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Advanced Placement Chemistry: 1991 Free Response Questions
1) The acid ionization constant, Ka, for propanoic acid, C2H5COOH, is 1.3 x 10ˉ5.
(a) Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+], in a 0.20molar solution of propanoic acid.
(b) Calculate the percentage of propanoic acid molecules that are ionized in the solution in (a).
(c) What is the ratio of the concentration of propanoate ion, C2H5COOˉ, to that of propanoic acid in a
buffer solution with a pH of 5.20 ?
(d) In a 100milliliter sample of a different buffer solution, the propanoic acid concentration is
0.50molar and the sodium propanoate concentration is 0.50molar. To this buffer solution,
0.0040 mole of solid NaOH is added. Calculate the pH of the resulting solution.
Advanced Placement Chemistry: 1993 Free Response Questions
1) CH3NH2 + H2O <===> CH3NH3+ + OHˉ
Methylamine, CH3NH2, is a weak base that reacts according to the equation above. The value of the
ionization constant, Kb, is 5.25 x 10ˉ4. Methylamine forms salts such as methylammonium nitrate,
(CH3NH3+) (NO3ˉ).
(a) Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration, [OHˉ], of a 0.225molar solution of methylamine.
(b) Calculate the pH of a solution made by adding 0.0100 mole of a solid methylammonium nitrate to
120.0 milliliters of a 0.225molar solution of methylamine. Assume that no volume change occurs.
(c) How many moles of either NaOH or HCl (state clearly which you choose) should be added to the
solution in (b) to produce a solution that has a pH of 11.00? Assume that no volume change occurs.
(d) A volume of 100. milliters of distilled water is added to the solution in (c). How is the pH of the
solution affected? Explain.
Advanced Placement Chemistry: 1994 Free Response Questions
1) MgF2(s) <===> Mg2+(aq) + 2 Fˉ(aq)
In a saturated solution of MgF2 at 18° C, the concentration of Mg2+ is 1.21 x 10ˉ3 molar. The
equilibrium is represented by the equation above.
(a) Write the expression for the solubilityproduct constant, Ksp, and calculate its value at 18° C.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of Mg2+ in 1.000 liter of saturated MgF2 solution at 18°C to
which 0.100 mole of solid KF has been added. The KF dissolves completely. Assume the volume
change is negligible.
(c) Predict whether a precipitate of MgF2 will form when 100.0 milliliters of a 3.00 x 10ˉ3 molar
Mg(NO3)2 solution is mixed with 200.0 milliliters of a 2.00 x 10ˉ3 molar NaF solution at 18°C.
Calculations to support your prediction must be shown.
(d) At 27°C the concentration of Mg2+ in a saturated solution of MgF2 is 1.17 x 10ˉ3 molar. Is the
dissolving of MgF2 in water an endothermic or an exothermic process? Give an explanation to support
your conclusion.
Advanced Placement Chemistry: 1996 Free Response Questions
2) HOCl <===> OClˉ + H+
Hypochlorous acid, HOCl, is a weak acid commonly used as a bleaching agent. The aciddissociation
constant, Ka, for the reaction represented above is 3.2 x 10ˉ8.
(a) Calculate the [H+] of a 0.14molar solution of HOCl.
(b) Write the correctly balanced net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs NaOCl is dissolved in
water and calculate the numerical value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
(c) Calculate the pH of a solution made by combining 40.0 milliliters of 0.14molar HOCl and 10.0
milliliters of 0.56molar NaOH.
(d) How many millimoles of solid NaOH must be added to 50.0 milliliters of 0.20molar HOCl to
obtain a buffer solution that has a pH of 7.49? Assume that the addition of the solid NaOH results in a
negligible change in volume.
(e) Household bleach is made by dissolving chlorine gas in water, as represented below.
Cl2(g) + H2O > H+ + Clˉ + HOCl(aq)
Calculate the pH of such a solution if the concentration of HOCl in the solution is 0.065 molar.
1991 Answers
One point penalty applied for sig figure error, applied once per problem
No credit earned for answer with no numerical justification
1.a three points Ka= [H+] [ C2H5COOˉ]/ [C2H5COOH]
1.3x105 = x2/0.20
X= [H+] = 1.6 x 10 3
b) one point: % dissoc =[H+] / [C2H5COOH] * 100
1.6 x 103 /0.20 == 0.80 %
c) two points: pH = 5.20 = log(H+)= 6.3 x106
Ka = [H+] [ C2H5COOˉ]/ [C2H5COOH] =
d)three pts 0.1 L* 0.35 mol/l = .035 mol H prop 1 pt
0.10 L * 0.050 mol/L = 0.05 mol Prop
1 pt
.035 mol acid .004 mol NaOH = 0.031 mol acid left unreacted
.05 mol prop + .004 mol prop = 0.054 mol prop in soln
1.3 E 5 =[ H+ ]* [0.054 mol/.1 L] //[ .031 mol/.1 L] 1 pt [ H+ ]= 7.5 E 6 pH = 5.13
Or
pH = pKa + log [base]/[acid] 5.20= 4.89 + log [prop]/ [Hprop]= 4.89 + log [0.054/0.031]=
5.13
1993 Answers
1a) three points
CH3NH2 + H2O <===> CH3NH3+ + OHˉ
Kb = ([CH3NH3+] [OHˉ]) ÷ [CH3NH2] = 5.25 x 10ˉ4
CH3NH2 CH3NH3+ OHˉ
I 0.225 0 0
C x +x +x
E 0.225 x x x
4
5.25 x 10ˉ = [(x) (x)] / (0.225 x)
neglect the minus x to get 5.25 x 10ˉ4 = x2 / 0.225
x = [square root]((5.25 x 10ˉ4) (0.225))
[OHˉ] = 1.09 x 10ˉ2
(Note: quadratic gives 1.06 x 10ˉ2)
b) three points
[CH3NH3+] = 0.0100 mol / 0.120 L = 0.0833 M
5.25 x 10ˉ4 = [(0.0833 + x) (x)] / (0.225 x) = 0.0833x / 0.225
x = [OHˉ] = 1.42 x 10ˉ3 mol/L
pOH = 2.85
pH = 11.15
alternate solution using the HendersonHasselbalch Equation
pH = pKa = log ([base] / [acid])
pKw = pKa + pKb
pKa = 10.7
pH = 10.7 + log (0.225 / 0.0833)
pH = 11.15
The solution using the pOH form is left to you, gentle reader.
c) two points
HCl must be added.
5.25 x 10ˉ4 = [(0.0833 + x) (0.0010)] / (0.225 x)
1.18 x 10ˉ4 5.25 x 10ˉ4x = 8.33 x 10ˉ5 + 1.0 x 10ˉ3x
x = 0.0228 mol/L
0.0228 mol/L x 0.120 L = 2.74 x 10ˉ3 mol HCl
alternate solution based on HendersonHasselbalch Equation
11.00 = 10.72 + log ([base] / [acid])
log ([base] / [acid]) = 0.28
[base] / [acid] = 1.906 = (0.225 x) / (0.0833 + x)
x = 0.0227 mol / L
0.0227 mol / L x 0.120 L = 2.73 x 10ˉ3 mol HCl
d) one point
The [CH3NH3+] / [CH3NH2] ratio does not change in the buffer solution with dilution. Therefore, no
effect on pH.
1994 Answers:
Answer:
(a) Ksp = [Mg2+][F-]2 = (1.2110-3)(2.4210-3)2
= 7.0910-9
(b) X = concentration loss by Mg2+ ion
2X = concentration loss by F- ion
[Mg2+] = (1.2110-3 - X) M
[F-] = (0.100 + 2.4210-3 - 2X) M
since X is a small number then (0.100 + 2.4210-3 - 2X) 0.100
Ksp = 7.0910-9 = (1.2110-3 - X)(0.100)2
X = 1.209291410-3
[Mg2+]= 1.2110-3-1.2092910-3 = 7.0910-7M
(c) [Mg2+] = 3.0010-3M 100.0 mL/300.0 mL = 1.0010-3M
[F-] = 2.0010-3 M 200.0 mL/300.0 mL = 1.3310-3 M
trial Ksp = (1.0010-3)(1.3310-3)2 = 1.7810-9
trial Ksp < = 7.0910-9, no ppt.
(d) @ 18ºC, 1.2110-3 M MgF2 dissolves
@ 27ºC, 1.1710-3 M MgF2 dissolves
MgF2 Mg2+ + 2 F- + heat
IN THIS EXTREMELY RARE CASE, dissolving is exothermic. (See that it dissolves less at
higher temps!) If heat is increased it forces the equilibrium to shift left (according to LeChatelier’s
Principle) and less MgF2 will dissolve.
1996 Answers:
2)
a) two points total ; one point for correct substitutions; one point for computation
[H+] = [OClˉ] = square root (0.14 x 3.2 x 10ˉ8) = 6.7 x 10ˉ5 M
since Ka
= ( [H+][OCl¯] ) / [HOCl]
= [H+]2 / cHOCl
(b) two points total: one point each
OClˉ + H2O <===> HOCl + OHˉ (or NaOCl + H2O > Na+ + HOCl + OHˉ)
Kb = Kw / Ka = 1 x 10ˉ14 ÷ 3.2 x 10ˉ8 = 3.1 x 10ˉ7
(c) two points total; one for concentrations and one for pH calc.
Concentrations before reaction:
[HOCl] = [(0.0400) (0.14)] / 0.050 = 0.11 M
[OH¯] = [(0.0100) (0.56)] / 0.050 = 0.11 M
Thus reaction is essentially complete and exactly equals a solution of NaOCl and [OClˉ] = 0.11 M (or
reaction is at equivalence point).
Then
[OH¯] = [HOCl]
Kb = [OH¯]2 / 0.11 = 3.1 x 10¯7
[OH¯] = square root [(0.11) (3.1 x 10¯7)] = 1.8 x 10¯4
pOH = 3.73
pH = 14 - 3.73 = 10.27
(d) two points; one for halfneutralized; one for mmol calcs.
pH = 7.49 therefore [H+] = 3.2 x 10ˉ8
pH = pKa , or [H+] = Ka.
So [OClˉ] / [HOCl] = 1 , or solution must be half neutralized.
initial mmol HOCl = 50.0 x 0.20 = 10.0 mmol
mmol NaOH required = 10.0 ÷ 2 = 5.0 mmol
(e) one point
From equation, 1 mol H+ produced for each 1 mole of HOCl produced, thus [H+] = [HOCl] = 0.065
therefore pH = 1.19