Experiment Report 3

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SYMMETRIC RIGID BODIES

Name: Phạm Quốc Việt

Student ID: 20176612
Class: TT-CĐT-01-K62
Group: 2

I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS
- Calculating the moment of inertia in the symmetric rigid bodies
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. Moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation:
I=∫ 𝑟 2 ⅆ𝑚 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
dm: mass element
r: distance from the mass element to the axis of rotation
2. Moment of inertia about the center of mass axis
1
- For a long bar: Icm = . 𝑚. 𝑙 2
12
1
- For a thin disk or a solid cylinder: Icm = . 𝑚. 𝑅2
2
- For a hollow cylinder having very thin wall: Icm = 𝑚. 𝑅2
2
- For a solid sphere: Icm = . 𝑚. 𝑅2
5
2
- I = Icm + Md
- If the object is rotated by an angle φ , the torque acting on it will be Շ= Dz.φ
Dz: elastic constant of spring
𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝑤 𝑑2ɸ
- Շ= = I. =I.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2ɸ Dz.φ
- + =0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐼
𝐼
- 𝑇 = 2𝜋. √
Dz
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Measurement of the rod
- Step 1: Equipment is setup. A mask (width ~ 3 mm) is stuck on the rod to
ensure the rod went through the photogate.
- Step 2: Press the button “Start” to turn on the counter
- Step 3: Push the rod to rotate with an angle of 1800 , then let it to oscillate
freely. Make 5 trials and record the measurement result of period T in a
data sheet.
- Step 4: Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the rod for next measurement.

2. Measurement of the solid disk

- Using the suitable screws to mount the solid disk on the rotation axle of the
spiral spring. A piece of note paper is stuck on the disk to ensure it passing
through the photogate.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the rod. Record the
measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the disk for next measurement.
3. Measurement of the hollow cylinder
- Using the suitable screws to mount the hollow cylinder coupled with a
supported disk below on the rotation axle of the spiral spring.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the disk. Record the
measurement result of period T (5 trials) in a data sheet.
- Push the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the hollow cylinder and repeat the measurement to get its rotary
period T (5 trials).
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the supported disk for next measurement.
4. Measurement of the Solid Sphere
- Mount the solid sphere on the rotation axle of the spiral spring
- Push the sphere to rotate with an angle of 2700 , then let it to oscillate
freely. The obtained vibration period of the sphere will be recorded (5
trials) in the data sheet.
- Uninstall the solid sphere and switch off the counter to finish the
measurements.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1. Measurement of the rod:

Trial T(s)

1 2.652

2 2.537

3 2.685

4 2.610

5 2.631

𝑇̅ = 2.623(𝑠)

∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2
∆𝑇 = √ = 0.050(𝑠)
5

2. Measurement of the solid disk:

Trial T(s)

1 2.025

2 2.125

3 2.045

4 2.118

5 2.136

𝑇̅ = 2.090(𝑠)
 ∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2
∆𝑇 = √ = 0.046(𝑠)
5

3. Measurement of the hollow cylinder:

a) Supported disk:

Trial T(s)

1 0.299

2 0.302

3 0.313

4 0.287

5 0.278

𝑇̅ = 0.296(𝑠)

∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2
∆𝑇 = √ = 0.012(𝑠)
5

b) Supported disk + Hollow cylinder

Trial T(s)

1 1.023

2 1.041

3 1.034

4 1.093

5 1.077

𝑇̅ = 1.054(𝑠)
 ∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2
∆𝑇 = √ = 0.027(𝑠)
5

4. Measurement of the solid sphere:

Trial T(s)

1 2.126

2 2.152

3 2.133

4 2.145

5 2.124

𝑇̅ = 2.136(𝑠)

∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2
∆𝑇 = √ = 0.011(𝑠)
5

V. DATA PROCESSING
1. Rod:
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

𝑇 2 2.623 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 7.671 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141
2
∆𝑇 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐼𝑐𝑚 √(2 ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋

0.050 2 0.001 2
= 7.671 × 10 −3
× √4 ( ) + 4( )
2.623 3.141

= 0.292 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (7.671 ± 0.292) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
Hence

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (7.671 ± 0.292) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

1 1
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑙 2 = 0.240 × (0.620)2 = 7.688 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑠 /𝑠)
12 12
The different between theoretical and experimental number:

|𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 − 𝐼𝑐𝑚 | |(7.688 − 7.671) × 10−3 |

%𝜎 = = = 0.2%
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 7.688 × 10−3
2. Solid disk
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

𝑇 2 2.090 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 4.870 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141
2
∆𝑇 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐼𝑐𝑚 √(2 ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋

0.046 2 0.001 2
= 4.870 × 10 −3
× √4 ( ) + 4( )
2.090 3.141

= 0.214 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (4.870 ± 0.214) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Hence

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (4.870 ± 0.214) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

 1 2
1 0.220 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑅 = 0.795 × ( ) = 4.810 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑠 /𝑠)
12 2 2
The different between theoretical and experimental number:

|𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 − 𝐼𝑐𝑚 | |(4.810 − 4.870) × 10−3 |

%𝜎 = = = 1.2%
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 4.810 × 10−3

3. Hollow cylinder
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

+) Moment of inertia of the supported disk

𝑇 2 0.296 2
𝐼𝑠𝑝 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 0.098 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141
2
∆𝑇 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑠𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠𝑝 √(2 ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋

0.012 2 0.001 2
= 0.098 × 10 −3
× √4 ( ) + 4( )
0.296 3.141

= 0.008 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑠𝑝 = (0.098 ± 0.008) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

+) Moment of inertia of the couple object (supported disk + hollow cylinder)

𝑇 2 1.054 2
𝐼𝑐𝑜 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 1.239 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141
2
∆𝑇 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑜 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜 √(2 ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋

0.027 2 0.001 2
= 1.239 × 10 −3
× √4 ( ) + 4( )
1.054 3.141
= 0.063 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
Then 𝐼𝑐𝑜 = (1.239 ± 0.063) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

⇒Moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠𝑝 = (1.239 − 0.098) × 10−3 = 1.141 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑚 = √(∆𝐼𝑐𝑜 )2 + (∆𝐼𝑠𝑝 )

= √(0.063 × 10−3 )2 + (0.008 × 10−3 )2

= 0.064× 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (1.141 ± 0.064) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Hence

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (1.141 ± 0.064) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

2
0.089 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑅 = 0.780 × ( ) = 1.545 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑠 /𝑠)
2
The different between theoretical and experimental number:

|𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 − 𝐼𝑐𝑚 | |(1.545 − 1.141) × 10−3 |

%𝜎 = = = 26%
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 1.545 × 10−3
4. Solid sphere
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment
𝑇 2 2.136 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 5.087 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141
2
∆𝑇 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐼𝑐𝑚 √(2 ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋
 0.011 2 0.001 2
= 5.087 × 10 −3
× √4 ( ) + 4( )
2.136 3.141

= 0.052 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (5.087 ± 0.052) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Hence

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (5.087 ± 0.052) × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

2 2
2 0.146 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑅 = 2.290 × ( ) = 4.881 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑠 /𝑠)
5 5 2
The different between theoretical and experimental number:

|𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 − 𝐼𝑐𝑚 | |(4.881 − 5.087) × 10−3 |

%𝜎 = = = 4.2%
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 4.881 × 10−3