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CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
2 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Stress and Strain
David F. Mazurek
– Axial Loading
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Contents
Normal Strain
Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.3
Fig. 2.4
P 2P P P
σ= = stress σ= = σ=
A 2A A A
δ δ 2δ δ
ε= = normal strain ε= ε= =
L L 2L L
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2- 4
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Stress-Strain Test
Fig 2.7 This machine is used to test tensile test specimens, Fig 2.8 Test specimen with tensile load.
such as those shown in this chapter.
Fig. 2.18
Fatigue
Example 2.01
SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.
Pi Li 1 P1 L1 P2 L2 P3 L3
δ =∑ = + +
i Ai Ei E A1 A2 A3
=
1 ( ) ( ) (
240 ×103 0.3 − 60 ×103 0.3 120 ×103 0.4
+ +
)
200 ×109 581×10 −6 581×10 −6 194 ×10 −6
= 1.73 ×10 −3 m
δ = 1.73 mm
L1 = L2 = 0.3m L3 = 0.4m
A1 = A2 = 581×10-6 m 2 A3 = 194 ×10-6 m 2
SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two and DC or the displacements of B
links AB and CD. and D.
δ D = 0.300 mm ↓
BB′ BH
=
DD′ HD
0.514 mm (200 mm ) − x
=
0.300 mm x
x = 73.7 mm
EE ′ HE
=
DD′ HD
δE
=
(400 + 73.7 )mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
δ E = 1.928 mm
δ E = 1.928 mm ↓
Static Indeterminacy
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.
Example 2.04
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.
SOLUTION:
• Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.
Example 2.04
SOLUTION:
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1 = 0 P2 = P3 = 600 ×103 N P4 = 900 ×103 N
Pi Li 1.125 × 109
δL = ∑ =
A
i i iE E
δR = ∑
Pi Li
=−
(
1.95 × 103 RB )
A
i i iE E
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2- 19
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Example 2.04
• Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
δ = δL +δR = 0
δ = −
( )
1.125 × 109 1.95 × 103 RB
=0
E E
RB = 577 × 103 N = 577 kN
R A = 323 kN
RB = 577 kN
Thermal Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
δ T = α (∆T )L δP =
AE
α = thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
δ = δT + δ P = 0 PL
α (∆T )L + =0
AE
P = − AEα (∆T )
P
σ = = − Eα (∆T )
A
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Poisson’s Ratio
Shearing Strain
Fig. 2-47
Example 2.10
SOLUTION:
• Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress
and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 630 MPa is • Use the definition of shearing stress to
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. find the force P.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 1.0 mm. under the
action of the force, determine a) the
average shearing strain in the material,
and b) the force P exerted on the plate.
P = 156.2 kN
SOLUTION:
• Apply the generalized Hooke’s Law to • Evaluate the deformation components.
find the three components of normal
δ B A = ε x d = (+ 0.533 ×10 −3 mm/mm)(225mm )
strain.
δ B A = +0.12mm
σx νσ y νσ z
εx = + − −
E E E δ C D = ε z d = (+ 1.600 ×10 −3 mm/mm)(225mm )
1 1
= (84 MPa ) − 0 − (140 MPa ) δ C D = +0.36mm
70 ×10 MPa
3
3
= +0.533 ×10 −3 mm/mm δ t = ε y t = (− 1.067 ×10 −3 mm/mm)(18mm )
νσ x σ y νσ z
εy = − + − δ t = −0.0192mm
E E E
= −1.067 ×10 −3 mm/mm
νσ x νσ y σz • Find the change in volume
εz = − − +
E E E
= +1.600 ×10 −3 mm/mm e = ε x + ε y + ε z = 1.067 × 10 −3 mm3 /mm3
∆V = eV = 1.067 × 10 −3 (380 × 380 × 18)mm3
∆V = +2733mm3
Composite Materials
• Fiber-reinforced composite materials are formed
from lamina of fibers of graphite, glass, or
polymers embedded in a resin matrix.
Saint-Venant’s Principle
• Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform distribution
of stress and strain.
• Saint-Venant’s Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2- 11
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Example 2.12
SOLUTION:
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
Determine the largest axial load P
that can be safely supported by a • Find the allowable average normal
flat steel bar consisting of two stress using the material allowable
portions, both 10 mm thick, and normal stress and the stress
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide, concentration factor.
connected by fillets of radius r = 8 • Apply the definition of normal stress to
mm. Assume an allowable normal find the allowable load.
stress of 165 MPa.
(b) Flat bars with fillets • Apply the definition of normal stress
to find the allowable load.
P = Aσ ave = (40 mm )(10 mm )(90.7 MPa )
= 36.3 × 103 N
P = 36.3 kN
Elastoplastic Materials
• Previous analyses based on assumption of
linear stress-strain relationship, i.e.,
stresses below the yield stress
• Assumption is good for brittle material
which rupture without yielding
• If the yield stress of ductile materials is
exceeded, then plastic deformations occur
• Analysis of plastic deformations is
simplified by assuming an idealized
elastoplastic material
• Deformations of an elastoplastic material
are divided into elastic and plastic ranges
• Permanent deformations result from
loading beyond the yield stress
Plastic Deformations
Residual Stresses
P = Pr + Pt
δ = δ r = δt
δ′ − 1.16mm
ε′ = = = −1.55 ×10 −3 mm mm
L 750 mm