V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type): Design Loads Induced by Compressor
Dynamic Unbalanced Force COG of Compressor 193.68 kg 950 kgf 3055 rpm 1900 kgf
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V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type): Design Loads Induced by Motor
Operating
Type Applied Load Loading Point Rotating Mass Phase Remark
Speed (fo)
Fv_left = 87.0 kN Anchor Locations 1800 rpm Required Is this a unbalanced force?
Fv_right = 87.0 kN Anchor Locations 1800 rpm Required Is this a unbalanced force?
Dynamic
Fh = 11.0 kN Anchor Locations 1800 rpm Required Is this a unbalanced force?
Faxis = 2.2 kN Anchor Locations 1800 rpm Required Is this a unbalanced force?
1. The COG of the motor shall be provided to calculate the seismic load.
2. The phase differences between dynamic forces in three directions shall be
informed to compute the correct response of the foundation.
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V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type): Design Loads Induced by Gear
FGS
Unbalanced
Force 2 Unbalanced
Force 2
Rotating Operating
Type Applied Load Loading Point Eccentricity Remark
Mass Speed (fo)
Unbalanced Force 1 COG of Bull Gear 1775 kg 1780 rpm e=6.35/f0 mm Estimated per ACI 351.3R
Dynamic
Unbalanced Force 2 COG of Pinion 718 kg 3039 rpm e=6.35/f0 mm Estimated per ACI 351.3R
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V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type)
Operating Power
Equipment Motion Type Rotation Direction
Speed (fo, RPM) Transmitted (kW)
V/P Sheet Applied in the Calculation Document
Motor Rotating 1,800 15,000 counterclockwise
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V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type)
Equipment Fsuction Fout Torque Vertical left Vertical right Horizontal Axial Loading Point
(kN)
Compressor - - - - - - -
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V/P Data Example (Reciprocating Type)
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V/P Data Example (Reciprocating Type)
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V/P Data Example (Reciprocating Type)
Motor Rotating 356 1609 clockwise V/P Sheet Applied in the Calculation Document
Dynamic Loads
Equipment
Max. Unbalanced Operating
Phase Angle (deg) Loading Point
Force (lbf) & Momemt (lb.ft) Speed (fo, RPM)
Vertical ± 346 0
Axial 0
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V/P Data Example (Reciprocating Type)
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VI. Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
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Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
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Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
4. Reduce Damping Ratio (20%, 50%, and 12% for horizontal, vertical, and torsional motions)
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Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
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Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
Initial Impedance
The complex domain impedance is easier to describe mathematically and is applied in the impedance models
of Veletsos and others (Veletsos and Nair 1974; Veletsos and Verbic 1973; Veletsos and Wei 1971).
Horizontal impedance
Vertical impedance
Rocking impedance
Torsional impedance
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Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
Material Damping
An approximate approach often used to account for material damping multiplies the complex impedance,
evaluated without regard to material damping, by the complex factor (1+ i2βm) to determine an adjusted
complex impedance
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Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
Embedment Effects
Embedment increases both stiffness and damping, but the increase in damping is more significant.
The lack of confining pressure at the surface often leads to separation of the soil from the foundation and to the
creation of a gap as indicated on Fig. 4.5
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Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
Embedment Effects
Horizontal impedance
Vertical impedance
Rocking impedance
Torsional impedance
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Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
Damping values for large foundations undergoing small vibration amplitudes are typically less than those
analytically predicted values (EPRI 1980; Novak 1970).
EPRI 1980 recommends the soil damping ratio for use in the design of power plant fan foundations should not
exceed 20% for horizontal motion, 50% for vertical motion, 10% for transverse rocking motion, and 15% for axial
and torsional motions.
German DIN 4024 recommends that the soil damping ratios used in vibration analysis of rigid block foundations
should not exceed 25%.
Novak (1970) recommends reducing the analytically determined geometric damping ratios (from elastic half-
space models) by 50% for a dynamic analysis of the foundation.
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Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)
Calculation of Amplitude
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VII. Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro
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Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro
Mass Modeling
Even if the loading is known to be only in one direction there is usually mass motion in other
directions at some or all joints and these mass directions (applied as loads, in weight units)
must be entered to be correct.
Masses should be entered in global directions with the same sign as much as possible so that
the representative masses do not cancel each other.
STAAD uses a diagonal mass matrix of six lumped mass equations per joint. The selfweight or
uniformly loaded member is lumped 50% to each end joint without rotational mass
moments of inertia. The other element types are integrated but—roughly speaking—the
weight is distributed equally amongst the joints of the element.
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Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro
Damping Modeling
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Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro
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Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro
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Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro
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Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro
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Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro
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Appendix - Reinforced Concrete
Excessive reinforcement can create constructibility and quality problems and should be avoided.
Some firms specify a minimum reinforcing of 3.1 lbf/ft3 (50 kg/m3 or 0.64%) for piers (machine
support edestals) and 1.9 lbf/ft3 (30 kg/m3 or 0.38%) for foundation slabs. For compressor
blocks, some firms suggest 1% reinforcing by volume and may post-tension the block.
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Appendix - Reinforced Concrete
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