ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Chemical EngineeringDepartment
M a nila

GASEOUS FUELS

Submitted by: Aguilar Vanessa Denise

Caragdag, Ivan Joshua

Cuevas Nicole

Jiz De Ortega, Mary Cyndell

Palad, Ayra Patricia

Submitted on: February 23, 2016

Schedule: Tue 8:00 – 10:00 (Lec)

Thu 7:00 – 10:00 (Lab)

 1. Calculate the orsat analysis of the products of combustion upon burning hexane with 38%
excess air if
a. Combustion is complete
b. 85% of the C burns to CO2, the rest to CO, molal ratio of H2 to CO is 1:2

SOLUTION:

a.)

38% excess air

C6H14 Orsat analysis:

CO2, N2 O2

BASIS: 100 moles C6H14

Theo O2 = moles C + ¼ moles H

Theo O2 = 600 + ¼ (1400) = 950 moles

Excess O2 = 0.38(950) = 361 moles

O2 from air = 361 + 950 = 1311 moles

N2 from air = 1311 moles (79/21) = 4931.86 moles

Free O2 = excess O2 + O2 unburnt combustible

Free O2 = 361 moles

ORSAT ANALYSIS:

Gas Moles %
 CO2 600 10.18
O2 361 6.13
N2 4931.86 83.69

Total 5892.86 100

38% excess air 85% C to CO2, 15% C to CO,

H2/CO = ½
b.
C6H14
Orsat analysis:
CO2, N2 O2, CO, H2

Theo O2 = moles C + ¼ moles H

Theo O2 = 600 + ¼ (1400) = 950 moles
Excess O2 = 0.38(950) = 361 moles
O2 from air = 361 + 950 = 1311 moles
N2 from air = 1311 moles (79/21) = 4931.86 moles
Moles C = 600 moles
Moles CO2 = 600(0.85) = 510 moles
Moles CO = 600(0.15) = 90 moles
Moles H2 = 90 moles CO ( )

Free O2 = excess O2 + +

Free O2 = 361 moles + + = 428.5 moles

ORSAT ANALYSIS:
 Gas Moles %
CO2 510 8.49
O2 428.5 7.14
N2 4931.86 82.12

CO 90 1.50

H2 45 0.75

Total 6005.36 100

2. The synthesis of methane enriched gas from water gas is a promising solution to the
problem of hydrocarbon shortages in the future. In one such process, the following gas
composition is obtained: 34% methane, 3% CO2, 11% CO, 39% H2, and 13% N2.
Determine the Gross Calorific Value and Net Calorific Value of the gas in:
a. MJ/kgmol
b. Kcal/kgmol
c. MJ/dSCM
d. MJ/SCM

SOLUTION:

Basis: 1 kg mole

Gas Moles (n) HC, n x HC at H MW n x MW

MJ/kmol
CH4 0.34 890.95 302.92 1.36 16 5.44

CO2 0.03 0 0 0 44 1.32

CO 0.11 283.18 31.15 0 28 3.08

H2 0.39 286.03 111.55 0.78 2 0.18

N2 0.13 0 0 0 28 3.64
 Total 1 kg mol 445.62 2.14 14.26

Gross Calorific Value (GCV)

a. MJ/kgmol = 445.62 MJ/kgmol

b. kcal/kgmol =

c. MJ/dSCM =

d. MJ/SCM =

Vapor pressure of H2O at 15.56°C

( )

Net Calorific Value (NCV)

a. MJ/kg mol =

b. kcal/kg mol =

c. MJ/dSCM =

d. MJ/SCM =
 3. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG from a US based plant) has the molar composition: 96.59%
CH4, 1.29% H2, 0.22% CO and 1.9% CO2. Calculate the GCV and NCV in:

a. MJ/kgmol
b. kcal/gmol
c. kcal/kg
d. kcal/SCM

Gas Moles (n) HC, n x HC at H MW n x MW

MJ/kmol
CH4 0.9659 890.95 860.57 3.86 16 15.45

CO2 0.019 0 0 0 44 0.84

CO 0.0022 283.18 0.62 0 28 0.06

H2 0.0129 286.03 3.69 0.03 2 0.03

Total 1 kg mol 864.88 3.89 16.38

a. MJ/kgmol = 864.88 MJ/kgmol

b. kcal/kgmol =

c. MJ/dSCM =

d. kcal/SCM =

Net Calorific Value (NCV)

a. MJ/kg mol =

b. kcal/g mol =

c. kcal/kg =

d. kcal/SCM =

4. A fuel containing 75% ethane and 25% propane is burned with dry air. All the H2 burns
to H2O and the CO2 to CO ratio is 10:1. Fifteen % excess air is supplied. Calculate

a. Moles stack gas / 100 moles fuel

b. Orsat analysis of the stack gas
c. Complete analysis of stack gas
d. M3 d i 2 g g ef e

SOLUTION

15% excess air

75% C2H6
Orsat analysis: CO2, N2 O2, CO, H2
25% C3H8
CO2 to CO is 10:1

Basis: 100 kgmole of fuel

GAS Mole (n) At C At H

C2H6 75 150 450

C3H8 25 75 200
 225 650

O2 theo = 225 + = 387.5 kgmole

O2 supplied = 1.15 (387.5) = 445.625 kgmole

O2 excess = 445.625 – 387.5 = 58.125 kgmole
N2 from air = O2 supplied ( = 445.625 ( = 1676.40 kgmole

CO2 formed = (225) = 204.55 kgmole

CO formed = (225) = 20.45 kgmole

Kgmole H2O = 650 kgmol H = 325 kgmole

Free O2 = excess O2 + = 58.125 + = 68.35 kgmole

a.

b. Orsat Analysis

Gas Mole (n) %

CO2 204.55 = 10.38%
CO 20.45 = 1.04%
O2 68.35 = 3.47%
N2 1676.40 = 85.11%
total 1969.75 100%

c. Complete Analysis
Gas Mole (n) %
CO2 204.55 = 8.91 %
CO 20.45 = 0.89 %
O2 68.35 = 2.98%
N2 1676.40 = 73.05 %
H2O 325 = 14.16 %
 total 2294.75 100

d.

5. Blue Water Gas (BWG) is obtained by passing steam over red hot carbon enriched coal
(c e). The g s is c ed “B e” w e g s bec se f i s b e f e ch c e is ic f
combustion of CO. A typical composition shows 4.7% CO2, 41% CO, 49% H2, 0.8% CH4
and 4.5% N2. If blue water gas at 25°C, 745 torrs and 90% RH is burned in wet air, 30%
in excess, supplied at the same conditions as BWG with 85% RH. Calculate
a. Complete analysis of stack gas if the molal ratio of CO to CO2 is 1:8; H2 to CO is 1:4
b. M3 air / m3 BWG
c. M3 stack gas (100 KPa, 300°C) / 100 moles dry BWG
d. GCV of BWG (MJ / kgmol)
e. % calorific value lost due to
i. CO
ii. H2
iii. H2O
iv. Sensible heat
v. Thermal Efficiency

SOLUTION
30% excess air

4.7%CO2
41% CO
49%H2 Stack Gas

0.8%CH4
4.5%N2

Basis: 100 kgmole BWG

Gas Kgmole (n) At C At H Moles O2 Hc nHc

CO2 4.7 4.7 0 4.7 0 0
CO 41 41 0 20.5 283.18 116/10138
 H2 49 0 98 0 286.03 140.1547
CH4 0.8 0.8 32 0 890.95 7.1276
N2 4.5 0 0 0 0 0
total 46.5 101.2 25.2 263.3861

T = 25°C = 298 K

( )
Ps= = 23.57 torr

N Dry BWG = = 87.25 kgmol BWG

= 2.556 kgmole

O2 theo = 46.5 + – 25.2 = 46.6 kgmole

O2 supplied = 1.30 (46.6) = 60.58 kgmole

N2 air = 60.58 = 227.896 kgmole

N2 total = N2 air + N2 fuel = 227.896 + 4.5 = 232.4 kgmole

CO2 formed = (46.6) = 41.33 kgmole

CO formed = (46.6) = 5.167 kgmole

Unburned H2 = = 1.29167 kgmole

H2 combusted = ( ) = 49.3083 kgmole = n H2O combustion

N H2O from air = ( = 7.9721 kgmole

Free O2= 13.98 + = 17.2092 kgmol

a. ORSAT Analysis
Gas Kgmole (n) %
CO2 41.3 11.56
CO 5.16 1.44
O2 17.21 4.82
N2 232.4 65.06
H2 1.29 0.36
H2O 59.87 16.76
 total 357.23 100

b. M3 air / m3 BWG = = 2.88

c. ( ) = 17, 017. 84

d. GCV of BWG = 263.89

e. % Calorific Value lost due to

i. CO = = 5.55 %

ii. H2 = 1.40 %

iii. H2O = (100) = 8.24 %

iv. Sensible heat

T = 300°C = 573 K

Gas Kgmole (n) Cp

CO2 0.413 0.047
CO 0.0516 0.030
O2 0.1721 0.032
N2 2.324 0.030
H2 0.0129 0.029
H2O 0.5987 0.036

N x Cp =
= 0.118

% sensible heat = = 12.3 %

v. Thermal Efficiency = 100 – (12.3 + 8.24 + 1.40 + 5.55) = 72.51%

 6. Carbureted water gas is produced in the same way as blue water gas but in the presence
of cracked oil vapors in a carburetor. A typical gas analysis shows 4.7 % CO 2, 7.8 %
C2H4, 0.3 % O2, 36.5 % H2, 35.5 % CO, 8.6 % CH4 and 6.6 % N2. If this gas is saturated
H2O at 20°C, 742 torrs and burned in 10.434 m3 air at 30°C, 101 KPa and 60% RH per
m3 fuel. Calculate
a. % excess O2
b. Orsat Analysis of the stack gas (400°C, 760 torrs) if 85% of C burns to CO2; all H2
burns to H2O
c. GCV in MJ/kgmol
d. % calorific value lost due to
i. CO
ii. Uncondensed water vapor
iii. Sensible heat

SOLUTION
10.434 m3 air

4.7%CO2
35.5% CO
36.5%H2
Stack Gas
7.8%C2H
6.6%N2
0.3%O2

Basis: 100 m3 fuel

Volume air = 1043.4 m3

T = 20°C = 293 K

Ps = = 2317.62 Pa = 17.38 torr = 2.3176 KPa

Moles of dry fuel = = 3.9659 kgmole

Mole H2O from fuel = 3.9659 = 0.09512 kgmole

Mole wet air = = 41.8338 kgmole

Mole dry air = = 40.7172 kgmol

O2 supplied = 0.21(40.7172) = 8.5506 kgmole

Mole N2 = 0.79(40.7172) = 32.1666 kgmole

Gas Kgmole (n) At C Ar H Moles O2
CO2 0.047 (3.9659) = 0.1864 0.1864 0 0.1864
C2H4 0.078 (3.9659) = 0.3093 0.6187 1.2374 0
O2 0.003 (3.9659) = 0.0119 0 0 0.1190
H2 0.365 (3.9659) = 1.4476 0 2.8951 0
CH4 0.086 (3.9659) = 0.3411 10.3411 1.3643 0
N2 0.066 (3.9659) = 0.2618 0 0 0
CO 0.355 (3.9659) = 1.4079 1.4079 0 0.7040
total 3.9659 2.5540 5.4968 1.0093

O2 theo = 2.5540 + – 1.0093 = 3.0258 kgmole

a. % excess O2 = = 183 %

CO2 formed = 0.85 (2.5541) = 2.1709 kgmole

CO formed = 0.15 (2.5541) = 0.3831 kgmole

H2O from combustion = 5.4968 kgmol H ( )( ) = 2.7484 kgmol

H2O from air = 41.8338 – 40.7172 = 1.1166 kgmol

N2 = 0.2618 + 36.1666 = 32.4283 kgmol
Free O2 = 5.525 + = 5.7165 kgmole

b. ORSAT analysis

Gas Kgmole (n) %

CO2 2.1709 5.33
CO 0.3831 0.94
O2 5.7165 14.05
N2 32.4283 79.68
total 40.6988 100
c. GCV = 14.1194 (0.078) + 286.03 (0.365) + 283.18 (0.355) + 890.95 (0.086)
= 391.68

Basis: 1 kgmol fuel

Gas At C At H
H2 0 0.73
CH4 0.086 0.344
CO2 0.047 0
C2H4 0.156 0.312
CO 0.355 0
total 0.644 1.386

CO = 0.644 (0.15) = 0.0966

d. % Calorific Value lost due to

i. CO = = 6.98%

ii. Uncondensed water = = 7.79%

T = 400°C = 673 K

Gas Kgmole (n) Cp

CO2 0.5474 0.049
CO 8.139 0.031
O2 1.4313 0.033
N2 0.0966 0.031
H2O 0.9734 0.037

N x Cp = 0.5474 (0.049) + 0.037 (0.9734) + 0.031 (8.139) + 0.031 (0.0966) +

0.033 (1.4313) = 0.3654

iii. Sensible heat = = 34.98%

 7. Bottled Gas (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is found to contain 1.4% ethane, 23.8% propane,
20.7% i-butane and 54.1% n-butane. It is available at P 15/ kg. Associated gas analyzing
83.6% methane, 9.6% ethane, 1.2% propane, 0.9% n-butane and 4.7% i-butane is
available at P2.50/SCM. A fuel is to be selected between the two for cutting a refractory
lined furnace. Which is cheaper?

SOLUTION

For LPG:

Molecular
Gas % LHV (MJ/kmol)
Weight
Ethane 1.4 30 1560.42
Propane 23.8 44 2221.52
i-butane 20.7 58 2850.92
C4H10 54.1 58 2879.09

Ave. MW= (0.014)(30)+(0.238)(44)+(0.207)(58)+(0.541)(58)= 54.226 kg/kgmol

Ave. LHv= (.014)(1560.42)+(.238)(2221.52)+(.207)(2850.92)+(.541)(2879.09)= 2698.26
MJ/kmol

Cost: 54.226 kg/kgmol ( )( )

For associated gas:

Molecular
Gas % LHV
Weight
Ethane 9.6 30 1560.92
Propane 1.2 46 2221.52
i-butane 4.7 58 2850.92
n-butane 0.9 52 2879.01
Methane 83.6 16 890.95
 ( )

( )

LHV= (0.836)(890.95)+(0.096)(1560.92)+(0.012)(2221.52)+(0.047)(2850.92)+(0.009)(2879.01)
=1081.25 MJ/kmol

( )

Therefore, associated gas is cheaper.

8. A pure saturated hydrocarbon is burned with excess air. Orsat analysis of the stack gas
shows 7.9% CO2, 1.18% CO, 0.24% H2, 5.25% O2 and 85.43% N2. Air is substantially
dry. The stack gases leave at 750 mmHg pressure. Calculate:
a. % excess air
b. kg air/ kg fuel
c. Formula for the hydrocarbon
d. Dew point of the stack gas

SOLUTION

Excess air

Stack Gas
Hydrocarbon
7.9% CO2 , 1.18% CO, 0.24% H2 ,5.25% O2 ,85.43% N2

Basis 100 kgmol Stack Gas

N2 supplied =85.43 kgmol
O2 supplied = 85.43 (21/79) =22.7092 kgmol
 a. % excess air

= 24.99%

C balance:
C flue gas = [C CO2 + C CO] (100)
Flue gas = (7.9 + 1.18)(100)
Flue gas = 9.08

b. = 21.65

O2 used = O2 supplied - O2
= 22.7092 – 5.25
O2 used = 17.46
H = (17.94) (2) = 35.88
C = 9.08

n = 1.02 ≈ 1
c. Formula of Hydrocarbon: CH4

mol H2O = 8.97 (2) = 17.94 kgmol

( )( )

d. Dew point of gas: T = 327.41 K or 54.26˚C

9. Bottled gases are the liquefied petroleum gases propane and butane. If a sample of this
gas is burned in excess air, a burner gas of the following analysis is obtained: 8.62 %
CO2, 1.38% CO, 6.45% O2, and 83.55% N2. Calculate:
 a.) % excess air
b.) Composition of the bottled gas

SOLUTION
Excess air

Stack Gas
C3H8
8.62 % CO2 , 1.38% CO , 6.45% O2 , 83.55% N2
C4H10

Basis 100 kgmol stack gas

N2 supplied = 83.55 kgmol
O2 supplied = 83.55 (21/79) = 22.21 kgmol
Air supplied = 83.55 + 22.21 =105.76 kgmol
Xcs O2 = free O2 – CO/2
= 6.45 – 1.38/2 = 5.76 kgmol
a.

Let x= C3H8
y = C4H10
C balance: 3x + 4y = 10 equation 1
H balance: 8x + 10y =12.9 equation 2
Substituting equation to equation 2:

( )

Y = 1.3 mol
Substituting y at equation 1:
3x + 4(1.3) = 10
X= 1.6 mol
b. Composition of bottled gas
 n %

C3H8 1.6 55.17

C4H10 1.3 44.83

10. The burning of pure ethane with dry air gives a stack gas which analyzes 9.92% CO 2. The
stack gases leaves at 745 mmHg. Assuming complete combustion, determine:
a. % excess air
b. Complete analysis of stack gas
c. Dew point of stack gas

SOLUTION
Excess air

C2H6 Stack Gas

9.92 % CO2

Basis: 100 kgmole Stack Gas

C balance: 2 (C2H6) = 0.0992(100)
C2H6 = 4.96 kgmole
Theo O2 = 2 (4.96) + (3) (4.96) = 17.36 kgmole

Let x – excess O2
O2 air = 17.36 + x
N2 air = (17.36 + x) ( )

Free O2 = x
DSG balance
100 = 9.92 + (17.36 + x) ( ) + x

X= 5.2024
 a. % excess air = (100) = 29.97 %

b. ORSAT Analysis
Gas %

CO2 9.92

O2 5.2

N2 84.88

H2O formed = 4,96 (3) = 14.88 kgmole

P H2O = 96.4972 mmHg = 12 865.24 Pa

c. Dew point of stack gas T = 50.85°C or 323.85 K

11. Producer gas analyzing 25.3 % CO, 13.2 % H2, 0.4 % CH4, 5.4 % CO2, 0.5 % O2 and 55.2
% N2 is burned in excess air at 25°C, 745 torrs and 60% RH. Partial orsat analysis of the
stack gas shows 16.13 % CO2, 1.79 % CO and 0.72 % H2. Calculate
a. % excess O2
b. Complete analysis of stack gas
c. GCV
d. % Calorific lost due to CO and H2

SOLUTION
Excess air

25.3 % CO, 13.2 % H2,

0.4 % CH4, 5.4 % CO2,
Stack Gas
0.5 % O2, 55.2 % N2
16.13 % CO2, 1.79 % CO 0.72 % H2
Basis: 100 kgmole fuel

Theo O2 = (25.3 + 0.4 + 5.4) + (13.2 + 0.8) – ( + 5.4 + 0.5) = 19.55 kgmole

Let x – excess O2
O2 air = 19.55 + x
N2 air = (19.55 + x) ( )

C bal:
25.3 + 0.4 + 5.4 = (0.1613 + 0.0179) (DFG)
DFG = 173.5491 kgmole
CO2 = 0.1613 (173.5491) = 27.9935 kgmole
CO = 0.0179 (173.5491) = 3.1065 kgmole
H2 = 0.0072 (173.5491) = 1.2496 kgmole
N2 supplied = (19.55 + x) ( ) + 55.2

Free O2 = x + +

DFG bal:
173.5491 = 27.9935 + 3.1065 + 1.2496 + (19.55 + x) ( ) + 55.2 + x + +

X= 2.1580

a. % excess O2 = (100) = 11.04 %

b. Complete ORSAT Analysis

GAS Kgmole %
CO2 27.9935 16.13
CO 3.1065 1.79
H2 1.2496 0.72
O2 4.3361 2.50
N2 136.8634 78.86

c. GCV = = 112.96
 N Hc N x Hc
CO 25.3 283.18 7 164.454
H2 13.2 286.03 3 775.596
CH4 0.4 890.95 356.38

11296.43

d. CV lost due to

CO = (100) = 7.7 %

H2 = 3.16 %

12. A pure saturated hydrocarbon is burned in excess air. Air is supplied at the rate of 284.14
m3 / kgmol of the hydrocarbon. Air enters at 30°C, 1 atm and saturated with water vapor.
Partial orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 8.68 % CO2 and 1.3 % CO. Calculate
a. % excess air
b. Formula of hydrocarbon
c. Complete Orsat analysis of the stack gas

SOLUTION

Excess air

Hydrocarbon
Stack Gas

8.68 % CO2, 1.3 % CO

Basis: 100 kgmole hydrocarbon

Vair = = 28 414 m3 air

Nair = = 1142.768 kgmoles

P H2O at 30°C = 31.69 mmHg

Y H2O = 0.04169

N H2O in air = 47.65

N dry air = 1 142.768 – 47.65 = 1095.12 kgmoles

O2 air = 0.21 (1 095.12) = 229.98

N2 air = 0.79 (1 095.12) = 865.14

C balance

100 = (DSG) (0.0998)

DSG = 1 002.004 kgmole

CO2 = 1 002.004 (0.0868) = 86.97 kgmole

CO = 1 002.004 (0.013) = 13.026 kgmoles

% N2 = 86.34 %

% O2 = 90.02 – 86.34 = 3.68 %

O2 free = (0.0368)(1 002.004) = 36.87

Excess O2 = 36.87 - = 30.357

a. 15.3 %

C fuel = 86.07 + 13.026 = 99.996

Unaccounted O2 = 229.98 – 86.97 - - 30.357 = 100.14

Net H = 100.14 (4) = 400.56

N= 1
 b. Formula of hydrocarbon CH4
c. Complete Orsat analysis
n %

CO2 86.97 8.68

CO 13.026 1.3

N2 865.14 86.34

O2 36.87 3.68

13. A mixture of a saturated hydrocarbon and N2 is burned in excess air supplied at 25°C,
740 torrs with 90% RH. An orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 7.6 % CO2, 2.28% CO,
1.14% H2, 6.03% O2 and 82.95% N2 with a dew point of 50.46°C. The stack gas leaves at
350°C, 765 mmHg with a volume rate of 2.049 m3 wet stack gas per m3 wet air.
Calculate:
a. Formula of hydrocarbon
b. Volume % analysis of the fuel
c. % excess air

SOLUTION

Excess air

Hydrocarbon Stack Gas

7.6% CO2 , 2.28% CO, 1.14% H2 ,6.03% O2 ,82.95% N2

N2

Basis 100 m3 air

Vol of wet stack gas = 2 049 m3 wet stack gas

N wet air = = 39.817 kgmole

N wet stack gas = = 43.86 kgmole

P H2O ar 50.46°C = 109.603 mmHg

N H2O = 6,28 kgmoles

DSG = 43.86 – 6.28 = 37.576
CO2 = 0.076 (37.576) = 2.86
CO = 0.0228 (37.576) = 0.857
H2 = 0.0114 (37.576) = 0.428
O2 = 0.0603 (37.576) = 2.27
N2 = 0.8295 (37.576) = 31.17
C fuel = 2.86 + 0.857 = 3.717
P at 25°C = 23.61 mmHg

= 1.14

N dry air = 39.817 – 1.14 = 38.674

O2 air = 0.21 (38.674) = 8.121
N2 air = 0.79 (38.674) = 30.552
N2 fuel = 31.14 – 30.552 = 0.618

Unaccounted O2 = 8.121 – 2.86 - – 2.27 = 2.5625

H2 fuel = 2.5625(4) + 0.428(2) = 11.106

N= 2
a. Formula of hydrocarbon C2H6
b. % wt analysis of fuel

N2 = 24%

C2H6 = 100 - 24 = 76%

Excess O2 = 2.27 - - = 1.6275

c. % excess O2 = = 25.06 %