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Rocas Carbonatadas
Calizas
Las calizas son rocas originadas por un proceso de sedimentación directa. Esta
sedimentación puede tener diversos orígenes:
Dolomías
Las dolomías se originan como consecuencia de procesos postsedimentarios. Las
calizas, formadas por los procesos antes descritos, pueden ponerse en contacto
con aguas enriquecidas en magnesio, lo que da origen al proceso llamado de
dolomitización. Al ser la dolomita más densa y de estructura cristalina más
compacta que la calcita, este proceso implica un aumento del volumen de huecos
de la roca, es decir, de su porosidad.
Texturalmente las dolomías no presentan apenas variabilidad, al tratarse de rocas
recristalizadas. Todo lo más, pueden preservar relictos texturales de la caliza
original.
En cuanto a sus aplicaciones, las dolomías se utilizan como piedra de
construcción y ornamentación, y también en la fabricación de ciertos cementos
Las dolomías, a diferencia de las calizas, no son solubles en agua, lo que impide
el desarrollo de los procesos kársticos sobre ellas
Carbonated sedimentary rocks and deposits
Carbonated rocks
Limestones
Limestones are rocks caused by a direct sedimentation process. This
sedimentation can have diverse origins:
biochemical precipitation: Calcium carbonate is fixed in the shells or
skeletons of certain organisms, whether microscopic (foraminiferous), or
macroscopic and at their death, these shells or skeletons accumulate,
causing a carbonate sediment and the partial dissolution and reprecipitation
of the carbonate cements the rock, giving rise to the limestones.
Another form of deposit is the fixation of carbonate on foreign elements,
such as quartz grains, or small fragments of fossils, giving rise to oolites
(oolitic calias). Algae also fix this compound, giving rise to algae or
stromatolite meshes, which if fragmented and rolled originate pisoliths
(pisolytic limestones). All these possibilities give rise to the various types of
limestone.
As for their applications, they are relatively numerous:
1. The most widespread is in the cement industry: the most common cement,
the Portland type, is a finely powdered and properly dosed mixture of
limestone and clay, which, heated in an oven at a temperature between
1,400 and 1,500 ° C, reacts to give a product it receives the name
of clinker , which once cooled, a small amount of plaster is added to obtain
the final product, which is cement.
2. An application to highlight, due to its increasing importance, is its use as a
bed of combustion processes of sulfur-rich coal, since it avoids its
mobilization through the formation of CaSO 4 (anhydrite).
3. Another common application is as arid, especially for the road subbase.
The behavior of these rocks against fluids is also interesting: the limestones
usually have little primary porosity, that is, due to the original arrangement of their
textural elements, so that healthy and non-fractured limestones usually have poor
storage capacity. fluids However, under certain conditions (at low pressures and
temperatures) they can respond to fracturing tectonic deformation, which gives
them a certain secondary porosity. In addition, calcium carbonate is soluble in
water, especially in warm waters
This means that under the action of water, whether superficial or underground,
limestone formations develop so-called karst processes, which involve the
formation of caves and caverns.
In addition, in these karst formations water can accumulate in large volumes: they
are excellent underground aquifers, although they are also poorly formed
formations to store surface waters, which usually infiltrate very easily through
sinks, dolins, etc.
Dolomites
Dolomites originate as a result of post-alimentary processes: limestones, formed
by the processes described above, can get in contact with magnesium-enriched
waters, which gives rise to the so-called dolomitization process. Being the densest
dolomite and crystalline structure more compact than calcite, this process implies
an increase in the volume of rock holes, that is, its porosity.
Texturally, the dolomites have hardly any variability, since they are recrystallized
rocks. All the more, they can preserve textural relictures of the original limestone.
As for its applications, dolomites are used as a building stone and ornamentation,
and also in the manufacture of certain cements.
Dolomites, unlike limestones, are not soluble in water, which prevents the
development of karst processes on them.
http://www.medellin.unal.edu.co/~rrodriguez/yacimientos-higueras/ymcarbonatados.htm
Industrialización de las calizas
Canteras en laderas
El relieve de las laderas facilita tanto las labores de extracción, como la creación
de bancos en la cantera (abarata costes) porque el transporte de materiales se
realiza cuesta abajo. Consiste en excavar bancos en la parte superior de la ladera
e ir descendiendo en sucesivos.
Construcción
o la porosidad
o forma.
Metalurgia
Agricultura
Manufactura
Limestone Industrialization
The exploitation of limestone is mainly carried out in quarries, this system consists
in the elimination of the upper layers of the soil for the extraction of minerals from
deposits.
Quarries
The quarries are characterized by long and deep cuts organized in several banks.
They consist of bank excavations, with various levels of extraction, either
ascending or descending, depending on whether they are excavations on the
hillside or on flat land.
Explosives are usually used and the manufacturing process is accompanied by
crushing and subsequent classification.
Hillside quarries
The relief of the slopes facilitates both the work of extraction, and the creation of
banks in the quarry (low cost) because the transport of materials is done downhill.
It consists of digging banks at the top of the slope and descending in successive.
Limestone use
Building
3. Flux and purifier of glass and steel. They also form the basis of the fluxes in
the metallurgy of copper, lead, zinc, manganese, arsenic and antimony.
Farming
Manufacturing
Tipos de calizas
Se conocen diversos tipos de caliza, llamados según las características físicas y la
génesis de sus componentes. Entre las más comunes están:
Calizas nodulosas rojas: Se originan en los fondos marinos más alejados,
por lo que poseen un alto valor comercial y científico. De ellas nacen la
caliza roja Caravaca, roja Cehengí y roja Quipar.
Limestone characteristics
Although slowly, the limestone is soluble in acidulated waters such as rainwater or
river, a process known as carotic weathering. If subjected to high temperatures, it
gives rise to lime, impure calcium oxide (CaO). Like other non-metallic minerals
such as Salitre, Aljez and Sulfur, it is considered a non-renewable natural resource.
Types of limestones
Various types of limestone are known, called according to the physical
characteristics and the genesis of its components. Among the most common are:
Red nodulosic limestones: They originate in the farthest seabed, so they
have a high commercial and scientific value. From them the red limestone
Caravaca, red Cehengí and red Quipar are born.
Bioclastic and oolitic limestones are also known. The latter formed by ooids,
small spherical grains common in shallow marine waters. On the other
hand, chalk is a limestone produced biochemically, composed of skeletal
remains of microscopic marine organisms.
https://www.rocasyminerales.net/caliza/