MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN W RLD

LESSON I - INTRODUCTION

“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” –Albert Einstein

AUGUST 14, 2019 PREPARED BY: REYMAR S. LEDESMA

 MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD
• Patterns In Nature
• Numbers In Nature

See Reference
PATTERNS IN NATURE (Types)

1. SELF-ORGANIZED PATTERNS/INHERENT ORGANIZATION

• Devised by the mathematician JOAN HORTON CONWAY as “Game of Life”.

2. INVOKED ORGANIZATION

See Reference
 Self-Organized Organization
(Example 1)

Picture: 2-D cell automaton for developing the zebra coat pattern.

See Reference
Self-Organized Organization
(Example 2)

Picture: Stripped or rippled

pattern observed
on the desert sand.

See Reference
Invoked Organization
(Example 1)

Picture: Honeycomb as an
example patterns by
Invoked Organization

See Reference
NUMBERS IN NATURE

1. The Fibonacci Series (1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21, …)

• Leonardo Fibonacci began the study of this sequence by posing the
following problem in his book, Liber Abaci:

“How many pairs of rabbits will be produced in a year, beginning

with a single pair , if in every month each pair bears a new pair which
becomes productive from the second month on?”

• By Functional Notation,

f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2) using,

f(0) = 1 and f(1) = 1

See Reference
NUMBERS IN NATURE

1. The Fibonacci Series

Picture: (a) A pine cone exhibits the pattern of spirals of both directions – 13
clockwise and 8 anticlockwise (b) The seed of the cone flower
following a spiral pattern (c) The shells of snails are also in the See Reference
shape of spirals.
NUMBERS IN NATURE

2. The Golden Ratio (1.61803399)

• a number commonly encountered when taking ratios of distances in
simple geometric figures such as pentagons, decagons and dodecagons. It
is denoted by PHI (ø), and is called the divine proportion, golden mean,
or golden section.
• Phi can be expressed in the following two series:

(a)

(b)
See Reference
NUMBERS IN NATURE
SEE VIDEO

2. The Golden Ratio (1.61803399)

Picture: The pattern of the logarithmic graph based on the golden rule is
same to that of the pattern found in sea shells.
See Reference
REFERENCES

Adam, John A; Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural

World, published by New Jersey K: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Frietag, M. Golden Ratio. Retrieved on August 2019. Retrieved from:

http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt669/Student.Folders/Frietag.Mark/H
omepage/Goldenratio/goldenrat io.html

Khandelwal, R. and Sahni, S. PATTERNS IN NATURE. Retrieved: August 2019.

Rapid tables.Retrieved From:

https://www.rapidtables.com/math/symbols/Basic_Math_Symbols.ht
ml. Retrieved on August 2019.
SEATWORK

Activity 1. Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Number

I. Instructions: Fill the missing values of the given pattern. (5mins, 10points)

1. 2, 3, 8, __, __, …
2. __, __, 15, 24, 39, 63, …
3. __, __, 39, 63, 102, 165, …
4. 8, 13, 21, 34, __, __, …
5. 55, __, 144, 233, __, 610, …
6. 1864, ___, ___, 7896, 12776, 20672, …
7. __, __, 495, 801, 1296, 2097, …
8. 18, 30, __, __, 126, 204, 330, …
9. __, __, 275, 445, 720, 1165, …
10.89, 144, __, __, 610, 987, 1597, …

See Reference
SEATWORK

Activity 1. Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Number

II. Instructions: Answer the following questions. (15mins, 15points)

1. A man put a pair of rabbits. How many rabbits will be produced after 1 year if
in every month, each pair begets a new pair? (5mins, 5points)
2. Using a graphing paper, draw a Fibonacci Spiral by creating squares whose
side measurements are always the measurement of the next square. (10mins,
5points)
a. First draw a square that measures 1 square unit.
b. Draw a second square of 1 square unit to the left of the drawn
square.
c. Draw a 2x2 square above the squares just drawn, making sure that
one side of the square is the length of the two squares just drawn.
d. Draw a 3 x 3 to the right of the other 3 squares.
e. Continue this pattern until the graphing paper is filled up by similar
squares.
“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.”
-–Albert Einstein

T HA NK Y O U !
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN W RLD
LESSON 2 – MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” –Albert Einstein

AUGUST 15, 2019 PREPARED BY: REYMAR S. LEDESMA

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

1. Precise - able to make very fine distinctions

2. concise - able to say things briefly
3. Powerful - able to express complex thoughts with relative ease

EXPRESSION VS. SENTENCES

 Expression - is a name given to a mathematical object of interest

 A mathematical sentence, just as an English sentence, must state a complete

thought
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS
Definition of Mathematical Expression

 An expression is the mathematical analogue of an English noun; it is a correct

arrangement of mathematical symbols used to represent a mathematical
object of interest. An expression does NOT state a complete thought; in
particular, it does not make sense to ask if an expression is true or false.

EXAMPLES: numbers, functions, sets, ordered pairs, matrices, vectors

Definition of Mathematical Sentence

A mathematical sentence is the analogue of an English sentence; it is a correct

arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a complete thought. It makes
sense to ask about the TRUTH of a sentence: Is it true? Is it false? Is it sometimes
true/sometimes false?
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

“Numbers have lots of different names”

Example: The expressions:
10 9+1 (9+6)-5 20/2
all look different, but are all just different names for the same number.

TRUTH OF SENTENCES

 Sentences can be true or false. The notion of truth (i.e., the property of being
true or false) is of fundamental importance in the mathematical language.

BASIC EXAMPLES:
1. 5x + 2x = 7x _______________
2. 5x – 2x = x _______________
3. x = 1 _______________
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

CONVENTIONS IN LANGUAGES

 Mathematics also has its conventions, which help readers distinguish between
different types of mathematical expressions

Example:
1. the use of commas
2. simplification of expressions
3. the use of symbols as representation
4. rounding off of numbers (unless otherwise stated)
5. the use of bars in repeating decimals
6. graphical representation of data
7. proper writing of equation when introducing new variable
8. proof statements like: If-then, Thus, So, Therefore, It follows that, Hence)
9. omitting repeating expressions (the use of “which equals” or “which is equal
to”.
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

OPEN SENTENCES

 A group of numbers and symbols is called a mathematical phrase. If a phrase

contains a variable which is used to denote any vale, then the phrase is called
an open phrase.

Example:
Mathematical Phrase Open Phrase
3(4+5) 3(x+5)
15+28 n+28
(7∙5)+15 (7∙ x)+15

Note: A phrase is simply a group of symbols which does not express a complete
thought.
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

Definition of Open Sentence

An open sentence is a statement that contain one or more variables which

becomes either true or false when specific values are assigned to the variable.
EXERCISES:
I. Translate each of the following to a mathematical phrase.
a. the sum of 28 and 32
b. 56 diminished by 3 times 5
c. the sum of 35 and the product of 4 and 8
d. the quotient of 30 and the difference of 8 and 2
e. one-half the product of 8 and 10
f. the square root of the sum of 16 and 34
g. 5 squared less than 9 squared
h. the reciprocal of 7 plus 2
i. the sum of 4 squared and 3 cubed
j. the square root of 9 times one-third of 12
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

EXERCISES: (continued)
II. Translate each of the following to an open phrase.
a. x increased by one-half y
b. the product of a and b
c. r less than twice s
d. the product of the reciprocal of m and n
e. a number increased by twice its square
f. three times n decreased by 7
g. 4 times the square root of x
h. 7 less than one-fourth of m
i. the sum of x and y squared
j. twice the product of a and the sum of c and d
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

EXERCISES: (continued)
III. Translate each of the following to an open sentence.
a. the sum of d and 0 is d
b. 8 taken from a number equals 35
c. the sum of 4a and 8a is 12a
d. five times an certain number is 90
e. 4 less than 3 times a number is 23
f. the sum of twice a number and the number itself is 15
g. 3 less than 4 times a number is greater than 12
h. 2 added to 4 times a number is less than 30
i. the square of a number is 81
j. 6 times the square of a number is 54
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (BASIC MATH SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (BASIC MATH SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (GEOMETRY SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (GEOMETRY SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (ALGEBRA SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (ALGEBRA SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (LINEAR ALGEBRA SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (COMBINOTRICS SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (SET THEORY SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (SET THEORY SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (SET THEORY SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (SET THEORY SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (SET THEORY SYMBOLS)

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (SET THEORY SYMBOLS)

REFERENCES

Burns, Carol JVF. The Language of Mathematics. Retrieved from

http://www.onemathematicalcat.org.cat_book.htm. Retrieved on
August 2019.

Rapid tables.Retrieved From:

https://www.rapidtables.com/math/symbols/Basic_Math_Symbols.ht
ml. Retrieved on August 2019.

Educational Testing Service. Math Conventions. Copyright 2017.

“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.”
-–Albert Einstein

T HA NK Y O U !