Cells

Prepared by: Keith R. Mausisa, PTRP, PT

Functions

• Basic unit of life

• Reproduction and inheritance (DNA)

2
 Cell Structure
• Organelles:
- specialized structures in cells that perform
specific functions

• Cytoplasm:
jelly-like substance that holds organelles

3
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Cell Cytoplasm
membrane Nuclear
envelope Nucleus
Nucleolus
Mitochondrion

Ribosome
Lysosome
Free
ribosome
Lysosome
Rough fusing with
endoplasmic incoming
reticulum phagocytic
vesicle
Smooth Phagocytic
endoplasmic vesicle
reticulum
Centrosome

Centrioles
Golgi Peroxisome
apparatus

Microtubule
Secretory
vesicles

Cilia Microvilli 4
 Cell Structures
• Cytoplasm
Location: inside cell
Characteristic: jelly-like fluid
Function: give cell shape and hold organelles in place

• Nucleus
Location: center of cell
Characteristic: all cells contain nucleus at some point
Function: houses DNA

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• Nuclear envelope:
Location: edge of nucleus

• Nuclear pores:
Location: surface of nucleus
Function: where materials pass in and out of nucleus

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Figure 3.13a
• Chromosome:
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: made of DNA and proteins
Function: part of genetic makeup

• Chromatin:
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: loosely coiled chromosomes

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• Nucleolus
Location: in nucleus
Function: produce ribosomes

• Ribosome
Location: attached to RER or cytoplasm
Function: produce proteins

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1 Ribosomal proteins, produced in the
cytoplasm, are transported through rRNA
nuclear pores into the nucleolus. Nucleolus

2 rRNA, most of which is produced in the

nucleolus, is assembled with ribosomal
proteins to form small and large ribosomal 2
subunits. Nucleus

3 The small and large ribosomal subunits

leave the nucleolus and the nucleus DNA
through nuclear pores. (chromatin)

4 The small and large subunits, now in the

Nuclear pore
cytoplasm, combine with each other and
with mRNA during protein synthesis.
3

Large
ribosomal
1 unit

Small
Ribosomal ribosomal
proteins from unit 4
cytoplasm

mRNA
Ribosome

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• RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: membranes with ribosomes attached
Function: site of protein synthesis

• SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: membranes with no ribosomes
Function: site of lipid synthesis (Ex. Cholesterol)

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Figure
3.16
• Golgi apparatus
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: closely, packed stacks of
membranes
Function: collect, sort, package, and distribute
proteins and lipids

• Secretory vesicle
Location: cytoplasm
Function: distributes materials out of cell

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• Lysosome
Location: cytoplasm
Function: enzymes that digest foreign material

• Mitochondria
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: contains folds (cristae)
Function: produces ATP

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• Cilia
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: many per cell
Function: move materials across cell’s surface

• Flagella
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: 1 per cell
Function: move cell, Ex. sperm

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• Microvilli
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: shorter than cilia
Function: increase surface area

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Cytoskeleton
• What is it?
- cell’s framework
- made of proteins

• Functions:
- provide support
- hold organelles in place
- enable cell to change shape

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Types of Cytoskeleton
• Microtubules:
- largest diameter
- provide structural support
- form cilia and flagella
• Intermediate filaments:
- medium diameter
- maintain cell shape
• Microfilaments:
- smallest diameter
- involved in cell movement

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Centriole
(in cross
section)

Centriole
(in longitudinal
section)
Microtubule
triplet

TEM 60,000x
(a) (b)
(b): © Biology Media/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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 Cell Membrane
• What is it?
outermost component of a cell

• Functions:
- selective barrier
- encloses cytoplasm

• Extracellular: material outside cell

• Intracellular: material inside cell

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 Structure of Cell Membrane
• Called Fluid Mosaic Model

• Made of phospholipids and proteins

• Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer

• Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and nonpolar

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• Polar regions:
- “heads”
- hydrophilic (H2O loving)
- exposed to H2O

• Nonpolar regions:
- “tails”
- hydrophobic (H2O fearing)
- away from H2O

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Figure 3.2a
Transport Mechanism Across the Membrane
 Simple
Diffusion

Facilitated
PASSIVE
Diffusion

Osmosis
TRANSPORT

Primary
ACTIVE
Secondary
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• Simple
diffusion
• Facilitated
a. Channel
(voltage vs
ligand)
b. Carrier
• Osmosis
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
• Movement of particles or
molecules from an area of
higher to lower concentration
of particles – called
concentration gradient
 FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Requires special transmembrane proteins-
transporters
a. Channel (voltage vs ligand)
transfer water molecules and small
polar molecules across the
membrane.
b. Carrier
transfer a large number of both polar
and non-polar molecules across the
membrane.
 OSMOSIS
◼Movement of water molecules across a membrane
from an area of higher to lower water
concentration
◼Types of osmotic solutions:
◼Hypoosmotic or Hypotonic
◼Isosmotic or Isotonic
◼Hyperosmotic or Hypertonic

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 Types of Osmotic Solutions
• Hypotonic solution:
- lower conc. of solutes outside cell
- higher conc. of H2O outside cell
- H2O moves into cell
- lysis (burst)
• Hypertonic solution:
- higher conc. of solutes outside cell
- higher conc. H2O inside cell
- H2O moves out
- crenation (shrinks)

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• Isotonic solution:
- equal conc. of solutes
- water doesn’t move
- cell remains intact

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Figure 3.17 Red blood cell experiment
showing the process of osmosis.
3-39
 Simple
Diffusion

Facilitated
PASSIVE
Diffusion

Osmosis
TRANSPORT

Primary
ACTIVE
Secondary
 Endocytosis
• What is it?
process that brings materials into cell using vesicles
• 2 types
- Phagocytosis:
cell eating (solid particles)
- Pinocytosis:
cell drinking (liquid particles)

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Exocytosis
• What is it?
process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles

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◼Cell division
◼Division of the nucleus (karyokinesis)
◼Mitosis ( forms somatic cells) → diploid
◼Meiosis ( forms sex cells)→ haploid
◼Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
◼In most multicellular organisms, all cells originate from
the zygote
- Single cell resulting from union of an egg and a sperm
(gametes)
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 Mitosis
• What is it?
- cell division that occurs in all cells except
sex cells
- forms 2 daughter cells

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 Components of Mitosis
• Chromatid:
2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically
identical
• Centromere:
where 2 chromatids are connected
• Centrioles:
small organelle composed of 9 triplets

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 Stages in Mitosis
1. Interphase:
- time between cell divisions
- DNA is in strands (chromatin)
- DNA replication occurs
2. Prophase:
- chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- centrioles move to opposite ends

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3. Metaphase:
chromosomes align
4. Anaphase:
- chromatids separate to form 2 sets of
chromosomes
- chromosomes move towards centrioles
5. Telophase:
- chromosomes disperse
- nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form
- cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells

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MEIOSIS
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS