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WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING SPILLWAY
CHAPTER NO. 1
1.0. INTRODUCTION OF SPILLWAY

A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from a dam or levee
into a downstream area, typically the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United
Kingdom, they may be known as overflow channels. Spillways ensure that the water does not
overflow and damage or destroy the dam.
Floodgates and fuse plugs may be designed into spillways to regulate water flow and
reservoir level. Such a spillway can be used to regulate downstream flows – by releasing
water in small amounts before the reservoir is full, operators can prevent sudden large
releases that would happen if the dam were overtopped.
Other uses of the term "spillway" include bypasses of dams or outlets of channels used
during high water, and outlet channels carved through natural dams such as moraines.
Water normally flows over a spillway only during flood periods – when the reservoir cannot
hold the excess of water entering the reservoir over the amount used. In contrast, an intake
tower is a structure used to release water on a regular basis for water supply, hydroelectricity
generation, etc.
K.V.N.NAIK.S.P.SANSTHAPOLYTECHNIC, NASHIK 1
CHAPTER NO. 2
2.0. Types of Spillways
Different types of spillways are as follows:
1. Straight Drop Spillway

2. Ogee Spillway
3. Shaft Spillway
4. Chute Spillway
5. Side Channel Spillway
6. Siphon Spillway
7. Labyrinth Spillway
1. Straight Drop Spillway

A Straight drop spillway consists of low height weir wall having its downstream face roughly
or perfectly vertical. When the water level in the reservoir rises above the normal pool level,
the surplus water falls freely from the crest of the weir and hence it is known as Straight drop
spillway or free overfall spillway.
To prevent the scouring of downstream bed from falling water jet, an artificial pool with a
concrete apron and low secondary dam is constructed on the downstream side. Proper
ventilation should be provided on the underside portion of a falling jet to prevent pulsating
and fluctuating effects.
Sometimes, an overhanging projection is provided on the crest of the weir to prevent the
entrance of small discharges onto the face of the weir wall. Straight drop spillways are most
suitable for thin arch dams, earthen dams or bunds.
2. Ogee Spillway
Ogee spillway, as the name says, represents the shape of the downstream face of the weir. It
is an improved form of a straight drop spillway. In this case, the downstream face of the weir
is constructed corresponding to the shape of lower nappe of freely falling water jet which is
in ogee shape.
The ogee shape of the downstream face is designed on the basis of the principle of a
projectile. In general, the shape of lower nappe of the water jet is not constant for all water
heads hence, the shape obtained for the maximum head is taken into account while
designing ogee spillway.
Whenever there is surplus water, it will be freely disposed of through ogee spillway along its
ogee shaped crest hence it can also be called as an overflow spillway. Ogee spillways are
most commonly used in case of gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, etc. For gravity dams,
it is generally located within the dam body.
3. Shaft Spillway
A Shaft spillway is a type of spillway which consists of a vertical shaft followed by a horizontal
conduit. The surplus water enters into the vertical shaft and then to the horizontal conduit
and finally reaches the downstream of the channel.
The shaft constructed is either artificial or natural. Excavation for the natural shaft is possible
only when the hard rocky layer is present on the upstream side. The horizontal conduit either
passes through the dam body or through the foundation of the dam.
In the case of large projects, the inlet hole of the vertical shaft is specially shaped which is
called as morning glory or glory hole of the spillway. Hence, shaft spillway is also called as
Morning glory spillway or Bell Mouth spillway. Shaft spillway is recommended when there is
no space to provide for other types of spillways such as ogee spillway, straight drop spillway,
etc.
4. Chute Spillway
Chute spillway is a type of spillway in which surplus water from upstream is disposed to the
downstream through a steeply sloped open channel. It is generally constructed at one end of
the dam or separately away from the dam in a natural saddle in a bank of the river.
Chute spillway is suitable for gravity dams, earthen dams, rockfill dams, etc. But it is
preferred when the width of the river valley is very narrow. The water flows along the steeply
sloped chute or trough or open channel and reaches the downstream of the river. Chute
spillway is also called as trough spillway or open channel spillway.
The slope of chute spillway is designed in such a way that the flow should be always in
supercritical condition. To dissipate energy from the falling water, energy dissipators can be
provided on the bed of chute spillway.
5. Side Channel Spillway

Side channel spillway is similar to chute spillway but the only difference is the crest of side
channel spillway is located on one of its sides whereas crest of chute spillway is located
between the side walls. In other words, the water spilling from the crest is turned to 90
degrees and flows parallel to the crest of side channel spillway unlike in chute spillway.
Side channel spillways are preferred over chute spillways when flanks of sufficient width are
not available, usually to avoid heavy cutting. The angle of turn of water flow after passing
weir crest can also be kept between 00 and 900.
6. Siphon Spillway
A siphon spillway is a type of spillway in which surplus water is disposed to downstream
through an inverted U shaped conduit. It is generally arranged inside the body or over the
crest of the dam.
In both types of siphon spillways, air vents are provided at the bent portion of the upper
passageway to prevent the entrance of water when the water level is below the normal poll
level. Whenever the level rises above normal pool level, water enters into the conduit and is
discharged to the downstream of the channel by siphonic action.
7. Labyrinth Spillway
A labyrinth spillway is a type of spillway in which the weir wall is constructed in a zigzag
manner in order to increase the effective length of the weir crest with respect to the channel
width. This increase in effective length raises the discharge capacity of the weir and hence
higher water flow at small heads can be conveyed to the downstream easily.
CHAPTER NO. 3
3.0. Spillway Gates

The spillways may be uncontrolled or controlled types. Uncontrolled spillways do not require
any gate. Controlled spillways are provided with gates. Controlled spillways are considered
superior to uncontrolled ones, as better control on the reservoir level can be exercised with
gates.
During low flows, additional storage can be done in the reservoir with the help of gates.
However, during high floods gates are fully lifted or opened so that the full discharging
capacity of the spillway may be used to dispose of flood water. In case of earth dams,
spillways are not provided with gates. Slackness on the part of lifting the gates may cause
over-topping of the earth dam and may lead to its failure.
3.1. Following are the various types of gates, which are commonly
used:
1. Flash Board:
It is a temporary arrangement which is adopted to store extra water during low flows in the
river. At large floods they are either removed or allowed to drop on D/S side if hinged at the
crest. Flash Boards are made by joining wooden planks which are fixed against the pins. The
pins are installed over the crest at suitable intervals. Flash Boards when in position may be
vertical or inclined.
2. Stop Log or Needle Gates:

In this case, piers are located at suitable intervals on the crest and stop logs which are
nothing but timber planks fixed horizontally in the grooves of the piers, one above the other.
While opening, the stop logs are removed one by one. In the case of needle gates, wooden
planks are not used horizontally but vertically..
3. Tainter Gates or Radial Gates:

This gate is in the form of a sector of a circle. A curved plate is used to support water. The
curved plate is given adequate support by a frame work of steel sections. The gate remains
hinged at the piers, on both the ends. This gate can thus rotate about horizontal axis. Water
pressure is ultimately transferred to the piers, through bearings fixed in piers. The tales are
generally very heavy and can be lifted or lowered with the help of power driven winches only.
4. U.S.B.R. Drum Gates:

This gate remains hinged at the top of the crest of the spillway. This gate when open i.e.
when not in position, remains swung into a ditch formed at the crest of the spillway. In open
position drum of the gate itself forms the crest of the spillway while frame work supporting
the skin plate remains in the ditch. See Fig. 14.22 dotted position. The gate remains hinged at
point A. The gates are put in closed position with the help of power driven winches only.
5. Vertical Lift Gates:

This is the gate which is in most common use in all the irrigation structures. It consists of a
Rectangular skin plate of mild steel. This plate remains supported on a frame work of I-
girders or channel sections. Grooves are constructed on the crest as well as along the inside
of piers. The gates slide, or move, vertically up end down in these grooves.
Water pressure acting on the gate is transferred to the crest and piers. In order to facilitate
lifting and lowering of the gates, rollers are fitted in the grooves. The gates are lifted with the
help of winches. Counter weights are also used to ease the lifting of the gates. Counter
weights remain suspended with one end of the ropes.
The other end of ropes being connected to the gates. If gates are very big in size, they may be
constructed in more than one part and each part moves separately. These gates may be
constructed in sizes varying form 6 m to 15 m height and 15 m width.
6. Rolling Gate:
It consists of a steel cylinder as large in diameter as the height of the opening and spanning
between the piers. Each pier has an inclined rack. The gate is wound round the periphery of
the cylinder. The gate is also attached to the inclined rack with the help of toothed gears. The
gate can be rolled while opening and unrolled which is closing the gate.
7. Trash Rack:
It is not a gate but a sort of permanent structure which is installed at the mouth of the
opening. Its main purpose is to prevent entrance of debris into the openings. A framed trash
rack structure of steel sections or of R.C.C. members is constructed and iron bars are put in
the openings of the frame work to prevent entrance of debris. This structure is usually
constructed at the entrances of sluice ways or penstocks etc.
8. Fish Belly Flap Gate:

This gate is also known as Bascule type of gate. This is used at the top of the weir crest to
store extra storm water. The gate is fitted on the crest with the help of hinged joint. It is
operated with the help of a lever rod.
CHAPTER NO. 4
4.0. Energy dessipators

Dissipation of the kinetic energy generated at the base of a spillway is essential for bringing
the flow into the downstream river to the normal (almost pre-dam) condition in as short of a
distance as possible. This is necessary, not only to protect the riverbed and banks from
erosion, but also to ensure that the dam itself and adjoining structures like powerhouse,
canal, etc. are not undeterminedby the high velocity turbulent flow.Although a variety of
devices are used for energy dissipation at the base of spillways, the dissipation of energy is
through internal friction and turbulence or impact and diffusion of the high velocity flow in
the mass of water.
Various types of energy dissipators are used to dissipate kinetic turbulence of water into
potential reach at downstream. Uplift and piping failures are also main concern. This paper
mainly deals with the energy dissipation of spillways through hydraulic jump type stilling
basins. A complete overview of hydraulic uplift and other hydrodynamic forces has been
provided and comparison with other energy dissipation is also studied. Also discussion
includes that for finalizing the structural design of stilling basin floor, uplift forces likely to be
experienced by the individual floor monoliths are required to be assessed. The assessment of
hydrodynamic uplift force on the apron of the stilling basin may be carried out on a hydraulic
model by measurement of hydrodynamic forces acting on stilling basin using transducers.
4.1. Safety
Spillway gates may operate suddenly without warning, under remote control. Trespassers
within the spillway run the risk of drowning. Spillways are usually fenced and equipped with
locked gates to prevent casual trespassing within the structure. Warning signs, sirens, and
other measures may be in place to warn users of the downstream area of sudden release of
water. Operating protocols may require "cracking" a gate to release a small amount of water
to warn persons downstream.
The sudden closure of a spillway gate can result in the stranding of fish, and this is also
usually avoided.
4.2. Conclusion
Hydroelectric development include flood- control structure designed to let excess water
escape safely from the reservoir .
This 'safety valve ' prevent water from spilling over the dam crest. it takes the form of a
spillway a weir or sometimes a combination of both

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WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING SPILLWAY

1.0. INTRODUCTION OF SPILLWAY

1. Straight Drop Spillway

1. Straight Drop Spillway

5. Side Channel Spillway

3.0. Spillway Gates

2. Stop Log or Needle Gates:

3. Tainter Gates or Radial Gates:

4. U.S.B.R. Drum Gates:

5. Vertical Lift Gates:

8. Fish Belly Flap Gate:

4.0. Energy dessipators

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