CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Music

According to language, “music” comes from Greek, "mousike" and Latin,

"musica". The word "mousike" comes from the word "mousa", in the Latin

"musa", Greek "mouskos", and English "muse". So from the word "musica" had

born the word "music". According to ancient Greek mythology, musika is an "art

of Muzen", or Mousas". Music is the art of one of the nine goddesses called

Muzen.

According to the term, music is a sound that contains certain elements,

which are accepted by individuals, groups, and different groups of people based

on the history, location, culture, and taste of a person. Music is an art that depicts

human thoughts and feelings through the beauty of sound. Human uses words to

reveal a concept, he also uses sound composition to express his inner feelings.

Like any other art, music is a feelings’ reflection of an individual or society.

Music is the result of human's creation and sense of his life and world.

Here are some definitions of Music according to some figures from

various fields of science:

a) R. G. Escher, Erikson, and Hood's mantle (scientist)

"Music is a movement that in its totality has rhythmic, melodic, and

harmonious qualities."

b) Aaron Copland (composer)

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"Music is a sound consisting of four basic elements; rhythm, melody,

harmony, and tone."

c) Eduard Hanslick (composer)

"Music is a sound movement (the essence of music sounds loud)."

d) K.S. Laurila (author)

"Music is a row of tones that are objectively nothing more than the

vibrations of the air, and are implicitly only the impression of hearing alone."

e) Aristotle (philosopher)

"Music is an outpouring of the mental energy’s power and power of

depiction derived from the motion of taste in a rhythmic melody."

In the past, music also has a very important role in the eyes of primitive

societies. They believe music could be a prevention of disaster or other adverse

events. The history of the use of music as a tranquilizer medium of human

psychology has been pioneered since the days of ancient Greek philosophers,

Plato and Aristotle. In Iran and in ancient literature on music, the influence of

music on the human psyche has been specifically discussed. For many centuries

the Iranians used music therapy as a method of healing and made it a factor that

can maintain mental health. That problem can be found in the book Behjatul

Arwah by Safiyuddin Armavi.

Music experiences developments, changes, and expansions from a period

of time as the culture grows in the community where the music grows. Here are

examples of the development of music from time to time:

a) Ancient music (before 476 AD)

b) Medieval sacred music (476-1450 AD)

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c) Medieval secular music

d) Musical renaissance (1450-1600)

e) Baroque music (1600-1750)

f) Classical music (1750-1830)

g) Romantic music (1815-1910)

h) Modern music / The 20th century (1900-2000)

i) Contemporary music / 21st century (2000-present)

Usually, the therapists divide the theme into five musical types, namely

trance-themed music, mellow, passion, cheerful, and relaxation. Trance-themed

music is a type of music mellow that contains a remarkable expression of

cheerfulness. This type of music is suitable for people with mental stress or stress.

Melodic and melancholy music is a kind of music that saves feelings. Such music

can decrease the amount of chemical composition in the brain. Melancholy-

themed music in normal condition can reduce pain and pain. Meanwhile, when

heard in a sad moment, it could be for someone to withstand grief. However, the

use of such themed music can get down the spirit and hatred. The spirit-themed

music is a type of music that can be driven by strong and fast reactions

accompanied by physiological responses.

The music composers use such themes to improve body movement. This

type of music is very small [fit for teenagers]. If used properly, this type of music

can have a positive impact and increase the spirit. [The forth] type is a cheerful

music with a soothing rhythm touch. Music like this [This kind of music] can

increase the passion of life and generate positive feelings, so it can increase the

work power. This type of music is also very useful for generating passion and joy
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among children. The last type is relaxation music. This music is soft, monotonous,

and flat. The softness of the music can soothe human feelings and emotions. This

type of music is used to improve concentration and balance emotions.

2.1.1 The Benefits of Music for Human Psychology

Music is a variety of art that affects the audience without intermediate

concepts or interpretation. Music has 3 important parts namely beat, rhythm, and

harmony. Beat affects the body, the rhythm affects the soul, while harmony

affects the spirit. So there is music that makes you happy, sad, touched, restful,

spirit [exiting], remind the past and others. Not infrequently the knowledge of

music that affects the soul and the listener's behavior. The most obvious example

that the beat greatly affects the body is in rock concerts. Certainly, there are no

audiences or players in the rock concert who isn’t moving their body.

Through its miraculous effect, music can also set humanity free from the

bondage of inner pressure, loneliness, panic, and other mental disorders.

Therefore, now in various countries rife established various research centers and

music therapy practices. Music, according to the arrangement of intervals and

rhythms has a special reflection that can stimulate the nerve cells so that human

feelings can be weakened, strengthened or transferred. That influence has even

been proven scientifically throughout the human phase of life, from the time in the

embryo to the elders. It can even affect other living things like plants.

Not only that, the music proved to affect the sensory-motor nervous

system, the conscious nervous system, and other nerve cells. The results of

research conducted by the Institute of Music Applications in Iran regarding the

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function of applied music to the physical and mental health of human shows that

music therapy can be a new method of healing in mental disorders among children

with mental disabilities. The study proves, music therapy can increase self-

confidence and control hyperactive actions among children with mental

disabilities and can create significant mental and behavioral changes.

Music will stimulate the nervous system that can produce a feeling. This

stimulation of the nervous system has important significance for treatment since

the nervous system takes part in physiological processes. In the medical science of

the soul, if emotion is not harmonious, it will interfere with other systems in our

body, such as respiratory system, endocrine system, immune system, metabolic

system, motor system, pain system, temperature system and so forth. All of these

systems can react positively when listening to the right music. Music will

stimulate this system automatically, even if someone is not listening or watching

the music being played. If the system is stimulated then one will improve

memory, learning ability, math ability, analysis, logic, intelligence and the ability

to sort, besides also the feeling of happiness and the emergence of social balance.

The results of Herry Chunagi (1996) Siegel (1999), which is based on the

theory of neurons (cells conductor in the nervous system), explains that neurons

will become circuits if there is stimulation of music, stimulus in the form of

movement, touching, voice resulting neuron separated and integrating themselves

into brain circuits. The more musical stimuli are given the more complex the

interneuron. That is actually the basis of the ability of math, logic, language,

music, and emotion in children.

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Music can also improve intelligence. The reason is that rhythmic

stimulation can improve the function of the brain. The resulting internal rhythm of

music makes the nerves of the brain work, the sense of comfort and calm that

stimulated the music to make the function of the brain work optimally. When this

is often done, the work function of our brains will be more excellent, so that our

thinking ability more clear and sharp, and prevent senility (Alzheimer's). We need

to know that the right part of our brain deals with intelligence and artistic and

creative development, language, music, imagination, color, self-knowledge,

socialization, and personality development. Therefore, the rhythmic stimulation of

the music can also improve language skills, increase creativity, and improve our

concentration and memory.

2.1.2 Music Mechanisms in Influencing the Human Brain

First we must understand that the human brain’s wave pattern determines

the activity of body and mind. Therefore, previously known that music has a

greater effect on the right brain, it also affects the left brain due to emission did by

Corpus Callosum by spreading information from right to left and vice versa. So it

can be concluded that music affects both sides of the brain.

Acoustic, sound, vibration, and motor phenomena have been discovered

since the ovum is fertilized by sperm to form new humans. At that time there are

various processes surrounding the egg in the womb, producing in dynamic

motion, have vibration, and have their own voice. For example, sound produced

by the uterine wall, heart rate, blood flow, mothers voice whispers, sounds and

wheezing, movement mechanisms and internal body friction, muscle movement,

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chemical processes and enzymes, and many others. All of these can be grouped as

a perfection of sound.

All kinds of sounds or when the sounds in a regular sequence that we

know as music, will enter through the ear, then vibrate the eardrum, shake the

fluid in the inner of ear and vibrate the haired cells in the Cochlea then through

the Koklearis nerve to the brain. There are 3 pieces of Reticular Subject or

Reticular Activating System known to date. First: the thyroid-reticular distance.

Music will be received directly by Thyroid, a part of the brain that regulates

emotions, sensations, and feelings, without first digested by the brain thinking

about good or bad as well as intelligence. Second: through the Hypothalamus

affects the basal structure of the "forebrain" including the limbic system, the

hypothalamus is the central autonomic nerve that regulates the respiratory

function, heart rate, blood pressure, bowel movement, endocrine function,

memory, etc., and third: through axon neuron diffusely supply the neocortex. A

researcher Ira Altschuler says "Once a stimulus reaches the thalamus, it is

automatically the center of the brain has been invaded."

Gilman and Newman (1996) suggested that Planum Temporale is a part of

the brain that plays a role in verbal and auditory processes, while Corpus

Callosum serves as a message sender of the left brain to the right and vice versa.

As we know the human brain has two major parts, the left brain, and right brain.

Although many researchers say that musical ability is centered on the right

hemisphere, but in the developmental process the proportion of capabilities that

were accumulated only in the right brain will spread through Corpus Callosum

left cerebral hemisphere. Finally, that ability affects the linguistic development.
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Dr. Lawrence Parsons of the University of Texas-San Antonio found data that the

harmony, melody, and rhythm have different patterns of activity in the brain.

Melodies produce the same brainwaves in the left and right brain, while the

harmony and rhythm are more focused on the left hemisphere alone. But overall,

music involves almost all parts of the brain.

A survey at a seminar shows that listeners say they are not listening to the

lyrics of a song. But by the time the song is heard, half of them could sing on that

song without knowing it’s lyrics. This showed the existence of memory in the

brain that can record anything that comes through our hearing with music, without

being able to be digested by common sense. In conclusion, there is no song or

music that can be prevented from entering our brain, even though we say "I do not

listen to its lyrics".

2.2 Effect of Music on Student Learning Concentration in Class XI Mipa 5

MAN 3 Jombang.

Here are the results obtained by the author after distributing questionnaires

on the form of 10 questions to students class XI Exact 5 MAN 3 Jombang in order

to know the percentage of auditory students who learn with the help of music:

1. Students with auditory learning style as much as 60,6% from 33

student that is 20 student.

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Percentage Form of Learning Using Music Student Class

XI Exact 5 MAN 3 Jombang

menghitung tematik
30%
menghitung tematik
dan membaca bacaan
55%
membaca bacaan
15%

Picture 2.2 Diagram of Percentage Form of Learning Using Music Student

Class XI Exact 5 MAN 3 Jombang

2. Based on the form of learning that match with the method of

learning using music, there is 30% of 20 students as much as 6

students tend to be more concentrated when calculating

thematically by listening to music, there is 55% of 20 students as

much as 11 students tend to be more concentrated when reading

material by listening to music, while 15% of 20 students as much

as 3 students tend to be more concentrated when calculating

thematic and reading the material.

3. Based on the type of music that listened while studying, 75% of the

20 students as much as 15 students admitted to not having a certain

genre because all the songs that are considered good can be used as

a studying companion, and 25% of 20 students as much as 5

students admitted more comfortable with ballad song or songs that

have slow and quite rhythmic as companions learn.

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4. The reasons that mentioned by the auditory students in the use of

music while studying are as follows:

 Music makes the mind more relaxed and focused on the

study material.

 Music helps minimize sleepiness while studying because of

boredom.

 Music can replace noise from the surrounding environment

while studying.

 Music helps remember a material while learning. [the

material that is memorized when listening to music will

also be remembered when the brain remembers the same

music].