0RNL/SUB-3960//

(iROUTING APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

VOLUME I & II

Herbert H. E i n s t e i n

Matthew J . Barvenik

Department of C i v i l Engineering ,
School of Engineering
Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology

( S o i l s P u b l i c a t i o n No. 334)

JANUARY, 1975
P0RUCN3 OF THIS RKPCRT AR.a ILLEGIBLE. 11
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This r e p o r t was prepared by t h e Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of

Technology under S u b c o n t r a c t 3960 with Union Carbide Corpo-
r a t i o n , Nuclear D i v i s i o n . The s u b c o n t r a c t was administered
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O F F I C E O F W A S T E I S O L A T i p N
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document a r e t h o s e of t h e a u t h o r and a r e not t o be i n t e r -
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DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNUMITEH

R75-8 Soils Publication No. 334

G R O U T I N G A P P L I C A T I O N S

1 N

C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G

Vol. I

by

Herbert H. Einstein

and

Matthew J. Barvenik
NOTICE
"IW» t c p p f l w»t ptcpaied s i »n account o f wutk
ipofliored by (he United Statci Government. Neither
the United S t a t u not the United Slates K n e w
Research and OereJopmr.it Administration, not any o f
thcii employees, n o any of their c o n t r i c i o t i ,
subcontractor*. or thelf employees, makei any
variant?, enpreu or implied, or assume! j n y k j t i l
(lability or responsibility (or the accuracy,complcteneia
01 uscrulne* of tr.i information, apparatus, product or
process disclosed, ot would not
represents that its us*
infnnge privately owned rifthti.

January 1975

Prepared for
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Contract: ORNL/sub-3 96 o / l
Geotechnical Research on Seal Boreholes

DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED

 : ABSTRACT

This review of grouting applications in Civil Engineering

shows that each grouting application can be described by a com-

bination of three major characteristics:

(1) The physical effect that grout produces is the

natural or artificial medium into which is in-

jected. Physical effects are strength increase,

stress transfer, deformability reduction, permee-

bility reduction, displacement inducement, protec-

tion against chemical or physical attack and

permeability increase. The ciesired physical

effect depends on the environmental conditions.

(2) The environmental conditions are given by the

medium into which grout is .injected and by the

engineering problem. The medium is defined by

its material properties and its geometry. The

engineering problems can be divided into six ma-

jor problem areas: dams and reservoirs; founda-

tions; anchors, ti'^backs, piles; tunnels, shafts,

pipes; structural applications; and special appli-

cations .

(3) The grouting method which is characterized by a

certain combination of grout-types, grout-hole ar-

rangements/ grouting sequence and pressure.

The reoort, which is based on a literature review of 12 00 re-

ferences, shows that strength increase and deformability decrease

dry c u e mo.it f r e q u e n t l y d e s i r e d "physical effects," followed

closely by p e r m e a b i l i t y reduction.

The p r e v a l e n t "environmonta 1 condition" is the foundation

grouting of soils; dams and r e s e r v o i r grouting in s o i l and rock

represent the individually most important applications.

The ' i r o u t types that a r e u s u a l l y employed a r e suspensions

( c e m e n t o:: c e m e n t i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h f i l l e r s — p a r t i c u l a r l y clay

and a d m i x t u r e s — o r c l a y ) , solutions (meLathetical precipitation

type or polymers) , emulsions and m e l t s . G r o u t t y p e s arc; charac-

terized by t h e i r behavior during injection (viscosity, r.hear re-

sistance, particle size, set time) by t h e i r final properties in-

teracting w i t h t h e medium (strength, deformability, permeability)

and t h e i r cost. The m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d g r o u t s are cement-based

grouts f o l l o w e d by s i l i c a t e solutions. The g r o u t - h o l e arrangement

can be i n form of shallow grid p a t t e r n s , curtains consisting of

one o r several parallel rows, coaxial or r a d i a l cylinders and cones

around tunnels or single holes. The s p a c i n g of m u l t i p l e hole

arraiigements and t h e s e q u e n c e by w h i c h t h e h o l e s a r e g r o u t e d are

also variables. Within the individual holes either upward, down-

warn o r "tube-a-manchettes" p r o c e d u r e s and g r o u t i n g pressures be-

tween g r a v i t y f l o w and o v e r 1000 p s i , are used.

The g r o u t type, grout-hole arrangement, grouting sequence and

grouting pressure together with t h e medium p r o p e r t i e s , particularly

its permeability and t h e in-situ stresses, govern the behavior of

the grout during injection. The g r o u t - t y p e , the environmental con-

ditions (medium p r o p e r t i e s and e n g i n e e r i n g problem) and t h e desired

 iii

physical effects, <letermine t h e final properties of the grout

interacting with t h e medium. The d e s i g n ,of a g r o u t i n g applica-

tion has t o t a k e t h e s e many i n t e r a c t i n g priysical factors into

!
account and o p t i m i z e tho a p p l i c a t i o n b a s e d ' on g r o u t i n g cost.

The c o m p l e x i t y of the physical p r o c e s s and) p a r t i c u l a r l y tho limi-

i
tations in p r e d i c t i n g g r o u t behavior i n !fcne m e d i u m , both during

i n j e c t i o n and in i t s f i n a l s t a g e makes g r o u t i n g in c i v i l engineering

usually only a roughly designed procedure with in-situ adaptation

by r e i t e r a t i n g an o b s e r v a t i o n - r e d e s i g n - r e g r o u t i n g cycle.

The r e v i e w o f , g r o u t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s in c i v i l engineering leads

to some c o n c l u s i o n s concerning the Borehole Sealing P r o b l e m :

grout t y p e s have t o f u l f i l l t h e long d u r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t which can

be a c h i e v e d by u s i n g n a t u r a l materials similar to the parent rock

o r by d e v i s i n g a testing procedure and p r o v i n g the durability of

other grouts. A good p l u g - r o c k contact and i n t r u s i o n into fractures

around the borehole, which i s necessary t o o b t a i n a low permeability

interface, can be r e a l i z e d by l o w v i s c o s i t y g r o u t s and by enlarging

the f r a c t u r e s by w a s h i n g p r o c e d u r e s . Grouting applications for an-

c h o r s ,,ond t i e b a n k s a r e i n many w a y s s i m i l a r to the borehole sealing

problem and Xould b e a d a p t e d ; "shotcreting," "prepacking" and pre-

stressing procedures seem t o h o l d some promise.

The r e p o r t is organized i n such a manner t h a t Chapters 1, 2, 9,

a n d 10 c o n t a i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n on g r o u t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s in Civil

Engineering In a c o n d e n s e d form providing an o v e r v i e w of the proklem.

The d e t a i l e d a s p e c t s and s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n s are described in

Chapters 3-8.
 "* ,A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S *

The s t u d y on G r o u t i n g A p p l i c a t i o n s in Civil Engineering

was m o n i t o r e d by Dr. W.C. Mc C l a i n a n d D r . S. B r u n t o n of ORNL.

The a u t h o r s w i s h t o e x p r e s s their gratitude to Drs. Mc C l a i n a n d

Bruntonfor t h e i r c o o p e r a t i o n and h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s both in

the definition of the objectives a n d i n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of the

study. Mr. P . A m b r o s e a n d Mr. S . M a l c t o n a d o , graduate students,

Miss S . B u r c k h a r d t and Mr. M . L u e b b e r s , u n d e r g r a d u a t e students,

were involved in the literature search. Their conscientious

and t h o r o u g h work p r o v i d e d an i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n to this

stud/.

The a u t h o r s would a l s o l i k e to t h a n k I ) r . R. T . M - ^ t i n for

his advice in the preparation of this report.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Acknowledgments

Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter II MAJOR GROUTING APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 4

1. Physical Effects 4
2. M a j o r Types of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g P r o b l e m s 7
Associated with Grouting Applications
3. C o r r e l a t i o n s Between t h e C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g 12
P r o b l e m s and t h e D e s i r e d P h y s i c a l E f f e c t s
Associated with Grouting
4- T e c h n i c a l and Technological Characteristics 14
and T e r m i n o l o g y

Chapter III GROUTING FOR DAMS AND RESERVOIRS 26

1. P u r p o s e of G r o u t A p p l i c a t i o n 26
2. Realization 36
3. Special Problems 76
4. G e n e r a l Comments o n G r o u t i n g of Dams a n d 77
Reservoirs

Chapter IV FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS 34

1. Grouting Purposes 84
2. Realization 96
3. G e n e r a l Comments on F o u n d a t i o n G r o u t i n g 112

Chapter V ANCHORS/ TIEBACKS & P I L E S 113

1. Purpose 113
2. Realization 116
3. G e n e r a l Comments a b o u t G r o u t i n g for Anchors, 12 4
T i e b a c k s and P i l e s

Chapter VI TUNNELS, SHAFTS AND P I P E S 126

1. Purpose 126
2. Realization 130

Chapter VII STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS 156

1. Purpose 156
2. Realization 160
3. G e n e r a l Comments o n S t r u c t u r a l Applications 163

Chapter VIII SPECIAL APPLICATIONS 165

1. Repair 165
2. Instrumentation 166
3. Strength Reduction 167
Chapter- IX CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUTING APPLICATIONS fN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t A r e Common r o M o s t
G r o u t i n g A p p l i c a t i o n s in C i v i l E igi.neering
2. I n t e r r e l a t i o n s between Grouting Charac-
t e r i s t i c s and C o n s e q u e n c e s on D e s i g n of
Grout Applications
3. S p e c i a l or E x c e p t i o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c ? in
Civil Engineering Grouting Applications
4. R e c e n t and P o s s i b l e F u t u r e D e v e l o p m e n t s
i n Grout A p p l i c a t i o n s in C i v i l Engineering

Chapter X CONCLUSIONS
1. C o n c l u s i o n s on G r o u t i n g A p p l i c a t i o n s i n
Civil Engineering
2. G r o u t i n g f o r t h e B o r e h o l e S e a l i n g Program

Appendix I L I S T OF REFERENCES
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Grouting is employed in c i v i l engineering to modify the

properties of t h e medium i n t o w h i c h t h e g r o u t is injected.

Such m o d i f i c a t i o n s include strength increase, daformatility

decrease and p e r m e a b i l i t y decrease. T h e medium c a n b e the

natural ground, an a r t i f i c i a l structure or a combination of

both. It seems t h e r e f o r e a p p r o p r i a t e to include a thorough

r e v i e w of g r o u t i n g applications in c i v i l engineering in the

research e f f o r t on p o s s i b l e m e t h o d s f o r s e a l i n g boreholes in

the context of underground radioactive waste disposal.

This review thus gives a comprehensive d e s c r i p t i o n of

grouting applications in c i v i l engineering t h a t can s e r v e as

a basis for the selection of g r o u t i n g methods in the borehole

sealing problem. The b r e a d t h and d e p t h of the s t u d y was assured

by conducting t h e m a i n p a r t of the review, the collection and

e v a l u a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n , without specifically considering

t h e b o r e h o l e s e a l i n g p r o b l e m (but n a t u r a l l y i n c o r p o r a t i n g any as-

p e c t of c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n j a p p l i c a t i o n s that could be of p o t e n t i a l

use). The c o n c l u s i o n s of t h i s .^tudy, contain specific remarks

about possible consequences for the borehole sealing problem.

This report i s m a i n l y b a s e d on a l i t e r a t u r e review: several

abstract c o l l e c t i o n s were r e s e a r c h e d m a n u a l l y o r by computer

(COMPENDEX, NTIS) l e a d i n g t o 1200 r e f e r e n c e s t h a t were further

c o n s i d e r e d by r e a d i n g the a r t i c l e s and e x t r a c t i n g additional

references. Extended a b s t r a c t s of relevant articles covering

the e n t i r e range of grouting applications in c i v i l engineering

were used in the final information evaluation. Additional

i n f o r m a t i o n was o b t a i n e d from m a n u f a c t u r e r s ' and contractors'

literature. T h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h u s o b t a i n e d was g r o u p e d into six

m a j o r a r e a s of application. The e v a l u a t i o n w i t h i n e a c h of these

major areas led then to the description of the s p e c i f i c purposes

of g r o u t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s within that major area and of the

g r o u t i n g methods employed.

The t e x t of this report follows the evaluation procedure

described above. I n C h a p t e r 2, the major grouting applications

w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d and s h o r t l y described. Also t e c h n i c a l facts

and terms that will be u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e p o r t w i l l be

explained. Chapters 3-8 p r e s e n t the detailed descriptions of

the grouting applications, each chapter representing one of the

major areas. In Chapter 9 it will be a t t e m p t e d to identify

characteristics common t o m o s t g r o u t i n g applications, as well

as trends and f u t u r e ievelopments. The c o n c l u s i o n s in Chapter 10

will consider the Civil Engineering applications first and

then r e l a t e the r e s u l t s t o the Borehole Sealing Problem. The or-

ganization of the report enables the reader to obtain an overview

of g r o u t i n g applications and of t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s on t h e Barehole

Sealing P r o b l e m by r e a d i n g C h a p t e r s 2, 9 and 10. Readers inter-

ested Ln m o r e d e t a i l e d a s p e c t s and s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n s , can find

these Ln C h a p t e r s 3-8. Referencing in the t e x t was m i n i m i z e d in

order t o make t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s as concise as possible: a reference

i s mentioned in the taxt only if t h e d e s c r i b e d method o r c a s e Ls

 3

uniquely citec in this reference. A corresponding list of refe

rences i s giver, in t h e A p p e n d i x of Volume I of this report.

Usually, the oescriptions represent s u m m a r i e s of several cases

and t h e r e f e r e n c e s a r e then not mentioned in the text. A bib-

liography containing the entire reviewed s e t of references has

b e e n p u n c h e d on c o m p u t e r c a r d s and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g printout

is contained i n Volume I I of this report. (The f a c t that the

bibliography is available on c o m p u t e r c a r d s makes f u t u r e litera

ture searches considerably easier,)

 4
Chapter II

MAJOR GROUTING APPL]CATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Definition:

G r o u t i n g i s t h e i n j e c t i o n of a l i q u i d o r g r a n u l a r substance

into the voids in a n a t u r a l , a r t i f i c i a l or composite medium

with t h e purpose of modifying t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the

medium'.

Grouting applications c a n be c h a r a c t e r i z e d according to

two m a j o r criteria:

1. The p h y s i c a l e f f e c t t h a t t h e g r o u t c a u s e s i n the

medium i n t o w h i c h i t is injected.

2. The t y p e of civil engineering s t r u c t u r e w i t h which

the grouting application is associated.

In t h i s chapter t h e .major p h y s i c a l e f f e c t s and t h e m a j o r types

of c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g structures that are grouted will first be

described separately ( S e c t i o n s 1 and 2) and t h e n correlated

with each other(Section 3).

1. Physical Effects

S t r e n g t h I n c r e a s e and S t r e s s Transfer

Grout may be u s e d t o p r o v i d e a bond between particle

s u r f a c e s or to change the physico-chemical conditions in the

v o i d s such t h a t t h e i n t e r - p a r t i c l e forces are modified. Strength

of a s o i l can be i n c r e a s e d by i n j e c t i o n o f g r o u t provided that

a p h y s i c a l bond, p a r t i c l e - g r o u t - p a r t i c l e , i s established. Open

discontinuities in rock masses (e.g. joints) and i n some cases

BLANK PAGE
voids in i n t a c t rock can a l s o be . i n j e c t c d to o b t a i n a higher

s t r e n g t h bond between the a d j a c e n t s u r f a c e s . .In Structural

applications the grout is frequently t h e o n l y bono! t h a t provides

stress transfer between s t r u c t u r a l members.

Do. f o r m a b i .11 t y Re d u e 1 1 o n :

By f i l l i n g the voids of a natural, artificial or composite

medium w i t h a g r o u t , it is possible to d e c r e a s e its d e f o r r n a b i l Lty.

The g r o u t can have a s m a l l e r , greater or identical deformability

as the solid p a r t of t h e medium. It is also possible that

increased interparticle .forces w i l l l e a d t o a d e c r e a s e d defforma-

bility. In general, grouts t h a t produce a strength increase

aJso produce a reduction in deformability and vice~\'ersa.

Permeability Reduction:

Fluid f l o w t h r o u g h t h e medium (permeability) c a n be reduced

by i n j e c t i o n of a grout. The bond b e t w e e n g r o u t and t h e medium

and t h e strength of the grout i t s e l f can be s m a l l e r than in the

c a s e of strength increase, but has to be s u f f i c i e n t t o avoid

e r o s i o n by t h e f l o w i n g fluid.

Creation of Displacements:

The d i s p l a c e m e n t o f o r withirx c i v i l engineering structures

c a n be a c h i e v e d by i n j e c t i n g grout into voids within the structure

o r inLo v o i d s of the natural medium s u p p o r t i n g the structure.

The e f f e c t can be compared t o t h a t of a h y d r a u l i c jack-

i
 6

P r o t e c t i o n A g a i i i s t Choi d e a l and P h y s i c a l Att. ick:

Natural media, bu; especially a r t i f i c i a l media, can be

made m o r s r e s i s t a n t a g a i n s t , cheruical and p h y s i c a l attack (e.g.

corrosion, frost) by c o v e r i n g the exposed surfaces with a

protective g r o u t o r by f i l l i n g t h e v o i d s and t h u s p r e v e n t i n g or

reducing the accuss of the corrosive media t o t h e structure.

Permoabili ty Increase:

In c a s e s where the r e s i s t a n c e agair.st the f l u i d flow

and p a r t i c u l a r l y the associated induced stresses (seepage

stresses) need t o be reduced, or where high fluid pressures in

t h e v o i d s h a v e t o b e r e d u c e d d u e t o t h e i r e f f e c t on s t r e n g t h and

deformability (e.g. stability and c o n s o l i d a t i o n ) , it is desirable

to increase the permeability of t h e medium. By i n j e c t i o n of a

suitable grout i t is possible to increase the void space or to

create additional voids (fractures) or both, and t h u s increase

the permeability.

Strength Reduction and D e f o r m a b i l i t y Increase:

The d i s t u r b a n c e and d e s t r u c t i o n (comminution) bf a medium

c a n b e a i d e d a n d i n some c a s e s f u l l y a c h i e v e d b y t h e injection

of a g r o u t t h a t reduces the.existing interparticle forces and

the capability for stress transfer. It i s even p o s s i b l e to

inject grouts that destroy t h e s o l i d p a r t of t h e medium, e.g.

by dissolution.
 7

2. Major Types of Civil Engineering Problems Associated

with Grouting Applications

In t h i s section only t h e most i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of

thi civil engineering structure arid a s s o c i a t e d g r o u t i n g applica-

tion will be g i v e n . A more d e t a i l e d discussion follows in

Chcipters 3 through 8.

Paris a n d Reservoirs:

The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a r e s e r v o i r d e p e n d s on • watertight

or low l o s s b a s i n and on impoundment s t r u c t u r e (clams) . Problems

concerning t h e w a t e r t i g h t n e s s may o c c u r p a r t i c u l a r l y in the

zone of the impoundment s t r u c t u r e s where u s u a l l y surface and

s u b s u r f a c e f l o w s and t h u s p e r m e a b l e zones do e x i s t . Problems

arise also in other permeable zones t h a t w i l l be i n c o n t a c t with

t h e impounded w a t e r o r w h e r e t h e h i g h h e a d may l e a d t o intolerable

seepage losses or erosion. Grouting is f r e q u e n t l y used to

achieve the watertightness either alone or in combination with

other measures like impermeable surface blankets.

Another major grout a p p l i c a t i o n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h dams is

t h e improvement: of t h e foundation conditions at t h e dam site,

so-called "consolidation grouting." The d e f o r m a b i l i t y of the

ground beneath t h e f o u n d a t i o n s and a b u t m e n t s h a s t o be decreased

or a t l e a s t made m o r e u n i f o r m ; the l a t t e r is particularly

important i n t h e c a s e of c o n c r e t e arch dams. Due t o t h e high

stresses exerted by a dam, it is often necessary to increase the

s t r e n g t h of t h e ground and t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e dam-ground stress

 8

transfer. The load of the impounded water or seepage stresses

or both may also necessitate strengthening of the ground.

The grout applications in conjunction with dams and reser-

voirs can involve grouting of soil and rock; it can be

performed from the surface or from tunnels. It may also ii volve

the dam itself (for reasons of clarity, grouting of embankment

dams will be handled as a "dair.-reservoir application", grouting

in concrete dams as a "structural application").

Tunnels, Pipes and Shafts

The transfer of stresses from the ground surrounding the

tunnel to the tunnel liner and vice-versa is affected by the

physical properties of the contact and the adjacent zones in

the ground. This stress transfer frequently requires a reduction

of the c'eformability and an increase of the resistance of the

contact zone and adjacent ground. The applications can vary

from backpacking with low strength material to deep grouting of

the rock mass around a pressure tunnel.

Whereas the aforementioned grouting application is mainly

geared towards the final structure, it is frequently necessary

to improve the ground as a construction measure such that the

excavation is at all possible.

Mainly as a construction measure, but sometimes also for

the final structure and for repair purposes, grouting is being

used to reduce the inflow of water intcv or outflow from the

tunnel, or both.
 9

Foundations and Related Problems

The construction of foundations for heavy buildings, bridge

piers, and other heavy structures (e.g. locks, docks, powcrplants)

is usually associated with a deep excavation. (Excavation of

the ground is actually associated with all civil engineering

structures mentioned up to this point: dams, tunnels, foundations.)

One of the purposes of grouting in relation with excavations is

the creation of an environment (by increasing the strength and

reducing the permeability of the ground) that is sufficiently stable

during excavation and that has a water inflow that can be easily

handled. Instead of increasing the strength of the ground by

grouting and making it thus more stable, it is also possible to

increase its permeability/ reduce the pore pressures and seepage

stresses and thereby achieve greater stability.

Similar to the consolidation grouting in relation with dams,

the ground adjacent to a foundation can be grouted to reduce its

deformability, increase its strength and improve the stress-

transfer. Such a treatment is most commonly used for the support

of heavy loads. If prefabricated elements are a part of the

foundation/ contact and thus stress transfer from and to the ground

is achieved by grouting of the contact zone. If foundations

have undergone movements during construction or during the opera-

tion of the structure, grouting is sometimes used to reverse

these displacements. A related use is "mudjacking" under

deformed pavements. The grouting of railroad embankments is a

widely used application of grouting with the objective of

decreasing deforinability and increasing frost resistance.

 10

Anchors, Tiebacks, Piles

The combination of these supporting structures with grout

has as its purpose the protection against chemical and physical

attack and the stress transfer to the ground. Steel can be

reasonably well-prctected by the injection of a grout around it.

The stress transfer is improved due to the following facts: The

steel-grout shearing resistance or that of the "steel-ground grout

combination" is greater than that of steel-ground. The zone over which

stresses are transferred is increased. The strength in the part of the

ground that is subject to the highest stresses and stress gradients

is increased. Grouting can be simultaneous with the driving of

the pile or anchor or it can be a subsequent operation. The

grouted zone can be a cylinder coaxial with the anchor or pi-le,

it can be a bulb at the end of it, or a combination of both.

Structural Applications

Posttensioning and Similar Problems; The injection of grout

into the space between posttensioning cables and the concrete

structure provides corrosion-protection of the cable and

limited stress transfer. Similar applications are the grouting

of hollow steel piles or columns where the grout may provide a

substantial portion of the load carrying capacity due to a

basically compressive mode of loading.

Joint and Void Filling in Concrete Structures; Particularly in

the case of mass concrete but also in other cases where significant
 11

shrinkage can take place, artificial joints are a part of the

concrete structure during construction. These joints are then

filled by gri -jection to provide stress transfer. Pre-

fabricated structures (concrete or steel) are frequently designed

with voids to facilitate transportation and installation. These

voids can be filled by grouting to provide protection against

chemical attack or to add necessary weight or both.

i

Concrete Fabrication: It is possible to fabricate concrete by

placing the aggregate first in its final location and then in-

jecting it with grout. This is mostly used in cases where separa-

tion of cement and aggregate may occur if standard concrete placing

were used, where the access is limited or where the placement time

is very long — a step further in the concrete fabrication is

the impregnation of concrete either in a narrow "coat" zone only

or throughout the treated concrete element. The purpose may

range from protection against chemical and physical attack to

strength increase-deformability reduction.

Special Applications

Repair: In cases where the performance of a civil engineering

structure has not reached the desired level or has deteriorated,

grouting may be used. The purpose of the grout application can

thus be any of the applications mentioned before.

Instrumentation; The installation of instruments in connection with

the exploration for or the monitoring of civil engineering

 12

structures i s frequently associated with grouting. The instruments

may have to be i s o l a t e d from parts of the surrounding media or the
contact between the surrounding medium and the instrument has to
be secured by grouting.

"Strength Reduction:" Grouting can be used to f a c i l i t a t e the removal

natural or a r t i f i c i a l (constriction) material. Such grouting
applications can range from the i n j e c t i o n of water-air combinations
under high pressure, to chemically active grouts that destroy or
weaker bonds within the material.

3. Correlations Between the Civil Engineering Problems and

the Desired Physical E f f e c t s Associated with Grouting

In Section 2 above i t has become c l e a r that any of the major

c i v i l engineering problems associated with grouting involves one
or more of the desired physical e f f e c t s described in Section 1.
The following matrix (Table I I . 1) shows these c o r r e l a t i o n s :
 DESIRED
STRENGTH PROTECTION STRENGTH
\ PHYSICAL REDUCTION
\ EFFECT INCREASE DEFORMABILITY PERMEABILITY AGAINST CHEMICAL PERMEABILITY
REDUCTION REDUCTION OR PHYSICAL INCREASE
CE STRESS ATTACK DEF0RMA3ILITY

TRANSFER INCREASE
PROBLEM ^s.

Dams and X X X
Reservoirs

Tur.r.c I <? ,-
Pipes & Shafts X X X

Foundations X X X X

Anchors,
Tiebacks and X X
Piles

Structural —
Posttensioning X X
Void F i l l i n g X X X
Concrete X X X X
Special - -
Repair X X X V X
Instrumentation X X
Strength Reduction X

Table I I . 1 Correlations between the Civil Engineering Problems

and the Desired Physical Effects.
 14

The - desired physical e f f e c t s

type of c i v i l engineering problem
environmental c o n d i t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y geology and
topography, but a l s o e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s
are the boundary conditions that determine the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of the grout and the method of a p p l i c a t i o n . These boundary
c o n d i t i o n s and the grouting c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s that f u l f i l l them w i l l
be described in more d e t a i l in Chapters 3-8. Each of the chapters
w i l l be devoted to one of the aforementioned 6 major c i v i l engi-
neering problems. I t i s necessary, however, t o introduce f i r s t
the most frequently occurring t e c h n i c a l and t e c h n o l o g i c a l
characteristics.

4. Technical and Technological C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Terminology

In order to base the d i s c u s s i o n s in the following chapters

on a uniform terminology, the most important a s p e c t s of grouting
technology w i l l be introduced here.

Basic Grouting Process:

I n j e c t i o n of a grout i n t o e x i s t i n g natural or a r t i f i c i a l v o i d s
or i n t o voids t h a t are created i n conjunction with the grouting
process ( e . g . by hydraulic fracturing or by displacement).
- The grout i s usually a l i q u i d in the form of a suspensim, s o l u t i o n ,
emulsion, or melt. The grout s o l i d i f i e s by sedimentation of
suspended p a r t i c l e s , or by sedimentation and chemical r e a c t i o n
of these p a r t i c l e s f or by chemical r e a c t i o n of the s o l u t i o n s
 15

or emulsions, or by phase change of the melt, or by chemical

r e a c t i o n of the grout with the material around the void
(base m a t e r i a l ) . Some grouts react with the base material to
weaken or e l i m i n a t e chemical and/or p h y s i c a l bonds i r it.

3asic Grout Types:

The grout types can be grouped corresponding t o the b a s i c

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the l i q u i d mentioned above:
Suspensions: - Cement-Mortar ( i . e . Cement+Sand or other
aggregate*+Water)
- Cement ( i . e . Cement+Water)
- Colloid-Cement ( i . e . C o l l o i d Cement+Water)
- Cement-Clay ( i . e . Clay+Cement+Water)
- Clay ( i . e . Clay+Water)
Colloid Cement has p a r t i c l e s i z e s « 0.01 mm.
The c l a y s are mostly i l l i t e and montmorillonite.
I t i s frequently necessary — p a r t i c u l a r l y in clay grouts —
to s t a b i l i z e the suspensions by chemical or p h y s i c a l means
to keep the p a r t i c l e s in suspension and prevent premature
f l o c c u l a t i o n ( c o a g u l a t i o n ) . - Chemical d i s p e r s a n t s used f o r
t h i s purpose are N a 2 S i 0 3 , KNC>3, K2CC>3, NaAlC>2. They are
added in r a t i o s of .25% t o 5.% of the clay weight. Similar
e f f e c t s can be achieved by high speed mixing or heating or
in cement grouts by addir.g c o l l o i d a l m a t e r i a l , normally
Na-montmorillonite. --In order t o control and achieve coagulation
at a p a r t i c u l a r time, f l o c c u l a t i n g agents may be added. They
are strong acids or t h e i r s a l t s , e . g . A12(SC>4).}, Na 2 S0 4 , CaCl 2 ,

*Other aggregates or f i l l e r s can be: f l y ash, diatomaceous

earth, rock f l o u r , saw dust and g r a v e l .
 16

and are used in ratios of .1% to 2% of the; clay weight.

Stabilizing and flocculating agents counteract each other
and, in addition, they depend on the clay minerals of the
grout. The choice of proper auents and mix proportions has
to be based on laboratory and f i e l d t e s t s . I t i s possible
to air entrain the suspensions and thereby improve t h e i r
f l u i d i t y and penetration characteristics.—Lubricants, mostly
f l y ash or rock flour, decrease the shearing resistance during fLovt
Solutions; - Metathetical Precipitation Type
- Polymers
Solutions are freguently referred to as "chemical grouts."
Most metathetical precipitation processes make use of ^
s i l i c a t e solutions, the best known being sodium s i l i c a t e , but
a l s o aluminates are frequently used. The basic form of the
metathetical p r e c i p i t a t i o n with s i l i c a t e s i s :

Na
(2n-4) < S i V V (Ce .1g . )t Si
VOH>4-2n + NaCl

i . e . Soluble S i l i c a t e + Acid •*• S i l i c a t e Gel + Salt ''

I t i s also
possible to achieve s i l i f i c a t i o n by circulation
of an appropriate gas in the solution (gaseous s i l i f i c a t i o n ) . ,
Another important kind of metathetical precipitation type „
grouts i s the chromelignosulfat.es ( l i g n i n base grouts) which
penetrate the ground somewhat better than s i l i c a t e grouts.
Both the s i l i c a t e based grouts and the l i g n o r s u l f a t e s are.
low strength grouts (injected into sand, e.'gi ; , max unconfined
11
compressive strength i s approximately 200;!• p . s . i . ) . " A
- ' by i\new
v, ';,'VV-i
-:^ ' • •>,-
development leads to higher strengths ^adding ; l esters £9!
- f'S « \ ''V^P^y"
s i l i c a t e ' g r o u t s producing so'called "hard s i l i c a t e gels"(2,g../ - A.-. . ; „':
" . ; {! ' •!' \ j - V-V"'
Solvanol—patented by Soletanche) : , S i l i c a t e based "grouts'.:'can VV;
... -• ~ .. ' ° 11 V>'S ' •; -'Ji

;
be mixed with cement grouts, the cementcausing "an accelera- V \ ;

tion of . the g e l a t i o n . Lignin based grouts and Vi,ement ai'e, ;'

. howevfir . mnnmnat-i.hli=( -„,._ .,; ,>\ • , ;> ';
 17

Polymerization is the reaction of monomers to form macro-

molecules » Either monomers or p a r t i a l l y polymerized polymers
can be used. The reaction i s usually triggered either by cata-
l y s t s or by application of heat, pressure or radiation. Poly-
mer grouts are, e . g . :
N
Acrylamides (e.g. AM9)
injected in
Phenoplasts or Aminoplasts form of
(e.g. recorcine-formol,
urea-formol) monomers

Epoxy 'injected
partially
Polyester-resins polymerized

Solutions can a l s o react with the base material instead

o f , or in addition t o , reactions of the solution components.
Solutions can be injected in a single phase process (also
called one solution process}, i . e . , they are previously mixed
and then injected, or in a multiple phase ( or multiple solu-
tion) process (mostly 2 phases)* where 1. component i s i n j e c -
ted f i r s t followed l a t e r by the additional component(s).

Emulsions: Mostly bituminous emulsions.

The reaction ("cracking" or "breaking") in the voids i s
basically a removal of the carrier l i q u i d (water) and the crea-
tion of bonds between the droplets of the emulsified material

*The single phase injection of s i l i c a t e solutions containing

a gelation retarder i s used in several patented processes ( e . g . ,
Rodio, 3ayrard). The two phase i n j e c t i o n of s i l i c a t e solutions
i s the v e i l known Joosten process and the two phase injection
of a s i l i c a t e solution followed by an aluminum-sulfate solu-
tion i s the Francois process. The reader i s referred to Cambe-
f o r t (1S64) for detailed descriptions of these processes.
 813

and between t h i s material and t,he base material. It is

possible to incorporate inert material ( e . g . , sand) or active
material ( e . g . , cement) in t h i s grout.

"Melts:" Both actually molten materials and thermoplasts

belong to t h i s group of grouts. Asphalt i s the best known
material of t h i s group, and again i t i s possible to add inert:
or a c t i v e material.
The melts s o l i d i f y by cooling. (Frequently i t mey be
d i f f i c u l t to d i s t i n g u i s h between melts, emulsions and poly-
mer type solutions; but the main c h a r a c t e r i s t i c used for asso-
c i a t i o n with a particular group i s the reaction by which the>
solidifyr)

Basic Grouting Procedures and Techniques

The grout may be injected by direct flow into the void
or by flowing f i r s t through a larger opening—usually a bore-
hole: the grouthole. The flow can be pure gravity flow or
a r t i f i c i a l pressure, or vacuum or e l e c t r o osmosis i s used.
The pressure i s produced mostly by pumping and sometimes by
air j e t s . The pumps that are usually employed are piston pumps
or p o s i t i v e displacement pumps of the screw-type or "Koyno-"
type. The disadvantage of piston pumps are uncontrollable pres-
sure shocks. The shocks can be reduced but not completely
eliminated by combining the piston pump with an air chamber.
Piressure can also be produced by supplying a i r pressure from
a compressor to an air chamber; the grouting pressure, however,
it? limited t o 100-150 p . s . i . with t h i s equipment. By using the
 19

grout pipes in the ground as anodes and providing cathodes

at a certain distance, i t i s possible to produce'an e l e c t r i c
f i e l d and: to improve grout flow in, the ground by electroosmosis,
(Electroosmosis can a l s o be used previous t o , or a f t e r , grouting
to modify the treated medium.) Grout flow can a l s o be increased
by applying pressure at one end and vacuum at the other end of
the zone that i s to be grouted.
The flow depends on pressure, grout c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (viscosity,
suspended p a r t i c l e s i z e s , s o l i d i f i c a t i o n process), permeability
and void s i z e . These factors also govern the range within the
void(s) that can be reached by the grout, in particular, e . g . the
range that can be grouted from one ^routhole. (Related t c t h i s
range i s the interference distance, i . e . the distance between
groutholes at which grouting in one hole reduces the volume that
can be grouted from the other.)
I t i s often necessary to use a s e r i e s of grouts in the
zone (to be grouted), e . g . , starting with highly viscous grouts
for the larger voids and ending with low v i s c o s i t y grouts for
tho small voids. The term used i s multiple stage* grouting.
If groutholes are used, grouting i s most commonly per-
formed by one of three basic procedures:
1. Downward: (often calx^u "downward staging* or
"stage grouting") where zones are injected in a
downward sequence,, n e c e s s i t a t i n g r e d r i l l i n g for
*ach subsequent i n j e c t i o n (Fig. II.1).

*Note that the term"multiple staging" has nothing to do with

upward or downward "staging."
 20

F i g . 2 . 1 Downward s t a g i n g

2
* Upward; (often c a l l e d upward staging* or "stop
grouting") i s the inverse process where no r e d r i l -
l i n g i s necessary (Pig. I I . 2 ) .
 21

In the "upward" and "downward" procedures single packers

are used (Fig. II.3)s

Grout pipe

Grout hole casing

— Packer

Fig. 2.3 Single packer

The packer can be one or several bell-shaped p i e c e s of rubber

or l e a t h e r that are pressed against the casing by the grout
pressure (Fig. II.4):

F i g * 2 , 4 B e l l shaped packer
 22

Or, i t can be an a i r or water i n f l a t e d membrane ring

(Fig XI.5):

Inflation tube rout tube

Inflatable packer

Fig* 2.5 Inflatable packer

3. 'Tube a Manchettes" or "Sleeve Packers", a patented

procedure by Soletanche (Fig. II.6):

Grout tube

Rubber sleeves
(Manchettes)
Double packer

Grout hole v a i l
Sleeve grout (Uncased)

Manchette tube

Fig. 2,6 Tube a aaaekette

 A section of the sleeve packer tube is closed off by

a double packer and the grout is injected through the

sleeves and the drilling mud (sleeve grout) into the

surrounding material {Pig. II.7):

Fig. 2 . 7 Injection oif first stage

The stiff drilling mud prevents flew along the grout

hole axis.

After the grouting of one section is completed,

the grout heals the cracks in the stiff drilling mud

(Fig. II.8):
 24

Figa 2*8 Injection of second stage

and, the next section is grouted. This method

allows multiple stage grouting without redrilling.

4. Circuit Grouting: The grouthole is closed off by

a packing gland at the top through which the grout

pipe and a short return pipe are inserted. The

grout circulates through the grout pipe—which can

be moved to any desired level in the hole:—then

through the space between the grout pipe and hole

surface back through the return pipe. This method

is only applicable in rock.

The grouting of extended zones is achieved by placing many

groutholes in a single row or in a multiple row pattern or grid

pattern. The spacing of grout holes within a row or grid and the
 25

spacing of rows are used to define the patterns. Frequently

the grouting is started with a relatively large spacing of

primary groutholes and continues by split spacing (^locating

a new (secondary, tertiary...) grout hole midway between two

existing holes) until the* desired performance of the grouted

zone is achieved. If permeability is the performance crite-

rion, the split spaced hole will often be used to first con-

duct a permeability test before deciding on further grouting.

In series groating, a number of holes is drilled to a certain

depth and groated from the top (with the possibility of split

spacing). After grouting of this uppermost part of the zone,

a new series of holes Ls drilled to a greater depth and grouted

from the top. This procedure is repeated until the full depth

of the zone is reached.

This concludes the introduction of basic grouting defini-

tions; further and more detailed technical definitions and de-

scriptions will be given in the following Chapters 3-8 as the

understanding of the subject material requires.

 26

Chapter III

GROUTING FOR DAMS AND RESERVOIRS

1. PURPOSE OF GROUT APPLICATION

The major applications, of grouting in dam construction are

impermeabilization, consolidation and remedial grouting. The

use of grouted anchors and of grouts in concrete dams will be

treated in Chapters 5 and 7 of this report.

The extension of the impervious dam core into the adjacent

ground, at the abutments and under the foundation, is important for

two reasons. The most important consideration is prevention of

foundation damage by flowing water and the associated effect

on dam stability. The other major reason is to reduce water loss

through the dam-foundation system. This function, being economic

in nature, is subject to cost-benefit analyses and is not as

critical as the former.

Consolidation grouting is performed for three major reasons:

1) Construction of a dam induces large stress increases.

Consolidation grouting is used to strengthen the foundation to

allow it to carry these stresses without failure.

2) Consolidation grouting is also used to decrease deforma-

tions of the foundation and particularly to mem: those that do

occur as uniform as possible. This is extremely important in

concrete arch dams where differential settlement can cause struc-

tural cracking.

3) A sub-class of consolidation grouting is contact grouting.

 27

i t s primary function i s to increase the. c o n t i n u i t y between the

dam and i t s foundation. This adds to the shear r e s i s t a n c e of
the dam-foundation contact and a l s o l i m i t s leakage along pre-
f e r e n t i a l flow paths in t h i s zone.
The category of remedial grouting not only includes repai rs
of the dam i t s e l f , but a l s o of the foundation. There are many
cases where, upon impoundment, permeable zones are found and have
to be regrouted, or previously ungrouted foundations must be
treated. In other c a s e s , however, the d e f e c t s are time dependent
and t h e i r r a m i f i c a t i o n s are not noticed for many years. (Struc-
tural repairs in concrete dams are d i s c u s s e d , i n Chapters 7 and 8.

A. IMPERMEABILIZATION GROUTING
C u t - o f f s a g a i n s t subsurface water flow can be e s t a b l i s h e d
through the use o f : 1) p o s i t i v e c u t - o f f s (concrete or compacted
clay diaphragms, s h e e t p i l e s , and compacted c l a y blankets) and
2) grouted curtains and blankets. The p o s i t i v e c u t - o f f s usually
a t t a i n a lower permeability than grouted c u t - o f f s , but are
expensive and o f t e n impossible to b u i l d .

A-1. Impermeabilization in Rock

In rock the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s rather than the i n t a c t rock
i t s e l f are of major concern (except perhaps in very porous sandstone).
The primary o b j e c t i v e i s t o completely f i l l these openings with
an impermeable grout that w i l l not be eroded away by flows under
high gradient. I f the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s are naturally f i l l e d
 2li

( p a r t i a l l y or f u l l y ) then t h i s f i l l e r must be rendered impermeable

and protected from erosion or i t must be replaced completely. It
i s impractical t o use a p o s i t i v e c u t - o f f of any depth i n rock
because in most cases i t i s too expensive t o excavate the rock
and t o construct clay or concrete diaphragms and because p i l e s
cannot be driven through rock.

PROBLEMS IN CONSTRUCTION OF GROUTED CUT-OFFS IN ROCK:

1) Fissured or Jointed Rock
a) Fissures can bo small and numerous, making the r e a l i z a -
tion of a thin impermeable grouted membrane impossible.
b) If f i s s u r e s and j o i n t s are due to s t r e s s r e l i e f or
d i f f e r e n t i a l c o a l i n g , then the mass permeability usually
w i l l decrease with depth. If they are due to t e c t o n i c
disturbance, however, t h i s may not be true, making the
establishment of an e f f e c t i v e curtain d i f f i c u l t , i f not
impossible. Even i f the permeability decreases with
depth, many very f i n e f i s s u r e s can give high values of
permeability, but due t o t h e i r small s i z e , are d i f f i c u l t
to render impervious. Non-uniformity in crack width a l s o

makes grouting difficult due to the variable re-

s i s t a n c e t o grout f l o w . In some formations, the
d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s may not be continuous. This makes
grouting slow and expensive and — in the case of im-
permeabilization — the value of grouting i s questionable
in that there may not be any continuous flow paths under
the dam. In sedimentary and metamorphic formations, the
major j o i n t i n g may be along bedding planes and f o l i a t i o n
surfaces and hence sometimes p a r a l l e l to the ground sur-
 29

face. The jointing may a l s o be p a r a l l e l to the surface

in igneous rocks due to s t r e s s r e l i e f as in sheeted
granite. This makes the development of large grouting
pressures undesirable because i t can r e s u l t in u p l i f t
of the ground and p o s s i b l y rock s l i d e s in the case of
abutments. If the dam i s to be b u i l t near g e o l o g i c a l l y
recent igneous i n t r u s i o n s or mineral springs, then the
chemically a c t i v e water a s s o c i a t e d with these formations
may prove injurious t o the grout. The adverse e f f e c t s
can occur immediately or may be delayed.
One of the worst problems in e s t a b l i s h i n g a grouted
c u t - o f f of good q u a l i t y i s the non-uniformity of mos$t
rock 'formations. This makes i t d i f f i c u l t to arrive a t
a grouting procedure and evaluate i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

2) Karstic Terrain
The most predominant f e a t u r e of s o l u b l e rock formations i s
the presence of large s o l u t i o n c a v i t i e s . Karstic t e r r a i n s are
amongst the most treacherous upon which to build a dam. The
c a v i t i e s are u s u a l l y large and continuous and therefore can
accommodate large water f l o w s . D i s s o l u t i o n of the rock goes on
cc-ntinuously, i t i n c r e a s e s with the flow and can eventually lead
t o c o l l a p s e of the c a v i t y r o o f s r e s u l t i n g in sink h o l e s . These
can lead t o s t i l l larger water inflows or darn f a i l u r e i f they
are located under the dam. Solution c a v i t i e s are a l s o very
e i r a t i c in t h e i r occurance throughout the formation making them
d i f f i c u l t to l o c a t e . Once they are l o c a t e d , they can e i t h e r be
 30

very easy or d i f f i c u l t t o grout, depending o:i the amoaht ?.nd

v e l o c i t y of water flowing through them and the amount. -and type;
of natural f i l l e r . Another problem i s the frequent occura/ice" of
much f i n e r f i s s u r e s together with the large c a v i t i e s . 'This; s i z e
d i f f e r e n c e can complicate the grouting procedure. V'
The main o b j e c t i v e in grouting t h i s type of formation,ie to
l o c a t e and grout a l l the s o l u t i o n c a v i t i e s and therefore, stop
further degeneration of the foundation and the a s s o c i a t e d
leakage under the dam,

3) Large Faults and Contact Zones

'

Both f a u l t s and contact zones are. l o c a l areas of weakness

in the rock. These areas are most s u s c e p t i b l e t o weathering and,
t h e r e f o r e , are o f t e n the f i r s t to be rendered permeable. Ofter.
they occur in otherwise competent and i n t a c t rock masses.
The main problem with these f e a t u r e s i s s i m i l a r to that
i of
cavities: they can be l a r g e , continuous, and very pervneable.
Again, as in s o l u t i o n c a v i t i e s , once large water flows a r e , i n i -
t i a t e d by the g r a d i e n t s imposed by the r e s e r v o i r , the condition
worsens. This i s due t o the erosion of any f i l l e r material
i n i t i a l l y obstructing flow. In the case of faults,, the f : i l l e r
material can range from mylonite (very low permeability) to
f a u l t b r e c c i a (very high p e r m e a b i l i t y ) , depending on 1t.he
i
degree
of t e c t o n i c movement. In general, f a u l t s are usually more open
near the surface but t h i s i s not always t r u e . If contact zones
are due t o overlapping lava f l o w s , then they probably contain
 .1.1

highly porous pyroclastic: debris. In t h i s case, the number and

permeability of contact zones do not usxially decrease with depth>

A-2. Impermeabilization in S o i l s
The permeability of s o i l r e s u l t s from the many small voids
(pores) and not from r e l a t i v e l y few large d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s as .in
rock. This n e c e s s i t a t e s grout treatment of the entire s o i l
mass. The objective .is to f i l l as many of the pores as possible and
to i s o l a t e those too small to be f i l l e d . The grout also should
be capabla of binding s o i l p a r t i c l e s together, making them more
r e s i s t a n t to erosion.
Positive c u t - o f f s can be used in s o i l but. they have some
d e f i n i t e drawbacks. Cut-offs are usually s t i f f e r than the s o i l ,
causing d i f f e r e n t i a l settlement, and they are susceptible to
damage from tectonic movements. Also, due to their method of
construction, i t i s d i f f i c u l t to repair them i f they prove to be
unsatisfactory.
S o i l s by nature are particulate, a characteristic that has
important consequences in the f i e l d of grouting: a direct r e s u l t
of t h i s particulate nature i s that in the process of d r i l l i n g
giout holes,the s o i l p a r t i c l e s often reorientate, forming
preferential flow paths to the surface; packers also cannot be.
used d i r e c t l y against the s o i l and the holes must remain cased
or they w i l l collapse. Also, the pores have a small average size
and usually an extremely wide range about t h i s average. The
small pore s i z e leads to a decrease in grout range and in
 32

percentage of void f i l l i n g as opposed to rock with the same

permeability.
If the s o i l s are s t r a t i f i e d (marine, lacustrine/ fluvial,
and some g l a c i a l deposits),, then the material i s uniform within
a. layer but d i f f e r s widely between layers,. This variation of
permeability from layer to layer can create aquifers which carry
large volumes of s w i f t l y flowing water, which i s detrimental to
the grouting process. At the other extreme, the s o i l can be
homogeneous (e.g. g l a c i a l or deep lacustrine) deposits, in
which case, both large and small pores can be distributed.

B. . CONSOLIDATION GROUTING
Consolidation, as a main objective of grouting under dams,
i s usually r e s t r i c t e d to concrete structures. Thi.5 i s so because
concrete dams, particularly arch dams, are r e l a t i v e l y rigid and
susceptible to cracking due to non-uniform settlements. In
t h i s case, not only i s strength increase find deformability decrease
important, but more importantly, the attainment of uniform
strength and deformability. Embankment dams, however, are much
more capable of p l a s t i c deformations and, therefore, are not as
s e n s i t i v e to non-uniform deformability. Since strength increase
and deformability decrease of the foundation are the major
objectives of consolidation grouting, only grouts with "high"
compressive strengths are used.

B-1. Consolidation in Rock

As with impermeabilization of rock, the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s and
 33

not the i n t a c t rock are to be treated. The deformability of

the rock mass i s usually much higher than that of the i n t a c t rock,
due to open d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s or d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s f i l l e d with com-
p r e s s i b l e material. The d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , t h e r e f o r e , must be
completely f i l l e d with a grout having high compressive strength.
Unlike iinpermeabilization, a l l the cracks should be f i l l e d , even
i f they do not form continuous flow channels.
One of the main problems connected with consolidation grouting
i s the almost certain occurance of compressible f i l l e r material
in most of the larger d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . The g e o l o g i c a l l y more
recent small f i s s u r e s may be clean, but can a l s o be very
discontinous and, t h e r e f o r e , d i f f i c u l t to f i l l . As in impermeabi-
l i z a t i o n , d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s p a r a l l e l to the surface cause problems
of u p l i f t due to grouting pressures and make grouting d i f f i c u l t .
In t h i s case, the condition i s worsened by the f a c t that d i s -
c o n t i n u i t i e s aligned t h i s way also r e s u l t in the largest deforma-
t i o n s under dam load.
Normally, the most compressible rock i s near the surface
due to accelerated weathering in t h i s zone. The weathering
usually proceeds d i f f e r e n t i a l l y , f i r s t attacking and further
weakening i n i t i a l l y s u s c e p t i b l e areas l i k e j o i n t s , f a u l t s , and
contact zones. The r e s u l t i n g ground i s characterized by a large
v a r i a t i o n of deformability. This non-uniformity must be corrected
because .by being c l o s e to the surface, i t has a large e f f e c t on
the dam.
Th«:;e considerations become even more important in k a r s t i c
terrain. The abundance of large open s o l u t i o n c a v i t i e s can lead
 34

tc extremely large d i f f e r e n c e s in bearing c a p a c i t y . If the

c a v i t i e s are c l o s e to the s u r f a c e . t h e y not only have high com-
p r e s s i b i l i t y but may even c o l l a p s e under the dam weight. The
lack of any t r a n s i t i o n zone between the low c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y
of i n t a c t rock zones and the high c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y of zones with
c a v i t i e s can lead to large values of angular d i s t o r t i o n in the
dam s t r u c t u r e .

B-2. Consolidation in S o i l
Consolidation grouting i s u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d with concrete
dams which are b u i l t nearly e x c l u s i v e l y on rock foundations.
Therefore, the use of grout f o r s o i l c o n s o l i d a t i o n under dams
as a main o b j e c t i v e i s almost n o n - e x i s t e n t . In the process of
providing a grouted c u t - o f f , however, the s o i l i s strengthened to
a large degree. If the deformability of s o i l d e p o s i t s v a r i e s so
much as to cause i n t o l e r a b l e deformations in embankment dams,
grouting may be used. However, such highly deformable s o i l
d e p o s i t s occur frequently near the s u r f a c e , such that excavation
and replacement are l e s s expensive and more e f f e c t i v e than
grouting. The use of grouting in s o i l for strength and s t a b i l i t y
i n c r e a s e s i s discussed in the chapter on foundations (Chapter 4).

C. REMEDIAL GROUTING
Remedial grouting i s an impermeabilization but performed during the
operational l i f e of a dam or r e s e r v o i r . Its purpose i s the
e l i m i n a t i o n or reduction of leakage f o r economic reasons or to
insure dam s t a b i l i t y . The leakage can be divided i n t o three
c a t e g o r i e s based on l o c a t i o n : e i t h e r the flow i s through the
dam, through the foundation formation, or along the dam-founda-
tion interface.

C~l. Leakage through the Dam

The problems a s s o c i a t e d with water l o s s through a dam and i t s
treatment are, i n p a r t , a function of the dam type:
Concrete Dams. (See a l s o Chapters 7 and 8) The most
common flow path through a dam i s along the construction j o i n t s .
These j o i n t s can be in between concrete s e c t i o n s or along concrete-
abutment i n t e r f a c e s . Open j o i n t s a r i s e from e x c e s s i v e concrete
shrinkage during curing or non-uniform s e t t l e m e n t of the dam.
These d e f e c t s can be d i f f i c u l t to t r e a t i f the r e s e r v o i r i s not
lowered. Usually the v e l o c i t y and flow of water i s s u b s t a n t i a l
and i t tends to wash away and d i l l u t e grout before i t can s e t
and cure in p l a c e . Not only does t h i s make grouting d i f f i c u l t ,
but the large q u a n t i t i e s of grout that are washed i n t o the stream
below the dam can cause injurious environmental e f f e c t s .
2) Embankment Dams. Leakage through an embankment dam
u s u a l l y f o l l o w s cracks in the compacted c l a y core. These cracks
normally occur due to large d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t . Again the
main p::oblem i s a s s o c i a t e d with the large flows of water through
the cracks. This leads to erosion of core material r e s u l t i n g
in further i n c r e a s e s in leakage and p o s s i b l y leading t o dam
instability. These cracks are not as w e l l defined as in concrete
dams and can, t h e r e f o r e , be very d i f f i c u l t and expensive to t r e a t
 36

C-2. Leakage through the dam foundation

Many dams upon impoundment show large leakages under the dam.
This can be due to poor grouting or i t s absence. Large flows and
high gradients can cause piping of the f i n e r s o i l p a r t i c l e s or
j o i n t f i l l e r s , thus aggravating the problem by increasing flow and
leading to eventual dam i n s t a b i l i t y .

C-3. Leakage along contact zone

The i n t e r f a c e between the dam and i t s foundation i s normally
the most preferred flow path through the dam-foundation system.
This i s because the foundation q u a l i t y i s usually the poorest in
t h i s zone. As above, i f a large leakage occurs, i t must be
stopped to ensure dam s t a b i l i t y .

2. REALIZATION

The d i s c u s s i o n of construction methods used in e s t a b l i s h i n g

p o s i t i v e c u t - o f f s i s beyond the scope of t h i s report and w i l l
not be mentioned f u r t h e r . The primary t h r u s t of t h i s s e c t i o n
w i l l be the d e s c r i p t i o n of the construction methods and grout
types used in the r e a l i z a t i o n of grouted c u t - o f f s . The organiza-
t i o n of t h i s s e c t i o n w i l l follow as c l o s e l y as p o s s i b l e that of
the preceeding s e c t i o n in order t o f a c i l i t a t e the a s s o c i a t i o n of
problem type and grouting procedure.
 J 7

T- . IMPERMEAB ELIZATION

There are two basic approaches to l i m i t i n g leakage under a

dam through the foundation formation.
The most frequently used method i s to construct a grouted
curtain connecting the dam to a r e l a t i v e l y impervious s t r a t a
below. This curtain reduces the permeability of the medium
through which the water must flow.
Instead of reducing the permeability of the medium, i t i s
p o s s i b l e to f o r c e the water to flow along longer flow paths.
This e f f e c t i v e l y reduces the gradient and thereby reduces the
seepage volume. Both the grouted blanket and curtain have been
used to achieve t h i s e f f e c t . The curtain w i l l be the same as in
the f i r s t method but does not have to extend to a r e l a t i v e l y
impervious zore below. In the case of a grouted blanket, the
top of the foundation material i s rendered impervious and the
blanket i s extended f o r s u b s t a n t i a l d i s t a n c e s upstream of the
dam.
Both of these methods can be used alone or in combination
with each other to a t t a i n the desired r e s u l t s . Often the choice
of the type of c u t - o f f used w i l l depend mainly on economic
considerations.

A-1. Impermeabilization in Rock

This s e c t i o n w i l l deal with curtains and blankets grouted
in rock formations without major d e f e c t s . Special techniques
r e l a t e d to such major d e f e c t s as c o n t a c t s , f a u l t s , and s o l u t i o n
c a v i t i e s w i l l be discussed in following s e c t i o n s .
 38

1) Curtains
a) Grout type — The most commonly used grout a s s o c i a t e d
with curtains in rock i s a portland cement based grout. The
basic neat cement grout can be varied by adding f i l l e r s (sand,
f l y a s h , rock f l o u r and c l a y ) , adding f l u i d i z e r s to increase
pumpability (processed f l y ash, montmorillonite, chemicals,
and a i r ) , adding chemical retardents or a c c e l e r a t o r s (calcium
c h l o r i d e ) , and changing i t s v i s c o s i t y by changing the
water to cement r a t i o , w/c. For grouting of large d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s ,
the aforementioned f i l l e r s are normally used for economic
reasons (for decreasing "crack" s i z e in the order l i s t e d above).
For cracks t h a t are too small to be grouted with a f i l l e r , neat
cement i s normally used with w/c r a t i o s increasing as crack s i z e
decreases. S p e c i a l l y ground or a i r separated e x t r a - f i n e cement
(colloid-cement) i s a l s o sometimes used f o r f i n e f i s s u r e s . A
high w/c r a t i o (15/1 t o 8/1) provides low v i s c o s i t y and, t h e r e f o r e ,
l e t s grout flow through f i n e r f i s s u r e s . Adding f l u i d i z e r s has
the same e f f e c t as i n c r e a s i n g the w/c r a t i o ; however, there i s
not the same l o s s in f i n a l strength as with increasing the v/c
ratio.

A l l the above grouts are suspension grouts; f o r these grouts

i t i s recommended that the r a t i o of crack width to maximum
p a r t i c l e s i z e be kept greater than three. This i s to avoid
bridging of the crack by larger p a r t i c l e s and the subsequent
formation of a f i l t e r cake which w i l l render the crack ungroutable.
This consideration makes the use of portland cement i n e f f e c t i v e
 39

i f the Lugeon* values frcm water pressure t e s t s are less than one.
If the permeability must be reduced in such a case, then chemical
grouts are u s u a l l y employed.
The more viscous grouts {usually with f i l l e r ) are pumped i n t o
the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s and then allowed to harden. Clay i s usually
added t o minimize segregation (sedimentation). For the l e s s
viscous grouts, (neat cement with high w/c), the f l u i d i s allowed
to flow through the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s which are slowly f i l l e d by
th 2 d e p o s i t i o n of cement p a r t i c l e s on the bottom of the discon-
tinuity. In both cases a constant pump rate i s maintained and
as the d i s c o n t i n u i t y i s f i l l e d , the pressure ireases. Therefore,
closure in f i l l i n g of the d i s c o n t i n u i t y i s interpreted to occur
when a predetermined r e j e c t i o n pressure i s reached. This pressure
depends on the pump rate and the hole depth, and i s based primarily
on past experience. Hence, the grouting operation i s pressure
controlled. Generally the i n j e c t i o n i s started with a high w/c
r a t i o , then the w/c r a t i o i s gradually lowered u n t i l the r e j e c t i o n
pressure i s reached. The i n i t i a l low v i s c o s i t y grout i s used
f o r three reasons: 3.) i t f i Lis the f i n e r d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s (an
i n i t i a l high v i s c o s i t y grout would bridge and render f i n e f i s s u r e s
ungroutable); 2) i t coats the rough surfaces of the larger
d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , thereby acting as a lubricant, and 3) due to
i t s low surface t e n s i o n , permits an initial flow with the
minimum p o s s i b l e pressure.

* 1 Lugeon = 1 l i t e r / m i n u t e / m o t e j f o r a borehole s e c t i o n of
5n under a pressure of lOkg/cm .
 40

The subsequent increase in v i s c o s i t y i s p r i m a i i l y chosen for

economic reasons. The use of a thin grout u n t i l closure i s
reached would work, but the grouting range and t h e r e f o r e grout
quantity, would be extremely large. Once the f i n e r f i s s u r e s have
been grouted with a thin grout, the more v i s c o u s grout f i l l s
the larger j o i n t s , reaching the r e j e c t i o n pressure quickly
without wasteage. The i n i t i a l v/c r a t i o i s usually based on
lugeon t e s t s using e i t h e r grout or water as t e s t f l u i d . Grout
t e s t s have proven more r e l i a b l e than water t e s t s , but the r e s u l t s
of e i t h e r muist be used with a great amount of judgement. The
constant reassessment of the grouting procedure during the a
actual grouting i s a l s o necessary.
If the f i s s u r e s are too f i n e t o be grouted witn cement, the 1
clay (usually sodium montmorillonite), s o l u t i o n s (Na. s i l i c a t e ,
AM-9, Lignosulfate) or clay-chemical grouts are used. Na-mont-
m o r i l l o n i t e grouts are used , due to t h e i r r e l a t i v e l y low c o s t .
Without the cement, however, they are quite weak and e a s i l y
erodable. If t h i s i s deemed to be a problem, then chemicals can
be added to increase t h e i r strength. F i n a l l y , as a l a s t r e s o r t ,
pure chemical grouts are used. Due to t h e i r high c o s t , the
i n j e c t i o n of chemical grouts i s sometimes volume c o n t r o l l e d .
(A predetermined volume of grout i s i n j e c t e d per l i n e a r f o o t of
hole.) This maximum take per l i n e a r f o o t i s based on an estimated
volume of d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , c u t - o f f width, and ground surface
area per grout hole.
If chemically a c t i v e water i s encountered, the grout must
be able t o withstand chemical a t t a c k . In the case of s u l f u r i c
water and cement grout, s u l f a t e r e s i s t a n t portland cement must
 41

be used (type V).

In the case of very f i n e f i s s u r e s where tho pump r a t e may be
low and i n j e c t i o n time long, retardants are o f t e n used to prevent
premature cement s e t and r e f u s a l . For large j o i n t s and in con-
d i t i o n s of flowing water, a c c e l e r a t o r s are o f t e r used. They
prevent e x c e s s i v e grout, t r a v e l and l u t i o n before the grout
sets.

b) Pressure — In general, smaller d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s can be

grouted with the same grout as larger d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , but with
higher pressures. The most severe l i m i t i n g condition i s u p l i f t
of the ground. This occurs when the t o t a l upward force due to
grouting pressure exceeds that of the downward force due to
overburden weight plus the shear strength of the rock mass. U p l i f t occurs
most frequently when the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s are p a r a l l e l to the
ground surface, because the upward force i s the t o t a l pressure
times the j o i n t surface area projected on a horizontal plane.
{If j o i n t s are v e r t i c a l (at the other extreme) then no upward
force i s g e n e r a t e d . ] Based on these f a c t s , r u l e s for grouting
pressure have been developed. Usually they s p e c i f y a maximum
pressure p = A + BZ where: "A" i s a constant pressure based on
the weight of the f i n i s h e d portion of the dam and a'.so on the
strength of the rock when grouting takes place; "B" i s a constant
p r e s s u r e / f o o t of hole cepth, based on the u n i t weight of the.! rock
mass and the strength of the rock; and "Z" i s depth be Low ground
surface. The constants apply only f o r the s p e c i f i c formation that
i s being grouted. If the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s have a lax^-e dip or i f
 12

the rock i s massive, then the value f c B i s higher, rnflecting

the reduced u p l i f t force for a given grouting pressure. Here
again, judgment and experience play an important r o l e in choosing
a given s e t of values for A and B.
Another major l i m i t a t i o n to grouting pressure occurs i f
there are d i r e c t flow channels to the ground s u r f a c e . If they are
not closed o f f , large grout leakage and low pressures would r e s u l t .
Usually the s o i l i s excavated to expose the rock before grouting
is started. Then using high pressure water and a i r j e t s a l l sur-
face j o i n t s are cleaned and subsequently f i l l e d wi;h concrete
or grouted under gravity flow from the surface. If c o n d i t i o n s
warrant i t , a grouted blanket may be used in the top few meters
to ensure a sealed surface above the grout c u r t a i n . This contact
grouting i s a l s o b e n e f i c i a l in improving the dam-curtain c o n t i n u i t y .
Generally, grouting i s performed from tunnels or g a l l e r i e s
b u i l t beneath the dam. This allows the grouting operation to
s t a r t a f t e r a s i g n i f i c a n t amount of dam has already been b u i l t .
This allows for the use of higher pressures. Another consideration
i s that as the overburden weight i s increased, the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s
become narrower due to c o n s o l i d a t i o n , reducing the grout volume.
The dam weight should not be allowed to increase to a point where,
before grouting, the width of the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s i s reduced to
such an e x t e n t that the grout w i l l no longer penetrate, which may
n e c e s s i t a t e the use of more expensive chemical grout. Also, if
the dam i s completed a f t e r grouting, the additionally induced con-
s o l i d a t i o n can confine and compress the grout, thus f i l l i n g any
remaining v o i d s .
 4 ^

c) Hole Spacing — A grouted curtain beneath the dam

c o n s i s t s of one or more p a r a l l e l rows of h o l e s . Because of
the r a d i a l nature of grout flow, normally more than one row
of h o l e s i s used. Wher. only one row i s used, i t leadr- to weak
zones midway between holes (Fig. I l i . l ) . To achieve satisfactory
c o n d i t i o n s a l s o in these weak zones, grout i s wasted due to flow
normal t o the curtain a x i s , which does not heve any e f f e c t on
the o v e r a l l permeability reduction.

3.1 Ho'.e spacingj s i n g l e row

 44

The use of multi-row systems and zig-zag h o l e spacing a l l e v i a t e s

t h i s problem t o a large e x t e n t . Here the holes of ea.ch row are
located between the h o l e s of adjacent row.
In t h i s c a s e , the"weak" zones of one row correspond to the
"strong" zones oi: adjacent rows. The grouted zones overlap,
providing a more uniform t o t a l width (Fig. I I I . 2 ) . When using
t h i s method, i t must be assured that the row spacing i s l e s s than
the r a d i a l penetration (range) of the grout t o obtain an overlap.
(See Fig. I I I . 3 f o r an i l l u s t r a t i o n of i n e f f e c t i v e row spacing.)

Fig. 3»2 Zig*rzag hole spacing with overlapping rows

 45

EFFECTIVE WIDTH » Wl + W2

F i g . 3 . 3 i n e f f i c i e n t row spacing

Another technique commonly used in the grouting of d.am

foundations (both curtains and blankets) i s that of s p l i t spa-
cing. This technique applies both to the spacing of rows and
that of holes in each row» During a given time and under a
given pressure, grout w i l l travel further in large voids than
in smaller ones, since the hydraulic radius i s larger and
hence the energy l o s s e s are smaller in larger voids and, there-
fore, the flow v e l o c i t y i s greater. Thus, at greater distances
from the grout hole the percentage of f i l l e d voids decreases to
a point where i t becomes zefa This distance i s the interference
distance for the formation and i s a function of the maximum width,
s ur f ac e conditions of the discontinuity and of the grouting
method (grout v i s c o s i t y , pressure, pump r a t e , and pumping time).
The use of the s p l i t spacing method allows the simultaneous
 46

grouting of small and large d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s and minimization of

grout wasteage. The general procedure- can be described as follows:
The hole spacing for the f i r s t s e t of holes that are to be
grouted i s large. Then the holes are s p l i t spaced u n t i l a
general decrease in grout take i s observed (Fig. I I I . 4 ) . The

p T S T P

P-Primary i>-Secondary T-Tertiary

Fifc* 3»4 Split-spacing and Interference pattern

 47

spacing j u s t prior to t h i s decrease i s approximately equal to

the interference distance of the formation associated with the
given grouting procedure. Once the hole spacing i s l e s s than
the interference distance, the grout v i s c o s i t y i s decreased
and the pressure increased for every further s p l i t spaced set
of holes. This i s dona because, in the interference zone, the
larger d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s have already been grouted from the adja-
cent holes; the remaining open f i s s u r e s are usually smallar and
therefore, l e s s viscous grouts and higher pressures are more
effective. This s p l i t spacing i s continued and hence, smaller
and smaller f i s s u r e s are grouted until the desired degree of
impermeabilization i s reached.
If a high quality curtain i s required in a formation con-
taining very fine f i s s u r e s , then the l a s t s e t (or sets) of
holes i s grouted with a chemical grout having a v i s c o s i t y close
to that of wa-cer. Wh'en following t h i s procedure to i t s l o g i c a l
conclusion, the grouted volume per hole should progressively
decrease with each s p l i t spacing and nearly reach zero for the
f i n a l set of holes that are grouted.
If the abutments, as well as the foundation material below
the dam, must be grouted then the following arrangement i s used:
Tunnels are usually constructed within the abutment formations.
The holes are spaced radially around the tunnel circumference
in rings (Fig. I I I . 5 ) . These rings of holes are spaced at
equal distances along the length of the tunnel.
 48

Dam crest

Section A-A

Fig. 3.5 Radial abutment hole spacing

Both r i n g s and holes within a ring can be s p l i t spaced as

before tc achieve the desired r e s u l t s . The spacing i s usually
c l o s e s t near the bottom of the abutment where seepage pressures
are higher than the spacing near the top.
In general, as the formation i s mora d i f f i c u l t to grout
(discontinuity s i z e i s smaller or more v a r i e d ) , the spacing
between rows and h o l e s in a row becomes smaller. This i s due
to: 1) decreased grout penetration, in the case of decreasing
width of the d i s c o n t i n u i t y ; 2) increased grout wasteage with
increasing v a r i a t i o n of d i s c o n t i n u i t y dimensions which leads
to large flows in large d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s and poor grout acceptance
in small d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . Also, as the grouting d i f f i c u l t i e s
increase, the number of rows in a curtain i n c r e a s e s , especially
for grouting from the surface. Since the surface rock i s usually
 49

the most permeable and yet the most d i f f i c u l t to grout due to

low overburden pressure, an increase in the number of rows i s
necessary near the surface.

d) Grouting Procedure — If a large v a r i a t i o n of d i s c o n t i -

nuity dimensions over small d i s t a n c e s e x i s t s , then a system
employing both cement anc: chemical grouts i s commonly used.
Generally three or more iows are l a i d out. The outer rows are
grouted with an inexpensive viscous cement-clay grout. This
grout f i l l s the larger j'cints. Once the outer rows have been
completed, grouting i n t i e inner rows with very low v i s c o s i t y
grouts (often chemical) end high grouting pressures f o l l o w s .
The more expensive chemical grout i s confined between the pre-
v i o u s l y grouted outer rovs. This stops e x c e s s i v e grout flow in
large d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s and allows the build-up of high pressures
to enable the grouting o:: the f i n e r f i s s u r e s . This i s one of the
few ways that very f i n e f i s s u r e s can be grouted using high pressure.
(The grout under high pre ssure does not f i l l the already grouted
large voids and, t h e r e f o r e , does not exert any u p l i f t forces
on them.)
If the grout h o l e s are 5-10 m long, grouting of the e n t i r e
length takes place at once. If the grout holes are longer, one
of the three basic methocs of downward, upward and tube a man-
c h e t t e s grouting that ha\e been described in Chapter 2
has to be employed. In downward or down stage
grouting, a f i r s t s e c t i o r of hole i s d r i l l e d . A packer i s
inserted a t the top of t i e hole and the hole i s then grouted.
Once the grout has s e t , the hole i s r e d r i l l e d t o a greater depth.
 50

The packer i s again placed a t the top of the hole and the 2nd
stage i s grouted using a higher pressure. This i s repuated
u n t i l the bottom of the hole i s reached. The use of high pressure
i s f e a s i b l e because a f t e r the i n i t i a l grouting, the large flow
paths to the surface have been grouted. The advantage of t h i s
system i s that the top of the rock (usually the most fractured
and weathered) i s grouted several times and not just ones.
Another advantage i s that simple packers are used in t h i s method.
The main disadvantages are: 1) d r i l l i n g t o o l s and packers must
be inserted and removed for each stage; 2) the grout in the pre-
vious stage must s e t before the next stage can be d r i l l e d and
grouted; 3) i t i s d i f f i c u l t to go back and regrout the hole.
Upward or upstage grouting has the advantage that the
entire hole i s d r i l l e d at one time. Packers are placed near the
bottom of the hole and the lower part of the hole i s grouted.
The grout i s allowed to s e t , the packers are moved up and the next
section i s grouted. This i s continued u n t i l the top of the hole
i s reached. The major disadvantage of t h i s procedure i s the
usually low quality of grouting in the top and most c r i t i c a l
zone. For t h i s reason, t h i s method i s usually used only in
conjunction with a grout blanket or p o s i t i v e c u t - o f f . As with
downward grouting, i t i s d i f f i c u l t to regrout a hole.
The "sleeve packer" method or "tube a manchettes" method
developed by Soletanche has the major advantage that regrouting i s
possible without r e d r i l l i n g the hole. This method a l s o allows
grouting and regrouting with d i f f e r e n t grouts. The major
disadvantage of t h i s method i s the large investment in the
'tubes a manchettes' which remain in the ground.
 In general, as the variation in discontinuity dimensions
increases, the length of hole grouted at one time decreases. This allows
the grout to adapt more c l o s e l y to the s i z e s of the individual
discontinuities.
As has been mentioned before,the grouting of curtains i s
often performed from g a l l e r i e s or tunnels. This allows the
grouting of a "minimum quality curtain" i n i t i a l l y because
regrouting without lowering of the reservoir i s p o s s i b l e . This
i s economically very important, allowing a design without a
high factor of s a f e t y . This approach requires the constant
monitorin \ of the c u t - o f f ' s performance.

e) Control — Three basic primary and two basic secondary

methods are available to determine i f a grout hole or curtain
has been successfully grouted. The three primary methods to
t e s t the entire curtain are: permeability control, piezometer
control, and coring control. The secondary controls, pressure
and grout take, are based on correlations between themselves
and the primary controls; they are index controls and t e s t each
hole individually.

e-1. Primary Control Methods

PERMEABILITY CONTROL: This method c o n s i s t s of pumping t e s t s
or water pressure t e s t s . For pumping t e s t s , a section i s grouted
and then u pumping hole i s d r i l l e d in the middle of the grouted
area (Figs. I I I . 6 and I I I . 7 ) , positioned to obtain maximum d i s -
tance from grout holes and curtain boundaries.
 52

O O O O

- Observation well ^ ^ - Pumping well O - r;rout hole

Fig. 3,6 Hol^ placement for pumping tests, 2 row currain

<ibs«rv-itiori well v..»ll O - Or<ius i-mln

FIr. 3.7 HoXfi placeinent f«<r puinj. iir t^Af.s, "S r<iw c.niai
 53

Observation holes are drilled outside the grouted curtain.

Water i s then pumped from the middle well at a fixed rate and
the draw down of the water l e v e l in the observation wells i s
observed. This can be related to permeability, the parameter
used to assess the quality of the curtain.
In a water pressure t e s t , water i s pumped into the hole
under a given pressure and no observation wells are d r i l l e d .
The volume of water that flows into the well in a given time
(usually 10 minutes) i s related to permeability. For high dams,
a permeability value of 1.0 Lugeon i s usually considered
adequate to ensure low l e a k a g e and hence, a satisfactory
grout curtain. 1 Lugeon i s equal to 1 liter/min/meter under a
2
pressure of lOkg/cm , over a period of 10 minutes, in a 5m bore:hole
section between packers a n d is about equal to a permeabi-
-5 4
l i t y of 10 cm/sec (10 microdarcy). The discharge into the
well i s not constant with time 0 At the beg Inning of the t e s t ,
i t i s higher than at the end. Therefore, the choice of pumping
time i s important and should be considered c a r e f u l l y . Water
pressure t e s t s are used much more frequently because they are
f a s t e r and l e s s expensive. They also can be; performed on d i f f e r e n t
sections of the hole by using packers. They are not as r e l i a b l e
as pumping t e s t s , however. Water pressure t e s t s are governed by
the same c r i t e r i a for pumping well placement as pumping t e s t s ,
except i f s p l i t spacing i s used. In t h i s case, a f t e r the primary
holes are grouted, secondary holes are d r i l l e d and water
pressure t e s t e d . If the t e s t s y i e l d s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s , then
the secondary holes are grouted. If the r e s u l t s are unsatisfactory,
 54

the secondary holes are grouted and tertiary holes are d r i l l e d

and t e s t e d . This procedure i s followed u n t i l the r e s u l t s of
water t e s t s y i e l d s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s .

PIEZOMETER CONTROL: In t h i s method piezometers are i n s t a l l e d

upstream and downstream of the grouted curtain. The l e v e l s in
these piezometers are observed as grouting progresses. The
difference between up-and downstream l e v e l s indicates the l o s s
of head across the curtain which i s indicative of i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s .
The e f f e c t i v e n e s s determines the success of the grouting operation.
This method can only be applied a f t e r large portions of the
curtain are f i n i s h e d . This method i s also widely used to deter-
mine curtain e f f e c t i v e n e s s and dam s t a b i l i t y during and a f t e r
f i l l i n g of the reservoir.

CORING CONTROL." In t h i s method rock coring i s performed

along c r o s s - s e c t i o n s through the curtain (Fig. I I I . 8 ) .

• •

Fig. 3.8 Coring hole layout

 55

The coies are examined to determine i f the' grout has f i l l e d

a l l the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s ir the rock mass, and i f i t has set
properly. Sometimes chem:cal dyes or radioactive isotopes are
introduced into the grout (before injection) to f a c i l i t a t e
the evaluation of grout penetration in f i n e f i s s u r e s . The per-
centage of f i l l e d voids i s then a measure of grouting e f f e c t i v e -
ness. This method i s very expensive due to the large amount of
d r i l l i n g needed and gives only indirect evidence of expected
grout curtain performance. For these reasons., i t i s rarely used
for quality control. I t s main importance l i e s in i t s a b i l i t y
to supply information on the causes of unsatisfactory grouting.

e-2. Secondary Controls

Once a grouting procedure that y i e l d s the required r e s u l t s
i s found, i t can be assumed that the associated grouting pressures
and grout volumes can indicate s a t i s f a c t o r y grouting. Individual
holes are then evaluated assuming that the formation i s uniform
from hole to hole. This form of extrapolation i s only acceptable
i f i t i s based on a representative number of primary control
tests.
In pressure control i t i s assumed that grouting of a certain
grout volume at the given pressure at a given depth w i l l y i e l d
r e s u l t s similar to those obtained in the primary t e s t section.
If the pressure needed to i n j e c t the same grout volume as in the
primary t e s t section deviates from the pressure used in t h i s
t e s t section, then new primary t e s t s have to be conducted and
modified grouting procedures must be used.
 56

Similarly, in grout take control, i f a d i f f e r e n t grout take

i s associated with the required pressure, then the grouting
procedure must be reevaluated. (Grout take = grout volume injectea
in a certain section of the borehole.)
Grout takes cannot be reliably estimated from water pressure
t e s t s because: 1) water has d i f f e r e n t properties than the grout
( v i s c o s i t y , surface tension, p a r t i c l e s i z e s ) , 2) the water take
i s proportional to the percentage of the bore hole surface area
that i s void of rock (discontinuities) because the -/ater pressure
i s a limited time t e s t . The grout take, however, i s proportional
to the t o t a l volume of d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s in the treated zone,
because grouting time i s much longer than that used for water
pressure t e s t s . I t has been shown, however, that "water pressure"
t e s t s using grout ins-ead of water give more r e l i a b l e r e s u l t s
for the estimation of grout takes.

2) Blankets
Blankets are only used i f i t i s not f e a s i b l e to construct
grouted curtains, because they are more d i f f i c u l t to construct
and must cover extremely large areas to be e f f e c t i v e . If the
permeability of the formation does not decrease with depth, then
a blanket may be advisable. Blankets are a l s o used to connect
the dam core to a curtain not directly below i t .

a
) Grout type — The grouts used for blanket grouting are
based on the same c r i t e r i a as for curtains and, therefore, are
generally the same. The only major difference i s a general
 57

trend to lover v i s c o s i t y grouts. T i i s i.-i Lecnuse the lower

allowable grouting pressures necessitate lower grout v i s c o s i t y
to obtain the same grout travel. '

b) Pressure — Since the dam only rovf rs a small portion

of the grout blanket, i t s weight cannot be i.sed as overburden
to increase grouting pressure. This makes i t d i f f i c u l t tc grout
small f i s s u r e s where high pressure is needed . A
solution to this problem i s found by grouting the blanket
without removing the s o i l overburden, in contrast to curtain
grouting where the overburden i s removed f i r s t . This added
overburden weight is, in many cases, s u f f i c i e n t to allow the
grouting of f i n e d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .

c) Hole Spacing — Blankets, by nature, cover large surface

areas, hence a grid pattern i s usually adopted. The spacing
between rows i s usually the same as that betveen holes in a row
(Fig. I I I . 9 ) .

0 0 0 0 6 O O O O O

O O o O . O 0 O O O O

O O O O O O O O O O

0 O O O O ! O O O O O

0 O O O G - 0 - 0 O O O
 58

To s p l i t space, holes are added in such a way that they are

equidistant between previous holes (F:.g. I I I . 1 0 ) .

O - JT inirtl v

A - -Jfi' •" 'iflry

& - : "l .it y

Fig. 3,10 Split-spacing in ^ r o u t e d blankets

In both curtain and blanket grouping, the number of holes

:.ncreases geometrically with the number of s p l i t spacings. Since-
low grouting pressures have to be used in blanket grouting, grout
hole spacing i s generally smaller for blankets than c artains-.

d'> Grouting Procedure — Due to their shallow depths and

large extent, bla.nkets are not grouted from' tunnels or g a l l e r i e s .
The use of downward grouting i s preferred to upward grouting
since i t allows the closure of surface openings at the beg.innir.c-
of the grouting procedure. Other than t h i s , grouting procedures
v
-
are- t h e same as those in curtain grouting.
 5 9

Control — The basic methods for control are the same

as previously mentioned vith the exception of piezometer control.
In this :ase, piezometers w i l l give no indication of blanket
performance until a f t e r the reservoir i s being f i l l e d . In the
grouting of a blanket, s t r i c t attention to controls i s even more
important than in curtain grouting, because once the reservoir
i s f i l l e d , no regrout.ing without emptying the reservoir Is
possible.

3) Special Techniques Used in Karstic Terrain

a) Grout type — Grout types used in formations containing
solution c a v i t i e s are generally quite d i f f e r e n t from those used
in other formations. The major reasons for t h i s are the large
cavity size and the frequent occurance of large volumes of s w i f t l y
flowing ground water. If the water flow i s not too f a s t , then
cement-based grouts can bo used. Normally high percentages of
f i l l e r are used for economy (up to 3 parts sand per part cement).
Large amounts of rnontmorillonite are also usually employed to
give the grout thixotropi': q u a l i t i e s . Thixotropic behavior
prevents the segregation of the groxit which i s a major problem in
large c a v i t i e s . The thixotopic grout s e t s f a s t even in flowing
water, preventing i t from being washed away. Accelerators are
also used.
If the water i s flowing too f a s t , the grout, regardless of
thixotropic q u a l i t i e s , w i l l be washed away before i t can s e t .
Generally, a temporary curtain i s placed upstream to cut down the
water flow so that cerient grout can be used for the main curtain.
 60

Cement grout i s preferred because of i t s long term s t a b i l i t y and

low cost. 1'or temporary curtains, long term s t a b i l i t y i s not
important, therefore, anything that w i l l temporarily stop -;he
flow of water i s used. One of the most successful grcuts for
the temporary waterstop i s asphalt, either as a thermoplast or
a water based emulsion. A combination of d i e s e l o i l , olay and
cotton has also been used with success. In t h i s case, the high
v i s c o s i t y of the o i l allows large amounts of clay to be used.
The clay which i s i n i t i a l l y dispersed becomes flocculated when
exposed to water. Cotton and clay produce a gummy fibrous mass.
Such grouts also have been supplemented with rags, carpets,
sawdust, woodshavings, and almost anything that can be pumped
into the hole.

k) Pressure — Since solution c a v i t i e s are usually large,

the use of high pressures i s not necessary. In many cases, the
holes are grouted under gravity flovr which l i m i t s grout travel.
Once the main cavity has been grouted a l e s s viscous grout i s
injected under higher pressures to f i l l the f i n e r c a v i t i e s .

c) Hole Spacing — Since solution channels are large and

e r r a c i c a l l y spaced, a large number of borings must be d r i l l e d to
determine the location of these c a v i t i e s . Missing even one cavity
can lead to substantial leakages. S p l i t spacing cannot be used
in t h i s case because there i s no interference pattern in karstic
formations. Thus, very c l o s e spacing (1-3 meters) of grout holes
i s needed.
 61

d) Procedure — Due 1.0 the close spacing of holes end the

r e l a t i v e l y few solution c a v i t i e s , a large percentage of crout holes
w i l l not intercept a cavity. After the low pressure higl- visco-
s i t y grout i s pumpted into holes intersecting c a v i t i e s , the other
holes are grouted with lower v i s c o s i t y grouts and higher pressures.
This procedure allows the grouting of the finer f i s s u r e s with
reduced grout volumes. Then the large c a v i t i e s are again grouted,
but with a high pressure low v i s c o s i t y grout to f i l l any voids
at the top of the cavity that were l e f t due to sedimentation of
the previous grout.
Many c a v i t i e s are p a r t i a l l y of f u l l y f i l l e d v i t h residual
clay. This clay can be l e f t in place and grouted over to f i l l
remaining space. This may prevent the clay from being eroded
away under the high gradients imposed by tho reservoir. If the
solution channels have large direct surface connections, usually
in the form of sink holes, then they probably contain deposits
from surface run-off. Such material i s normally very permeable
and d i f f i c u l t to grout, and should be washed out with water and
air jets. Once the c a v i t i e s are cleaned, they are then backfilled
with tremie concrete. If the f i l l e r material cannot be removed
completely, tien as much of the f i n e s as possible are washed out,
and the remaining material i s treated as described in the section
on s o i l s .
In a temporary cut-off upstream of the permanent, c u t - o f f ,
the injection methods are primarily the same except i f bituminous
grout i s used. In the case of thermoplastic asphalt, hot grout
 62

i s slowly injected into the cavity f i l l e d with running water. The

liquid grout becomes p l a s t i c when i t i s c o d e d by the water,
forming an external skin„ As more grout i s pumped, t h i s "balloon"
expands and f i n a l l y f i l l s the e n t i r e c a v i t y , stopping water flow.
Emulsif;.ed bitumen, on the other hand, i s usually i n j e c t e d very
fast. The asphalt globules p r e c i p i t a t e and s t i c k together and
to the s i d e s of the c a v i t y . As more grout i s pumped i n , it
quickly f i l l s the c a v i t y . Both bituminous grouts are s a t i s f a c t o r y ,
but are a l s o very expensive.

e
) Control — As was previously explained, there i s no
interference pattern or uniformity in a formation containing
solution c a v i t i e s . This makes the use of t e s t s e c t i o n s and
secondary methods of control impossible. The three primary
methods a l s o give misleading answers. The only way to ensure a
q u a l i t y curtain i s to use very c l o s e hole spacing and try to
f i l l ev<;ry c a v i t y . Close monitoring of leakage under the dam
during Impoundment w i l l usually reveal any missed s o l u t i o n c a v i -
t i e s which can then be grouted.

4) Special Techniques Used in Faults and Contact Zones

If the f a u l t zone i s wide and reaches to the surface, it
may be p o s s i b l e to wash out the mylonite or f a u l t breccia using
high pressure water and a i r j e t s . Once t h i s has been completed,
tremie concrete can be placed from the surface. In the case
of contact zones, treatment from the surface i s usually impossible.
Both co:vtact zones and f a u l t s can contain highly permeable
 63

material. In such a case, f i l l e r s have to be used in the ground.

In some cases, sand and water may be injected f i r s t and then neat
cement. If the zones are l e s s permeable, they are treated in a
manner similar to those used in s o i l s . Bo~h f a u l t s and contact
zones are usually treated with grout curtains as opposed to a
blanket, due to the localized nature of these major d e f e c t s .

A-2. Impermeabilization in Soil

Many of the grout types and grouting methods used in rocks
are also used in s o i l s . Since these have teen mentioned in
previous s e c t i o n s , only the differences w i l l be discussed further
in t h i s s e c t i o n .

a) Grout type — The most s i g n i f i c a n t difference between

grouts used in rock formations and those used in s o i l s i s t h e i r
viscosity. In rock and s o i l masses with the same permeability,
the average void s i z e of the s o i l i s much smaller than that of
the rock, since the voids in rock are r e l a t i v e l y infrequent and,
therefore, r e l a t i v e l y large. In many cases: the s o i l voids are
so small that they cannot even be economically grouted with
chemical jrouts having a v i s c o s i t y close to that of water, i f the
permeability i s l e s s than 10— 4cm/sec (10 5
Microdarcy). This i s
not a large drawback because impermeabilization of s o i l s with
-4 5
k - 10 cm/sec (10 Microdarcy) i s usually not necessary. This
l i m i t a t i o n i s more c r i t i c a l in building foundation work and
w i l l be discussed in more d e t a i l there. Due to the l i m i t a t i o n on
grout v i s c o s i t y and the limitation on c o s t , chemical grouts are
 64

mostly used in conjunction with cement, c l a y , or cement-clay grouts.

Cement-sand grouts can be used alone only in some of the coarsest
s o i l s such as open work gravela Soilsdown to the range of coarse
sands can be grouted i f montmorillonite i s used as f i l l e r .
Grouts containing cement are limited to s o i l s with a permeability
greater than about 5 x 10 — cm/sec
3 (5 x 10 6Microdarcy). Also, i f
more than 10% of the s o i l p a r t i c l e s are f i n e r than 3mm, cement
grout usually proves to be i n e f f e c t i v e . If c o l l o i d cement i s used,
these l i m i t a t i o n s can be relaxed, but t h i s cement i s more ex-
pensive than regular Portland cement. If d e f l o c c u l a t e d montmoril-
l o n i t e alone i s used as the grouting agent, s o i l s in the medium
sand range can be grouted. This type of grout can be e a s i l y
eroded and, t h e r e f o r e , should not be used for permanent, protection
from seepage. Montmorillonite can be used, however, to temporarily
confine chemical grouts to a limited zone to prevent e x c e s s i v e
t r a v e l in larger voids. In general, f o r suspension grouts
such as those mentioned above, the r a t i o of D15 of the s o i l to
D85 of the grout should be greater than about 25. I t i s thus
evident that chemical grouts must be used i n many s o i l s to achieve
s a t i s f a c t o r y impermeabilization. The most frequently used che-
mical grouts are sodium s i l i c a t e , ligno s u l f a t e , and AM-9. (See ,,
a l s o Chapter 2.) More r e c e n t l y , bituminous emulsions have been
used to t r e a t s o i l s with a permeability l e s s than 10 Microdarcy.
This grout i s very e f f e c t i v e , but i t s c o s t , which i s not l i k e l y
to decrease in the near future, i s a l s o prohibitive:.y high.
 65

b) Pressure — The c r i t e r i a determining grouting prissure

are the same as for rock. The same techniques vised for ii creasing
the allowable grout pressure in rock such as grouting fror g a l l e r i e s
in the dam or leaving overburden in place are also used ir. s o i l s .
Tunnels below the dam are rarely used in s o i l grouting because of
the d i f f i c u l t y of construction. S o i l s have lower unit weights and
l e s s strength than rock and, therefore, the pressures are nor-
mally lower. This i s a s i g n i f i c a n t problem in blanket grouting
because i t i s d i f f i c u l t to develop s u f f i c i e n t pressures to over-
come grout surface tension without producing heave or surface
leakage. This can only be overcome by using very low v i s c o s i t y
grouts v i s c o s i t y similar to water).

c) Hole Spacing — Since the average void s i z e in s o i l i s

usually smaller than in rock of the same permeability, the hole
spacing i s normally c l o s e r . This allows the smaller grout ranges
to reach each other and to form a continuous c u t - o f f . In s o i l ,
i t i s impossible to even approach a 100% impervious grout curtain
due to existence of small pores. Therefore, not only i s
the hole spacing closer in s o i l s , but the number of rows must also
be increased to provide a greater cut-off width and to achieve
the same l e v e l of seepage reduction. Curtains in s o i l are usually
not l e s s than 20m wide. The hole patterns are the same as in
rock grouting. S p l i t spacing i s also commonly used in s o i l s .

d) Procedure — The largest deviation of s o i l grouting from

rock grouting i s the procedure. Due to the large range of void
s i z e s in s o i l s , many more d i f f e r e n t grouts must be injected into
the same grout hole to achieve impermes;:ilIzation at a reasonable
cost. (Chemical grouts could be used e x c l u s i v e l y , but t h i s would
be too expensive. This i s one of the main reasons that the tube
manchettes method i s used almost exclusively ir, s o i l s . With tlris
method, f i r s t highly-viscous grouts l i k e clay cement or clay
chemical grouts are injected to f i l l the large voids. These grouts
are r e l a t i v e l y inexpensive and prevent the more expensive grouts
from being wasted in f i l l i n g large voids. Then the expensive,
pure chemical grouts of lower v i s c o s i t y are applied. The i n i t i a l
i n j e c t i o n s with t h i s method use low pressures and the f i n a l ones
a higher pressure. (The pressures vary with depth; the following
l i m i t s are representative: for high v i s c o s i t y grouts, maximum
pressure = 300 p s i ; for low v i s c o s i t y grouts- maximum pressure =
1000 p s i . ) In the tube a manchettes method (see Chapter 2), the
s t i f f slurry eliminates the p r e f e r e n t i a l flow paths along the
casing vhich i s a common problem in upward or downward grouting.
(A casing must be l e f t in the hole in these methods to prevent
collapse and to allow for placement of the packers.) The tube a
manchettes method i s thus a l s o i d e a l l y suited for blanket grouting
in s o i l s .
Fo:c curtains both the tube a manchettes or an alternative
method can be used: the alternative c o n s i s t s of f i r s t grouting
the outside rows of the curtain with a low pressure, high v i s c o s i t y
inexpensive grout. Then the inside rows are grouted with a
high pressure, low v i s c o s i t y chemical grout. The previously
grouted outside rows thereby contain the chemical grout between
them ani prevent wastage. In the inner zone, however, both f i n e
 67

and coarse pores are chemically grouted. This procedure i s used

most frequently in u n s t r a t i f i e d g l a c i a l deposits or man-made
f i l l s ; i t has the advantages that: 1) the grout used n the
outside rows does not have to be permanent and, therefore, inex-
pensive clay grout can be used; 2) up- or downward grouting
can be used. These methods do not require the expensive aquipment
used with the tube a manchettes method. Here the tube a man-
chettes method does not have as large an advantage over the other
methods and consequently i s not as exclusively used.
In some g l a c i a l formations, the s o i l i s so heterogeneous that
lenses are .impossible to grout economically due to the presence
of large quantities of f i n e material, which prevents grout from
entering the more permeable l e n s e s . I t may be possible to remove
the f i n e s by washing with high pressure a i r and water j e t s .
(Details of the washing procedure are discussed in the section
on consolidation grouting.) Once the finu material has been
removed as indicated by water pressure t e s t s , cement grouting
becomes possible.
The tube a manchettes method i s particularly suited to
stratified soils. In these s o i l s permeability i s r e l a t i v e l y
uniform within each layer, but varies widely from layer :o layer.
Therefore, the grout should have d i f f e r e n t v i s c o s i t i e s depending
on the permeability of the layer. This precludes the us'i of
the up- or downward grouting methods because the necessary re-
d r i l l i n g and regroutiig would be too expensive.. With tha tube d
manchettes, however, each lay^r can be grouted individually
starting jith the most permeable and decreasing the v i s c o s i t y
and increasing the pressure a:-; the l e s s permeable layers are
groutfd.
 68

S t r a t i f i e d s o i l s , in many cases, contain aquifers with

flowing water, r e s u l t i n g in the same problems of grout cillutior;
as in rock- In such cases, chemical grouts may be applied using
the technique of short gel times: the gel time i s short r e l a t i v e
to the i n j e c t i o n time, h general rule i s that the gel time i s
uqual to h the i n j e c t i o n time. The grout travels radially and
i t s outermost layer s e t s , forming a skin. The continued pumping
forces the grout to freicture t h i s skin in various places, ini-
t i a t i n g new radial flow from that point.. The sequence of events
continues u n t i l the pumping i s stopped (Fig. I I I . 1 1 ) .

Fig. 3.11 Grouting with short gel time

 69

This r e s u l t s in far l e s s displacement of the grout body due

to the flowing water. The grout travel i s unfortunately also
reduced, necessitating closer hole spacing. If more than one
row of holes i s used, which i s normally the ccise, the subsequent
rows are placed downstream of the i n i t i a l row to prevent dilution
of the grout by the watesr flow.
Soil permeability, as opposed to that of rock, does not usually
decrease s i g n i f i c a n t l y with depth. I t i s s t i l l necessary, however,
to extend the grouted curtain down to a much l e s s pervious zone
(usually rock) regardless of the s o i l depth, since even a small
flow channel beneath the curtain w i l l allow large quantities of
seepage under the dam. Flow net analyses show that a uniform
s o i l overlying impermeable rock with a p e r f e c t l y impervious cut-
o f f extending to 90% of the s o i l depth s t i l l permits 35% of the
flow to take place. The percentage would even be higher i f the
permeability of the lower layers i s greater than average.

e) Control — The methods of control are the same as in

rock.

B. CONSOLIDATION GROUTING IN ROCK

Grouting techniques are based primarily on the type and
condition of the rock mass. In most cases, procedures in con-
s o l i d a t i o n grouting are the same as in impermeabilization grouting.
The few d i f f e r e n c e s that do e x i s t w i l l be discussed below.

The main objective of consolidation grouting i s to render

the foundation l e s s deformable. This can be achieved with the
 7 0

injection of a high strength grout into the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . The

rock mass i s also rendered more uniformly deformab3.e by t h i s
process. The zone of injection usually follows the contours
of the dam and has the form of a blanket, i . e . the grouted zone
i s shallow. Blarkeis are s a t i s f a c t o r y because only the zone of
highest s t r e s s increase needs, usually, to be treated.
The presence of f i l l e r material in the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s i;s
unacceptable in consolidation grouting. F i l l e r s are frequently
the products of chemical weathering, and are compressible
n e c e s s i t a t i n g t h e i r removal before grouting can commence: (This
i s one of the main d i f f e r e n c e s between consolidation and imper-
meabilization grouting.) I n i t i a l l y , the blanket grid spacing
i s s p l i t into c e l l s (Fig. III»12).

1
© | O O

I O O O
| Cell #I C e l l #3
O I O G G O G O

O | G G w | O
+" - h -
1
O | G O O O O O
I
O | O O O G O
Cell #2 Cell #4
O o O O G

1
© G G O O O
i

Fig. 3.12 Cell layout

 7 1

Each ce..l i s f i r s t d r i l l e d and then washed with high pressure

water, and a i r j e t s . The injection of a i r i s important because
i t produces cavitation together with the high, water pressures,
thereby eroding the f i l l e r material (especially weathered rock)
more e f f i c i e n t l y . The water can also contain deflocculating
agents to help remove clay. This washing i s done sequentially
within tl.-e c e l l : a l l the holes are f i r s t capped. Then two
adjacent holes are uncapped, one forming the injoctic>n well and
the other the return w e l l , from which the f i l l e r i s ejected.
This cleans the flow channels between these two holes. The
return well i s capped and another adjacent hole i s uncapped
forming a new return w e l l . The washing process i s then repeated.
This continues u n t i l a l l the flow paths from the i n i t i a l in-
j e c t i o n well to the surrounding holes are cleaned. Then i new
hole i s uncapped forming a new i n j e c t i o n well and washing i s
performed u n t i l a l l the flow paths from t h i s well are cleaned.
The above process i s repeated u n t i l a l l the flow paths between
holes in the c e l l are cleaned. This c e l l i s then grouted and
the next c e l l d r i l l e d , washed, and grouted. This time-consuming
method i s followed to ensure that a cleaned zone i s not r e f i l l e d
with f i l l e r in the process of washing another zone.
In consolidation grouting as much pressure as possible must
be generated for reasons mentioned l a t e r in t h i s section. The
most e f f i c i e n t way to achieve high pressures without u p l i f t i s —
as discussed e a r l i e r — to grout from tunnels or g a l l e r i e s below
the dam. This procedure takes f u l l advantage of the increased
overburden weight and, therefore, i s used extensively in con-
solidation grc uting. In some cases, e s p e c i a l l y in abutments, ..
 72

the tunnels are lined with a concrete l i n e r capable of with-

standing high compressive pressures. Low pressure, neat cerr.ent
i s injected between the liner and the rock. Then much higher
pressure i n j e c t i o n s are performed„ This allows the use of high
pressure in badly fissured rock where there i s a danger of
i n s t a b i l i t y of the tunnel.
In some cases, grouting from tunnels i s not f e a s i b l e and,
therefore, surface grouting must be employed. Since the allowable
grouting pressure i s a function of rock strength, as well as
overburden weight, downward grouting i s usually used. First
any v i s i b l e surface cracks are grouted. Then the blanket i s
downward grouted, using increasing pressures with depth but
keeping low maximum pressures. This grout i s allowed to harden
and the blanket i s again downward grouted a second time, however,
with higher pressures.
As mentioned above, the weight o:: the dam i s usually used
as overburden to increase allowable pressures. In most cases,
however, i t i s s p e c i f i e d that the grouting be completed before
the e n t i r e dam i s f i n i s h e d . The subsequently added dam weight,
thereby compresses the grout, and voids l e f t because of grout
sedimentation may be closed. The entire dam should not be con-
structed before grouting because the dam weight can close i n i -
t i a l l y groutable d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s to the extent of rendering them
ungroutable. ,.
In consolidation grouting, the compressive strength of the
\
grout must be as close as p o s s i b l e .to that of the intact rock. .
Many chemical grouts such as AM-9 and bituminous emulsions are
 7 3

thus not (suited for consolidation grouting. Grouts having high

clay contents are also much too compressible to be,considered.
At the other extreme, many resin grouts come very close to
meeting t h i s c r i t e r i o n , but are not used in large quantities
due to their high c o s t s . Cost-benefit analyses usually show
that cement grouts are frequently the best choice, sometimes
with sand and rock flour f i l l e r s for cost reduction and usually
with small amounts of clayor chemicals as f l u l d i z e r s . 1'luidizers
decrease the w/c and they increase grout strength. Nevertheless,
higher pressures must be used to grout small f i s s u r e s than in
impermeabi.lization grouting where higher w/c r a t i o s are common.
The use of high pressures y i e l d s the added b e n e f i t of compressing
any sort f i l l e r material that could not be washed out, or
compressing adjacent ungrouted d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .
In the case of consolidation grouting, ismall discontinuous
f i s s u r e s must a l s o be grouted (in contrast to impermeabilization),
and the hole spacing must thus be small to intercept them in as
many places as p o s s i b l e . If the grouting i s performed from
tunnels, which i s usually the case, the holes axe arranged in
a radial pal tern as mentioned e a r l i e r . In the case of concrete
gravity darru;, the spacing in the abutment formation i s wider
than that in the foundation proper. This i s due to the lower
s t r e s s increase in t h i s region. In some cases, such as sheeted
granite abutments, the Factor of Safety against s l i d i n g must
be increased. The bond between cement grout and rock i s i s u a l l y
enough \ o achieve t h i s . (Again, j o i n t s must be clean.) If
the pressure needed to grout the j o i n t s i s greater than that
 .74

causing a rock s l i d e , rock bolts may be used. Slope s : a b i l i t y

in the abutments can a l s o be increased by injecting j o i n t s with
grout to increase their shear resistance; possibly in conjunc-
tion with rock b o l t s .
The primary methods of control for consolidation bear no
resemblance to impermeabilization control. Here the main
c r i t e r i o n i s the value of the modulus of e l a s t i c i t y obtained
by grouping. In tunnels, jacking t e s t s are used to monitor
the groiting near the tunnel surface. Hydraulic t e s t s are
used in bore holes to evaluate grouting r e s u l t s at larger depths.
Both th<ise methods have the disadvantage of t e s t i n g only small
i s o l a t e d areas. Somewhat more representative are pressure
chamber t e s t s . Seismic methods allow the determination of the
e l a s t i c constants over large areas thereby giving much more
representative r e s u l t s . The secondary control methods are the
same as for impermeabilization.
A s p e c i f i c type of consolidation grouting i s commonly called
contact grouting. I t i s usually applied before consolidation
or impermeabilization grouting. I t s riain functions are the
increased continuity between the dam and i t s foundation and
also to limit surface leakage during subsequent grout applications.
Normally, loose overburden in the foundation and abutment area
i s removed, including as much weathered rock as p o s s i b l e . Then
the v i s i b l e voids are cleaned using high pressure water and
air j e t s . A cement grout with a high f i l l e r content i s then
used to f i l l these voids. I t i s usually applied under gravity
flow. The grout usually has a f a i r l y low vis.- _o -letrate
as deeply as possible.
 .75

C. REMEDIAL GROUTING
••• •• • 1
•' 1
_ i.... M .i #

If leakage occurs either through the contact zone or the

dam foundation, then the methods used are those discussed in
the previous sections on impermeabilization or consolidation.
In many cases, the original grouting was performed from tunnels
or g a l l e r i e s and the same grout holes can be used for regrouting.
If there are no tunnels the holes are d r i l l e d from the dam
crest through the dam and into the foundation. This, however,
i s expensive because of the d r i l l i n g depths. I t i s often
p o s s i b l e , as an a l t e r n a t i v e , to d r i l l holes inclined upstream
from the downstream side of the dam. In remedial grouting,
flowing water i s usually present in the f i s s u r e s . If t h i s
flow i s excessive, grouting may not be possible without lowering
the reservoir l e v e l .
Somewhat d i f f e r e n t procedures are employed i f the leakage
i s a r e s u l t of cracking .in the clay core of an embankment dam:
the objective i s to seal the cracks but t h i s does not necessarily
mean that they must be f i l l e d with grout. The i n j e c t i o n of
grout into a crack causes pressures which force the crack to
incz*ease in s i z e , thereby compressing the s o f t clay around i t .
This compression r e s u l t s in the squeezing and subsequent closing
of adjacent cracks. Thus, not a l l the cracks have to be
intercepted by grout holes. The grouts c o n s i s t of a cement,
sand, montmorillonite mixture. A high montmorillonite content
ensures that the hardened grout w i l l not be more r i g i d than the
clay core. The sand reduces cost and the cement imparts strengtn
to prevent erosion.
 .76

3- SPECIAL PROBLEMS

Hydraulic Fracturing
The creation of fractures i n s o i l and rarely in rock by
large grouting pressures i s a l s o known under the term "claquage",
as introduced by Cambefort (1964). The orientation of such
fractures depends on ground strength properties and the in s i t u
s t a t e of s t r e s s .
The fractures are usually f i l l e d with the grout that induced
the fracture and, to some extent, with grouts that have been
injected in l a t e r s t a g e s .
Horizontally oriented fractures cause heaving and subsequent'
.settlements under the load of the dam and the overburden. Such
settlements may l a s t over long time periods i f the grout i s
clay based. Cither than that^ there are no problems with hori-
zontal fractures under eaj"k|| ^jff^. Under concrete dams, horizontal
fractures can only be toler^te^ i f they are induced previous to
construction and i f they are fi|.iM8 with a high strength grout.
V e r t i c a l fracturSft o r i e n t ^ JUtfeiU^ligi^i: tfl Y^UPy
axis and f i l l e d witli clay gJrOUtsf fHI fM$!IIH|8l llWH tap Hfcefl
for impermeabilization pujrpQSCEji If} BtiUf MRF8 HiUy ftfh
pensive chemical grouts flflft fyft RHeil fli^t-fl W?
quite u s e f u l . Also, s J i l f M i S ^H ^ p p i i ^ Hytli"atji,iefj|^
fractured. There are, how^VH^l t U f t i d t ^ t i e s in g^irahteeing
that the fractures have tjife iirdd briteritatidft. Th& disadvantages
of v e r t i c a l fractures are p a r t i c u l a r l y evident i f i n j e c t i o n takes
piape a f t e r dam construction has begun. S i g n i f i c a n t horizon-
t a l displacements are induced that cavse cracking a l s o in
 .77

embarkment dams. These cracks do not necessarily heal with

increasing dam height.

4. GENERAL COMMENTS ON GROUTING OF DAMS AND RESERVOIRS

The extensive l i t e r a t u r e review underlying t h i s study shows

that there are very few accepted correlations between parameters
determining grout applications. (An explanation of t h i s dearth
of quantitative information follows at the end of t h i s section.)
The most common form of correlation i s between ground characteris-
t i c s ( s o i l , rock), purpose (impermeabilizat Ion, consolidation) and
grout type. Figures IIL13, III.14 and III..L5 are three repre-
sentative examples.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION
""TOT Tccr COARSE GRAV. COARSE TO MED. TO
PURPOSE OF GROUT
LARGE FAULT!£K;LAST CRACK;cCOARSE SAND MED. SAND FINE SAND
& CAVITIES SMALL VOIDS 1mm. . 2mm. Dip>^ 0.1mm.
ASPHAI/y EMVL?IWL
CHEMICAL
CLAY - CHEMICAL
IMPERMEABILIZATlOfl CL/Y
f CLAY - CEMENT
CEMENT
COARSE*
GROUT
CEMENT
T " CLAY CEMENT
CONSOLIDATION CLAY - CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
ASPHALT EMULSION
* saw-dust, sand-cement-clay, e t c .

EXTENT OF PRESSURE GROUT USE

Fig. i l l . 1 3 (Kravetz; Glebe - 1958)

 CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS OF CONSOLIDATION AND
IlQ'EllMKABIL IZATiON BY GEOUiiN'--

a> 4J ROCKS COHESIONLEStf FOILS RAV/I^RV? SOIL;

v TYPE3 BOULDERS, COARSE TO FINE SAND LOESS IN PLASTIC
c o OF CAVERN SEAMY CRAVEI, & MEDI'JM ITO SJ'/.TY 7,ONE OF CLAY
GROUT$ ROCK ROCK THE LIKE SANI; 5 SAMP AERATION-
P- "W ( J o i n t s ( Joints (collap-r
o (k>50m/day (k>5o/day) j(k>3iu/day'j sible) (k>0.1m/d*y
>0.75mm) >0.15nm)
-a- J_ L
u •o Cement grouts
<
Ne c
to
§ Clay-cement & clay grouts
rQ 0 *r!
•H tt>
«
CO rH Clay s i l i c a t e grouts
1 3
a) s
p. a)
(0
3 Hot asphalt and Asphalt emulsion
U)

rH C
cfl O
•O vH
TI «
O 3
rH rH
C One-i.hot silicaffzat.ion

a •H O £ i 1 a 8
o o to
•H
4J o
"O Chrome Lignin
•H
iH
O
W
s 0) Gaseous s i l i e s t i m a t i o n
o a T3
o O -H
O 3
10 i-H
03 H
O Emmoniation

F i g . I I I . 1 4 (Voronkevich; Evdokimova; Morozov - 1970)

The compiled case studies showed that these correlations are

acceptable with a few modifications: e . g . , Fig. I I I . 1 3 , for
consolidation, where high grout compressive strength i s Manda-
tory, the use of chemical grouts i s not widely spread. Most
chemical grouts are far too compressible and. those that have
high compressive strengths are very expensive. The use of
asphalt emulsions in consolidation j.s questionable, and vhen
 .79

clay i s used, i t usually i s in small quant j. t i e s , as a f l u i d i z e r

in cement grout. In Figure I I I . 1 4 the only serious oversight i s
the widespread use of cement grouts in consolidation grouting.
For s o i l s i t has generally been observed that particulate
suspension grouts (cement, cement-sand, e t c . ) perform s a t i s - ,
f a c t o r i l y in coarse sands <>.8mm) c o l l o i d a l grouts (clay) are
suited to medium saiids (.1mm to .8mm) and Newtonian solutions of
low v i s c o s i t y (chemical) are required for f i n e sands and s i l t s .
The general rule i s : the ratio of D15 for the s o i l to D85 for
the grcut should be greater than 25. This correlation i s quite
useful and the case studies indicate i t s v a l i d i t y . In the
case of rock, a similar rule e x i s t s : the r a t i o of f i s s u r e width
t o maximum grout p a r t i c l e s i z e should be greater than 3. (For ce-
ment g r o u t s - e.g., f i ssure > - i d t h ha s to be ? 0.75mm.) The case studieo
a l s o show good agreement in t h i s instance.

F
GROUT [MPERMEA- '
SOIL TYPE SOIL PROPERTIES CHARACTERISTICS CONSOLIDATION IILIZATION

\ '.LEvel and 0 . 5 mm Bingham - Near cement ('•lay cedent

' . a r s e sand (k> 10 Mi a rod arcy) A i r - e n t r a i n e d fjr.
k>10^Micrcslist> sutsp^nua.on s
i Ait—entrained grovJ Clay ]

d , n between O.O.'i -Bituminous emul-

j Medium and & 0.5nnn J josten sions
g Colloidal -
j
< Fine sand (k > 10 7 Micro- -Chrome- Ligno
k begvasn 10 £ Solutions sulfate
darcy)
10 liic/oOaroy -Silicate solu- |
fiW.S 1
J
S' 1
\
! SiJ.ty and < 0.02 ram Ph&toplizstfl Phlnopl-'j' * >
! Viayey k < 5.0^ Yd ex •;>-•• Solutions Anilnoplasta Aainopiaar.T '
i ;-\-idf S i l t darcy AM 5 ?

':r. rr.' i ^ n ; ci? "v.jcn o ^ p t ^vpvs

 .80

Many attempts have been made t o draw general correlations be-

tween grout hole depth and allowable grouting pressure. The
degree of correlation i s very low because of the interaction
between a l l grouting parameters, as w i l l I e discussed l a t e r in
t h i s section. As was mentioned e a r l i e r ir. t h i s Chapter, the
pressure usually equals a constant times the hole depth, plus
another constant. An example of this type of correlation i s
given in Figure 111,16.
 81

VO /

! 9
o •
/
/

60
•
/
/
s
/

>
/
/

f
/
AO •
am A"
•
/ a ^
0 /
A'
20
2
1*
ir-oz*"

20 40 60 80 100

P = Depth of Hole In Metres

Relation between allowable groutinp pressure and depth of hole.

Line A: P «= 0.45D* C.C.L. S p e c i f i c a t i o n .

Line B: P «= 0.25D. Rule of Thumb.
Lines C. and C 2 : P = 7 + H—G. Hlwassee Dam.
Where i t : Hydrostatic pressure between f u l l r e s e r v o i r and bottom of hole.
G: Grout pressure from l e v e l of gauge to bottom of hole.

Line D: p = h + 1.33h[ 4 -^ 0 + Formula by Creager.

Where p: Pressure in l b s / s q . inch,

h: Depth of hole in f e e t .

8 Great B r i t a i n
Q United S t a t e s
A France
7 Elsewhere
1. Shasta, 11. Sloy. 21.
2. Hoover ( F i n a l ) . 12. Karapiro. 22.
3. Chambon. 13. Meig. 23.
4. Bear Creak. 14. Agua F r i a . 24.
5. Glen Shira. 15. Cod Beck. 25.
6. North Craudach. 16. Errochty. 26.
7. Ein Karem 17. Norris. 27.
8. Hoover (Original), 18. Sutton Bingham. 28.
9. Ayalon. 19. Woronora«, 29.
10. Douglas. 20. Watts Bar. 30.

Fig. I I I . 1 6 GROUTING 1 RESSURES (Grundy - 1955)

 32

Th3 case studies that were reviewed for t h i s study a l s o

revealed the following general observations:

1. For s o i l s regardless of their i n i t i a l , permeability.

the post grouting permeability seemed to reach a minimum value
of 10 - cm/sec.
5 , 4(10 Microdarcy), with most vaJ.ues below 10 -4 cm/sec.
5
(10 Microdarcy) being considered acceptable.

2. The average grout hole spacing in rock was about 3m,

with most values f a l l i n g into the range of 1-5 meters,

3. A value of 1 Lugeon corresponds to a permeability of

10 "5cm/sec. (10 4 Microdarcy)

4. In s o i l grouting, the most common grout used i s a

clay-cement mixture supplemented with sodium s i l i c a t e .

Me reason for the lack of reported correlations i s two-fold:

1. In most case studies, the information given i s incom-

p l e t e u The subject of grouting i s usually only a sub-topic in
the overall a r t i c l e and, therefore, i s b r i e f , omitting many
important d e t a i l s . The information given i s , in many cases, only
qualitative. For example, a commonly reported parameter i s the
absolute grout volume without mentioning the grout volume related
to the volume of the grouted zone. Another example i s the
reduction of leakage which i s c i t e d without r e l a t i o n . t o the
reduction in permeability. In other cases pertinent parameters
l i k e post grouting permeability are not even measured. This i s
due in part to the routine grouting of many dams. The determina-
t i o n of these parameters would only add to the cost and construc-
tion time and therefore, they are not obtained, Anoth< r reason
 .83

for t h i s lack of f i e l d data i s that with regrouting f a c i l i t i e s ,

the performance of the i n i t i a l c u t - o f f i s not c r i t i c a l because
i t can be improved.

2) Even i f a l l the data are given for a case study, it

i s d i f f i c u l t to extrapolate the obtained correlations due to the
interdependence of important parameters. A case in point i s the
r e l a t i o n between pressure, grout v i s c o s i t y , and hole spacing.
As grout v i s c o s i t y decreases for a given pressure, the needed
hole spacing for closure increases. If v i s c o s i t y i s constant,
then the hole spacing increases with increased pressure.
 84

CHAPTER IV

FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS

1. GROUTING PURPOSES

The p u r p o s e s o f f o u n d a t i o n g r o u t i n g v a r y w i d e l y and c o v ^ r

t h e e n t i r e r a n g e of g r o u t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s i n c i v i l engineering.

The g o a l s c a n b e t e m p o r a r y o r p e r m a n e n t m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f the

ground-foundation system. Two m a j o r c a t e g o r i e s o f p u r p o s e s can

be distinguished.

1. Grouting during construction, partly to facilitate

construction, b u t i n some i n s t a n c e s , also related to

t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e f i n a l structure*

2. Grouting a f t e r construction, i.e. remedial grouting,

t o i m p r o v e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e final

structure.

A. GROUTING DURING CONSTRUCTION

As i n dam a n d r e s e r v o i r a p p l i c a t i o n s , impermeabilxzafcion

and c o n s o l i d a t i o n (strength i n c r e a s e and d e f o r m a b i l i t y decrease)

a r e t h e main p u r p o s e s . Frequently, i m o e r m e a b i l i z a t i o n and.

c o n s o l i d a t i o n can be a c h i e v e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y o r one b e n e f i t s

the other. This f a c t should be taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n while

reviewing the following sections.

A-l. Impermeabilization

G r o u t i n g i s used i n open e x c a v a t i o n s to reduce water inflow

and t h e a s s o c i a t e d stability and s e t t l e m e n t p r o b l e m s . Grouting

c a n b e t h e o n l y d e w a t e r i n g m e a s u r e o r i t c a n b e u s e d in. c o n j u n c -

t i o n with o t h e r methods. A representative s e t of specific

 .85

imperraeabilization purposes i s given below.

R e d u c t i o n o r e l i m i n a t i o n of o t h e r w a t e r r e m o v a l o r cut-off

measures in excavations

Sheet p i l e w a l l s r diaphragm w a l l s (slurry trench walls)

and i n t e r s e c t i n g concrete pile walls serve both as structural

r e t a i n m e n t and p o s i t i v e c u t - o f f structures. Such structures

c a n b e e l i m i n a t e d by g r o u t i n g o r t h e s t r u c t u r e s c a n b e reduced

i n h e i g h t b y p a r t i a l u s e of g r o u t i n g . In large excavations,

grouting i s o f t e n l e s s expensive than the positive cut-off

structures. Also, grouting i s f r e q u e n t l y being used to improve

the seal-quality of t h e c u t - o f f structures: l o c k s of sheetpiles

a n d t h e l o w e r p a r t s o f i n t e r s e c t i n g p i l e s may b e n o t fully

e f f e c t i v e a s a s e a l and g r o u t i n g i s i n most c a s e s t h e only

possible remedial measure.

Pumping f r o m o p e n d r a i n a g e c h a n n e l s o r f r o m w e l l s around

an e x c a v a t i o n can be r e d u c e d o r e l i m i n a t e d i f g r o u t i n g i s used

for imp^rmeabilization. Ir : d e e p a n d l a r g e e x c a v a t i o n s in

permeable ground, grouting w i l l probably lead to savings relative

t o t h e o p e r a t i n g c o s t s of p u m p i n g . A l s o , p u m p i n g may n o t be

s u f f i c i e n t l y e f f e c t i v e i n h i g h l y permeable ground (coarse sand,

gravel) and h a s t o b e s u p p l e m e n t e d o r r e p l a c e d by positive

c u t - o f f s or grouted zones.

In areas', particularly cities, w h e r e pumped w a t e r w o u l d

have t o be removed t h r o u g h t h e sewer s y s t e m , t h e capacity

r e s t r i c t i o n s o f t h e s e w e r s may f o r c e t h e u s e o f w a t e r control

measures t i a t reduce the d i s c h a r g e from t h e excavation-.

 .86

E l i m i n a t i o n o r r e d u c t i o n of w a t e r t a b l e lowering

Pumping a n d o p e n d r a i n a g e i n e x c a v a t i o n s f r e q u e n t l y lead

t o s i g n i f i c a n t l o w e r i n g o f t h e w a t e r t a b l e both, c o n c e r n i n g

h e a d d i f f e r e n c e and a f f e c t e d range.

S e t t l e m e n t p r o b l e m s do o c c u r d u e to t h e l o w e r i n g of water

t a b l e s w i t h a s s o c i a t e d d a m a g e s o f b u i l d i n g f o u n d a t i o n s and of

u t i l i t y l i n e s and r o a d s t h a t a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e i n f l u e n c e zone.

The e l i m i n a t i o n o r r e d u c t i o n of s u c h d a m a g e s may w a r r a n t the

a p p l i c a t i o n cf g r o u t i n g even i f it i s more expensive thai p u m p i n g .

Where t h e g r o u n d w a t e r i s c o n n e c t e d t o s x i r f a c e w a t e r , a

l o w e r i n g o f t h e g r o u n d w a t e r t a b l e may l e a d t o t h e f l o w o f surface

water i n t o the groundwater. If the surface water i s polluted,

or if it is saline, s u c h a f l o w r e v e r s a l may l e a d t o the

p o l l u t i o n o f g r o u n d w a t e r a n a make i t u n a c c e p t a b l e a s a f r e s h

water supply. G r o u t i n g may b e a b l e t o r e m e d y t h i s situation-

I t must be p o i n t e d o u t a t t h i s o c c a s i o n t h a t g r o u t i n g itself

can cause s e v e r e problems i n groundwater c a r r i e r s . During the

grouting operation, p o l l u t i o n of t h e g r o u n d w a t e r i s l i k e l y to

o c c u r , w h i c h , a l t h o u g h o f t e m p o r a r y n a t u r e , may n o t b e permissible.

A grouted zone, even i f it i s only used f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n purposes,

r e p r e s e n t s a p e r m a n e n t f e a t u r e o f t e n o f much l a r g e r dimensions

than the f o u n d a t i o n f o r which i t had t o be a p p l i e d . Such g r o u t e d

zones a r e o b s t a c l e s i n t h e f l o w p a t h of g r o u n d w a t e r and reduce

t h e c a p a c i t y of a q u i f e r s . A g a i n t h e s e a r e e f f e c t s t h a t may

n o t be permissible.
 .87

Stability increase

Some s t a b i l i t y p r o b l e m s i n o p e n e x c a v a t i o n a r e associated

w i t h t h e l o w e r i n g of t h e w a t e r t a b l e and c a n b e r e d u c e d or

e l i m i n a t e d i f g r o u t i n g i s used in a d d i t i o n t o , or in place of,

pumping o r o p e n drainage.

Slope s t a b i l i t y c a n b e r e d u c e d by p o r e p r e s s u r e s and seepage

s t r e s s e s which a l s o can i n c r e a s e t h e l a t e r a l s t r e s s e s on re-

taining structures. P o r e p r e s s u r e s and s e e p a g e s t r e s s e s can

be r e d u c e d by g r o u t i n g which r e d u c e s f l o w i n t o t h e s l o p e zone

where t h e s t a b i l i t y i s q u e s t i o n a b l e . I t h a s t o be p o i n t e d out,

however, that a grouted aone w i t h i n t h e c r i t i c a l slope zone

may l e a d t o a s t a b i l i t y d e c r e a s e by i n c r e a s i n g the water level.

I n e x c a v a t i o n s t h a t c o v e r a wide a r e a , it is frequ3ntly

n o t p o s s i b l e t o lower t h e w a t e r t a b l e s u f f i c i e n t l y below e x -

cavation level in the i n t e r i o r s e c t i o n s of t h e e x c a v a t i o n if

pumps c a n o n l y be p l a c e d a t t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e (Fig. IV.I).

Deep w e l l

Fig. 4.1 Water t a b l e draw-down

V
 .88

Such a s i t u a t i o n can l e a d ( d e p e n d i n g on g r o u n d p r o p e r t i e s ) to

w a t e r r e m o v a l p r o b l e m s and p a r t i c u l a r l y to piping. Grouting

in the i n t e r i o r s e c t i o n can a l l e v i a t e such problems.

High g r a d i e n t s , , i.e. s i g n i f i c a n t head d i f f e r e n c e ; : between

n a t u r a l and l o w e r e d w a t e r t a b l e o v e r a s h o r t d i s t a n c e , frequent-

l y c a u s e p i p i n g i n c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s and s o m e t i m e s " p e p tips" in

cohesive s o i l s . Such c o n d i t i o n s a r e o f t e n e n c o u n t e r e d a t and

n e a r t h e b o t t o m of c a i s s o n s and i n o p e n e x c a v a t i o n s if positive

c u t - o f f s have n o t been d r i v e n t o s u f f i c i e n t d e p t h s o r i f "hey

have missed p r e f e r e n t i a l flow paths. G r o u t i n g i n most of these

c a s e s i s n o t used a s a p r i m a r y measure b u t w i l l be employed if

piping cccurs.

A-2. Consolidation

C o n s o l i d a t i o n g r o u t i n g i s employed t o i n c r e a s e the strength

of t h e ground, to decrease i t s deformability or both. In contrast

to impermeabilization during construction, which i s almost ex-

c l u s i v e l y used as a c o n s t r u c t i o n expedient, consolidation grouting

during construction i s used with e q u a l importance as corstruction

e x p e d i e n t and as a p a r t of t h e f i n a l f o u n d a t i o n . Again, a

representative s e t of s p e c i f i c purposes w i l l be discussed.

Grouting during excavation operations

Retainment s t r u c t u r e s (sheet p i l e walls, cofferdams, dia-

phragm w a l l s , i n t e r s e c t i n g p i l e and s o l d i e r p i l e w a l l s ) can

b e s u p p l e m e n t e d o r r e p l a c e d by g r o u t i n g . I t has to be noted that

r e t a i n m e n t c o n c e r n s b o t h t h e l a t e r a l e a r t h p r e s s u r e s and the
 .89

l a t e r a l and u p l i f t w a t e r p r e s s u r e s . Grouting can be used alone

t o n o d i f y a zone i n t h e g r o u n d t o a " g r a v i t y r e t a i n i n g w a l l " or

a "bottom s l a b . " The d e s i g n o f s u c h g r o u t i n g applications

c o n s i d e r s t h e s e zones l i k e g r a v i t y s t r u c t u r e s . The retaimnent

s t r u c t u r e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e may be s u p p l e m e n t e d i n two ways b y

grouting: 1) by i n c o r p o r a t i n g g r o u t e d zone and s t r u c t u r e , for

example, t o increase the weight (cofferdam) or width (sheetpi.le

wall) of t h e . r e t a i n i n g structure for stability reasons, 2) by

using the r e t a i n m e n t s t r u c t u r e s only in the upper o r lower

r e g i o n of t h e e x c a v a t i o n and t h e g r o u t e d zone i n t h e rest.

S t a b i l i z i n g of t h e zone t h a t i s t o be excavated

T h i s i s an e x t e n s i o n of t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d r e t a i n i n g func-

tion. I n s t e a d o f o n l y g r o u t i n g a g r o u n d z o n e which, f o r m s a

retaining structure for the excavation, it is possible to grout

a zone encompassing t h e e n t i r e f u t u r e e x c a v a t i o n and t h e

s u r r o u n d i n g ground* Such a p r o c e d u r e i s u s u a l l y followed under

twp circumstances:

1) t h e e x c a v a t i o n i s s m a l l and g r o u t i n g , o f the entire

excavation i s an u n i n t e n d e d b y p r o d u c t o f grouting

the surrounding ground zone?

2) n a t u r a l ground c o n d i t i o n s t h a t would n o t a l l o w the

o p e r a t i o n of e x c a v a t i n g e q u i p m e n t (e.g. saturated

s i l t s or f i n e sands) c a n be m o d i f i e d by grouting.

As w i l l b e shown i i C h a p t e r 6, t h i s i s one of the

m a i n p u r p o s e s of c o n s o l i d a t i o n g r o u t i n g i n tunnels.
 .90

//

Increasing slopp stability

S t a b i l i t y o f n a t u r a l s l o p e s a n d of c u t s l o p e s f o r temporary

(excavations) or permanent (road c u t s , quarries) purposes can

be i n c r e a s e d by grouting.

S t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e — By i n j e c t i n g <>. g r o u t , it: i s possible

t o i n c r e a s e t h e s h e a r i n g r e s i s t a n c e and t h e r e b y t o i n c r e a s e the

s t a b i l i t y of t h e s l o p e . A somewhat m i n o r s t a b i l i z i n g effect
c a n b e a c h i e v e d by p r o v i d i n g a d d i t i o n a l w e i g h t i n t h e "Yassive"

zone of t h e ground.

By l o w e r i n g t h e w a t e r t a b l e i n t h e c r i t i c a l zone zone

i n which t h e s l o p e s t a b i l i t y i s a f f e c t e d by w a t e r t a b l e changes),

or in the ground behind the c r i t i c a l zone, i t is possible to

r e d u c e pore p r e s s u r e s and t h e r e b y i n c r e a s e t h e s t a b i l i t y . This

c a n b e a c h i e v e d by a p e r m e a b i l i t y increase with grouting.

Strength increase or deformability decrease for the f i n a l structures

S e t t l e m e n t s c a n b e r e d u c e d a n d made m o r e u n i f o r m i f highly

d e f o r m a b l e z o n e s a r e g r o u t e d , a p u r p o s e w h i c h i s t h e same a s

i n dam c o n s o l i d a t i o n g r o u t i n g . I n a way, t h e g r o u t e d zone

e x t e n d s t h e f o u n d a t i o n f u r t h e r i n t o t h e ground, b u t w i t h o u t having

t o remove t h e ground a s i s n e c e s s a r y in other foundation methods.

Such p r o c e d u r e s a r e f r e q u e n t l y n e c e s s a r y u n d e r c o n c e n t r a t e d loads

l i k e tower f o u n d a t i o n s , bridge p i e r s or abutments. In the

c a s e of b r i d g e p i e r s , it is f r e q u e n t l y n e c e s s a r y t o make n o t

o n l y t h e d e f o r m a t i o n u n d e r a s i n g l e p i e r more u n i f o r m , b u t to

keep the d e f o r m a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s between a d j a c e n t p i e r s under

certain s t r u c t u r a l l y imposed limits.

 .91

S t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e of t h e n a t u r a l g r o u n d may also b e necessary

under concentrated, loads to prevent bearing c a p a c i t y failure. In

sands i t i s p o s s i b l e t o p r o v i d e s u c h s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e by grouting.

There i s not a d i s t i n c t l i m i t b e t w e e n t h i s a p p l : i c a t i o n and pile

o r c a i s s o n g r o u t i n g which has s i m i l a r p u r p o s e s (see Chapter 5).

In r a r e c a s e s , e.g. in structures t h a t reach very deeply into

the ground, i t is possible to reduce the latera. earth pressures

on t h e , s t r u c t u r e b y g r o u t i n g a n d t h e r e b y s t r e n g t h e n i n g the

a d j a c e n t ground..

U n d e i p i n n i n g of e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s f r e q u e n t l y r e q u i r e s a

c o m b i n a t i o n of s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e and d e f o r m a b i l i t y decrease

u n d e r t h e p a r t of t h e f o u n d a t i o n s t h a t r e m a i n i n c o n t a c t vith

the ground. T h i s i s due t o t h e f a c t t h a t loads a r e shifted

away f r o m t h e u n s u p p o r t e d p a r t of t h e f o u n d a t i o n . Groutirg can

be used f o r t h i s purpose e i t h e r a l o n e o r i n c o n j u n c t i o n with

o t h e r m e a s u r e s l i k e p i l e s and r e t a i n i n g walls.

B. GROUTING AFTER CONSTRUCTION — REMEDIAL GROUTING

T h e i m p r o v e m e n t of a s t r u c t u r e ' s p e r f o r m a n c e d u r i n g its

operational l i f e again involves impermeabilization and consoli-

d a t i o n g r o u t i n g w i t h m o r e e m p h a s i s on t h e l a t t e r . Compensation

grouting, whose p u r p o s e i s a c o m b i n a t i o n o f s t r e n g t h increase,

d e f o r m a b i l i t y d e c r e a s e and d i s p l a c e m e n t inducement plays an

important role also.

B-1. Impenueab L l i z a t i o n
The s e a l i n g c a p a b i l i t y of a f o u n d a t i o n o r a r e t a i n i n g wall
 .92

may n o t b e up t o t h e e x p e c t e d , l e v e l d u e to

- incomplete/ originally f a u l t y o r s j u b & a g u e n t l y ddi.Tirjed

waterproofing;
!;';
- i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a l i t y of t h e c o n c r o t o o r of construction

j o i n t s in t h e c o n c r e t e ; , i

- c r a c k i n g o f t h e c o n c r e t e o r chemi.'ial a t t a c k on t h e concrete;
- changes in water l e v e l . iK 1/ i

The c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e s e d e f e c t s a r e i n c r e a s e d water

s e e p a g e t h r o u g h t h e c o n c r e t e and i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e struc-

ture. G r o u t i n g o f t h e g r o u n d a d j a c e n t t o t h e f o u n d a t i o n and

p a r t i c u l a r l y o f t h e g r o u n d - f o u n d a t i o n i n t e r f a c e ruay i n many

cases be t h e o n l y way t o s t o p s e e p a g e . (Another l e s s frequently

u s e d g r o u t i n g p r o c e d u r e i s t h e g r o u t i n g o f t h e damaged concrete

itself.)

Seepage through n a t u r a l or a r t i f i c i a l slopes

T h i s may erode- j o i n t f i l l e r s in rock or f i n e cohesionless

s o i l ' a n d t h e r e b y I t ad t o l a r g e d e f o r m a t i o n s and stability

decreased .Water o v t f l o w may a l s o c a u s e s u r f a c e e r o s i o n and

s e c o n d a r y e f f e c t s l i k e i c e f o r m a t i o n on t h e s l o p e w i t h i c e falls

a n d i c e f o r m a t i o n on r o a d s u r f a c e s . Although drainage should

be t h e p r e f e r r e d t r e a t m e n t of such c o n d i t i o n s , grouting can

b e u s e d ~o s u p p l e m e n t t h e d r a i n a g e by a c u t - o f f a c t i o n or to

r e e s t a b l - s h d e t e r i o r a t e d ground conditions.

B-2. Consolidation

Con ? o l i d a t i o n g r o u t i n g f o r s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e and d e f o r m a -

b i l i t y d e c r e a s e may becom. • . r . ? c e s s a r y e i t h e r because unsuspected

1
- •

93

ground performance occurs or because u n a n t i c i p a t e d loads are

applied, .?onie o f t h e p u r p o s e s r e l a t e d t o t h e s e problems have

b e e n m e n t i o n e d i n S e c t i o n 1 , A s i n c e t h e y c a n be h a n d l e d by

grouting during construction: s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e under concen-

trated loads, d e f o r m a b i l i t y d e c r e a s e and u n i f o r m i z a t i o n of

deformability. Due t o t h e f a c t t h a t a " c o m p l e t e " exploration

of ground c o n d i t i o n s i s impossible, i t can occur t h a t z o n e s of

lower s t r e n g t h o r higher d e f o r m a b i l i t y are only revealed by

t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e f i n a l s t r u c t u r e . This i s particularly

so i f t h e s e "weak" z o n e s a r e l o c a l i z e d and i f concentrated

l o a d s a c t on s u c h "weak" z o n e s . Remedial c o n s o l i d a t i o n grou-

ting is, therefore, f r e q u e n t l y used under p i l e s , colunns and

piers.

Some a d d i t o n a l c a s e s c " r e m e d i a l c o n s o l i d a t i o n grouting

a r e worth mentioning:

Machine f o u n d a t i o n s can be d e s i g n e d and c o n s t r u c t e d to

perform s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , i.e. not t o cause extreme vibrations

in t h e machine o r a d j a c e n t s t r u c t u r e s . Unanticipated ground

c o n d i t i o n s may, h o w e v e r , cause such e x c e s s i v e v i b r a t i o n s to

occur with subsequent d i r e c t s t r u c t u r a l carnages, settlements,

and a s s o c i a t e d i n d i r e c t s t r u c t u r a l damages. Frequently, minor

c h a n g e s i n ground d e f o r m a b i l i t y by g r o u t i n g can a l l e v i a t e such

problems. (The g r o u t i n c r e a s e s t h e m o d u l u s o f e l a s t i c i t y and

thereby the resonance frequency or decreases — to a lesser

e x t e n t — t h e r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y due t o t h e l a r g e r mass.)
 .94

Load changes in and on the structure by a d d i n g f l o o r s to

buildings, additional bridge decks or greater l i v e loads may
lead to structurally unacceptable ground deformation. Again,,

grouting can be used to improve the s i t u a t i o n .

Subsidence of large areas occurs in mining d i s t r i c t s and
in areas of exploited o i l f i e l d s . By grouting the openings
a f t e r extraction, i t i s possible to reduce subsidence. Both
the natural voids fram which the mineral product has been ex-
tracted and the a r t i f i c i a l l y created openings can be f i l l e d
with grout. This application i s a boundary case to compensation
grouting which w i l l be discussed below.

B-3. Compensation Grouting

The simultaneous strength increase, deformabilit / decrease
and displacement inducement are the goals of compensation grouting.
The displacements are induced to compensate p a r t i a l l y or f u l l y
the displacements — mostly settlements — that have taken place.
Mudjacking of road pavements i s used to l i f t displaced
parts of the pavement back to the original l e v e l . Newer methods
also s t a b i l i z e the underlying material and thus make i t more
resistant. Particularly at j o i n t s of concrete pavemerts where
"pumping"* occurs, i t i s necessary to s t a b i l i z e the underlying
material to prevent further erosion.
Railroad Roadbed s t a b i l i z a t i o n i s from the point of view of
t o t a l applied grout volume, one of the most important grout

* Pumping i s the extrusion of a soil-water mixture at the

pavement j o i n t s , caused by the d e f l e c t i o n of the pavement
under t r a f f i c load.
 .95

applications in c i v i l engineering. So-called "ballast pockets"

(embankn.ent p o r t i o n s of h i g h w a t e r c o n t e n t and t h u s low strength
and h i g h d e f o n n a b i l i t y ) are grouted to reduce f u r t h e r settlements.
Embankment s l o p e s t a b i l i t y problems are a l s o f r e q u e n t l y handled
by grouting.

Increasing t h e f r o s t r e s i s t a n c e by g r o u t i n g i s used for

r o a d and r a i l r o a d s u b g r a d e s and a c t u a l l y i s f r e q u e n t l y o n e of

t h e p u r p o s e s of r o a d and r a i l r o a d s t a b i l i z a t i o n . The p u r p o s e is

t o c r e a t e a l a y e r of h i g h e r s t r e n g t h i n t h e b a s e o r subbcise

t h a t reduces s t r e s s magnitudes in the underlying frost-sensitive

l a y e r s ox' t o c h a n g e t h e m a t e r i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (granulo netry,

mineralogy), such t h a t the m a t e r i a l is less frost-sensitive.

In most c a s e s , not only the frost-resistance? i s increased, but

a l s o some of t h e f r o s t damage (zones with high water content,

deformed zones) is repaired. A similar purpose i s the reduction

o f s w e l l i n g e f f e c t s b y g r o u t i n g of e x p a n s i v e c l a y s u n d e r light

building foundations, r o a d p a v e m e n t s and r a i l r o a d tracks.

L i f t i n g o r S h i f t i n g of s t r u c t u r e s i s i n i t s p u r p o s e similar

t o mudjacking but a p p l i e s to other s t r u c t u r e s . Grout i s injected

under the e n t i r e foundation or only under the p a r t s t h a t have

undergone g r e a t e r s e t t l e m e n t . The g r o u t c a n b e i n j e c t e d a t the

s t r u c t u r e - g r o u n d i n t e r f a c e or a t g r e a t e r d e p t h s . I t has t o be

p o i n t e d o u t in t h i s c o n t e x t t h a t c o m p e n s a t i o n of s e t t l e m e n t s by

g r o u t i n g and d i s p l a c e m e n t o f g r o u n d a n d s t r u c t u r e frequently

a d d r e s s e s o n l y t h e symptoms and n o t t h e c a u s e . Actually, by

grouting at depth, s t r e s s e s may b e i n c r e a s e d t o h i g h e r values

t h a n t h o s s d u e t o t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d c a u s e more s e t t l e m e n t s . The

u s e of c o m p e n s a t i o n g r o u t i n g t h u s h a s t o b<: c a r e f u l l y considered.
 .96

2. REALIZATIOH

The g r o u t i n g m e t h o d s and p r o c e d u r e s a r e b a s i c a l l y the same

a s i n dam a n d r e s e r v o i r g r o u t i n g . Particularly the grout-ground

correlations a r e t h e same. There a r e , however, some d i f f e r e n c e s

in the arrangement o : grouted zones, of g r o u t h o l e s a n d specific

p r o c e d u r e s t h a t have t o be d i s c u s s e d here.

A. GROUTING DURING CONSTRUCTION

A-1. Impermeabilization

G r o u t e d c u t - o f f s f o r l a r g e e x c a v a t i o n s a r e b a s e d on t h e idea

t o c r e a t e a " w a t e r t i g h t box" around t h e excavated zone. The

s i d e w a l l s o f t h i s b o x c o n s i s t of s i n g l e o r m u l t i p l e row curtains.

The h o l e s i n m u l t i p l e row c u r t a i n s a r e a r r a n g e d in "alternate'1"

(zig-zag) patterns.

The h o l e s p a c i n g i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t i n dam g r o u t curtains,

i.e., 2-4 m e t e r s . As i n dam c u t - o f f s , m o r e v i s c o u s g r o u t s may

b e u s e d i n t h e o u t e r r o w s t o p r o v i d e a. b a r r i e r a g a i n s t flowing

w a t e r and c o n f i n e m e n t f o r t h e s u b s e q u e n t g r o u t i n j e c t i o n in the

interior rows. A particularity, however, is the fact that the

g r o u n d f r e q u e n t l y c a n n o t b e f u l l y g r o u t e d i n t h e 5 t o 10 m e t e r s

close t o the surface because the overburden i s i n s u f f i c i e n t to

p e r m i t t h e u s e of t h e n e c e s s a r y p r e s s u r e s for grouting to closure.

The w a t e r t a b l e m u s t t h e n b e l o w e r e d by o t h e r m e a n s t o a level

b e l o w t h e t o p of t h e g r o u t e d zone.

The b o t t o m c u t - o f f i s g r o u t e d l i k e a g r o u t e d b l a n k e t i n dam

impermeabilization with corresponding grid p a t t e r n s . Special

 .97

consideration has t o be g i v e n t o t h e h o l e s p a c i n g . A close

spacing i s desired to obtain a high q u a l i t y (low permeability)

cut-off. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , close spacing increases the drilling

costs substantially. A trade-off c a n b e f o u n d by m a k i n g the

bottom c u t - o f f zone r e l a t i v e l y thick and t h u s , by r e d u c i n g the

gradient, reduce the flow. U s u a l l y b l a n k e t t h i c k n e s s and hole

s p a c i n g a r e o f t h e same m a g n i t u d e : approximately 3m i n soils.

A new German m e t h o d (see B u t t n e r , 1974) m a k e s u s e of " l o s t "

i n j e c t i o n heads t h a t are v i b r a t e d i n t o the s o i l , a procedure

that is less expensive than conventional d r i l l i n g , t h u s making

c l o s e r h o l e s p a c i n g and t h i n n e r bottom c u t - o f f s p o s s i b l e ,1m) .

Grouting t a k e s p l a c e f r o m t h e s u r f a c e and t h e g r o u n d i n the

f u t u r e excavation thus serves as overburden. The b l a n k e t zone

i s grouted i n one stage..

Grouted c u t - o f f s f o r small excavations (caissons, pier

foundations) u s u a l l y c o n s i s t of s i d e w a l l c u t - o f f s o n l y and no

bottom c u t - o f f * The s i d s w a l l c u t - o f f s a r e g r o u p e d a s t h o s e for

l a r g e e x c a v a t i o n s b u t t h e y r e a c h deeper below t h e bottom level

of t h e f o u n d a t i o n t o p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y g r a d i e n t and flow

reduction.

A s p e c i a l c a s e may a r i s e b o t h i n l a r g e o r s m a l l excavations

if an a q u i f e r u n d e r a r t e s i a n p r e s s u r e l i e s below t h e excavation

(Fig. IV.2).
 9h

Relief well

k
VYYXT
Impervious \\\\ \_V\ -V-
\ A\- \\ -A\ -A\ -\V v\k,\ \\ \ \
.A \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 K \ \
1AAA \ V. \ J \ i. \ V \ i. \1 - \ \ \ 1\ \ \ \
v . .
\
....

' Art<2si.an aquif*?' '. "."..'•'•.'•". • J ; '.'|'V'."•' .-•'

\\X/VV^TT V\ V \ Y x
\ I ni t"1-1 *
V T T
.
T T T

\ X \ \ \ \ \ \ \x
\ \ L Grout curtain

\
\
\ \ \ \ \\
F i g , A.? , % t,uifer cut-off

Under these circumstances only the aquifer has to be cut o f f .

Relief wells are used to avoid piping or "pop-ups" in the
excavation. An analogous approach can be used in large exca-
vations where wells are the main method to lower the weter
table, but where the water table i s net s u f f i c i e n t l y lowered
in the i n t e r i o r sections (Fig- IV.3).

yt Deep w e l l

Fifl. 4.3 Grout c u r t a i n under excavation

 .99

Grouting t o improve t h e s e a l q u a l i t y of c u t - o f f structures

is either a p p l i e d a t t h e s p o t s where l e a k a g e (or b o i l s ) is

observed j r by p l a c i n g a row o f g r o u t h o l e s a l o n g t h e cut-off.

The h o l e s a r e p l a c e d o u t s i d e t h e c u t - o f f if the water t a b l e in

t h e e x c a v a t i o n h a s a l r e a d y been lowered t o f o r c e t h e g r o u t into

t h e l e a k i n g s e c t i o n s of t h e c u t - o f f . They a r e p l a c e d a t the

i n s i d e of t h e c u t - o f f structure if the water t a b l e has not been

lowered and i f groundwater p o l l u t i o n h a s t o be l i m i t e d . .Since

t h e g r o u n d h a s b e e n d i s t u r b e d and i s more p e r m e a b l e a t t h e cut-off

interface, cemant-based g r o u t s w i l l be u s u a l l y c.pplied. The

s p a c i n g of t h e h o l e s i s i n i t i a l l y b e t w e e n 3-5m b u t l o c a l or

general s p l i t s p a c i n g may b e necessary.

Grouting behind slopes or r e t a i n i n g s t r u c t u r e s is practi-

cally identical t o sidewall g r o u t i n g around excavationsIn

these cases, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the case of slopes, grouting

s h o u l d always be used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h r e l i e f wells to avoid

•i
a d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t : on t h e s t a b i l i t y .

A-a. Conso . i d a t i o n

G r o u t -ng f o r s t r e n g t h a n d s t a b i l i t y i n c r e a s e o f t h e zones

a r o u n d e x c a v a t i o n s a n d o f s l o p e s and r e t a i n i n g structures employs

t h e same m e t h o d s a s i m p e r m e a b i l i z a t i o n g r o u t i n g d u r i n g construc-

tion but with higher strength grouts (cement-based, chemical).

The o n l y s p e c i a l c a s e i s t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e e x c a v a t i o n zone

t o p e r m i t t h e u s e of mechanized e q u i p m e n t : Either grouting from

a grid pattern i s used, p a r t i c u l a r l y if a bottom c u t - o f f is

grouted also, o r low p r e s s u r e s o a k i n g c a n b e u s e d w h i c h consists

 .100

of sticking grouting hoses into the layer d i i e c t l y under the

present excavation l e v e l a n d r e p e a t i n g t h i s o p e r a t i o n a f .er the

r e m o v a l of t h e t r e a t e d m a t e r i a l ; depths nf . 5 t o 1.0m a r i ; g r o u t e d

a t one time.

Some s p e c i f i c a r r a n g e m e n t s o f g r o u t h o l e s a r o u n d excavations

may b e o f interest:

C a i s s o n o r p i e r f o u n d a t i o n s can be b u i l t w i c h i n a g r o u t e d

r i n g w h o r e t."ne i n t e r i o r o v e r l a p p i n g p o i n t s a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o r r e s p o n d to

d i m e n s i o n s of t h e c a i s s o n o r p i e r (Fig. IV.4).

Fur tire
caisson

Fig. 4.4 Grouting f o r caisson c o n s t r u c t i o n

 .101

The h o l e w i t h i n t h e r i n g i s u s u a l l y a u g e r e r i . A cioutinuous

temporary r e t a i n i n g s t r u c t u r e can b e f o r m e d by circuiting the

z o n e s betw-sen s o l d i e r p i l e s (Fig. IV.5). <

Soldier p i l e

Fig. 4.5 Temporary grouted r e t a i n i n g s t r u c t u r e

E i t h e r r e s i n or cement g r o u t s are u s e d . The g r o u t i n g takes

p l a c e a f t e r p l a c e m e n t of t h e piles.
TIle
s l o p e ' s t a b i l i t y i m p r o v e m e n t by l o w e r i n g t h e w a t e r table

in the c r i t i c a l s l o p e zone has been s u c c e s s f u l l y used i n rock

slopes. High p r e s s u r e w a t e r ( 700 p s i o r m o r e ) is injected

t o wash t h e j o i n t s . P a c k e r s a r e a r r a n g e d so t h a t only one or

a few j o i n t s a r e i n j e c t e d a t a time(Figu IV.6).

 .102

Joint
setft

PackerB

Fie. 4.6 Slope stability Improvement

Continuing the water i n j e c t i o n a f t e r cleaning causes the j o i n t s
to be kept open due to the water pressure. At t h i s moment s t e e l
spheres or quartz sand (l-2mm) i s injected with the water. Once
the s t e e l spheres or quartz sand has reached i t s f i n a l location
(e.g. e x i t s at slope surface or in control h o l e s ) , the water
pressure i s reduced. The spheres or sand keep the j o i n t onen
and by treating the entire c r i t i c a l zone in t h i s manner, the
permeability i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased and! the water table
lowered. I t has to be ensured that the grouting pressures do
not induce f a i l u r e .
Another kind of slope s t a b i l i t y improvement that can be
applied to rock slopes c o n s i s t s of grouting the j o i n t s : the
shear resistance of the j o i n t s can be increased by creating a
grout bond between the j o i n t surfaces. However, t h i s improvement
of slope s t a b i l i t y i s a very i n t r i c a t e method because e x c e s s i v e
 103

g r o u t i n g p r e s s u r e s may l e a d t o a r e d u c t i o n o f t h e effective

normal s t r e s s i n t h e j o i n t s d u r i n g g r o u t i n j e c t i o n and thereby

to slope f a i l u r e s . T h i s problem can be a l l e v i a t e d t o some e x -

t e n t by i n s t a l l a t i o n of r o c k b o l t s p r i o r t o grouting.

Consolidation grouting for final structures

Grouting f o r strength i n c r e a s e and d e f o r m a b i l i t y decrease

under foundations with concentrated loads i s t a i l o r e d to the shepe

a n d s i z e of t h e f o u n d a t i o n and t o t h e d e p t h of the grouted zone.

E.g. under c i r c u l a r f o u n d a t i o n s , t h e f o l l o w i n g arrangement of th€

holes i s used (Fig. IV.7):

F i g * 4*7 Grouting under foundations

 .104

M u l t i p l e r o w s make i t a g a i n p o s s i b l e t o g r o u t t h e o u t e r rows in

a f i r s t s t a g e w i t h a more v i s c o u s g r o u t w h i c h t h e n p r e v e n t s the

l o s s of l e s s v i s c o u s g r o u t that is subsequently i n j e c t e d in the

interior holes. The d e p t h of t h e g r o u t e d zone can be e i t h e r the

d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e f o u n d a t i o n and a more r e s i s t a n t less de~

formable layer, or i t i s d e t e r m i n e d by s h e a r s t r e s s transfer to

the a d j a c e n t ground comparable to a f r i c t i o n p i l e (see rMg. IV.7).

Grouting takes place before the material in the excavation

zone h a s b e e n removed i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e s u f f i c i e n t overburden

stresses. High s t r e n g t h g r o u t s (cement-based, chemical) as in

dam c o n s o l i d a t i o n a r e u s u a l l y i n j e c t e d and t h e b e n e f i c i a l effect

of c o m p r e s s i o n b y a d d i n g t h e f o u n d a t i o n l o a d a f t e r g r o u t i n g is

utilized.

The s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e s o i l a n d t h e b o t t o m of a b o x - t y p e

c a i s s o n o r t h e bottom of a sunken t u b e t u n n e l i s o f t e n g r o u t e d to

achieve a more u n i f o r m s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n . Several procedures

have been used i n t h i s c o n t e x t ; 1) e i t h e r sand or g r a v e l is

i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e s p a c e between s t r u c t u r e and g r o u n d ; 2) an

aggregate (sand o r sand and g r a v e l ) is injected first into this

s p a c e and cement i s i n j e c t e d i n a second s t a g e i n a "prepacked

concrete procedure" (see Chapter 7 ) ; 3) a c o n c r e t e o r mortar

grout is i n j e c t e d into t h i s space; 4) a r e i n f o r c e d p l a s t i c "bag"

i s p l a c e d under t h e sunken tube b e f o r e t h e tube i s placed.

Usually, t h e bag i s p a r t i a l l y f i l l e d with aggregate before the

t u b e i s p l a c e d on i t a n d c o m p l e t e l y f i l l e d w i t h aggregate

afterwards. Cement may a l s o b e i n j e c t e d i n t h e s e c o id s t a g e i .

 10 5

Similar bag
s that are injected with a concrete grout —- so-callec,
grouttainers — are used to construct p i l e caps connecting
several p i l e s under water. The bags prevent erosion of the
aggregate and cement before the concrote has hardened.
Underpinn Lng can consist of grouted zones as described
above or of re;ainment type arrangements (Fig. IV.8):

Fig. 4,8 Underpinning

B. GROUTING AFTER CONSTRUCTION — REMEDIAL GROUTING

11. Impermeabilization
Either l o c a l i z e d defects or — more frequently — the entire
zone around and below a foundation i s grouted to reduce the per-
meability and the associated seepage.
 J 06 <'

Zone g r o u t i n g f o l l o w s t h e same p r i n c i p l e as impermeabiliza-

i . i o n a r o u n d and b e l o w e x c a v a t i o n s w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g exceptions:

1) Frequently, the grout pipes are located at the vertical

structure-ground interface, t h e r e b y p r o d u c i n g a grout,

sheet- Also, the structure s e r v e s as an a b u t m e n t and

t h e g r o u n d c a n be somewhat c o m p a c t e d l o w e r i n g its

permeability.

2) Grouting below f o u n d a t i o n s n o r m a l l y n e c e s s i t a t e s the

drilling of h o l e s t h r o u g h t h e f o u n d a t i o n . The plugging

of t h e s e h o l e s i s a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m and t h e existence

of s u c h h o l e s may d e f e a t t h e p u r p o s e o f grouting.

B-2. Consolidation

In g e n e r a l , t h e m e t h o d s and p r o c e d u r e s for consolidation

g r o u t i n g a r e employed. There a r e , however, some particularities

t h a t a r u b e s t d e s c r i b e d w i t h a few e x a m p l e s .

U n d e r m a c h i n e f o u n d a t i o n s u s u a l l y o n l y t h e e n d s of the

foundations are grouted to stop the rocking motion (Fig. IV.9).

Machine

Foundation
t _ .''.J
\ / \ y

PLAN StC'i ION

Fig. 4.9 G r o u t i n g t o stop v i b r a t i o n

 107

Only s n w l l d e p t h s 3-5m a r e g r o u t e d and u s u a l l y c h e m i c a l grouts

(AM-9) a r e u s e d , s i n c e t h e s m a l l g r o u t volume reducers grout

cost as a f a c t o r , p a r t i c u l a r l y compared w i t h t h e advantageous

low v i s c o s i t y o f s u c h grouts.

Root p i l e s a r e a c o n s o l i d a t i o n method t h a t can be classified

b e t w e e n g r o u t i n g and p i l e driving. A root pile is constructed

by, 1) j e t t i n g a small diameter casing ( 7 . 5 - 22.5cm) into

the ground, 2) i n s e r t i n g a s i n g l e r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l bar or a

c a g e , a n d 3) pump Lng c o n c r e t e uncler p r e s s u r e i n t o t h e o p e n i n g while

the casing is rezracted. T h e c o n c r e t e .is thus-, f o r c e d against

the s o i l compacting i t somewhat a n d p r o v i d i n g a n i n t i m a t e pile-

ground c o n t a c t . An i n d i v i d u a l r o o t p i l e of 1 0 . 0 c m d i a m e t e r has

a c a p a c i t y cf 10-15 tons (metric). Root p i l e s u s e d f o r ground

c o n s o l i d a t i o n a r e a r r a n g e d i n a 3 - d i m e n s i o n a l a r r a y and thereby

r e i n f o r c e the ground, e.g. for slope s t a b i l i z a t i o n (Fig. IV.10).

Root p i l e s

II

Fig. 4.10 Root piles

 .108

O i l f i e l d s u b s i d e n c e c a n be r e d u c e d o r s t o p p e d by injecting

water into the voids. The p r o c e d i r e c a n o n l y b e u s e d i f the

oilbearing f o r m a t i o n i s c o n f i n e d , o t h e j - w i s e w a t e r w h i c h moves

w i t h much l e s s r e s i s t a n c e t h a n o i l would f l o w from t h e injection

zone. Old o i l w e l l s o r s p e c i a l w a t e r w e l l s can be usee for

this purpose.

Subsidence over i n a c c e s s i b l e (e.g., due t o w a t e r , gas) under-

g r o u n d m i n e s c a n be r e d u c e d by f i l l i n g t h e u n d e r g r o \ i n d openings

a s c o m p l e t e l y a s p o s s i b l e o r by c r e a t i n g s u p p o r t i n g p i l l a r s with

groutinc.

1) Filling of t h e opening (Fig. IV.11).

SECTION

PLAN

F i e . 4.11 Grouting mines

A s e c t i o n o f t h e o p e n i n g i s c l o s e d i n by c r e a t i n g b u l k h e a d s of

"stiff" (highly viscous) cement-based grout with a high sand

portion (stage I ) . The c l o s e d - o f f s e c t i o n i s t h e n f i l l e d with

a l e s s v i s c o u s cement-sand g r o u t t h a t d i s p l a c e s any water

(stage I I ) . In a final stage, high p r e s s u r e n e a t cement grout

 .109

Is injected to f i l l any v o i d s in t h e p r e v i o u s si a g e s a n d parti-

cularl/ to grout f r a c t u r e s i n the roof of t h e opening.

2) Grouted p i l l a r s a r e c r e a t e d by dumping g r a v e l through

a borehole into t h e o p e n i n g where i t forms a c o n i c a l column.

T h i s column i s then cement g r o u t e d . The d e f o r m a b i l i t y of this

c o l u m n i s much g r e a t e r than the f i l l e d opening mentioned before;

i n c o a l m i n e s w h e r e t h e removed c o a l i s a l s o h i g h l y deformable,

t h i s p r o c e d u r e may b e appropriate.

B-3. Compensation Grouting

I t h a s t o be s t r e s s e d o n c e a g a i n t h a t t h e r e i s no rigid

boundary between c o n s o l i d a t i o n and c o m p e n s a t i o n g r o u t i n g . The

methods can t h u s be f r e q u e n t l y a p p l i e d i n both cases.

Mudjacking c o n s i s t s of d r i l l i n g h o l e s i n t o t h e road pavement

usually in a grid pattern and w i t h l - 3 m s p a c i n g . Grouts are

u s u a l l y c e m a n t - s a n d m i x t u r e s i n j e c t e d a t p r e s s u r e s b e t w e e n 5 and
2

10 k g / c m (70-150 p s i ) . If "pumping" (pumping = t h e extrusion

of a s o i l - w a t e r m i x t u r e a t t h e pavement j o i n t s , c a u s e d by the

d e f l e c t i o n of t h e p a v e m e n t u n d e r t r a f f i c l o a d ) h a s t o be elimina-

ted, it i;; p o s s i b l e t o f l u s h o u t t h e c o h e s i o n l e s s m a t e r i a l be-

n e a t h t h e pave.nent j o i n t s and t o r e p l a c e i t by t h e g r o a t . (The

German A u t o b a h n s y s t e m was e x t e n s i v e l y m u d j a c k e d a f t e r t h e use

d u r i n g WWII h a d c a u s e d s e v e r e damage. In this case, only sand

was i n j e c t e d , creating layers 20-30cm thick.)

A f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t of x n u d j a c k i n g i s c o m p a c t i o n grouting.

S t i f f mortar consisting of f i n e s a n d w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10%

(by w e i g h t ) cement i s i n j e c t e d - T h i s g i c u t does i.ot e n t e r the

voids in the ground, b u t due t o t h e h i g h i n j e c t i o n p r e s s u r e s of

 110

2
35-70 k g / c m ' (500-1000 p s i ) , xt compresses the adjacent ground.

The i n j e c t i o n u s u a l l y c o n t i n u e s u n t i l i-urface displacements can

be o b s e r v e d . Downward g r o u t i n g seems to y i e l d the b e s t results.

Compaction g r o u t i n g i s u s e d , 1) t o d e n s i f y t h e g r o u n d and thereby

improve i t s s t r e n g t h and d c f o r m a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , ard

2) t o i n d u c e d i s p l a c e m e n t . It is best suited to s i l t y fine sand.

It s h o u l d n o t be used in c l a y s where i t can c a u s e unfavorable

long-term pore pressure increases.

L i : t i n g of s t r u c t u r e s c a n a l s o b e a c h i a v e d by hydraulic

f r a c t u r i n g of t h e g r o u n d and s u b s e q u e n t f i l L i n g of t h e s e fractures

with the grout. Hydraulic f r a c t u r i n g : a n b'3 i n d u c e d w i t h the

grout i t s e l f or with water. It i s a p r o c e d u r e t h a t car be used

b o t h i n s o i l s and rocks.

R a i l r o a d r o a d b e d s t a b i l i z a t i o n ma'<es u s e o f sand-cement

grouts (C/S = 1 : 1 t o 1 : 7 , s o m e t i m e s 1 : 3 2 ) ; w a t e r i s a d d e d on a

volume b a s i s : volume ( a g g r e g a t e + c e m c n t ) / w a t e r volume 15:1 to

3:1. F l y a s h may b e a d d e d t o r e d u c e t h e c e m e n t c o n t e n t . Asphalt

e m u l s i o n s a r e used t o l u b r i c a t e t h e g r o u t i n g e q u i p m e n t and thus

reduce wear. F o r b a l l a s t g r o u t i n g g r o u t h o l e s a r e p l a c e d or.

e a c h s i d e of t h e t r a c k a t 5 - 1 0 ' s p a c i n g a n d i n a z i g - z a g pattern

( I ' i g . IV. 1 2 ) .

n • n • n • r • N •

•
I
1
• LI • J* V
|
j. •

Grout holes Track

Fig. A.12 Ballast grouting

 Ill

The g r o u ~ p i p e s a r e d r i v e n e i t h e r v e r t i c a l l y or i n c l i n e d under

the track; their l e n g t h v a r i e s b e t w e e n 5 a n d 10 f e e t . Grout

2
pressures range between 85 a n d 100 p s i ( 6-10 kg/cm ; . Grouting

continues until grout seeps to the s u r f a c e or u n t i l a predeter-

mined l i f t i n g of t h e t r a c k is observed (usually 1/2"). For

slope s t a b i l i z a t i o n , a g r i d p a t t e r n on t h e s L o p e w i t h spacings

i n t h e r a n g e of 10 f e e t i s e m p l o y e d . The g r o u t p i p e s — between

10 and 20 f e e t l o n g are again driven i n t o the ground pre-

f e r a b l y below the f a i l u r e s u r f a c e . A g a i n ,2 g r o u t i n g continues

u n d e r p r e s s u r e s of 85-100 p s i (6-10 kg/cm ) u n t i l it seeps to the

surface or l i f t s the track.

Stabilization t o i n c r e a s e f r o s t r e s i s t a n c e and r e p a i r frost

damages u n d e r pavements u s e s s i n . i l a r p r o c e d u r e s a s i n m u d j a c k i n g

b u t t h e g r o u t i s i n j e c t e d i n t o i h e b a s e or s u b - b a s e and shculd

not l i f t the pavement. (Obviously, mudjacking has b e n e f i c i a l

e f f e c t s on f r o s t r e s i s t a n c e also, but t h i s i s only a secondary

purpose.) Usually n e a t cement o r cement-sand g r o u t s a r e used

2
and a g a i n i n j e c t e d i n t h e 5 kg/cm (70 p s i ) pressure range.

I n some i n s t a n c e s l i m e o r c e m e n t g r o u t i s i n j e c t e d i n t o the

subgrade.

Stabilization of e x p a n s i v e c l a y s a g a i n s t swelling and

s h r i n k i n g uses lime s l u r r y injections. Hydrated lime i s injected

from p i p e s r e a c h i n g as ceep as t h e bottom of t h e m o i s t u r e change

zone which i s u s u a l l y l e s s t h a n 2m. The g r o u t h o l e s a r e spaced

2
a t 1.5ro; g r o u t p r e s s u r e s v a r y b e t w e e n 3 . 5 a n d 1 4 k g / c m (50-200 psi).

The g r o u t f l o w s a l o n g n a t u r a l d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s (stratification,

plant roots) a n d may c r e a t e o t h e r f r a c t u r e s which a r e t h e n filled.

The e n d p r o c ' . u c t i n t h e c r o u n d i s a number o f h o r i z o n t a l and, to

 .112

a l e s s e r extent, v e r t i c a l lime shee-s. These lime sheets prevent

or reduce, moisture migration and thereby swelling £.nd shrinking
of the clay. Some disagreement e x i s t s on the effectiveness of
t h i s method, p a r t i c u l a r l y due to the unknown e f f e c t s of s o i l
chemistry ( s u l f a t e - i o n contents greater thc.n 0.5-1.0% seem to
make lime s t a b i l i z a t i o n i n e f f e c t i v e ; also: e f f e c t s of s a l i n e -
a l k a l i s o i l s and e f f e c t s of large carbonate contents are not k:,o\m) .

3. GENERAL COMMENTS ON FOUNDATION GROUTING

Grouting for foundation applications i s probably the most
common use of groutirg, and also the g r e a t e s t variety of grouting
methods can be encountered. The v a r i e t y mainly concern grout
zone arrangements r e l a t i v e to the structure, grout hole arrange-
ments and, to a l e s s e r e x t e n t , grout materials.
The most frequent application for foundation grouting i s as
a remedial measure, s i n c e , in most e a s e s , i t i s the only manner
by which ground structure performance can be improved a f t e r
construction. Therefore, although the basic p r i n c i p l e s of grou-
ting procedures and grout-ground c o r r e l a t i o n s are the same as
in dam a p p l i c a t i o n s , there are substantial d i f f e r e n c e s in the
application methods.
In general, foundation grouting i s t o an even smaller
degree "designed"than dam grouting. In many c a s e s , i t i s modified
/' \

from hole to hole, or i t i s a roughly o u t l i n e d maintenance V\

procedure.
 113
CHAPTER V

ANCHORS, TIEBACKS & PILES

1. PURPOSE

A. ANCHORS, TIEBACKS AND PILES IN FOUNDATION APPLICATIONS

The t r a n s f e r o f stresses from a s t r u c t u r e t o t h e ground is

p e r f o r m e d by t h e f o u n d a t i o n . Anchors, t i e b a c k s and p i l e s are

foundation-type structures, b u t t h e y t r a n s f e r s t r e s s e s from t h e

structure t o zones i n t h e ground t h a t a r e u s u a l l y a t some

distance from t h e s t r u c t u r e . By t r a n s f e r r i n g s t r e s s e s i n a

zone i n s t e a d a t a s u r f a c e , it is possible to reduce the stress

l e v e l in the ground. More i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h i s zonal stress

transfer, i s t h e f a c t t h a t z o n e s of more f a v o r a b l e g r o u n d con-

d i t i o n s can be s e l e c t e d and, in the extreme case, stresses can

be t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e bedrock.

Depending on t h e t y p e of s t r u c t u r e and t h e l o a d on the

structure, e i t h e r compressive or t e n s i l e stresses are transferred.

Gravity loads w i l l cause compressive s t r e s s e s , anchor structures

f o r c a b l e s o r a g a i n s t wind l o a d s may i n v o l v e b o t h compressive

and t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s , r e t a i n i n g s t r u c t u r e s may r e q u i r e tensile

stabilizing forces. Piles (caissons) are usually transfeiring

compressive loads ( b e t w e e n 10 a n d lOOOt) a t t h e b o t t o m end of

t h e p i l e o r by s h e a r s t r e s s t r a n s f e r a t t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e ("friction

piles") o r by a c o m b i n a t i o n o f b o t h . Anchors and t i e b a c k s are

l i m i t e d t o t h e t r a n s f e r of t e n s i l e l o a d s ( u s u a l l y between I t end lOOt per

tieback or anchor) by s h e a r s t r e s s t r a n s f e r a t t h e circumference.

B. REINFORCEMENT OF THE GROUND

I n c a s e s w h e r e t h e g r o u n d i s a f f e c t e d i n a n u n l o a d i n g mode —
 114

a s i n t h e e x c a v a t i o n of a c u t , o r of a t u n n e l — i t may be.'

n e c e s s a r y t o p r e v e n t o r r e d u c e g r o u n d d i s p l a c e m e n t s by re-

inforcement, Such a r e i n f o r c i n g e f f e c t c a n b e a c h i e v e d by apply-

ing s t r e s s e s restraining the displacements (analogous t o posten-

sioning or p r e s t r e s s i n g o f s t r u c t u r a l members) o r by ircorporating

higher resistance material i n t h e ground t h a t w i l l be stressed

as movements t a k e p l a c e (analogous t o normal reir.forceirent of

s t r u c t u r a l members). Anchors o r b o l t s can be p r e t e n s i o n e d or

t h e y can be i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e ground such t h a t t h e i r restraining

e f f e c t i s m o b i l i z e d o n l y u p o n movement o f t h e ground.

i
c
• PURPOSE OF GROUTING IN CONNECTION WITH ANCHORS, TIEBACKS
AND PILES

Corrosion protection; Probably the o l d e s t reason foe

grouting is the protection of s t e e l p i l e s o r a n c h o r s , Particular-

l y s t r u c t u r a l members i n t e n s i o n a r e s u b j e c t t o r e l a t i v e l y high

stress levels (close to y i e l d stress) a n d t h u s b o t h more p r o n e

t o c o r r o d e a n d more s e n s i t v e t o c o r r o s i o n e f f e c t s . Such a c o r -

r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n may n o t o n l y b e n e c e s s a r y a t t h e o u t s i d e of

an a n c h o r , tieback or p i l e but also at the inside if the pile,

f o r example, c o n s i s t s of a s t e e l pipe.

I n c r e a s i n g t h e s i z e of t h e s t r e s s t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e : Anchors,

tiebacks, and p i l e s t r a n s f e r c o n c e n t r a t e d l o a d s w i t h i n a struc-

t u r a l member o f r e s t r i c t e d dimensions. This leads frequently

to high s t r e s s concentrations at the ground-structural member

interface. One way t o r e d u c e t h e s t r e s s e s i s t o i n c r e a s e the.

c o n t a c t s u r f a c e b y d i s p l a c i n g g r o u n d away f r o m t h e s t r u c t u r a l mem-

ber and f i l l i n g tha c r e a t e d space with a grout having material

 1X5

characteristics comparable t o t h a t of t h e s t r u c t u r a l member,

(This a c t i o n i s comparable t o t h e compaction g r o u t i n g discussed

i n C h a p t e r 4 ) . A n o t h e r a p p r o a c h i s t h e c r e a t i o n of a stress

transfer z o n e a r o u n d t h e s t r u c t u r a l member by i n j e c t i n g grout

into the ground.

I n c r e a s i n g t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e a d j a c e n t ground: I n many

cases, even with a l a r g e r s t r e s s t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e , stress con-

c e n t r a t i o n s a r e of a m a g n i t u d e t h a t c a n n o t be s u p p o r t e d by the

ground o r t h a t would l e a d t o u n a c c e p t a b l e d i s p l a c e m e n t s . By

grouting t h e z o n e a r o u n d t h e s t r u c t u r a l member, a higher resis-

t a n c e m a t e r i a l t h a t can accommodate g r e a t e r s t r e s s e s can be

created. , Naturally, t h i s p u r p o s e can be a c h i e v e d a l s o i n con-

junction with the aforementioned surface increase.

S t r e s s T r a n s f e r between anchor, tieback, p i l e and t h e ground:

F r e q u e n t l y s u c h a s t r u c t u r a l member i s i n s e r t e d i n t h e g r o u n d by

methods t h a t e l i m i n a t e or reduce t h e s t r e s s t r a n s f e r , for example,

i n s e r t i o n of p i l e s o r t i e b a c k s i n p r e d r i l l e d h o l e s or water jetting

during pile driving. These c o n s t r u c t i o n methods i n v o l v e the

e l i m i n a t i o n of any c o n t a c t between ground and s t r u c t u r a l member

o r t h e y i n v o l v e a c o n t a c t w i t h h i g h l y d e f o r m e d a n d low r e s i s t a n c e

ground. Grouting w i t h a m a t e r i a l - t h a t can t r a n s f e r t h e stresses

w i l l be used in t h i s c a s e t o f i l l t h e space between t h e structural

member a n d t h e ground.

R e s i s t a n c e r e d u c t i o n and d i s p l a c e m e n t i n d u c e m e n t s ; Pile dri-

v i n g i s s o m e t i m e s f a c i l i t a t e d by r e d u c t i o n o f t h e lateral resistance.

This l a t e r a l r e s i s t a n c e r e d u c t i o n i s e v e n more i m p o r t a n t where

 .116

stress transfer J : rom t h e g r o u n d t o t h o p i l e , anchor or t i e b a c k has

to be r e d u c e d o r e l i m i n a t e d as i n the c a s e of n e g a t i v e skin

f r i c t i o n o r i n t h e t e n s i o n i n g s e c t i o n of a i a n c h o r o r tieback if

retensi^ning is required. Low r e s i s t a n c e grouts are injected for

t h i s p u c p o a e a l o n g t h e s u r f a c e of t h e s t r u c t u r a l member.

If p i l e s e t t l e m e n t s have o c c u r r e d , it is possible to lift

t h e p i ] e by g r o u t i n g b e l o w i t s end.

2. REALIZATION

The g r o u t i n g m e t h o d s a r e f r e q u e n t l y a p p l i c a b l e t o a n y o f

the purposes mentioned b e f o r e . They d i f f e r , h o w e v e r , significantly

b e t w e e n p i l e s on t h e o n e h a n d a n d t i e b a c k s a n d a n c h o r s on t h e other.

The d e s c r i p t i o n s of r e a l i z a t i o n m e t h o d s w i l l , therefore, be

divided into a pile s e c t i o n and an a n c h o r - t i e b a c k s e c t i o n with

c o m m e n t s i n e a c h s e c t i o n on t h e s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e s t h a t c a n b e

satisfied.

A. PILE GROUTING

Grouting during p i l e d r i v i n g : A grout pipe i s fixed to the

o u t s i d e of s o l i d c r o s s - s e c t i o n p i l e s or t o t h e i n s i d e of hollow

piles; sometimes t h e i n t e r i o r of the p i l e s e r v e s as grout pipe.

The g r o u t p i p e s u s u a l l y e n d o r e x i t a t t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e n e a r the

bottom end of t h e p i l e . Grouting can t a k e p l a c e simultaneously

w i t h t h f : d r i v i n g , o r d r i v i n g and g r o u t i n g p r o c e e d i n a l t e r n a t e steps.

The g r o u t m a t e r i a l ar d p r e s s u r e d e p e n d on g r o u n d c o n d i t i o n s and

specific purpose. If driving resistance or l a t e r a l resistance

a f t e r d r i v i r g h a s t o be r e d u c e d , puie w a t e r , montmorillonite-w?.ter
2
m i x t u r e s , o r a s p h a l t w i t h p r e s s u r e s of 2Gkg/cm (~300psi) and
 .117

more a r e u s e d , leading to displacements and d i s t u r b a n c e o f the

ground around the pile.

The g r o u t i n g o f a z o n e a r o u n d and b e l o w t h e e n d o f t h e pile

for stress transfer, strergth . i n c r e a s e and c o r r o s i o n protection

i s p e r f o r m e d w i t h cement c r cement m o r t a r g r o u t s . The pressure

h a s t o b e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e ir. s i t u w a t e r p r e s s u r e . However, if

g r o u t i n g of t h e ground (and n o t p u s h i n g away o f t h e g r o u n d ) is

required, t h e p r e s s u r e s have t o be l i m i t e d t o v a l u e s corresponding

to the e f f e c t i v e horizontal s t r e s s in the ground. A typical ex-

a m p l e o f a p i l e g r o u t e d d u r i n g d r i v i n g i s t h e German M V - p i l e :

K-or t u b u l a r steel s e c t i o n s with welded-on c r o u t pip^s transmit

stresses t o and t h r o u g h a g r o u t e d zone t o t h e ground (Fig. V.l).

Fig. 5.1 Grouted pile

 .118

V i b r o f l o t a t i o n i s in a remote sense g r o u t i r g with n a t u r a l aggregate.

The v i b r a t i n g a n d j e t t i n g a c t i o n of a t o r p e d o t h a t i s lowered into

the ground c r e a t e s v o i d s i n t h e ground. These voids a r e filled

c o n t i n u o u s l y w i t h g r a v e l t h a t i s added a t t h e s u r f a c e above the

sinking torpedo.

Grouting a f t e r p i l e driving; Grout pipes attached t o or

incorporated in t h e p i l e as in the previous case, can be used with

the following d i f f e r e n c e s : If circumferential grouting is re-

quired, the pipes are perforated in several sections. Modt fre-

q u e n t l y employed i n g r o u t i n g a f t e r p i l e d r i v i n g a r e g r o u t pipes

that are installed i n d e p e n d e n t l y of t h e p i l e . The p i p e s may be

j e t t e d along the driven p i l e , o r in t h e c a s e of p r e d c i l l e d pile

holes, they are i n s e r t e d i n t o the space between p i l e and casing

o r between p i l e and g r o u n d . The s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e s t h a t c a n be

s a t i s f i e d with grouting a f t e r p i l e driving are corrosion pro-

tection, stress transfer, ground r e s i s t a n c e increase, and i n some

cases, displacement inducement. The g r o u t m a t e r i a l s a r e usually

cement m i x t u r e s , except in s o i l s with a high s i l t c o n t e n t where

s o l u t i o n s or c e m e n t - s o l u t i o n m i x t u r e s a r e employed. Grouts f o r

p i l e s i n p r e d r i l l e d h o l e s can a l s o be prepacked c o n c r e t e (see

Chapter 7 ) , where t h e a g g r e g a t e i s p l a c e d i n a f i r s t s t a g e and

t h e n cement g r o u t e d from a p r e v i o u s l y p l a c e d and s t a g e v i s e or

c o n t i n u o u s l y upward moving g r o u t p i p e . If such p r e d r i l l e d holes

a r e c a s e d and t h e c a s i n g r e t r a c t e d , retraction can take: p l a c e

simultaneously with grouting or afterwards; t h e chosen procedure

d e p e n d s on t h e d a n g e r of s o i l e r o s i o n (piping) and t h e required

c o n t a c t between g r o u n d and g r o u t zone a r o u n d t h e p i p e . .The

pressures f o l l o w t h e same r u l e s a s i n g r o u t i n g simultaneously

 .119

with driving; in general, the p r e s s u r e s a r e lower s i n c e nere

time is a v a i l a b l e . An e x c e p t i o n i s g r o u t i n g for displacement

p u r p o s e s w h e r e t h e p r e s s u r e s a r e g o v e r n e d by t h e p i l e - e n d stresses.

B. GROUTING OF ANCHORS, TIEBACKS AND BOLTS

As d e s c r i b e d b e f o r e , these s t r u c t u r a l members a c t i n tension

a n d c a n be e i t h e r p r e t e n s i o n e d o r become t e n s i o n e d d u e t o g r o u n d

displacements. The d i s t i n c t i o n in t h i s c a t e g o r y of structural

members i s made b e t w e e n 1) members w h e r e g r o u t t o g e t h e r with

o t h e r f e a t u r e s t r a n s f e r s the s t r e s s e s t o the ground, and 2) mem-

b e r s where g r o u t a l o n e i s t h e s t r e s s t r a n s f e r r i n g medium.

Anchors, t i e b a c k s and b o l t s w i t h c o m p o s i t e stress transfer:

The c a p a c i t y of A u g e r Anchc r s c a n b e i n c r e a s e d b y g r o u t i n g the

zone around t h e a u g e r b l a d e s . Grouting (usually with cement

grouts) i s performed a f t e r the anchor i s augered i n t o place or

during augering, through the hollow auger stem*. Stress transfer

improvements, strength i n c r e a s e of t h e ground and corrosion

p r o t e c t i o n a r e t h e s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e s of t h i s application.

Anchor e l e m e n t s of u m b r e l l a shape w i t h a t t a c h e d anchc.r

c a b l e s c a n b e p u s h e d i n t o t h e g r o u n d by a v i b r o f l o t a t i o n torpedo;

t h e j e t s of t h e t o r p e d o a r e used t o i n j e c t g r o u t d u r i n g retraction

of t h e torpedo.

Expansion type reek b o l t s a r e grouted f o r the s p e c i f i c pur-

poses of s t r e s s t r a n s f e r ard c o r r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n . . The b o l t is

inserted in the p r e d r i l l e d hole, t h e b o l t i s t h e n e x p a n d e d by

* In an a l t e r n a t i v e s y s t e m , g r o u t i s i n j e c t e d from t h e auger
stem while the auger i s r e t r a c t e d , thus c r e a t i n g a "grouted
soil pile."
 .120

rotating it and t h u s e x p a n d i n g a c o n i c a l wedge a t i t s end or

by d r i v i n g t h e s p l i t e n d b o l t i n t o a wedge a t i t s e n d . The bolt

i s t h e n t i g h t e n e d o r p r e t e n s i o n e d by a n u t a c t i i v . : a g a i n s t an

anchor p l a t e a t t h e s u r f a c e (Fig. V.2).

G r o u t i n g w i t h cement o r epoxy r e s i n g r o u t s i s performed through

two p l a s t i c t u b e s t h a t a r e i n s e r t e d t h r o u g h t h e a n c h o r plate

(one t u b e r e a c h i n g t o t h e b o t t o m of t h e h o l e ) or through the

h o l l o w b o l ' ; and a s h o r t p l a s t i c tube again i n s e r t e d through the

anchor p l a t e . The t w o t u b e s of u n e q u a l l e n g t h o r t h e h o l l o w bolt

with a s h c r t tube permit complete f i l l i r g of t h e hole with grout.

If t h e h o l e i s i n c l i n e d u p w a r d , g r o u t is; pumped t h r o u g h t h e short

 .121

tube i r t o the hole, with discharge from t h e long t u b e or hollow

b o l t i n d i c a t i n g complete f i l l i n g . F o r h o r i z o n t a l a n d downward

holes, the procedure i s reversed. Grout p r e s s u r e s a r e chosen to

2
o v e r c o m e t h e h y d r o s t a t i c h e a d and a r e u s u a l l y 2kg/cm (30psi),
2
r a r e l y up t o 7kg/cm (lOOpsi).

Anchors, t i e b a c k s and b o l t s w i t h s t r e s s t r a n s f e r bv the

grout alone: Mono-anchors o r t i e b a c k s a r e i n s e r t e d in predrilled

h o l e s a n d c o n s i s t of a t e n s i o n e l e m e n t a d h e r i n g d i r e c t l > to the

g r o u t in t h e a n c h o r i n g s e c t i o n which i n t u r n transfers che stresses

t o the ground (Fig. V.3):

Fig. 5.3 Mono- tieback

The t e n s i o n i n g e l e m e n t (tendon) c o n s i s t s e . g . of a singlo

r e i n f o r c i n g b a r , p r e s t r e s s i n g wires or s t e e l t u b e s . The t e n -

s i o n i r . g s e c t i o n between t h e a n c h o r i n g s e c t i o n and t h e surface

end of t h e a n c h o r o r t i e b a c k i s s e p a r a t e d from t h e g r o u t and

g r o u n d , e i t h e r by a p r o t e c t i v e c o v e r t u b e o r a p a c k e r a t the
 .122

end o f t h e a n c h o r i n g s e c t i o n . This f r e e length peririts tensioning

of t h e a n c h o r o r t i e b a c k . Nevertheless, t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s do also

e x i s t i n t h e g r o u t e d a n c h o r i n g s e c t i o n a n d t h u s may c a u s e cracking

of t h e g r o u t . This disadvantage is eliminated in the:

Duplex-Anchors or Tiebacks, where t h e t e n s i o n element (tendon)

t r a n s f e r s the s t r e s s e s f i r s t t o a s p e c i a l adherence tube which

in t u r n t r a n s f e r s the s t r e s s e s to the grout (Fig. V.4) :

Fig. 5.4 Duplex t i e b a c k

The o t h e r features: c o v e r t u b e a n d t y p e s of t e n s i o n elements

a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e i n tV.« mono a n c h o r s . The g r o u t s a r e in-

j e c t e d i 1 a s i m i l a r m a n n e r a s i n t h e g r o u t e d wedge b o l t s w i t h a

double tobe system p e r m i t t i n g complete f i l l i n g or with tubes a

manchettes. G r o u t s a r e cement m i x t u r e s o r e p o x y - r e s i n s injected

 123

2
a t p r e s s u r e s b e t w e e n 5 and 8kg/cm (70-13Opsi). The f r e t

"tensioning" l e n g t h h a s t o be p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t c o r r o s i o i . If

the anchor or t i e b a c k h a s t o be r e t e n s i o n e d during i t s lifetime,

this protection i s p r o v i d e d by f i l l i n g t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n ten-

s i o n i n g e l e m e n t and c o v e r (adherence tube) with g r e a s e ; if such

r e t e n s i o n i n g i s not required, cement g r o u t s or e p o x y - r e s i n grouts

w i l l a l s o be i n j e c t e d i n t o t h i s s e c t i o n a f t e r tensioning.

Such mono o r d u p l e x a n c h o r s o r t i e b a c k s c a n be u s e d b o t h in

s o i l and r o c k . In s o i l , i t may be n e c e s s a r y t o p r e g r o u t , i.e. to

drill the hole, g r o u t t h e zone around t h e h o l e , redrill the hole

a n d i n s e r t t h e a n c h o r o r t i e b a c k — s t r e s s t r a n s f e r and corrosion

p r o t e c t i o n a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l p u r p o s e s of g r o u t i n g such anchors or

tiebacks.

A d i f f e r e n t g r o u t i n g method i s used i n r e s i n g r o u t e d rock

bolts. P l a s t i c b a g s f i l l e d w i t h a r e s i n and a c a t a l y s t are

inserted into a predrilled hole. A r e i n f o r c i n g bar or other

element ( e . g . wooden d o w e l ) i s pushed i n t o t h e h o l e and rotated

t h e r e b y o p e n i n g t h e b a g s and m i x i n g t h e r e s i n a n d catalyst.

S e t t i n g t i m e s v a r y i n g b e t w e e n 1 m i n u t e a n d 20 m i n u t e s a r e available.

These s h o r t s e t t i n g t i m e s and the . i n s e n s i t i v i t y t o blasting

v i b r a t i o n s a r e m a j o r a d v a n t a g e s of t h i s b o l t . A new d e v e l o p m e n t

by t h e U . S . B u r e a u o f M i n e s (Habberstad e t a l , 1974) consists

o f s i m u l t a n e o u s r e s i n i n j e c t i o n and p u s h i n g of f i b e r g l a s s

rovings into predrilled h o l e s , which p r a c t i c a l l y amounts t o a

f u l l y mechanized continuous b o l t i n g procedure. Here aga. n , stress

t r a n s f e r and c o r r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l purpose

of grouting.
 .124

B u l b t y p e a n c h o r s a r e p r o d u c e d by d r i l l i n g o f a h o l e and

creating a b u l b s h a p e d v o i d a t t h e end o f i t )>y d e t o n a t i n j a

small explosive charge (>5 - 1 c a r t r i d g e ) . An a n c h o r c a b l 2 o r

r e i n f o r c i n g b a r i s i n s e r t e d and t h e h o l e and b u l b f i l l e d vith

2
cement-grout under g r a v i t y f l o w o r low p r e s s u r e (up t o 2k j/cm ,

30psi). The Armed S e r v i c e s u s e t h e s e a n c h o r s w i t h a q u i c : s e t t i n g

c e m e n t - g y p s u m m i x t u r e t o h o l d down t h e s t e e l m a t s of advanced

airfields. G r o u t i n g a g a i n p r o v i d e s t h e means f o r s t r e s s transfer.

3. GENERAL COMMENTS ABOUT GROUTING FOR ANCHORS, TIEBACKS AND PILES

Of t h e p r i n c i p l e p u r p o s e s i n t h i s g r o u t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n --

corrosion protection, i n c r e a s e of the s t r e s s t r a n s f e r sur face,

i n c r e a s e of t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e a d j a c e n t ground, stress transfer,

r e s i s t a n c e r e d u c t i o n and d i s p l a c e m e n t inducement — s t r e s s trans-

f e r and c o r r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n a r e most i m p o r t a n t . The stress

t r a n s f e r i s a c h i e v e d by a t r a n s f e r of t e n s i l e o r compressive

stresses i n t h e s t r u c t u r a l member t o s h e a r a n d c o m p r e s s i v e stresses

in the grouted zone and t h e g r o u n d . P r o b l e m s of l o n g t e r m behavior

do e x i s t i n t h e c a s e of t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s where c r a c k i n g of the

g r o u t e d zone c a n n o t be c o m p l e t e l y a v o i d e d . Also s h r i n k a g e of the

g r o u t may b e p r o b l e m a t i c i n t h e a n c h o r i n g s e c t i o n s o f tiebacks

and anchors.
The u s u a l g r o u t s a r e cement m i x t u r e s and r e s i n s . There i s a

t r e n d toward the l a t t e r due t o t h e i r h i g h e r s t r e n g t h and faster

s e t t i n g tame. P r e s s u r e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y low (usually less than

2

lOkg/cm , 1 4 0 p s i ) , e x c e p t where r e s i s t a n c e r e d u c t i o n is the grou-

ting purpose. The low p r e s s u r e s e n s u r e a m i n i m a l g r o u n d distur-

b a n c e and t h u s b e t t e r stress transfer.

 .125

The g r o u n d c o n d i t i o n s have l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e grouting

method. However, the t y p e of a n c h o r , tieback or p i l e and par-

ticularly its capacity are s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d by t h e /round

condition. The f e w e f f e c t s o f g r o u n d c o n d i t i o n on g r o u t i n g pro-

cedures concern: 1) p r e s s u r e limits to p r e s e n t ground d i -turbance

a n d 2) t h e g r o u t t y p e — p e r m e a b i l i t y relations.
 .126
CHAPTER VI .

TUNNELS, SHAFTS AND PIPES

i,, ,
1. PURPOSE

The main grouting purposes in and around underground.openings

(tunnels, s h a f t s , pipes) are strength increase, deformability
reduction, s t r e s s transfer (consolidation),, and permeability,
reduction. I t i s necessary to discuss these purposes in a more
detailed manner to understand the concepts particular to "under-
ground applications."

A. CONSOLIDATION GROUTING DURING CONSTRUCTION

In many s o i l s , ranging front p l a s t i c clays to cohesionless

s o i l s , and in highly fractured rock:3, i t i s not possible t.o create
an unsupported opening. Supports that precede the excavation
l i k e shields or forepoling boards (spiles) have to he used. Air-
pressure -nay have to be applied or in sl:.ghtly cohesive sox:-.s,
water tabLe lowering may provide a s u f f i c i e n t s t a b i l i z a t i o n e f f e c t .
Only lowering of the water table a f f e c t s the ground i t s e l f , whereas
the other methods try to replace the natural support by an a r t i -
f i c i a l one. Water table lowering has the undesirable side e f f e c t
of surface settlements. Another method for s t a b i l i z i n g the ground
before the opening i s excavated i s grouting. This method i s par- •
t i c u l a r l y e f f e c t i v e in cohesionless or s l i g h t l y cohesive s o i l s in
the sand and gravel range below the water t a b l e . In other words,
s o i l s with flowing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Also, they are in a permea-
b i l i t y rcnge that l€;nds i t s e l f to grouting. Only a s l i g h t strength
increase together with the prevention of water movement s t a b i l i z e s
 127

such s o i l s . The c o n s o l i d a t i o n grouting for construction purposes

can r e a c h v a r i o u s d e g r e e s of stabilization:

- a grouted arch i s produced t h a t supports the overlying

g r o u n d and c o u l d , by i t s e l f , provide long term support for

the tunnel,

- a g r o u t e d z o n e i n a n d a r o u n d t h e s p a c e of the f u t u r e opening

is produced. The g r o u t e d z o n e a r o u n d t h e t u n n e l r e d i c e s the

ground d e f o r m a t i o n s such t h a t t h e y do n o t exceed a certain

level u n t i l the f i n a l support is b u i l t . The m a t e r i a l within

t h o f u t u r e o p e n i n g h a s t o b e g r o u t e d t o an e x t e n t t h a t .facili-

tates excavation.

- t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e of Lhvi o p e n i n g i s s t a b i l i z e d by o t h e r m e a n s

( e . g . by a s h i e l d ) a n d o n l y t h e f a c e of t h e o p e n i n g i s grouted

t o f a c i l i t a t e e x c a v a t i o n a s i n d i c a t e d above and t o prevent

e x c e s s i v e m o v e m e n t s a h e a d of t h e face.

B. CONSOLIDATION GROUTING FOR THE FINAL STRUCTURE

Similar t o t h e a p p l L c a t i o n of g r o u t i n g d u r i n g construction,

an i n c r e a s e i n g r o u n d s t a b i l i t y is intended. The g r o u t e d ground,

however, does n o t have t o a c t and s u p p o r t t h e o p e n i n g by i t . ; e l f , but

i t does t h i s t o g e t h e r with the f i n a l tunnel support (liner). This

grout a p p l i c a t i o n p e r m i t s a r e d u c t i o n in l i n e r dimensions. It is

frequently a beneficial s i d e p r o d u c t of t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n grouting

during construction.

C. CONTACT GROUTING

C o n t a c t g r o u t i n g c o u l d a c t u a l l y be c o n s i d e r e d a s a k i n d o f

consolidation grouting: i t s purpose is t o a f f e c t the stress

 .128

t r a n s f e r b e t w e e n t u r . n e l s u p p o r t and g r o u n d a n d by do1. n<j b o , to affect

t h e d e f o r m a t i o n s of t h e g r o u n d - s t r u c t u r e system,, Baccpacking (or

back f i l l i n g ) i s t h e f i l l i n g o f t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e t u n n e l , sup: 1 .;.'

and t h e gi-ound: the space behind t h e t u n n e l lagging; the space

b e h i n d a c a s t - i n - p l a c e c o n c r e t e l i n e r t h a t was c a s t i n a d o u b l e

f o r m w o r k a n d t h u s was s e p a r a t e d from t h e g r o u n d ; the space behind

p r e f a b r i c a t e d e l e m e n t s t h a t have been assembled w i t h i n a shield

(space due t o t h e s h i e l d t a i l and c o n s t r u c t i o n t o l e r a n c e s ) . By

f i l l i n g t h i s s p a c e w i t h g r o u t a t r a n s f e r of c o m p r e s s i v e stresses

and, t o some e x t e n t , s h e a r s t r e s s e s and t e n s i l e stresses is

assured. Also, by f i l l i n g t h e f r e q u e n t l y i r r e g u l a r space (parti-

cularly in rock) , i t if. p o s s i b l e t o e l i m i n a t e m a j o r differences

in defcrmability. An a l t e r n a t i v e of b a c k p a c k i n g i s frangible back-

packing. T h i s i s t h e p r o c e s s whereby a space between f i n a l support

and t h e ground i s p u r p o s e l y l e f t and f i l l e d w i t h a h i g h l y deformable

material. The r e a s o n s f o r t h i s s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e i s mainly to per-

m i t t h e ground t o deform s t r o n g l y w i t h o u t damaging t h e support

structure. Such s t r o n g d e f o r m a t i o n s may b e d u e t o : shockwaves

( f o r example i n p r o t e c t i v e structures) o r s w e l l i n g and squeezing

ground. P r e s t r e s s i n g h a s t h e p u r p o s e of n o t o n l y e n s u r i n g the

t r a n s f e r of c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s e s b e t w e e n g r o u n d and s u p p o r t , but, in

particular, t o p r o d u c e a s t a t e of c o m p r e s s i o n i n t h e support.

Thereby, i t i s p o s s i b l e t o use n o n - r e i n f o r c e d or weakly reinforced

concrete Eor p r e s s u r e tunnels.

 .129

D. IMPERMEABILIZATIOM

I r n p e r m e a b i l i z a t i o n c a n be n e e d e d d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n o r a s a

p a r t of the f i n a l structure.

Water i n f l o w , d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , f r e q u e n t l y stops or slows

down t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n , even i f the ground i t s e l f is

stable; a case f r e q u e n t l y occuring in rock t u n n e l s . - Grouting of

a zone around and a h e a d of t h e e x c a v a t i o n operation produces "dry"

o r low w a t e r i n f l o w c o n d i t i o n s . Particularly i n c a s e s of h i g h and

s u s t a i n e d w a t e r i n f l o w , g r o u t i n g i s t h e o n l y way by w h i c h construc-

t i o n can be c o n t i n u e d . I n s o f t ground t u n n e l s , w a t e r i n f l o w and

s t a b i l i t y problems are f r e q u e n t l y i n t e r r e l a t e d and can be solved

simultaneously. As i n d i c a t e d b e f o r e , t h e r e d u c t i o n of w a t e r move-

m e n t may b e i n i t s e l f a stabilising factor.

I n f i n a l s t r u c t u r e s g r o u t i n g may b e u s e d t o p r e v e n t w a t e r flow

from t h e ground i n t o t h e opening o r from the opening i n t o t h e ground

or both. The f l o w f r o m p r e s s u r e t u n n e l s i n t o t h e g r o u n d may severely

a f f e c t t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e g r o u n d , p a r t i c u l a r l y near slopes. It

may a l s o l e a d t o a l t e r a t i o n of t h e g r o u n d and s u b s e q u e n t settlements

or swelling. Flow f r o m s e w e r s c a n l e a d t o g r o u n d w a t e r pollution.

Flow i n t o t u n n e l s f r e q u e n t l y o v e r t a x e s t h e d r a i n a g e system,

or, i n t h e c a s e of s e w e r s , t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e t r e a t m e n t plants.

It s h o u l d b e n o t i c e d t h a t many o f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d purposes

a r e frequen :ly r e l a t e d to remedial a c t i o n s a f t e r a s t r u c t u r e has

been built.
 .130

E. REDUCTION OF DRIVING RESISTANCE

S h i e l d s and p a r t i c u l a r l y p i p e s t h a t a r e a d v a n c e d .by t h e

p i p e - j a c k i n g method e n c o u n t e r s i g n i f i c a n t ground-structure

shearing resistance. Since the j a c k i n g f o r c e s cannot exceed a

l i m i t g i v e n by t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e pushed s t r u c t u r e o r t h e abut-

ment s t r u c t u r e , i t i s frequently necessary to reduce the ground-

structure s h e a r i n g r e s i s t a n c e by i n j e c t i n g a g r o u t between

s t r u c t u r e and ground.

2. REALIZATION

The r e a l i z a t i o n c a n b e s t be d i s c u s s e d by d e s c r i b i n g a few

e x a m p l e s f o l l o w e d by g e n e r a l comments f o r e a c h o f t h e m a j o r

purposes.

A. CONSOLIDATION GROUTING DURING CONSTRUCTION AND FOR THE FINAL

STRUCTURE

A—1. E x a m p l e s o f C o n s o l i d a t i o n G r o u t i n g i n Rock

Example #1: S t r e n g t h e n i n g rock with chemical g r o u t (Erickson,

1968)

Specific Purpose: t o a v o i d movements i n l o c a l l y unstable

a r e a s of f r a c t u r e d granite.

Realization: a n e p o x y r e s i n w a s i n j e c t e d i n two stages

t h r o u g h 150 g r o u t h o l e s a t p r e s s u r e s o f 25 t o 50 p s i .
 .131

Example #2: Treatment i n t h e D'acif-el-Hammum pressure

t u n n e l ( C a m b e f o r t , 1964)
Specific Purpose: to consolidate flowing material ahead

of the tunnel face. (Clay and Altered Red Shale.)

Realization: Two c o n c e n t r i c r i n g s of h o l e s f o r m i n g con-

( e n t r i c cones: t h e f i r s t c o n s i s t i n g of 12 h o l e s , each
(jm l o n g ; t h e second c o n s i s t i n g 6 holes, e a c h 13m l o n g .
A c e m e n t g r o u t was injected.

Comment; T h i s k i n d of t r e a t m e n t r e q u i r e s , in the majority

of c a s e s , a b u l k h e a d of c o n c r e t e o r masonry a t t h e face

i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e l e a k a g e of g r o u t i n t o t h e tunnel.

Fig. 6 , 1 d'Actf-el-Hammara pressure tunnel

 .132

F i g . 6.2 d*Acif-el-Haiwnam Pressure tunnel

Example #3: C o n s t r u c t i o n of a R a i l r o a d T u n n e l u n d e r t h e
Kanmon S t r a i t ( E n g i n e e r i n g News Record., Decem-
b e r , 1973)
Specific Purpose; t o i n c r e a s e t h e r e s i s t a n c e of the

material i n a f a u l t zone w i t h only 100' overburden.

Realization; A " h u l l " was f o r m e d u s i n g 4 . 5 " diameter

h o l e s w h i c h w e r e d r i l l e d f r o m an e n l a r g e d s e c t i o n of

t h e t u n n e l and i n j e c t e d w i t h cement grout.

 133

Grout Grouted
holes zone

o o^-,. Tunnel
i v° A
„ Grout hole

SECTION
Tunnel enlarged
for grouting
Tunnel

Fig. 6.3 Kaninon street railroad tunnel.

COMMENTS ON CONSOLIDATION GROUTING OF ROCK

In f i n e f i s s u r e d r o c k s , i t i s necessary t o use a diluted

cement g r o u t w i t h w a t e r cement r a t i o s v a r y i n g between 4 : 1 and 2:1.

The g r o u t c a n a l s o b e u s e d f o r impermeabilization.

In porous rocks, it i s necessary to i n j e c t a silicate

s o l u t i o n b e f o r e t h e cement grout.

In rock w i t h wide d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , i t may be n e c e . s s a r y to

use clay-cement cjrout, r i c h .in c e m e n t .

In very wide d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , it i s necessary t o use grouts

with aggregates.

The u s u a l i n j e c t a b i l i t y r a t i o f o r s u s p e n s i o n s is:

issure
0.m a x . g r o u t particle
 .134

A - 2 . E x a m p l e s i n S o f t Ground

The p r o c e d u r e s u t i l i z e d for consolidation grouting are

similar to those u t i l i z e d for impermeabilization (see Sections

2»B a n d 2 , E ) ; h o w e v e r , t h e number of g r o u t h o l e s m u s t b e greater.

Example #1; T r e a t m e n t of t h e S o u t h e r r Sewer C o l l e c t o r of

P a r i s ( C a m b e f o r t , 1964)

Specific Purpose: t o c o n s o l i d a t e an u n s t a b l e layer

of f i n e sand.

Realization: 4 c o n c e n t r i c cone-shaped r i n g s were drilled

and i n j e c t e d w i t h a m i x t u r e of sodium s i l i c a t e and ethyl-

2
acetate, a t p r e s s u r e s r a n g i n g f r o m 5 t o 25 k g / c m (70-

350psi) . L e n g t h of g r o u t e d s e c t i o n = 30m (15:n f r o m

each side).

F i g . 6.4 P a r i s sewer
 135

Example # 2 : Arch g r o u t e d from p i l o t t u n n e l s a t t h e Auber

S t a t i o n of t h e P a r i s E x p r e s s M e t r o ( B c u g a r d
e t a l , 1974).

Specific Puipose: To p r o d u c e a g r o u t e d s o i l a r c h with

2
a c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h of 20kg/cm (300psi).

Realization; A grouted arch, i n s a n d and calcarous

marl, 8m t h i c k w i t h a 40m i n t e r i o r span, was injected

from 3 p i l o t a u x i l i a r y tunnels.

The l o w e r p o r t i o n of t h e o p e n i n g was g r o u t e d to

obtain a watertight bottom.

Fig. 6,-5 Auber Station cross-section

 .136

Example #3: Reconstruction, of the Boubard Tunnel <Cambefort,

1964)
S p e c i f i c Purpose; grouting of loose material, the
product of a collapsed section of an old tunnel.

Realizations the injection was performed from the sur-

face using a rectangular grid pattern with spacings of
3m in one direction and 2m in the other.
The grout was a cement-clay-sand mixture injected
2
a; pressures from 5 to 25kg/cm (70-350psi). The
2
grouted material reached a resistance of 27kg/cm
("v-400psi) a f t e r 7 days.
 .137

ELEVATION

F i g . 6 . 6 fcoubartl Tunnel
 .38

COMMENTS ON THE GROUTING OF SOFT GROUND

The usual i n j e c t a b i l i t y ratio for suspensions i s :
D 15 of the ground 25
D g5 of the grout"

If grouting with suspensions i s not p o s s i b l e , chemical

grouts have to be used.

A-3. General Comments on Consolidation Grouting

- The grout holes are usually d r i l l e d underground. This
leads to cone or cylinder type arrangements of the grout holes
p a r a l l e l to the axis of the opening. In cases of shallow tunnels,
grouting proceeds frequently from the surface with rectangular gild patterns
of the grout holes similar to the curtains in dam grouting. Another
alternative i s the grouting from pilot tunnels perpendicular to thsir axis .

- Pressures depend on the depth of overburden and the re-

2
sistance of the ground. The cited pressures of up to 25kg/cm
(1350spi) represent upper limiting values.
- Grouting procedures are both single and multiple .stage,
both in s o f t ground and rock. Grouting of a x i s - p a r a l l e l holes
i s usually performed by d r i l l i n g the holes to f u l l depth and
starting the grouting at the deeper point in the holer i.e.
following the "upward" grouting procedure.

- Grout materials cover b a s i c a l l y the entire range of grouts

mentioned in Chapter 2. Naturally, grouts that lead to a
strength increase in the ground (cement and cement mixtures
and resins) are preferably, but not e x c l u s i v e l y , used.
 .139

B. COMBINED CONSOLIDATION — IMPERMEABILIZATIOH GROUTING DURING

CONSTRUCTION
B-l. Examples in Rock
Example #1: Tunnel of the Baltimore Susquehanna Water
Supply Project (Eng. News Record, March, 1962)
S p e c i f i c Purpose: to stop a water flow at the face of
the tunnel and consolidate an unstable zone of blocky
and seamy g n e i s s , low grade gabbro, and decomposed
schist.
Realization: Two grouts ware injected: 1) a mixture
of cement grout, sawdust and calcium chloride, which
could not penetrate the f i n e seams of the s c h i s t .
2) AM~9.
Probe holes in the face were usually d r i l l e d f i r s t
to estimate the potential wat^r inflow. Thereafter,
30* long grout holes were d r i l l e d and injected. It
generally took from two to three hours to obtain a
s t a b i l i z e d face. (The d r i l l crews were frequently
able to follow the grouters during the same s h i f t and
to d r i l l and blast a complete round.) Two complete
rounds brought the face as close as possible to the
erd of the grouted section, s t i l l leaving a 6 or 7 foot
bvlkhead. Thereupon, the next section was probed,
d r i l l e d and grouted.

Example #2: Pollino Nord Tunnel (14km long, 3.35m diameter)

(Tunnels md Tunneling, November, 1971)
Specific Purpose: S t a b i l i z a t i o n of strongly fragmented
rock and a reduction of high pressure water inflow.
 .140

(Geology: crushod dolomite flanked by formations of

mudstone and limestone.)

Realization: Grouting proceeded in 20m sections ahead

of the f a c e . 38 such s e c t i o n s , consisting of grout
rings constructed from the tunnel periphery, were
necessary.

B-2. Examples in S o f t Ground

Example #1: Grouting in a Pipe Jacking Operation in

California (Engineering News Record, May 1962)
S p e c i f i c Purpose: to stop water inflow and to s t a b i -
l i z e flowing sand, gravel and small boulders at the
tunnel f a c e .

Realization: Sodium s i l i c a t e grout was injected

through f i v e V diameter s t e e l pipes driven 10' into
the formation. Grout Pressure: 100 to 120psi
Injection Rate: 10 gal per foot

F i g . 6 . 7 Pipe-jacking
 141

ample #2: Treatment of Shaft No. 8C of the Eastern

Interceptor—Mexico City Deep Sewer System
(Maldonado, 1973)
Ground Conditions; Clay and s i l t y layers with f i n e sand
lenses between 0.0 and 22.0m; compact sand and gravel
between 2 2.0 and 24.0m; below 24.0m, fractured b a s a l t .

S p e c i f i c Purpose and Realization: To reduce water inflow

and to consolidate the sand and gravel layers, 19 holes
in 3 rings (A, B, and C) were d r i l l e d and equipped
with "Tubes a Manchettes." The grout holes were usually
only d r i l l e d to the l e v e l of the. crown of the future
tunnel. If high permeability ground was encountered,
however, the holes were d r i l l e d to a depth of 2.5
meters below the tunnel invert, A two stage grouting
procedure was employed with cement-montmorillonite
grout in the f i r s t stage and a mixture of sodium s i l i -
cate ermd ethyl acetate in the second stage.
.142
 .143

Example #3: Treatment of the new Blackwell Tunnel under the

Thames a-; London (Perrott, 1965)
S p e c i f i c Purpose: To form an annulus of grouted material
around the periphery of the main tunnel (31ftt()) to re-
duce water inflow and l o s s of a i r during the pressure
driving of the tunnel and also to strengthen the arch
above the tunnel.

Reali nation: Treatment of the annulus proceeded from

two 7--foot diameter p i l o t tunnels, one near the; invert
and o:ie near the crown of the main tunnel. The thick-
ness of the annulus was 10 f t . at the crown and 1 5 f t .
at the; invert.
Wciter pressure t e s t i n g was conducted before grouting
started to establish the mean permeability and the
range of permeabilities and to determine the location
of the various layers. The Thames gravels had a mean
permeability of 1 x 10 — 1 cm/sec (10 8 Microdarcy), the
—3 6
Woolwich Beds one of 2 x 10 cm/sec (~10 Microdarcy).
A clay-chemical grout was chosen for the main
annulus treatment. A pure chemical grout (chrome ligno-
sulphate) was injected to form an arch spanning 120°
above the crown of the tunnel, and to obtain the ne-
cessary strength in t h i s zone. The pumping rate was
adjusted such that the maximum e f f e c t i v e pressure at
the point of injection aid not exceed a predetermineJ
value, normally 50psi. (50psi was the fracturing
pressure in the top p i l o t tunnel.)
 14 4

Tests performed during the driving of the tunnel

showed a f i n a l permeability lower than 10 — cin/sec
5
4
(10 Microdarcy).

F i « . 6,9 Blackball Tunnel

B-3. Comments on combined consolidation-impermeabilization

grouting during construction
Grouts that sedimentate rapidly (e.g. cement-water) are
generally injected at increasingly higher v i s c o s i t i e s (lower w/c
ratios) u n t i l they reach a predetermined l i m i t pressure. Grouts
l i k e cement-montmorillonite and solutions are generally injected
u n t i l a certain quantity of injected grout per length of hole
i s reached. This l i m i t i s usually based on preceeding water
pressure t e s t s .
Basically similar grout hole arrangements, grouting pressures
and grouting procedures as in pure consolidation grouting are used.
 .145

C. CONSOLIDATION GROUTING FOR THE FINAL STRUCTURE

The same realization methods as for consolidatio i grouting

during construction are employed,

D. CONTACT GROUTING

D-l. Backpacking
Three examples describing backpacking of tunnel liners for
s o f t ground- and for rock-tunnels are discussed here.

Example #1: Paris Metro (Bougard et a l , 1974)

Backpacking i s usually carried out in two phases.
F i r s t , a sand-cement mortar i s used generally followed
by an i n j e c t i o n of neat cement grout. In the case of
a cast-in-place lining, these i n j e c t i o n s must be
carried out as sooi as possible a f t e r removal of the
forms such that possible voids behind the lining are
filled. The ring shaped gap caused by the advancing
shield i s usually f i l l e d with pneumatically injected
pea gravel as the shield advances, followed by neat
c ement grouting. The reason for using pea gravel in
e f i r s t stage i s to prevent grout from flowing along
the shield-ground interface and to prevent any bonding
action between the shield and the ground.
 .146

Liner elements

Shield

SECTION

ELEVATION

Fife. 6 . 1 0 Back-packing t u n n e l liners

Example #2: Backpacking in the central and east interceptors

of the Mexico City sewer system (Maldonado, 1973)
Deep contact grouting was performed through holes
(IV to 2" Diameter, 4 holes per liner ring) in the
segmented concrete l i n e r . The grouting was performed
in two stages: the f i r s t stage consisted of an in-
2
jection of low pressure (10-15kg/cm , 150-200psi) ce-
ment grout, or aggregate-cement grout. The second stage
followed a f t e r excavation induced ground displacement
had stopped. In t h i s stage, water-cement-montmorillonite
n

grout was injected at medium pressures (SO-eOkg/cm^,

700-800psi).
 .147

Example #3: Kemamo Penstock Tunnel liner backpacked with

with prepacked concrete (Davis et a l , 1956)
In t h i s 11 foot diameter penstock, the s t e e l liner
design was based on the assumption that a large per-
centage of the water load would be transmitted through
the backpacking material to the rock surrounding the
penstock. The backpacking material thus had to be
substantially free of voids and the temperature r i s e
produced by hydrating cement had to be low to avoid
shrinkage cracks. Coarse aggregate was placed in the
steeply inclined sections for distances up to 2000 f e e t
by a s p e c i a l l y adapted tube. In horizontal sections,
coarse aggregate was pneumatically transported ever
distances of up to 600 f e e t by a "rock blower" through
conveyor pipes. The coarse aggregate was then grouted
with sand-cement grout which was pumped horizontally
for distances of up to 3000 f e e t and upward nearly
1500 f e e t . Thereby, prepacked concrete containing about
4 sacks of cement per cubic yard was produced at a
maximum rate of about 600 cubic yards per day.
Unconfined compression t e s t s on cylinders showed
that the strength of the prepacked concrete was generally
in excess of 5000 p s i .
Penstock pressure t e s t s (maximum pressure: lOOOpsi
maintained for 8 hours) made at two stations where the
s t e e l l i n e r was 1 13/16 inches thick, showed that the
backpacking material was carrying 76% and the s t e e l
liner 24% of zhe load. Also, the s t r e s s e s in the l i n e r
were directly proportional to the water pressure in the
 .148

penstock, indicating the absence of voids in the pre-

packed concrete.

D-2. Frangible Backpacking

Materials having frangible c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are eelLular
concrete, foamed plastics,, foamed gypsum, foamed g l a s s , foamed
epoxy and foamed sulphur. The grouting procedures are
b a s i c a l l y similar to the backpacking i n j e c t i o n s .

D-3. Pre-stressing of Pre.'isure Tunnels

Example: Pre-stressing of the l i n i n g of a Hydro Tunnel in
Yugoslavia (Krsmanovich e t a l , 1969)
The p o s s i b i l i t y and e f f e c t of pre-stressing of
a tunnel lining by grouting was investigated with f u l l -
scale t e s t chambers of 5.0m diameter and 33.0m length.
The rock mass consisted of q u a r t z i t e s , sandstones, and
schists.
Grouting was carried out in two stages with two
d i f f e r e n t grouting mixtures. In the f i r s t stage, coarse
sand was injected under low pressure creating a porous
ring between l i n e r and rock. In the second stage, a
cement mixture with f l u i d i z e r s was used under pressures
2
of up to 30.0kg/cm (500psi). The porous f i l l e r between
the l i n e r and rock led to a thorough mixing of the second
stage grout.

D-4. General Comments on Contact Grouting

grout, holes are generally r a d i a l l y oriented and perpen-
dicular to the tunnel a x i s . Prefabricated l i n e r s are usually
 .149

fabricated with the grout holes in place. In c a s t - i n place

concrete l i n e r s , grout holes either consist of pre-inserted
tubes or they are d r i l l e d into l i n e r and ground; the l a t t e r , par-
t i c u l a r l y in the case of prestressing.
Grout pressures in the f i r s t stage of backpacking rarely
cxceed a few kg/cm 2 ; in the second stage the pressures range
2
between 5 and lOkg/cm (75-150psi). Prestressing requires
greater s t r e s s e s . They depend on rock quality and liner dimen-
2
sions. In the cited case, they were 30kg/cm (500psi).
Grouting procedures — grout i s usually pumped in one batch
into the grout hole and the space that i s to be f i l l e d . This
procedure w i l l be repeated i f two stage grouting i s used,
which i s frequently the case in contact grouting.
Grout M a t e r i a l s — the main groups of grouts are sandy
gravelly materials for the f i r s t stage and cement based mixtures
for the second stage. In one stage procedures, cement-aggregate
mixtures are used.

E. IMPERMEABILIZATION GROUTING

Again, examples are: presented to i l l u s t r a t e the realization

methods.

E-l. Impermeabilization of Tunnels in. Rock

Example #1: Recommendations and experience gained in the

construction and maintenance of tunnel l i n e r s
of the Norwegian State Railroad (Harfinark,
(November, 1970)
Specific Purpose: To stop water leakage in e x i s t i n g
tunnels.
 .150

Realization: Grouting i s possible in lined or unlined

tunnels. The grouting pressure must be adjusted to the
depth of the f i s s u r e s and the desired depth of i n j e c t i o n .
Permeability t e s t s can be used to diagnose conditions in
the rock. The j o i n t s and f i s s u r e s are cleaned and widened
with high pressure water i n j e c t i o n s to provide a better
passage for the grout. With s u f f i c i e n t rock cover,
2
water pressures of up to 15-20kg/cm (200-300psi) are
2
frequently used and even pressures as high as 60kg/cm
(850psi) are occasionally applied. Similar pressures
are used for the actual grouting. With these high
pressures, the cement grout i s pre-stressed and adja-
cent ungroutec f i s s u r e s w i l l a l s o be closed. (An
e f f e c t i v e method to keep t i e cement in suspension i s to
vibrate the rock with d r i l l i n g machines.)
The best r e s u l t s of impermeabilization have been
obtained in shallow tunnels where the in s i t u water
pressure i s lew. In deep tunnels with higher water
pressure, the water has a tendency to find new routes
into the tunnel a f t e r ' a while.

Example #2: Imperireabilization at Plattsburg Missile Base

(Engireering News Record, May 1962)
S p e c i f i c Purpcs_e; To stop heavy groundwater flow .n
fissured rock.

Realization; The grout material was AM-9. Gel times

were from 0.5min. to 1.5min. and pumping rates were
between 1 and lOgpm.
 .151

Example #3: Epoxy Resin Grouting in Large Underground

Openings (Hunge et a l , 1969)
Specific Purpose: Impermeabilization of an underground
storage f a c i l i t y for liquid ammonia in a jointed shaly
limestone.

Realization: The grout material was epoxy resin and

treatment was successfully accomplished considering the
low permeability of the rock (0.01 to 0.1 Lugeon units)
and the high v i s c o s i t y of the resin (200 c e n t i p o i s e ) .

Example #4: Impermeabilization in the St. Michel-Chatelet

Tunnel (Cambefort, .1964)
Specific Purpose: To control water inflow in highly
fissured limestone during the driving and operational
l i f e of the tunnel.

Realization; Grout hole^ arranged in two concentric

cones were d r i l l e d from the face of the tunnel. Cone A:
6 12.5m holes a t a 5% inclination r e l a t i v e to the a x i s .
Cone B: 7 25m.holes at a 10% i n c l i n a t i o n . The grouting
application proceeded in sections of 25m, permitting
an excavation of 20m with an overlap of 5m.
Grouts: a) S i l i c a t e Solution
b) Cement Grout
2
Injection Pressures: lOkg/cm (350psi) far the s i l i c a t e
solution
2 5kg/cm2 (350psi) for the cement
grout

Fig. 6.11 CUtelet Tunnel

 .152

E-2. Examples in Soft Ground

Example #1: Impermeabilization in subway stations in

Philadelphia (Engineering News Record, August 1963)
Specific Purpose: To stop groundwater i n f i l t r a t i o n s
that interfered with the operation of the subway system.
Realization: The grout had to penetrate f i n e s o i l s ,
narrow cracks in concrete and, at the same time, plug
water-bearing voids around structural s t e e l . Cracks
varied from 1/16" to 1/8" in width and from 2 to j2 f e e t
in length.
All the treatments were performed during two hours
around midnight because the subway could not be operated
during the repairs.
Grout type: Chemical grout (solution)
Injection pressure: from 20 to 150 psi
Treatment time: from 2 minutes t o 2 hrs, 17 min.
Grout Volume: from zero to 2,000 l b . per hole

Example #2: Impermeabilization of the Dartford-Durfleet

tunnel under the Thames (Cairbefort, 1964)
Specific Purpose: The impermeabilization of layers of
sand and gravel that could lead to severe air losses
during.the excavation of the tunnel under a i r pressure.

Realization: The i n i t i a l p i l o t tunnel encountered s o i l

conditions which indicated possible air l o s s e s as high
as 150m' /min in the futtire main tunnel. Thu.s, the 2 to
5m thick permeable sand and gravel layer had to be
grouted.
The v e r t i c a l grout holes were arranged in two 2-row
curtains on each side of the tunnel. Rows and holes
 .153

were spaced at 3m. Grouting from tubes a manchettes

normally employed a cement clay grout, but deflocculated
montmorillonite was used in the l e s s permeable layers.
Infection pressure: lokg/cm 2 (150psi)
o
Final air l o s s e s : 13m /minute

ELEVATION

'LAN

Grout holes

Working p l a t f o r m

Gravel

Grouted zone
Grout holes

Main t u n n e l Pilot tunnel

SECTION

Fig. 6. 12 Dartford-Outlet Turinei

 .154

General Comments About Impermeabilization for Tunnels; in Soft Ground

A special comment about grouting of sewers seems to be war-
ranted. Although not much discussed, t h i s i s probably the most
frequent impermeabilization application for underground structures.
The sewers can have inflow or outflow problems at pipe j o i n t s o
at deteriorated parts of the pipe i t s e l f . Impermeabilizafcion pro-
cedures consist of: 1) d r i l l i n g 1-3 v e r t i c a l holes from the
surface near each j o i n t or 2) pulling an i n f l a t a b l e double packer
through the sewer, close off a section at a j o i n t and grout the
j o i n t from inside the sewer. Grouts used are cement mixtures
(mainly i f grouted from the outside) or s o l u t i o n s . A new de-
velopment i s the elastomeric sewer grout produced by 3Mi (Fair-
weather, 1974).

E-3. General Comments on Impermeabilization Grouting for Tunnels,

Pipes and Shafts
The arrangement of grout holes i s similar to that in con-
solidation grouting: concentric cylinders, cones, or curtain t.yp~
rows with v e r t i c a l or inclined holes. Also, the p i l o t tunnel
method i s being used.
Grout pressures are (in the cases reviewed) higher than
those used for consolidation grouting. This can be explained by
the f a c t that a disturbance of the grourd due to grouting w i l l
have no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on permeability in contrast to con-
s o l i d a t i o n grouting where disturbances lead frequently to de-
terioration of ground properties. Pressures in rock of up to

80kg/cm 2 (llOOpsi). have been used.

 .155

Grouting Procedures in v e r t i c a l holes consist of "downward,"

"upward" or sleeve packers (tube a manchettes), in horizontal
holes "upward" procedures are i s u a l l y employed.
Grout Materials again cover the entire range and depend on
ground permeability analogous to "dam applications."

F. REDUCTION OF DRIVING RESISTANCE.

Montmorillonite grouts are used to reduce the ground-

structure shearing resistance in pipe jacking operations. The
grout i s usually injected at the outer circumference of the
pipe or at the small shield that precedes the front pipe. If
intermediate jacking stations are used, grouts are injected
there a l s o . The reduction of the driving resistance may also be
required i f shields are driven in squeezing around or in gra-
velly ground; montmorillonite grouts are used for t h i s purpose
also.
 .156
CHAPTER VII

STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

1. PURPOSE

Grout applications in structures s a t i s f y a great variety of

purposes and they involve the entire range of physical e f f e c t s
described in Chapter 2 as w i l l be shown in the following discussion.

A. POST-TENSIONING AND SIMILAR*APPLICATIONS

Concrete structures are post-tensioned or prestressed to
counteract a part of the t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s induced by the leads
on the structure. Usually, the part of the t e n s i l e stresses
induced by the dead weight are counteracted by post-tensioning;
whereas t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s induced by l i v e loads are carried by
normal reinforcing s t e e l . Post-tensioning or prestressing leads
to a better u t i l i z a t i o n of the structure sections by having a
greater percentage of the load carried by the concrete (in
compression) and thus permits the use of smaller structural
depths.
Post-tensioning i s achieved by tensioning of wire strands
which run through metal ducts embedded in the concrete (Fig. V I I . ] ) .

I V V is, 'v

-
\ v v v v \ v v \ v \

Wire tendon
\ \ v ^ r r

Anchor head \
M e t a l duct

Fig. 7.1 P o s t - t e n s i o n I n g and pretensioning

 .157

The wires are tensioned a f t e r the concrete has reached s u f f i c i e n t

strength to support the induced compressive s t r e s s e s . At a later
stage the ducts are grouted to protect the wires against corrosion
and to provide a limited bond, i . e . a s t r e s s transfer between the
wire and the concrete.
Structural columns carrying high loads are frequently hollow
s t e e l columns. If the c r o s s - s e c t i o n i s of a s i z e that does not
allow application of an interior ^corrosion protection coat,
grouting i s used to achieve t h i s purpose. For analogous reasons,
i t may be necessary to f i l l tubular s t e e l members other than
columns with a grout. Such tubular members are favored where
high shear and torsional forces exist. Special structural
members in concrete structures l i k e shear b o l t s , fastening
b o l t s , r a i l i n g - and lamp-posts are, in many cases, placed
a f t e r the concrete has hardened. They are set in preformed
or d r i l l e d openings and structurally connected by grouting.

B. JOINT AND VOID FILLING IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES:

Mass concrete or other concrete that i s subject to s i g -
n i f i c a n t heating during hydration w i l l shrink considerably. To
avoid the occurrence of shrinkage cracks, a r t i f i c i a l j o i n t s
are incorporated in the structure to provide s t r e s s r e l i e f .
Typical examples are concrete dams and to a l e s s e r extent, conr
crete pavements. These j o i n t s have to be f i l l e d with grout to
transfer the compressive ar/' ^hear s t r e s s e s between the adjacent
concrete fac€>s or to protect these faces from physical and
chemical attack or both. (Concrete dams have to perform as an
 .158

integral structure under the applied water pressure. The

grouting of shrinkage j o i n t s has to achieve t h i s integral
performance and, at the same time, prevent water intrusion
and possible f r o s t damage. Contraction and expansion j o i n t s
in concrete pavements, e . g . have to retain the capability to
open and c l o s e . But the adjacent concrete has to be pro-
tected against f r o s t and/or heat damage which i s frequently
achieved by grouting of the j o i n t . )
Joints are also a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c feature of structures
b u i l t with prefabricated elements. Again the j o i n t s have to
be f i l l e d to transfer compressive and shear s t r e s s e s between
the elements, frequently in conjunction with s t e e l b o l t s for
the transfer of high shear s t r e s s e s and with reinforcing bars
for the transfer of t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s . A new development i s
the "tying together" of adjacent prefabricated elements by
post-tensioning. The j o i n t s have to be f i l l e d in t h i s case
also to provide for uniform compressive s t r e s s transfer,
shear s t r e s s transfer and protection against chemical or phy-
s i c a l attack (mainly due to water intrusion). Prefabricated
elements (concrete or s t e e l ) are frequently fabricated with
voids to reduce the weight and thereby lessen transportation
and construction problems and c o s t s . These voids may be in
locations of the structural section that require the f u l l
structural depth in the performance of the integral structure
(zones of compression) and thus have to be f i l l e d with material
that can carry the associated s t r e s s e s . F i l l i n g may a l s o be
necessary to protect the; element from physical or chemical
attack. Grouting i s frequently employed for these purposes.
 159

C. CONCRETE FABRICATION
The use of prepacked ("Prepack") concrete has been men-
tioned in :onnection with several grouting applications. (For
example, grouting of groutainers, backpacking of tunnels and
placement Df p i l e s in predrilled holes.) Prepacked concrete
fabrication involves the placememt of aggregate in a f i r s t
stage and the grouting of the aggregate in i t s f i n a l place in
a second stage. One of the major advantages of t h i s method i s
the better distribution of the injected cement and sand par-
ticles. If concrete i s placed in long and narrow spaces,
substantial grain s i z e separation due to wall f r i c t i o n can oc-
cur, the separation being even more pronounced i f concrete i s
placed under water. By placing the aggregate f i r s t and grouting
with cement mortar l a t e r , the grain s i z e separation i s s i g n i -
f i c a n t l y reduced. I t i s quite obvious that many of the "void"
or " j o i n t - f i l l i n g " purposes in structural applications can be
s a t i s f i e d by using prepacked concrete.
Another advantage of prepacked concrete i s the p o s s i b i l i t y
of allowing s i g n i f i c a n t deformation of the aggregate which
would destroy the cement bonds of a s e t t i n g and hardening con-
crete and thus reduce i t s f i n a l strength. For example, gabions
consisting of wire reinforced bags f i l l e d with aggregate can
be placed on shores and can be deformed to adapt to the ground
surface. Only a f t e r t h i s , w i l l grout be injected to achieve the
necessary structural strength*
 .160

Recent developments, mainly by Brookhaven Nat. Lab (Dikeou,

Steinberg e t a l , 1971), concern Polymer Impregnated concrete.
This i s a prefabricated concrete where the elements are in-
jected with a monomer which i s polymerized usually by heat or
radiation. Four-fold increase in concrete compressive and
t e n s i l e strength and substantially increased abrasion and frost
resistance are the r e s u l t s of polymer impregnation.

2. REALIZATION

A. POST-TENSIONING AND SIMILAR APPLICATIONS

Post-tensioning ducts are usually grouted with cement
mixtures. The water-cement ratio varies between 0.4 and 0.6
but mostly between 0.4 and 0 . 5 . I t i s thus substantially lower
than in most grouts injected into the ground. The grout can
contain cement only or cement and sand (in r a t i o s C/S approxi-
mately 2-4/1) or cement and f l u i d i z i n g or a i r entrainment agents.
Resin grouts are used a l s o but l e s s frequently. Pressures are
chosen to overcome the hydrostatic head and f r i c t i o n a l resistance
2
and are usually around 5kg/cm ( 70psi). The main purpose of the
grout i s to achieve corrosion protection of the tension wires„
Therefore, sedimentation and shrinkage c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are not
too important; that i s , the duct does not have to be completely
f i l l e d in the f i n a l stage as long as the wires are covered. Frost
resistance i s , however, important particularly i f the ducts are
not completely f i l l e d . Geddes e t a l (1963) have shown that the
bond between wires and grout, that i s , the s t r e s s transfer charac-
t e r i s t i c s of the grout, have only a minor e f f e c t on the f a i l u r e
 .161

strength of the post-tensioned structural member. I t should be

pointed out that the Poisson e f f e c t of the tension wires may
cause a separation of the wire and grout. This, however, i s
rarely a problem since the wires are tensioned before they are
grouted. I t i s d i f f i c u l t to judge i f grouts crack with age and
under load, since post-tensioned structures have been in common
use only for about 30 years. Such cracking could cause severe
corrosion problems of the tension wires.,

B. JOINT AND VOID FILLING IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES

F i l l i n g of hollow structural columns, tubular and s p e c i a l
structural members and voids in prefabricated elements i s achieved
by grouting with cement mixtures -t prepacked concrete and with
r e s i n s i f the grout i s subjected to s t r e s s e s (in compression or
shear). The same grouts or foam f i l l e r s can be used i f only
protection against physical or chemical attack (corrosion, frost
action) i s required. Low water cement f a c t o r s are again favored.
The grouting can take place as free gravity flow into large
openings or by pumping through grout pipes or h o l e s . If narrow
and long openings have to be grouted, retractable pipes or hoses
are usually employed; again, low pressures are used: f r e e gra-
v i t y flow or a pressure that overcomes the hydrostatic head.
Grout shrinkage, sedimentation and associated cracks are
again major, concerns i f protection against physical or chemical
i
attack i s one of the gxouting purposes. Compressive s t r e s s e s
have the advartageous e f f e c t of closing cracks that are perpen-
dicular to the s t r e s s d i r e c t i o n and may c l o s e cracks and voids in
the s t r e s s d i r e c t i o n in confined conditions due to the Poisson
 162 '

i ,
effect. The l a t t e r i s , however, d i f f i c u l t to predict. In some
cases regrouting i s performed to close such>cracks with lower
v i s c o s i t y cement or resin grouts (10-30 certtijVoise) and higher
pressures (5-10kg/cm , ~ 75-150psi).
Structural j o i n t s are grouted with cement or resin grouts if
compressive and shear s t r e s s e s are to be transferred, and with
bituminous grouts in expansion and contraction j o i n t s . The
s t r e s s transfer requires material c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s equal or better
than those of the adjacent concrete, shrinkage i s usually not
a problem due to the compressive s t r a s s e s . Examples are the
grouting of construction j o i n t s in concrete dams which are usually
grouted with cement based grouts and the j o i n t s between prefabri-
cated elements that are t i e d together by post-tensioning where
epoxy resins are used. The grouting procedures and pressures are
the same as for f i l l i n g of hollow columns. The bituminous grouts
in contraction and expansion j o i n t s have to t o l e r a t e deformations
often in temperature ranges varying fzom -20° to 80° C. without
cracking. The grout pressures are governed by the usually high
v i s c o s i t y and shear resistance of the grouts.

C. CONCRETE FABRICATION
The cement-mortar or pure cement grouts used in the f a b r i -
cation of prepacked concrete have w/c r a t i o s between 0.50 and
0.70. The i n j e c t i o n i s performed through a previously inserted
grout pipe that i s retracted simultaneously with grouting (in
"long" structures), or through, fixed pipes at one or several
locations, or d i r e c t l y into an exposed surface of the aggregate.
2
Grouting pressures vary between free gravity flow and 5-10kg/cm
(75-l50psi).
 .163

Polymer impregnation of concrete has been extensively tested

on c y l i n d r i c a l specimens and certain prefabricated elements
(pipes) mostly in the laboratory. The basic principle i s to f i l l
the concrete pores with monomers and to catalyze the monomers
usually by heat or radiation. The impregnation can be f a c i l i -
tated by complete drying of the concrete and by application of
vacuum. It i s f e a s i b l e to conceive such procedures in a pre-
fabrication plant. In applications concerning cast in place con-
c r e t e / ths options are limited and the monomers have to be applied
by pressure. The concrete can be previously dried near the
surface by heat application. Field experiments have shown that
the depth of penetration can be increased from 5cm to 10cm by
previous drying (Crumpton, e t . a l . , October 1974). If only
"coats" are impregnated, protection against physical or chemical
attack ( f r o s t , corrosion of embedded reinforcing s t e e l , abrasion)
w i l l be the main e f f e c t . If f u l l depth impregnation i s possible,
i t i s possible to obtain the aforementioned strength increases.

3. GENERAL COMMENTS ON STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

The grouts are mainly cement mixtures andr to a l e s s e r extent,

r e s i n s , and are usually injected at low pressures (free gravity
2

flow to lOkg/cm , 150psi). Protection against physical or chemical

attack and s t r e s s transfer are the main purposes. Since the
s t r e s s transfer involves compressive and shear s t r e s s e s , i t i s usu-
a l l y no problem to achieve the necessary in s i t u material properties.
 .164

The protection against physical or chemical attack i s ,

however, problematic due to shrinkage which can expose s e n s i t i v e
surfaces that are frequently highly stressed and thus s e n s i t i v e
to attack. The structural grouting applications have been in
use only for a few decades and, therefore, the seriousness of
t h i s problem cannot be judged. Also, new developments in the
polymer f i e l d may reduce or eliminate t h i s problem in the near
future.
 .155

CHAPTER VIII

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

The format of f i r s t discussing purposes and then the r e a l i -

zations w i l l not be used in this chapter due to the s i g n i f i c a n t
differences of the applications: "repair," "instrumentation,"
and "strength reduction."

1. REPAIR
Most of the purposes of grout applications discussed in
Chapters 3-7 can be the subject of repair i f the desired perfor-
mance has not been reached or i f the performance has deteriorated.
Actually, some of these grout applications are more frequently
encountered in repair work than in the original construction;
(for example, remedial grouting in dam cores, grouting to imper-
meabilize tunnels and p i p e s ) . The r e a l i z a t i o n methods are
b a s i c a l l y identical but perhaps making use of smaller equipment.
One of the most frequent grouting applications in t h i s cate-
gory i s the repair of concrete structures where physically worn
surfaces (due to t r a f f i c or water flow), f r o s t damaged, or
chemically attacked zones have to be sealed. Such treatment
can be achieved either by removal of the damaged material and i t s
replacement or by grouting beneath the worn surface and into the
damaged zone. Well-known examples are the bridge deck treatments
by epoxy resin i n j e c t i o n (Crumpton e t al r 1974): f r o s t spalled
concrete i s repaired by i n j e c t i n g 300 centipoise epoxy into the .
2
cracks through 4 to 8 cm deep predrilled holes under —1.5kg/cm
(l5-20psj) pressure. Since the spalled areas are l o c a l i z e d ,
 .166

one grout hole per area i s s u f f i c i e n t . Similar structural re-

pairs have been performed on sandstone in h i s t o r i c buildings and
sculptures.

2. INSTRUMENTATION

F i e l d instrumentation usually requires that the instrument

transmits certain changes in the ground or structure. Such changes
can be, e . g . s t r e s s changes, displacements and temperature changes.
For such purposes, i t i s frequently necessary to e s t a b l i s h
a contact, between ground or structure and the instrument that
behaves as similarly as possible to the ground or structure:
s t r e s s changes can be measured by t i g h t l y f i t t i n g s t r e s s c e l l s .
Dynamic s t r e s s changes and deformations (wave propagation) in
the ground are important in the assessment of weapons' e f f e c t s ;
again, i t i s necessary that the instruments are in contact with
the ground. The contact with ground or structure i s frequently
achieved by grouting of the space between instrument and medium
(ground or structure). The grout in place has to perform l i k e
the medium a t l e a s t with regard t o the measured parameters.
(For example, i n t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of grouts have been con-
ducted by the Corps of Engineers to match ground — and grout —
impedance; see Walley e t a l , 1969.)
In other cases (as e . g . , piezometers), i t i s necessary to
i s o l a t e the instrument which can be achieved by grouting of
barriers.
 .167

3. STRENGTH REDUCTION

Injection of water under high pressure or of dispersants

or both i s used to clean natural voids, mainly joints in rock.
This application i s usually a pretreatment for l a t e r impermea-
b i l i z a t i o n and consolidation grouting. Use 1 alone, i t may lead
to strength reduction and deformability increase of the ground.
Actual solvents can be injected into rock or s o i l formations
The main purpose of such solvent injection i.s mining related;
for example, water i n j e c t i o n into h a l i t e deposits or leaching
of mineral deposits of low mineral content. Such grouting appli-
cations are c i v i l engineering oriented i f the thus-created voids
are used for c i v i l purposes or i f they lead to strength decrease
of the ground to f a c i l i t a t e excavation.
Instead of the injection of solvents, grouts can be employed
that weaken the bonds between the minerals either by reducing
the surface energy or by applying a cold temperature shock
through evaporation. Both e f f e c t s increase the number and length
of cracks in rock. Some large-scale experiments, but only with
surface application, have been conducted to examine the p o s s i -
b i l i t y of f a c i l i t a t i n g rock excavation (Moavenzadeh e t a l , 1966 )
 168
CHAPTER IX

CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUTING APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

It i s the purpose of t h i s chapter to highlight the charac-

t e r i s t i c s that are common to most grouting applications and to
mention special c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s that are unique in one or
more aspects. The discussion in t h i s chapter w i l l review these
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and the consequences that these c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
have on technology. An additional section of t h i s chapter w i l l
deal with new trends in grouting applications and technology,

1. CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE COMMON TO MOST GROUTING APPLICATIONS

IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of grouting applications are the boundary

conditions: - the desired physical e f f e c t s or purposes*
the environmental conditions,

and the consequences:

the grouting methods.

The physical e f f e c t s or purposes are usually determined

before grouting i s considered. A l i s t i n g and description of
physical e f f e c t s has been given in Chapter 2. The review of
Chapters 3 through 8 shows that the following desired physical
e f f e c t s are most important in c i v i l engineering applications
of grouting:
Strength increase, and deformability decrease are the most
frequently encountered objectives, and probably the; g r e a t e s t
portion of the t o t a l grouted volume i s related to t h i s
 .169

purpose. Permeability decrease ranks s l i g h t l y , but not much,

behind strength increase and deformability.

The environmental conditions are the geology (geotech-

nical f a c t o r s ) , topography and the structures that are
d i r e c t l y or indirectly involved in the grouting applications.
A ranking of these conditions i s not too meaningful because
neither frequency nor importance of individual projects
are completely satisfactory c r i t e r i a . I t can be stated
that foundation grouting in s o i l s i s most frequently en-
countered and that dam and reservoir grouting in s o i l and
rock represent the individually most important applications.

The grouting methods, i e . , the technology, have to

be presented on a more detailed l e v e l to provide a f e e l i n g
for the most common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :

* grout types — the grout types that are usually applied have
been described in Chapter 2 and shall be summarized here:

- Suspensions: Cement-, Cement-Aggregate or

F i l l e r - , Cement Clay-, Clay-Grouts.
1
- Solutions (Chemical Grouts):
Metathet-ical precipitation types (e.g.
s i l i c a t e solutions, chrome ] i g n o s u l f a t e s ) .
Polymers (J^crylamides, Phenoplasts, Amino-
pla.rJ-n, Epoxy nnd Polyester-Resins) .
- Emulsions
- Melts
 .170

The grout types are characterized from an application point

of view with regard to:
1. Their properties during i n j e c t i o n ( v i s c o s i t y , shear
resistance, p a r t i c l e s i z e of suspensions, s e t time).
2. Their f i n a l properties interacting with the medium into
which they are injected (strength, deformability, permeability,
long term performance in a l l these r e s p e c t s ) .
3. Their cost ( e . g . the r e l a t i v e cost of "cement-clay" to
" s i l i c a t e solutions" to "AM-9" i s approximately 1 : 10 : 100).

The main factor governing the grout properties during in-

j e c t i o n i s the permeability of the medium that i s to be grouted.
Some examples of correlations between medium permeability and
grout type were given in Chapter 3 and are mentioned again in
Table IX.1 below:

TYPE OF FOUNDATION
PURPOSE or GROUT ROCK ROCK COARSE GRAV. COARSE TO MED. TJ
LARGE FAULT '£S|BLAST CRACK
^SCOARSE SAND MED. SAND FINE SAND
ft CMrrTTFS. SMALL VOICE Pio lam. -Birr O.Pmn. D^Q 0.1mm.
ASPHALT EMULSION.,
CHEMICAL
IMPERMEABILIZAT [OK CLAY - CHEMICAL
CLAY
\ CLAY - CEMENT
CEMENT
COARSE*
GROUT
•s^/iB^y
CONSOLIDATION I CLAY - CEDENT
CLAY ~ CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
ASPHALT EMULSION
* saw-dust, sand-cement-clay, etc.

EXTENT OF Pin-- ^p -rv>rUT USE

(Kravn ne >>f?) )
IX-1
 .171

Low v i s c o s Lty grouts can be used over the e n t i r e range of per-

-4 5
m e a b i l i t i e s down to 10 cm/sec (10 Microdarcy). Such grouts,
_2
however, are subject to d i l u t i o n at permeabilities of 10 cm/sec
particularly i f injected into flowing groundwater. The use of
suspensions i s not only governed by their i n t r i n s i c a l l y greater
v i s c o s i t y and shear resistance which l i m i t s them to
permeabilities of the medium of 10 -2 cm/sec (107 Microdarcy) —
D l 5 of s o i l
but, also by t h e i r p a r t i c l e s i z e ; ( p ^ o f g T O U t p a r t i c l e s * 2 5

3 for
for s o f t ground, and H a x f ^ t parScle size" » *"*> •

Some of the aforementioned limitations can be reduced by

multiple phase grouting: a solution can be injected in 2 phases;
4

the second phase w i l l be injected u n t i l a s u f f i c i e n t concentra-

tion for gelation i s achieved (noticed by flow decrease in
constant pressure i n j e c t i o n ) , thus reducing the e f f e c t of d i -
lution to a great extent. Another method to prevent d i l u t i o n
and a l s o to limit the use of the high cost-low v i s c o s i t y grouts
to the grouting of smaller voids i s multiple stage grouting:
a more viscous grout (o.g. cement based) i s injected f i r s t , f i l l i n g
the larger voids and providing some confinement for the next
stages consisting of le££ viscous grouts (e.g. s i l i c a t e s o l u t i o n s ) .
The shear resistance of flowing suspensions can be reduced
by a prior injection oE emulsions.
High v i s c o s i t y and high shear resistance which are f r e -
quently necessary in large voids and flowing groundwater can be
achieved by increasing the aggregate s i z e and by decreasing the
water content of suspensions.
 .172

The f i n a l properties of the grout in the medium are governed

by the properties of the grout alone and the environmental con-
d i t i o n s during and a f t e r injection (particularly dilution and
sedimentation e f f e c t s ) .
The grouts alone basically belong either to a high strength-
low deformability or low strength-high deformability category.
Neat cement, recorcine-formol and epoxy r e s i n s , for example,
are high strength grouts; clay based grouts and s i l i c a t e gels
are low strength grouts. Mixtures of d i f f e r e n t grouts (e.g.
cement and clay) permit the production of any desired grout
strength and deformability. However, the environmental conditions
w i l l usually modify these characteristics s i g n i f i c a n t l y . Par-
t i c u l a r l y water w i l l have a substantial e f f e c t . The problematic
aspedt pjf the environmental conditions i s the unpredictable nature
of theij: jsjrfgcts: laboratory injection t e s t s bdn give a rough
idea H-jsld .infection t e s t s may give a r e s u l t which i s
representative for one location only. In addition, i t i s very
d i f f i c u l t to ffiiij^fjiil iijUj term cbnditipn.B. A very serious d i s -
^ llifcl Mull ffkrehgth and deformability of
grout and pfUwfj M MUHflHU fife i t f l ^ s i i ^ p to modify by regrou-
i4Wf Vhe BMW ^ i i W i m M m Willi felipfe, to allow
for H H 4 ill 4Ml i^^ttHttiii^ (^Wit^^
(^NftWiUy flf flfirf vm N m?\\ better

control l i ^ Phflft stfcghigth of grout and medium.

Water pressure or pumping t e s t s prior to and a f t e r injection
provide; a good picture of the impermeabilization e f f e c t , although
not from a long term point of view. In addition, i t i s usually
r e l a t i v e l y simple to decrease permeability by regrouting. The
 .173

permeability of most grouts alone i s usually below the required

permeability. Problems a r i s e from long term e f f e c t s due :o
erosion ( e . g . clay grouts) or chemical e f f e c t s (e.g. syne::esis
of s i l i c a t e g e l s ) .
In the grout s e l e c t i o n , consideration has to be given to
the compatibility of the entire performance: e . g . a grout can
lead t o a low permeability in s i t u , but at the same time, a
high strength-low deformability; such a r i g i d behavior may be
undesirable because i t introduces a non-uniformity in the
ground behavior.
The cost d i f f e r e n c e between various grout types that have
been indicated above make i t quite evident that the optimum
grout(s), from a physical point of view, may be ruled out for
economic reasons.
The review of a l l applications shows that cement base^d
grouts are c l e a r l y most frequently used; they evidently provide
an optimum combination of physical properties and c o s t . Depen-
ding on the s p e c i f i c use, either aggregate (sand, gravel) or clay
( i l l i t e , montmorillonite) or other f i l l e r s ( f l y ask, diatomaceous
earth) i s added. This reduced grout cost; the cement: f i l l e r r a t i o s
usually vary between 1:1 and 1:10 (by weight). The clay acts as
a s t a b i l i z e r preventing premature sedimentation and, in the case
of montmorillonite, a l s o a s a f l u i d i z e r ; r a t i o s of cement:clay of 1:1
to 1:3 are usual but r a t i o s of 10:1 and 1:10 can also be encountered.
Water/cement r a t i o s are usually in the range of 5:1 to 15:1, but
can be in the "Usual mortar or concrete range" of 0.5:1. Accelera-
tors are added i f the grout i s injected into rapidly flowing ground
water
 Also quite frequently used are the s i l i c a t e solutions, and
to a l e s s e r extent, the chrome l i g n o s u l f a t e s . S i l i c a t e and l i g -
nin based grouts are usually limited to impormeabilization due to
their low strength, an exception being the so called "hard s i l i c a t e
gels." Multi-stage grouting applications frequently use cemient
grout in the f i r s t stage and s i l i c a t e solutions in one or more other
stages.
Polymer type grouts are limited to applications where their
d i s t i n c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s l i k e low v i s c o s i t y (AM-9:visco.sity ~lcps )
or very high strength (epoxy r e s i n s , polyester r e s i n s : compressive
strengths i s the lOOOOpsiH- range) are required and where the grout
volume i s small, to j u s t i f y the much higher c o s t .

• grouting procedures — since a great number of grouting

applications involve only grouting of limited zones, tho "one
shot" procedure, i . e . grouting of one batch at one location, i s
most frequently encountered. Downward grouting and tube a manchettes
(sleeve packer) procedures are usually employed i f extended zones
have to be grouted.

• pressures and pressure generation — t y p i c a l pressure

ranges are:
o
- low pressures: 0 (gravity flow) to lOkg/cm (150psi)
2
- medium pressures: 10-30kg/cm ( 150-400psi)
2
- high pressures: ^30kg/cm (MOOpsi)
Grouting in the upper 10m d i r e c t l y below the ground surface i s
performed under low pressures.
Pressures can be generated by a i r in a pressure chamber, by
a hydraulic direct action pump or a hydraulic pump via an a i r
chamber. Pressure control of hydraulic d i r e c t action puiaps i s
 .175

d i f f i c u l t and pressure shocks do occur and may cause ground

disturbances. The pumping rate and maximum pressure of such
pumps, however, i s higher than of the other pressure generators.
Grout hole arrangements depend on the shape and size of
the structure that i s involved. Typical arrangements are:
- shallow grid patterns (horizontal dimensions greater
than v e r t i c a l dimensions) Fig. IX.1.

F i g . 9 . 1 Shallow g r i d pattern
- curtains consisting of one or more parallel rows

(Fig. IX.2).

i•

F i g . 9.2 C u r t a i n

i
 177

conical or cylindrical arrangements (Pig. IX.3).

CONICAL CYLINDRICAL

Fig. 9.3

the holes in the cylindrical arrangement can be

p a r a l l e l or roughly perpendicular to the axis
(Fig. IX.4).

PARALLEL

PERPENDICULAR

Fig. 9.4
 1, b

- point or interface grout application i s mostly used

in structural applications^ for anchors and tiebacks
and for many remedial applications.

2. INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN GROUTING CHARACTERISTICS AMD CONSE-

QUENCES ON DESIGN OF GROUTING APPLICATIONS

I t has been clear through the descriptions of -the grouting

applications that the desired physical e f f e c t s , environmental
conditions and grouting methods are interrelated. I:i ordei to
i l l u s t r a t e t h i s the d e t a i l s of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s have to be
reviewed again:

(See Next Page)

 .179
Desired Physical E f f e c t s
Strength Increase
Deformability Reduction
Permeability Reduction
Displacement Inducement
Protection against Chemical
and Physical Attack
Permeability Increase
Strength Reduction and
Deformability Increase
Grouting Methods
Grout type:
Single phase or multiple phase
Viscosity & shear resistance
Setting time
Strength and Deformability
of the set grout
Particle Size (suspensions)
Resistance to Chemical and
Physical Attack
Toxidity
Environmental Conditions
Geotechnical Factors;
Rock or s o f t ground
Void type ( f i s s u r e , pore)
•Q—• Void s i z e or p a r t i c l e s i z e
^Mass permeability
Groundwater flow
Ground chemistry
Geometric Factors:
Surface configurations
Dimensions of geologic
formations
Groundwater table
Surface water table
Dimensions of Structure
Structural Factors:
Loads
Construction sequence
£
Grout Application:
Procedure (up, down, tube a
manchettes)
Pressure
Hole arrangement
Hole length
Hole spacing
Single stage or multiple
stage
 .180

The determination of grouting methods i s thus a very complex

matter and no correlations e x i s t that can take a l l the factors
into account. What i s usually done can be described as follows:

1. The environmental conditions and the desired physical

e f f e c t s are considered and a range of p o s s i b l e grouting methods
i s determined. This range includes:

- d i f f e r e n t geometries of zones that are to be grouted.

- d i f f e r e n t grout types (the possible grout types are
considered independently of the grout zona geometry
at t h i s p o i n t ) .

The determination of grout zone geometry and grout type ranges

i s performed on a preliminary design b a s i s : i . e . r excluding
evidently unsuitable p o s s i b i l i t i e s at t h i s point and making
only approximate computations. Examples are:

- strength increase and deformability decrease usually

exclude clay grouts.
- existence of sulphatic water excludes normal cerient
grouts.
- the given mass permeability, the desired permeability
reduction and the expected head y i e l d a range of
grout zone geometries.
- the expected void s i z e s may exclude certain grouts.

I t has to be pointed out that only the most r i g i d boundary

conditions are considered at t h i s st&ge ( e . g . grout type limited
by void s i z e ) , but conditions that can be changed (e.g. joint
f i l l e r that can be wasihed out) are not considered as boundary
conditions.
 .976

2. Within the given ranges of grout zone geometry and grout

types a d e t a i l e d technical determination of grouting methods
w i l l be made: grout hole geometry (arrangement, spacing, length),
grouting pressure and grout types depend on each other and on the
geotechnical and geometric conditions. I t i s at t h i s point that
the correlations between ground c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and grout type,
that have been described in Chapter 3 and in t h i s chapter, can be
used.
The d e t a i l e d s e l e c t i o n of grouting methods lias to be made
by answering the following questions concerning the physical
behavior::
- How far can a certain grout flow — u n t i l i t s e t s •— in
the ground that i s to be grouted (particle s i z e , void
s i z e , flow conditions), and under the permissible pressure
for the ground in question?

- Do void s i z e and groundwater flow conditions require

multiple stage grouting?

Does the s e t t i n g time and v i s c o s i t y requirements require

a multiple phase grout?

- How serious are the long term modifications of the grout?

3. This range of grouting methods w i l l then be submitted

to a c o s t a n a l y s i s , perhaps included in the c o s t - b e n e f i t analysis
of the e n t i r e project, r e s u l t i n g in a f i n a l choice.

Adaptation in s i t u i s generally necessary. The com-

p l e x i t y of the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s makes a d e f i n i t i v e and f u l l y
s a t i s f a c t o r y s e l e c t i o n of a grouting method d i f f i c u l t , except in
structural and tieback-anchor applications where the boundary
conditions are much better defined. Therefore, i t i s necessary
to plan grouting operations by consciously taking further modi-
f i c a t i o n s into account. In very large projects i t i s coiflttibn to
run large scale in s i t u t e s t s prior to the main operation to
narrow down the range of additional modifications.

After having discussed the most common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and

their consequences in grouting applications in c i v i l engineering,
i t seems appropriate to mention a few special or exceptional
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s that were discussed in t h i s report.

3. SPECIAL OR EXCEPTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

GROUTING APPLICATIONS

Out of the ordinary, but s i g n i f i c a n t , are the grouting appli-

cations for displacement inducement and for permeability increase.
Although the choice of grouting tor both purposes seems very
appropriate and, as in the case of mudjacking, may have been in
practice for a long time, i t i s p r a c t i c a l l y impossible to rationally
design these grouting operations. They are based to a large
extent on experience and in s i t u adaptation plays a major r o l e .
Also worth mentioning in t h i s context are grout applica-
t i o n s for driving resistance reduction employed in p i l e driving
and pipe jacking.
 .183

Technological s p e c i a l t i e s of importance are:

- Vibrating and j e t t i n g procedures to place grout pipes.
- The use of hydraulic fracturing either to increase f i n a l
permeability or, more importantly, to allow giouting
of these fractures and thereby create impermeable grout
sheets and displacements.
- Pre-packed concrete.
- Electroosmosis in conjunction with grouting.

4. RECENT AND POSSIBLE FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN GROUTING

APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Some of these developments have already been mentioned in

Chapters 3-8; others are extensions of present day applications
and technology. The following short review w i l l be divided into
the categories "purpose" and "realization-technology."

Recent and possible future grouting purposes

- Weakening of the ground for subsequent excavation. Some
limited t e s t i n g has been performed but developments in
material and application technology are necessary.
- Grouting for s o f t ground tunnels has been used for'.a long
' \
time and has a great potential for increased use in (future.
' i'i 'I ,'f;:

But developments that save time and cost are necessary.

- The polymer impregnation of concrete .is an extremely,J/
promising procedure. Problems are associated with th'a
catalyzation and the probable cost increase due to i t s
dependence on o i l as raw material.
- The use of prefabricated elements in structures and.
%
 .LU1

even in foundations w i l l probably become more frequent; a

development which w i l l lead to an increased use of grouting
for construction j o i n t s and for the ground structure i n t e r -
face.

Recent or p o s s i b l e future developments in grouting technology

- The development of a grout, with e a s i l y changeable and
controllable properties i s desirable. With such a grout,
adaptation of the grouting method could be made more
rapidly and probably more e f f e c t i v e l y .
- I t seems desirable to incorporate grouting f a c i l i t i e s
in structures and foundations such that regrouting i s
p o s s i b l e i f the performance requires i t (similar to dams).
- The new development of horizontal long hole d r i l l s may open
new p o s s i b i l i t i e s for grout a p p l i c a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y
in tunneling,
 185
CHAPTER X

CONCLUSIONS

This chapter w i l l f i r s t present the conclusions that can

be drawn from the c i v i l engineering applications and then
present some ideas of consequences for grouting in the Borehole
Sealing Program.

1. CONCLUSIONS ON GROUTING APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

The discussion of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and of the consequences

on design of grouting applications (in Chapter 9) showed very
clearly, that grouting i s a p h y s i c a l l y very complex problem.
The variety of desired physical e f f e c t s (purposes) i s great and,
in some instances, the r e a l i z a t i o n of one e f f e c t eliminates or
reduces others. The environmental conditions are of even greater
variety. A complex i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p between the desired phy-
s i c a l e f f e c t s , the environmental conditions, and the grouting
methods e x i s t s . This s i t u a t i o n rarely allows a unique s o l u t i o n
and ranges of p o s s i b l e methods r e s u l t . The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of
these methods can only be judged in s i t u and they, therefore,
require in s i t u modification.
This s i t u a t i o n i s revealed by most of the case h i s t o r i e s
and by the few c o r r e l a t i o n s that are,reported in the l i t e r a t u r e .
After grouting has been completed and the desired e f f e c t has
been achieved, i t i s d i f f i c u l t , i f not impossible, to judge which
part of the chosen method caused what e f f e c t . Particularly
BLANK PAGE
 .186

some e f f e c t s are outweighed by others without necessarily re-

vealing t h i s f a c t .

In summation: grouting i s very much, an art and not a science.

In most cases, i t i s a t r i a l and error procedure where an inex-
pensive method i s i n i t i a l l y tried and then a more expensive one
i s used until the desired results are obtained. Once a desired
e f f e c t i s obtained, i t i s d i f f i c u l t to c r e d i t any one procedure
with the success because the results are due to the summation of
a l l the methods used. In many cases, the method that proves
successful r e f l e c t s a small abnormality in the ground or struc-
ture rather than i t s overall c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Hence, success-
f u l grouting r e l i e s heavily on good engineering judgement and
experience, and not on a basic set of standard correlations or
equations.

2. GROUTING FOR THE BOREHOLE SEALING PROGRAM

Two major aspects have to be considered in t h i s grouting

application:
the grout type
the application technique in the borehole

A. GROUT TYPE
The requirements for the Borehole Sealing Program are:

Permeability i s equal to, or smaller than, the

rock permeability and remains so for 200,000 years.

"Good" contact between plug and rock, i . e . the

same permeability £is above has to e x i s t at the
 plug-rock interface and the shearing resistance has
to prevent any displacement of the p.luq.

The grout should intrude into fracture's (cracks)

|i " '
11 > ' 1 --

of the adjacent rock that have been.opened due to

borehole d r i l l i n g and weathering- . I! J j
The grout has to s u i t the applications technique.
' ' s

Long term low permeability requires the prevention of

shrinkage and changes of material properties that could lead to
a permeability increase. This requirement makes i t a l o g i c a l
choice to look at natural materials corresponding c l o s e l y to
the adjacent rock. However, other grouts particularly the solu-
t i o n s , should not be ruled out and a t e s t should be developed that
simulates the long term conditions.

Good plug-rock contact and the intrusion i n t o fractures

are, to quite an extent, i d e n t i c a l requirements. If intrusion
into the fractures i s ensured a "good" contact i s an automatic
byproduct., . I t should thus be prevented that a "coat" i s formed
between the grouted plug and the rock. Cleaning of the borehole
i s possible but traces of necessary chemicals may a f f e c t the
long term grout behavior. If compatible cleaning agents are
found — which again requires a long term simulation t e s t —
i t i s conceivable to clean the hole, and grout i t and the frac-
tures. Another p o s s i b i l i t y of cleaning either in conjunction with
chemicals or by i t s e l f i s the use of cavitation e f f e c t s (as
i t has been applied to j o i n t cleaning, see Chapter 3 ) . Cavitation
may have the advantage of cleaning and enlarging the fractures
without extending them (the l a t t e r point has to be tested,
 .188

although i t i s , t h e o r e t i c a l l y indicated); t h i s would make grouting

easier.
' •• i

The f i l l i n g of fractures d e f i n i t e l y requires a low. vif;cosity

grout. Considerations may be given to a grout that displaces
any f i l l e r s in the cracks by mechanical or electro-chemica]
action.
The application technique a f f e c t s the grout in several ways:
the s e t time i s influenced by the p o t e n t i a l l y long transpoi-
tation distance? transportation distance also i s important in the
e f f e c t of wall f r i c t i o n on the grout; pressures are l i k e l y to
be high, maivily due to the depth of the hole and may affect, the
grout performance. Suspensions seem, therefore, not well-suited
for t h i s purpose, unless mixing equipment i s located in the hole
near the plug. However, solutions also have to be tested with re-
spect to demixing arid material property changes.

B. APPLICATION TECHNIQUES
The problems in the borehole sealing program seem to be
very similar to anchor and tieback grouting and a detailed in-
vestigation of these techniques seems warranted.
A few problems and ideas shall now be discussed:

The generation of high pressures — i f so desired — i s

no problem from an application point of view. The depth already
gives a r e l a t i v e l y high base pressure and the bore hole above
the grouted zone can be l e f t cased during grouting to permit
the use of t i g h t l y sealing packers.
The generation of low pressures, i f so desired/however, is
d i f f i c u l t and may require reduction values. In order to avoid pressure
shocks that can cause additional fracturing of the rock, i t seems
advisable to produce the pressure with air or via an air chamber.

"Prepacked" procedures in which a coarse material would

be injected f i r s t and thereafter grouted, may reduce the volume
of the active grout and thereby the shrinkage p o t e n t i a l . Also,
higher strength may be easier to achieve. The active grout
i t s e l f may be injected in a multiple phase procedure.

Shotcrete procedures: the use of high pressure air to

place concrete may be modified for application of the' grouted
plug or for parts of i t (e.g. the "aggregate" in a prepacked
t

grout). Shotcrete and gunite have been used s u c c e s s f u l l y for

20 and 60 years, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Prestressing: in prestressed concrete, a tension s t e e l

i s stressed, t h e r e a f t e r , embedded in concrete.and f i n a l l y a f t e r
hardening of the concrete, the i n i t i a l tension force i s removed.
The tension s t e e l then tends to contract and thereby compresses
the concrete to which i t adheres. In addition to the contraction
there i s l a t e r a l expansion of.both s t e e l and concrete. This
principle ma/ be applied to the plug. Tension elements would
have to be made from a material that can s a t i s f y the long
terra requirements (Fig. X . l ) .
 .190

F i g . 1 0 . 1 Prestessed grout plug

The l a t e r a l expansion would serve to hold the plug t i g h t l y in

place and would exert s t r e s s e s on the borehole wall similar to
the original in s i t u s t r e s s e s and thereby c l o s e some of the
fractures.

The discussion on grout types and application techniques for

the Borehole Sealing Program shows that there are several p o s s i -
b i l i t i e s to produce a grouted plug. The main problem i s the long
term behavior which requires either material behavior about which
strong indications on favorable long term properties exis;t cr the
development of a t e s t i n g procedure that simulates long term be-
havior in an acceptable t e s t i n g time.
 R E F E R E N C E S

Bougard, J.F. Janin, Methods for Preventing Decompression oc Sof>

Ground During Soft Ground Tunnel! ni for t:V? P. ' s .
Proc. 2nd RETC, San Francisco, 1974.
Buettniir, Joachim H., New Method for Placing Thin Eorii:ont i ir ou
ting Shells, Bautechnik, V. 51, 1974~7~pgs. 62-"6
Cambefort, Henri, Injection des Sols, Part I and Part I I , EyroIIes,
Paris 1964.
Caron, C. Cheylan, G. Grouting of Fissured Ground, Trans, 10th
International Congress, Large Dams, Montreal, 197 0, Vol. 2
pgs. 413-429.
i
Crumpton, C.V., McCollam, B.F., Stratton, F.W., Epoxy Injection
Repairs Delaminated Bridge Decks
i
Davis, R.E., Johnson, G. D. Wendell, S. E., Kemano Penstock Tunnel
Liner Backfilled with Prepacked Concrete, Journal of the ACI,
November, ,1955, pgs. 287-3 08.
Dikeou, J . T . , Steinberg, M., e t . a l . , Concrete -Polymer Materials,
3rd Topical Report Bureau of Reclamation (Rec-Erc-71-6) and
Brookhaven National Lab, (BNL 50275 (T-602)), January, 1971.
Engineering News Record, Grout Pipes Suppoatft Tunnel in Fractured
Rock, Vol. 191, December, 1973, p. 36.
Engineering News Record, Three Uses of Chemical Grout Show Versa-
t i l i t y , May, 1962.
Engineering News Record, Tough Tunnel Bows to Chemical Grouting,
March, 1962.
E d i t o r i a l , Tunnels arid Tunneling, "Groucirig for I t a l i a n Tunnel,"
November, 1971, pg. 415.
Erickson, H.B., Strengthening Rock By Injection of Chemical Grout,
Paper 5744, Journal of the S o i l Mech. and Foundation, Vol™
94, No. FMi, January, 1968, pgs. 159-173.
Fairweather, V., Sewer Pipe: I n f i l t r a t i o n i s the Issue, : i v i l Engi-
neering, Vol. 44, No. 7, July, 1974.
Geddes, J . D . , Soroka, I . , The E f f e c t of Grout Properties on the
Structural Behavior of Post-Tensioned Concrete Beams, Magazine
of Concrete Research, Vol. 15, No. 44, July, 1963, 5g. 67.
 .192

Grundy, C.F., The Treatment by Grouting of Permeable Foundations

of Dams, 5th International Congress on Large Dams, Proc. Paris,
1955, V. 1, pgs. 647-674.
Habberstad, J.C., Thompson, R.R., Butes, B.C., Wallace, S.B.,
Fiberglass Reinforced Polymeric Rock Bolt, Proc. 2rid Rapid
Excavation and Tunnelling Conference, San Francisco, 1974.
Harfmark, H., Tunnels of Norwegian State Railways, Design Construc-
tion and Maintenance, Tunnels and Tunnelling, November - Decern
ber, 1970, pgs. 379-384.
Kravetz, G.A., Cement and Clay Grouting of Foundations, Use of Clay-
in Pressure Grouting, JSFE-A, V. 84, 1958, pg. 30.
Krsmanovic, D., Langof, J . , Zupcevic, H., Prestressing of the Li-
ning of a Hycirotec'iiric Tunnel in a Watertight Rock Mass by
Groi ting, Rock-MeciTctnics-Felsmechanik-Mecanique Des Roches,
V. 3, July, 1969, pgs. 71-86.
Maldonadol G., e t . a l . , Inyecclon en Suelos y sa Aplication en e l
Tuneleo, Thesis Universidad iberoamex-ioana, Mexico City, 1973 ,
pgs. 1329-1349.
Moavenzadeh, F. , Williamson, R.B., Wissa, A.E.2., Rock Fracture
Research, Report R66-56,., MIT Dept. of Civil Engineering to
US Dept. of Commerce, PB 173 638, November, 1966.
Perrott, W.E., Lancaster-Jones, P . F . F . , Chemical Grouting in Black-
well Tunnel, C i v i l Engineering and Public Works Review, April
. . 1964, pgs. 473-4 .
Voronkevjck, S.D., e t . a l . , Current Problems of Chemical Grouting
of Sabulous Formations, Proc. F i r s t Cnternational Congress
International Association of Engineering and Geology, Paris,
197d, Vol. 1, "pgs. 601-615. " '
R7 5 - 8 S o i l s Publication 334

GROUTING APPLICATIONS

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Vol. II

by

Herbert H. Einstein

and
Matthew J.. Barvenik

January 1975

Prepared for
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Contract: ORNL-Sub-3 960-1
Geotechnical Research on Seal Boreholes
 1

VOLUME II

I Introduction

This Volume of, the report contains the bibliography of a l l

the references (approximately 800) from which material was used
for the study. The bibliography has been put on computer cards
to f a c i l i t a t e future, use. The references are l i s t e d according
to the following format:

Author
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n (Code Number and Major
Area of Application)
Title
Source

The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n corresponds to the major areas of appli-

cation as described in Volume I of t h i s report. The code numbers
have been assigned,as follows:' < N,

Code Mo. Majox- Area of Application ,,

1 Dams and Reservoirs
2 Tunnels, Shafts and Pipes
3 Foundations and Related.Appli-
cations
4 Anchors, Tiebanks and P i l e s
5 Structural Applications
6 Special Applications (Fepair,
Instrumentation, Strength
Reduction)
7 General Reference or Reference
• j Dealing with more than One
Application •q
The references are l i s t e d alphabetically. Using simple
search routines, i t i s possible to retrieve the information
BLANK PAGE
c l a s s i f i e d corresponding to the 7 categories. The replacement
of the coding system on the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n card by a move so-
phisticated one w i l l make a more detailed information -x itrieval
possible. The user can thus t a i l o r the coding and information
r e t r i e v a l to his s p e c i f i c needs.
 3

AUfHUkl AAST^UP. A.
1 DAMS AMI) WIStWVOIWS
rilLt! Ht^'CFOSSEN - A SWEUISH POwE-iPLANT BUILT UN NON-HE 51 STAN i' -<OCiS
bUlJWCt: fWAN'i. / TH Ihl CU'IGW ON LAWLit UAMS HOME )9bl V l! P

AUIHOWS AtfK/MMStN.W.i EOLJNU. L»

1 OAMS AND PESc.HVUfl<S
nut: HOUMMMON GHUJTlNw AT hit. HACiWEN OAM
SOUHChS PPUC 9Irt INT COUGW ON LAKUt DAMS *UME I4bl V H PP (»73

AUTHOR: AdUtfAWA.TAHMt l_A«It4» A H i H.

1 UAMS AND (VtStlWOIkS
Tllt.t: DESIGNS AND ME'tH./JS UF CONS I'rtUC I ION OK T-Ht HIGH-i ASrfAN DAf ,,
SOUPCE: UROC, HTH INT CONG* ON LARGE OAMS EDINBU^GH. I9f,4, V III ^ ulb-
, M14 3

AUfHOMi AdU wAFfl« T.

I OAMS AND ^tlStWVOIKS
rilLt! FJELU TESTS cu-? 0-<OUT 1NG NILE ALLUViALS UNDER THt ASWAN HIGH DAM
SOURCE! T^NS / f M J N r CONJK CN L APOt DAMS. HOME lVbl V H P 14 1 - £ i

AUfHUKJ AHU dAF A • I.A.J LALlri. A.H.

1 /JAMS AND PESEWVOfWS
TIILcS THfc. GPE AT GROUT CJMTAIN UNDtP I HE HIGH ASWAN UAM
souwct; Vkue. 9TH INT CCH„>* ON LAHGE 'JAMS. ISTAMBUL 196.7 v I p i>io-iryd

AUThUH: ABU XAKA. T.» LAUIb. A.

1 DAAS AND NESEWVOIPS
TIlLtJ Mtw •TECttfJlOUir.S APPLIED TO frid UtSIGN AND CONSTKUCTlON OF H t
HIOH ASrfAN UAM
SOUWCt: THANS 10TH CUNGk UN LAPUE DAMb MONTREAL* 1970 V 0 P 7<t*-/bH

AUIHOK: AC*ENHE1L» A.C.; UUUGHt*rY. M.I.

,J TUNNtLS ANu Pl»ES '
SUUPCt: rtSCt J S O I L MFCH t-UUND UlV V 96 N SMI JAN 197!J PAPEW 704,?
^ <?b I -bl r

AUIHUH: ACKfc-v. KICHA^U C.J JUNES. JAC* C.

1 DAMS AND WEStk'/UlKs ..
TIILt: tUUNi>AT1 ON AND AdJTMfcNr IPtAlMtNT F0« ROCKFILL DAMS
SOUPLtS .ISLE J SOIL aIKCH FOUnU 01V V 9b N S.VlO OCT 197*! PAP N 930-9
J 101-3
, 'l I'
AUIHUK: A'lAfOV ICH. A.M. ', t ,
I DAMS AND Hkbth'i/UIKS '
TilLt: USE ' t)V nuoll iU^S ru I^PNUVt rnt PKUPtHTIES OF mOPTAPS A'VLld) ,
(•OW SOIL GROUTING IN UAM : FOUNUAIIONS
SOUKCfc : bTH CONG OM LAH(jE D A M S « lsS8 V IV P
 4

AUIHO-VS AI)AFOUVICH. A.N.S RFANSNTVI V.*.

7 BTNFH*<L« M»><6 I HAN U N F APPLICATION
TI LL.T : M E T H O D S OK OF I HT WKOPT.* F 1 F S OF > L S B U K E D HOCK
"ASSFC'I DY I N J E C T I N G S YN I rif- I 1 C K J ^ A / J KLSINS
SOUWCL » ^ O C <IND C O N G * 1 >11' S O C KOCIS MLLH WFC.LOKADT 1 4 Hi I HE ME 6 N 7 BP

AUInUPJ ADAMS. J.D.. KLY-1* T.w.

ANCKOK fj * nf»AC*S» AND PILLS
T 1 ILL ! A STUDY Of- ANCHOxAGtf F'OK ! *ANhrfISS1 UN T0wE-> FOljNDA HONS
SOUPCt: CANAUlAN GEOffcCH JiCAI. JOUPNuL. *• d9 <147*! P. fly

AUTHORS Al)AMs» J.I.

ANCHOWS. TIEdACKSt AND PILfcS
TI'ILT: GP0UTS1D-ANCHOR TRANSMISSION (OWTW FOOTINGS
SOUWCE: UNT OYJWO WFCS T V d\ N J L^Y P i-1

AUIHOP: ADAMS• J . I . J KL YM« T.TF.

ANCHOKS. TIFC.AACKS« A N D P I L L S
T I ILL • A S T U D Y OF A N C H O W A B T S KUH I K A N S M 1 S B ! U N T O W E « FOUNDATIONS
BOUHCE: CANADA GEOTFCHV J V 9 ( 1 9 FD) N 1 P HY-LU<»

AUTNUWi AIKENi U.G.

l.UAMS AND HtSE^VOlKS
TMLL: F O U N U A F 1 ON PRTODLTMS AT *AI}KAGAMHA DAM
SOUMCE: P P O C 8 T H I N T CONG-* ON L A P G E DAMS T U L N T J U P G H 19B<+ V 1 P- UOV-LL'JL

AULHOFC! A INSWO^TTI. OONMIT L.'» S U L L I V A N * DLLLY K.

1 MOWE T H A N ONE APPLICATION
TLUT:, EOUA 7 1 ON O F S T A T E S T U D I E S OF LLORTT ROCK T Y P E S AND OME POCK-
M A T C H I N G E P O X Y GK'OJT
50UPC6.: M>-BVR J B T CF'STI
'SfcP SIV

AUTHOW: AIICIN. P..C.

I BLNEKAL. MOWT T H A N ONE APPLICATION
1IRT.T: F R E E Z I N G B E H A V I O R OF G R O U T S CONIAINKJG GRANULATED SLAG
SOUPCE: J A M E * C D N C P E T E L ^ S T V of fi o MAY I V ' U P «»13-17

AUTHOW: ALLAS». T.T.J SAV 1 NSKAYA » M.K,

J KOUNDATIJNS AND DELATED APPLICATIONS
TITLE: M E T H O D S OF E V A L U A T I O N A N D COND1UONS OF EFFECT OF THE
CONSOLIDATION SPUJTING
SOUPCT: M D W O T E K H S T T F O I T V LL NOV LV/Z P

AUTNOH: ANDTPSDN, KI.T.J ICCA^KEP. I.G.

D TUNNTLS AND P I P T S
TITLK! C H E M I C A L C O N S O L I U A T I O N I N A M U F C D FFLCE T U N N E L
SOUPCT: P P O C . * A P I D E X C A V A T I O N AND TUNNTLLNG C U N F . * CHICAGO.
H 7 2 . VOL. I . 31B-J2S>
 AUIHOWS ANNt T1 » S.*.
rt TUNNtl.S UN.) r»l-»ts
r 1 11.1 ; C m £ MI CrtL A NO 3 I CAL ASPECTS Uh CLOUTING POTASH WINf SHAMS
SOWH>Ct : CAM MIN S MKT V bd N hot JULY lSlfa^ ,» 715-21

AUIhUK! ANONYMOUS
AUCHOP*. T 1 £d ACK b » A ML1 'ILLS
Tt ILL! AOHtSlON bUNO ( NG
SUIJUCES AO- 7f> J dOO MTiS
Ji/L 7.1 V5P

AUlHOPS ANONYMOUS
r GENERAL» MO^t THAN ONE. /^PLICATION
TIILE: AUMIXTUWt'b FOK CONCPETt
SOUKCL: P^OCELOINOS. »C I • VOL • SI, 19b<+, HP. in-U«,

AUI HOP! ANONYMOUS

?. TUNNtLS AND ^J^ES
riFLt: ANNOTATtD BIBL IOG-<APHY ON StLLL'lEl) MINING S U H J E d S * EAPLflSlVES
DRILLING. BLASTINj, DUST COMfPUL, ELECTwlC JOCK aPE A<ING >
HARDNESS KEDUC£Wb. I Nf U'D I Oiv dL AS T ING O- COAL. NUCLEA* B L A S T H G
TUPdODPILLlNG. LA*GE HOI.E EJOPINIJ FOP SHAPfS ANJ fUNNfLS»
G*OURINO
SUUPCE: UCSM-A V fal N 2 APP 1960 1<WP

AUIMUH: ANONYMOUS
GENEPAL, MOKE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TllLt: rildLlUGPAPHY ON C L M E N T GPOUTINb. StCuNO PPOGPtSS WEPOPT
SOUkCE: ASCt J SUlL MECH rOUMO 01 V JULY l'yfcj P^OC 3b 75 P

AUTHUW: ANONYMOUS
GENEKAL, MOHE THAN OMt" APPLICATION
TIILt! rtllUMEN EMULSION JSED FOR SOIL 1NJEC TI ON,bf , IT
SOUHCt: GROUND fcNGNO.« V<B, N3, 1V7J, P. 20-22 < W 7 J *1S60)

AUIHOP: ANONYMOUS
OAMS AND Wfc'.SEKVOIKS
TIILT: dOYSEN UAM ANC PUWEP P L A N T
SOURCE: U.S. J E H T . OK Tht INTEPIUi?, 0UPEAU OF PhfCLAMATION, TECHNICAL
PECOPD OF OEblGN ANO CONSTRUCT ION DENVER, CO.
P.

AULHUP: ANONYMOUS
D TUNNELS AND P I P E S
TIILt: ^OkE UUu IN iVf r a JIL K O L L O w S T U L C ^ Y PATh
SOUPCE: CONST* ML T H AN) T.JUL^. J U L FAF P L ^ O - ^ I F . I <*5-<*B

AUTHUH: ANONYMOUS
d TUNNELS AND PIPtS
TIILt: CEMENT GPUilJ 1N3 IN U . K . UNOtPStA COAL MINtS
SOUftCt: * IN MAG V 130 N 1 JAN IVlk « ifJ. d^
 6

AIJIMJKS FLNUNY'-lOU'I
T (ITNKWTTL • illrfc. TM AN ONt A->PL 1CA 1 1 0 ^
Tilt.Li Lc'lMIC AL uPOuT hkc.vc.NIS wAltP INFLOW
SUImCK! COLA-A. \Jt3f, H b d . P. lid. (1111*5)

AUMUPS uNONYVOUS
TUNNELS ANI) PIPES
TITl.tS CMtM(CAL UPOijT SHJwii Vl-O A I 1 L I I Y
SOUWCfcS ENGINEERING Nt'*S PtCOPO MAC Ji, 1 Vbd

AUTHOP: ANONYMOUS
TUNNcLS ANi) PIPES
TIFLtS CHEMICALL1 (j^OJltJ IO IsAl-tOUAKU lUNNtl. IW1VING
SOUPCES wGPLO CONSTRUCT IJN, JULY. 14s/

AUIHUK5 ANONYMOUS
i YUNMELS rf-ND PIPES
TITLES C'^OUTINU FOP ITALIAN TUNNEL
SOUPCE: TUNNELS AND TUNNELLING, NO V. -DEC» W / l ( P. <*\a

AUTMOKS ANONYMOUS
1 DAMS AND PtStPVOIPS
TIILcS THE CHICKAMAIJ&A P R O J E C T
SOUPCE: UNITED bT A TE'b IEN*ESSEt VALLtY AUTHORITY, TECHNICAL HfcPOKT NO. b
i<y<f2. m

AUTHOP! ANONYMOUS
H TUNNELS AND P I P E S
TIILt.: C L E A N I N G P U C . < F A L L . S I N THE TUCUMWENE" SNOPY IUNNEI.« if
SOURCE: / M T E p P U w E P , .J 1 1 * 1 9 7 0 . P . J 7 7 , J 7 9 <1971 rflO^S)

AUTHOP: ANONYMOUS
7 GENERAL« MORE THAN ONE A 3 P L L C A T I O N
TITLE: COLD W E A T H E P G P O J T I N G P R O B L E M SOLVED
SQUWCE: W E S T E R N M I N E * , V<* J , N I . 1 9 7 0 , P. (1971 »75<ITI)

AUTHOP: ANONYMOUS
I DAMS AND FOUNDATIONS
TITLE: CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE Oh THE. GPOUTED CUTOFF. ROCKY PEACH
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
AKMY tNoINEEw MA T EftwAYS EXPERIMtN T STA. VlCKSlJUPU MISS (OJBIOO)
SOUPCE : M)-7b2 B3<» NT IS
1 MAP 61 I

AUTHOP: ANONYMOUB
<F T U N N E L B ANO P I P L I
TITLE: I I SINTtOPATE'C) POCK SUCCESSFULLY STABILISED riY GROUTING
SUUPCE: I NGINEEPING NEwS RECORD MAK 19b<?
 7

AUIHOK! ANONy^OUS
1 DAMS AND rtt'StrtVOIxS
TITLE: RUT IKJUULAI PHOJLCI
SOUMCh : U.S.I. V. A. . . TCXM. wtP. NO. 10. P.

AUIHUK5 ANON i"40US

ANOUHi., rifcdACsb AND PJuEo
T I r L t: DOASFC'rr CLAIMS SUCCESS WITH MOKIAP PiLiNG
SOUWCt: Nf* CIV ENGW, INbfN CIV. ENG^S., NO. , 1973. <*JPP

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
d TUNNELS ANu PIPt.S
THLt: 0WIVK1G A DIFFICULT TUMNtL IN SOFT OKUUNDi *ALT]rtO*E
SUUWCt: ENGINEEHING NEWS HECOKO APtf 11. P blU-lb

AUIHOW: ANONYMOUS
i TUNNELS AND P I PI. 5
TlILt.' DRIVING HKIDGE PIVEW rUNNELt BRITISH CUIUMBIA
SOUWCt: ENG1NI.EK1NG NFCrfS -<ECOWO AUG lit 1 P ib9

AUIHO^: ANONYMOUS
2 TUNNtLS ANO PIPES
IlILt! Ok 1 V I MG OUEENS MlJTOwN TUNNC.L (NfC)
SOUreCt: ENGINt EKING NEWS -iECOKO JAN 19<m) P 5J-56

AULHOH: ANONYMOUS
7 GENERAL. MOrtt THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLt: OUTCH CUMM. GWOUIlNGt SOME NOTtS ON G., SIX YHS. EXPE-11 E^CE
SOURCE: FIPC-A, THEME <t* HAP. isib<i. P. 111-117 (1132b)

AUIHOK: ANONYMOUS
I TUNNTLS AN.) P I P E S
TIRLT: L P I N G H A M WOHK S T H T ON S H A F T O H I V I N G AND GROUTING'. 2F
SOUWCT: ( W O U N D T-NGNG» <Jbt N 3 . 19/2» P . JO ( 1 9 / 3 , »137)

AUIHOW: ANUNYMOUS
£. TUNNtLS ANil PIPES
TITLt: EPOXY SEALS Lf-AKIMG SALT "lINE bHAF f
SOURCE: tNGINEtHlN'G NEWS -<EC0«0 NOV lb. 1965

AUTHOK: ANONYMOUS
D A ^ S AND NESERTVOIKS
TULT: EOUALUI^G KB.SE»VOlw DAMS AND I HE F E T D E * - CANAL
SOUKCE: OF THt INTEWIOFC, UUKtAU OF KFCLAMA H O N .
U . S . DEPT. TECHNICAL
WECO^U OF OtSIGN AND C O N S T K U C U U N OENVF;-?. CU.
P. 123. l'ib*

AUIHOK: ANONYMOUS
f GENERAL. MOHE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TI fLt: E XPtWl^ENT AL G^O'JI lNij OF w W E k G*AVtLS» FOLSON PKOJFCT, AMERICAN
-UVtK. SACKA-itNT J 01 ST
 8

SOUPU. : COPPS Of EN(j I NtfcP :>« AUoUbT 19d1. SUPPLt^f-N f NU . I. fEri.o 1

AULMUH! AMONYMOUb
1 J A M S AND PFSE*VOTWS
TIlLt: TM£ FO'NTANA P^OJtCT
SOUPCL: 0.5. T.V.A.. TECH. WEP. MO. 12. W a D . P. J/1

AOTRTUK: ANONYMOUS
1 DA'-'S AND KE.SEPVOIPS
TIILt: r HE. F U-JT LONDOM PPJJECI
SOlJPCt : UNITED STATES TENNESSEE VALi.E 1 AUTMOPITY. IECM'J 1CAL wF.POwT NO.11
2 * 6 . 19*V

AUlHOH: ANUNfMOUS
2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLt: FJPT PECK DAM TOUAY - GrtOUUNCj IUNNELS
SUUPCE: ENGINEERING NfcrfSP t C O A U o 20. l43e> ~

AU T HUk: ANUNYMUUS
1 DAMS AND PESEPVOIKS
TITLE.: FUN. EXPEPIENCcS. TENN. VALLEY AUTHORITY
SOUPCt: IPANSACTIONS ASCt. VOL. 10b, 19*1. P. 6hS

AUfhOP: ANUNYMUUS
I FOUNDAT1JNS AND PtLATEU APPLICATIONS
TITLE: FUUNDAT10N GROUTING: FIELD TtCnNIUUE AND INSPECTION
SOUKCE: CORPS OF ENG[NEERS. U.S. ARMY LNbP MANUAL AUG 1963
rM ill0-2-3S03 l^P

AUTHOP: ANUNfMOUS
3 FOUNUATIUNS ANU RELATED APPLICATIONS
TIfLt: FOUNOATUON GKOJTIMG: PLANNING
SOUPCt: CORPS OF ENGINEERS. U.S. ARMY tNGP MANUAL' JULY 1966
r K 1110-2-JS01 o>4P

MJThOP: ANONYMOUS
TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLE: G £ y 1 P G W A S S E R E 1 M F L J S S E dtlM b F O L L E N O A U
SOUPCE: J I N T S U E F O P IOC<. M E C H A N I C S V 1 N * OEC 1969 P 2()/-2<F0

AUTHOR; ANONYMOUS
1 OAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE! GEOLOGY AND FON TREATMENT. TENN. VALLtY AUTHORITY PflOJECT
SOUPCE: TECHNICAL REPORT SO. 22. VSGPO. 19*9

AUlHUR! ANONYMOUb
d TUNNtLS ANO ^IPES
TIILt: OROUT HOLDS FISSUREU OtbPIS WHILE T U N N E L GOES THROUGH
SOURCt: ENGINEERING \fcrfS P E C O K U JUL J » 1 9 * 2 P 41-<T2
 9

AUTHUH: ANOr- r^ous

SPtClAL APPLlC ATIOWS. H t ^ U S i t f C.
T1 I Li.: G^Oi. I Ml AER
SUUKCL : MJN. MAG,,. V125» Wl» 1971, P. S9 (1972 »3S3)

AUIHUK: ANOI-WMOUS
2 TUNNULS AND P I P T S
I U L L : G * O U T P I P E S S U P P O R T T U N N E L I N H K A C T O K E O ROCK
SOUWCE: ENG N E * S >*EC V 1 9 1 N 2t> OEC 2 0 1 9 7 3 P 3 6

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
t> STRUCT URAL APPLICATIONS
T1 T Lt.! G^OUTED-IN DRILLING STEEL Sfc-^VtS AS TIERAC*
SOUrfl.t: CONSTRUCTION M£TrioDS AND EUUIPMtNT, OCT. b6 PP. ri2-B13

AUTHOR! ANON if MOUSi

.» FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED AKPLICAT1ONS
Til Lt 5 GPOUTINO CHECKS FON. VIBRATION
SOURCE: t.N(jINEEKING NEWS RECORD: OCT. 2 2 . 19<*2, PP, 95

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
7 OENtRAL, MOPE THAN ONF APPLICATION
TI T L t! GROUTING OESIGM AND PRACTICt
SOURCE: CONSULTING GEM OCT 1969 ^OH

AUTHOR: ANUNYMOUS
b SPTCLAL APPLICATIONS. KE = 4 H S I ETC.
TITLE: GHOUTING FOR CONTROL OF UPUUNDWATEK
SOUPCt: MCJO-A, JAN. 19b2, P. H'f-bb (79b)

AUTMOP: ANONYMOUS
2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLt: GROUTING FOR ITALIAN TUNNEL
SOURCE: TUNNELS AND fUNNELLlNG V3, Nb» 19CI. P . (1972 #3<+9)

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS .
?. TUNNtLS ANO PIMtS
TITLt: 0W0UT1NG TUNNEL LINING ON AU'UtUUCT
SOURCE: ENGINEERING NEWS RECORD JAM 1, 1912 P 19-21

AUTHOP: ANUNrMOUS
7 GENERAL, MOPE THAN ONE APPLICATION
T 1 H.t: GUIDE, SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHEMICAL GROUTING
SOURCE 5 JSFt-A, SM2 MAR okJ PAP 5b30 P J>+b-3b2

•v ' '''"v L.-..

AUIHOW: ANONYMOUS
b SPtClAL APPLICATIONS, E TC. ''"'"C-'
TITLE: H.b. ROBINSON P L A N T , UNIT 2. ,S"l"d.vjlHCANT tVENT: DEFLECTION OF
MAIN STEAM LINE btlSMlC KESIRAINT W - L RESULTED IN LOOSENING OF
A SMALL AMOUNT Of GROUTING ARUUND RtSTRAINT ANCHOP PLATE AND,.
 1 0

Mi -5AL IGNMtNT OF rdSIPAINT

SOURCE ' Jl)C*ET-bO<?hl-JOO MUS.
t JAN JP

AUTHUW: ANONYMOUS
TUNNtLb ANi) PIPES
Ti rLt i HEAVY GROUTING S UPS TUNNEL WAIE-V F L U *
SOURCE: ENGINEERING NEWS -JECOKU JUM d d , 1939 P tidb-dti

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. WK^AlRi, tie.
T l ILtS AN INVESTIGATION JF SANDED G^UUl USING MANUFAC TlJRED SANLJS
SOURCE: MISCELLANEOUS PAPER NO. b - 1 9 a , COrVPS OF ENGRS. WAT-IRWAYS EXP ATZ

AUTHOR: ANUNVMOUS
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. KF ^A IR 5 ETC.
TIILt: J E T G R O U T I N G , NEW C E M E N T A T I O N ITCHNU'UES
SOURCE: SMLJ-A V 1<+ N FERI LYTOJ P ^C'J-^D^

AUIHOW: ANONYMOUS
DAMS AND PESERVUIRS
TITLE: LONG LAKE DAM AND MAIN CANAL
SOuRCt: U.S. DEPT. OF TH£ INTERIOR, HUKtAU OF RECLAMATION, TECHNICAL
RECORD OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION DENVER, CO.
P. 30. 19SS

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: MOLE DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION 19^0-1 94 f . ORAFT OF REPORT
SOURCt: AD-712 SSS CFSTU

AUIHUH: ANONYMOUS
7 GENEKAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TIlLt: NEW PKESSURE GROUTING METHODS IN FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND
SOUPCE: TIEFBMU V 9 N 3 MAR 1967 P 167-9

AUThOw: ANONYMOUS
<* ANCHORS, TIEbACKS AND PILES
TITLE: NOW: GROUT-FILLEO TIMBER PILES
SOURCE': 3AILW TRACK STRUCT V 69 N d f t B 19/J P 28-29

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TIILt: 0«SULLIVAN DAM
SUIJRCE: U.S. DtPT. OF THE INTERIOR, BUKtAU OF RECLAMATION, TECHNICAL
->. 33» 19S4
RECORD OK DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT 1 O.N DENVER, CO.

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
2 TUNNELS AND PIPES
TITLE: PNEUMATIC PLACING OF TUNNEL LINING SAVES GROUTING
 1 L

SUUPCt: -iNGlNEtRING Nt.WS -U.COWU UC I bt 1^32 P 10^

AU fHOP : / ANONMUUS
ANCHORS. rihlACKS. ANO <^1LLS
J
TIILt: (1LE S T AK t HPITISH MI Lt «Iu TO bAGHUAD
SOURCES WOUisO ENG. -> MO. 2. PP. 3*-3S

AUIHUR: ANONYMOUS
G6.NEKAL, MORFT TMAN ONE A J P L I CA R I UN
TITLt: RRESSURt oROUTINu KINE FISSUPEb
SOUPLE! « A T ERW A 1S E XrE R1MtNT STAIION, UCT. 19Sb, CORPS OF ENGINEERS.
I.S. ARMY, V IC<SdJRO. Ml >S. » T L C H M C A L PEPOPT NO. 6-^37, 19s6

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
1 OAMS AND PT.'SEP VO I R S
TITLE: PRESSURE GROUTINU OF TRIE AL T X A H T G L I BH OAM. LONOONDEPPY
SUUPCE: JWEN-A V 6 9 N I 2 / P 21-22

AUFMUR! ANONYMOUS
2 TUNNtLS AN ) P IPES
TIILt: 'RESSURt REQUIREMENTS FUR CUNSUL1 DAT I UN GROUTING APOUN ) PRESSURE
TUNNELS
SOiJPCE: <YOPOTEChnICA|. CONSTRUCTION N 9 StPT 70 P ft}7-89

AUIHUR: ANONYMOUS
ANCHURs. TIEbACKS, ANO PILtS
J
TI1LE: P £ S S U P I ZED GROUT A N C H O R S TIE-TFACIVS
SOURCE: WEST C O N S T R N B U L NOV 1W0 P 3J-4.

AUIMOR: \NONYMOUS
TUNNtLb A N ) PIPES
TITLt: -"PESTRt-SS ING Or THE LINING OF A HYUROTECHNIC TUNNEL IK A
'•MTFPUohT «OC< M A S S BY G R O U T I N G
SOUPCt: -^DC* M C.CHAN I CS. J I N T SOC FOR RUCK M E C H , V I N 1 JUL 6 V p 71 -3B

AUIHOK: ANONYMOUS
TUNNELS ANO P I P E S
TITLE: -VODUCriON UP. COST UOwN JACi\tltO PIPE FOLLOWS MULE
SOUPCE: ".UNSTP M£TH uND tJUl a Vsl (lvb*) NS P

AUIHUP: ANONYMOUS
TUNNLLS AN > RI^ES
TITLt: -'POGPESS REP'JPT Jf" THE fAS* COMMIT Ttt ON CEMtNT GROUTING OF THE
.OMMITTEE ON GROOI 1 NG Of THe. SOIL MECHANICS ANO FOUNDATIONS
.'IVISION
SOURCE: »SCE J SOIL MECM J l v . APR O2 PROC 309a P *9-9H

AUIHOP: ANONYMOUS
TUNNtLb AN • ^I PES
TIlLt: "AIL EMPAN<MLNTS bT AblLlsEU riY bROUllNG
SOUPCE: I.POUND ENGNG. V 6 . N*. Iy/3. R. SO (lv/3 #1<.32>
 1 2

Aljinuw: ANONYMOUS
<• a^CHUKst TfFoACKS, AND PILcS
TIKE: wK»OJT AbLfc IROUmu A'«)CrtU*^ jSE'J ON U.K. JOBS, bf
SOURCE: iv'UUND tNGNO. V J, NJ. P. d<*-c f (l'/70

AUlHOR: ANONYMOUS
2 TUNNELS ANO kIPES
TlfLE: K t P A j w l N O OLD COMCwETE L I N I N G UN RAILROAD TIJNNEL
SOURCE: ENGINEERING RECORD NU \l 2 b , l^dts P o6S

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
7 GENERAL. MO^E T H A N U N F A I C A T L J N
Tutu: REPORT Oi- INVESTIGATION Of- CHFC.M 1 CAE GwOuTS FOrt ROCK BONDING.
REPORT 1. EVAt. JAUOIM OK Tnt EFhtCT1VENtSS OF LPOAY PESIN AND
POLYESTER RESIN IJ STHtNGTHEN hrfACTUWEO GRANITE AT NORAD C.O.C.
AKM Y ENGINEER 31 I R 1 C T OMAnA NEti* U U 3 7 1 0 )
SOURCE: AD-692 BS4 Cr'ST 1
JUL ^3 v3P

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
/ GENERAL. MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TIILt: REPORT OF INVESTIGATION UF CHEMICAL GROUTS FOR ROCK BONDING
.REPORT I I . I n J E C I I O N OF EPO*Y Rt SIN TO STRENGTHEN FRACTUREJ
GWANITE AT NORAD C . O . C .
SOURCE: ARMY ENGINEER D1S1R1CT OMAHA NttW ( 4 U J / I O )
MAR 64 213P

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
1 DAMS ANO RESERVOIRS
TIILt: . R E V I E W OK S O I L S D E S I G N C U N ^
SOURCE: A N A L Y S I S TJLAKELY M O U N T A I N D A M , ARKANSAS ISOFT, TECHNICAL REPORT
MO. 3 - 4 J 9

AUIHOR: ANONYMOUS
F> S P E C I A L APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS ETC.
TITLT: - I G I D PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE FOR AIRFIELDS
SOURCE: AT1: SEPT o7: S7
:S>45? TK: 1 J 4 : 4 * 4

AUTHUR: ANONYMOUS
d TUNNtLS AN; I P I P E B
TITLE: - I VER G R A V E L S O L I O I F 1 T O FOR TIRLLISH TUNNEL
SOURCE: T N G . N E * S RECO-JDS VOL- PT. 2» L<+ N O V . 1957,. PP. 5 8 - 6 0

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
2 TUNNtLS ANI) PIPES
TITLE: "IVEW TUNNEL IN tNbLANO MADE' DKY bY GROUTING
SOURCE: fc NGlNEt_HlNG NEWS RECORD MA* 2 4 , i*yj<! P 430

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
<* ANCHORS, TIEBACKS* AND PILtS
 1 3

TITLT! h/UC< ANCHOR!: F OP u'_ASGUW MOTORWAY, 2F

SUUH'Lt ' GROUND t.NGN(-, V3t Nb. 19/0, P • 3", (19/1 9661 )

AUTHOR! ANONYMOUb
2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
Tlllt: 5>'f VtP'>i"rtYt_C \HLE TUNNtL. SF
SOURCt: CIV ENGN& PIML WORKS, RtV Vbb, N772, NOV 1970, P. lJjl-1313
(1^71 «1US6>

AUTHOR! ANONYMOUS
3 FOUNUATIUNS AND PtLATtO APPLICATIONS
TITLE: SI* LANt TUNNEL bl TS ON SAt<S UF GROUT
SOUPCt: ENGINEERING NFWS RECORD NOV 9, 1967 P 11K-05

AUTHUR: ANONYMOUS
2 TUNNELS AND P I P E S
TiTLt: SOFT GROUND AND LINING *DRK ON OWYHEE PPOJECT TUNNEL
SOURLt: ENGINEERING NE*S RECORD JON t> 193b P H0<+-07

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
3 FOUNDATIONS AND RtLATEO APPLICATIONS
TITLt: SPECIAL GROIJT 3AGS ACT Ab FORMS ANU RIPRAP
SOURCt: RY TRACK S T R O C T V 67 N <r Ftd 19/1 P 20-U

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
TUNNtlS ANO J IPES
TITLE: STEEL SHEF.T PILING CARPIES TUNNtL THROUGH FAULT
SOURCt: ENGINEERING NEwS RECORD mar 10, 1*32 P 361-6*

AUTHOR: ANUNYMOUS
TUNNELS ANU P I P E S
TITLE: < STORM-RELIEF SEWER DEA TAILS, DAYTON OHIO
SOUPCt: ENGINEERING N E W S RECORD OtC 21*, 1931 P 1007

A U I H O P : -> ANONYMOUS
3 F O U N D A T I O N S AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
TITLE: StJdbURFACt GROUTING OF A HObPIlAL SITE
SOURCt: ENGINEERING NEWS RECORD? FEtf. 9, 1*505

1
AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS ' \ j
TUNNELS AND PIPES ' "
TITLE: SUtiwAY CAISSON WALLS TRIM TIMt, CREW COSTS
SOURCt: CONSTR. METH. A. tOUIPM. 52 (19/0), .NO. 9, PP.

AUTHOR! ANONYMOUS'
TUNNELS AND PIPES h
TITLE." TAfVdtLA DAM, WORLD'S LARGEST CIVIL LNG1NtERLNG PROJFCT EMriANK
MtNT TJNiMEL GPOUflNG
SOURCE: INT CUNbTtfUCTI ON J / NOV 1 Vbd P 3 J—'t1*
 All! HOW! ANONYMOUS
h SPEC I AL APPLICATION^. ^ f ^ H s . fc 1 C .
TITLt.: TESTS OF SAN i)6 J GROUTS* INFLdtNCE OF MANUFACTURED SANDS AND
AIJMJXTUKES ON ^UM-JArilL] I Y. A WJ EVALUATION) OF A CUNCWE It ' M I At W
AKMY ENGINE!:* nlA 1 i^WAYS EAPe.>UMtNl STA. V 1 CK SrtUPlj MISS (OJtilOO)
SOUPCt: *0b NT IS
0( F SH <J8P

«UIHOP: ANONYMOUS
/ utNEKAL, MOPE THAN ONF. APPLICATION
TITLE! TH.-vEF. CLASSED OF PWESSUPE G-<i)UIJ.NG USEDriY UN I TFL) STATES tiJKEAU
PH.Cl AMAT ION IN CONSIPUCTIMO LArfOE UA'^S
ijOUWCt : ] 16:5-49. 561. 365 (lS'Sl)

AUMUP: ANONYMOUS
d TUNNELS AND ^ I P E S
TITLE: . , TOUGH TUNNELING AT LEAUVILLE
SOUPCE: EC-OLNEEWINO MEWS 4ZCUH0 M'IT IV^S P J1J-1K

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS
TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TIT Lt: TOUGH fUNNEl. TO CHEMICAL OKOUUNG
SOURCE: EN&INEEPING »ifl.vs -4EC0PD A*! <?9« I

AUfHOw: ANONYMOUb
d TUNNtLS AND PIPES
T'llLtt TUNNEL bKOUTING uf COBBLE MUUNIA1N
SOUPCt: ENGINEERING NEWS VECUKO DtC 31» 1SIJ1 P 1037"3y

AU1H0P: ANONYMOUS
d TUNNtLS AND ^IPES
TI1LL! TUNNEL LOOPF.D JNU-^P A FAULT, LlNlNO PRACTICE"
SOUWtE: ENGINEERING nE^S -ftCURD AUG 193/ P

AUIHUP: ANONYMOUS
d TUNNtLS AND PIPES
T I I Lt: TUNNEL TPOlJt<Lt S
SCUWCT: TNGINEEWING N<- "<S -(ECOHU OCT LRT, 1 9F>2

AU1HOP: ANONYMOUS
2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLt: TUMNELL1NG A >(ATtR-BEAR ING FAULl BY CEMENTATION
SOURCc.: ENGINEERING NF.^S RECORD MAY jU», 19*9 PB7<+

AUfHUH: ANONYMOUS
TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLt: TUNNELLING SHIELD BEAIS SOFT GROUND CONDITIONS. bF
SOUr<CL: GROUND LMGNG. « NO > i JU, H. lri»!9 !!9/j «1S1>

AUTHUP: ANONYMOUS
TUNNELS AND PIPES
 TIlLtS UNDER JAM OP OvfcR SUHWA F • C'ltMJCAL GPOl/T PLUGS LEAKS
SOURCES fc NG INttR I NO NEWS RECORD 146.3

AUTHOR! /JNUNMOUS
TUNNELS ANU P I P E S
TITL.t.: UNDEPWATTR S H A F T S CONNECT TW I N J J N N E L S « IF
SOUPCT: C I V E NO PUTTL VKOPK') P E V Vb/ N f / l J A N 1 9 Id P.6V*
(1972 hUJll)

AUMOP: ANONMOUS
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, P E ^ A H S , M C .
TITLt: VlbhrtTIUN PES I ST ANT bRUUIlNa
SOUPCE! WESTERN HlNtR. V-13, Ht>« lV/O, P. b9 tls>71 <iZbdl)

AUIHUP: ANUNYMOUS
1 OAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLC.: THE * A T T S B A P P R O J E C T
SOUPCE: U.S. T.V.A., TECH. P E P . WO. VI P. <?bb

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS ARCTIC CON^TRuLTlON ANO FROST EFFEC1S LAB BOSTON MA,
b STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TllLt: "OLE ORttlNAC-E INVESTIGATION huo-lV't/ DRAFT OF REPOPT
SOURCE: AD-71C bSS Cf-STI
JIJN 10 1M

AULNOP: ANONYMOUS APMY ENGINEER WATT-'TFAYS EXPR1«E'NT STATION, VICKSRIORG

I DAMS A N D RESERVOIRS
Miss.
TITLE: REVIEW UF G P E K P S PEPPY UAM UTSLON
, SOOPCE: A D - 7 * 9 9 S H NT I S .
J U N R>3 1*P

AUIHOR: ANONYMOUS CO*"-ON «t. AL TH hOISOM CO.. CHICAGO, ILL. IOWA-ILLINOIS

J FOUNUA f I JNft ANU RELATEi) APPLICATIONS
AND ELEC1P1C CO., DAVCNPORI, IOWA.
TlTLt: OUAu-CITIts STATION, 0N1TS 1 ANU 2, PRELIMINARY SAVKTY ANALYSIS
*tPUKT, AMtNoMENT lb, SUPPLtMtNIAR1 INFORMATION TO FOUNDATION
GROUTING (uMtNJMtNT .-J I
SOURCE! OOCKF T - B U ( ? S > W * WI 1S
In NOV 70 .JO^

AUlHUP! ANONYMOUS HALI -iUn TUN CO. . DUNCAN 0*LA.

SPtCIAL APPLICATIONS, RF J A I PS, t i c ,
TITLE: NEw ^lNE StALlMG TECI-INI.JJLS KUK A I E R POLLOTION ABATEMENT
SOUPCt: f-i-l^tt 73b vTIS
MAR fU 17 Tr

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS H/IL L . 1 RIJRTON BTPVLCTA, DUNCAN, 0*LA.

d TUNNELS AND PJH>ES
TITL.t: O^OU T I NO OF HORIZONTAL HOLtS IN COALrftU?
 1 6

SOlWCtS NfTS
u MA Y U <4lP

AUlHUR! ANO/MYM'JUS. .JAP ANfc.SE NATIONAL RAILWAYS, TOKYO JAPAM. rHILwAY

TtCHNlCAL RESEARCH I N S I .
ISSPtCAAl APPLICATIONS, WK-'AHS. LIC.
' T II Lt! I'/UAt* TERL Y KEPORT*! RAILWAYrc-CriNlCAL RESEARCH INST V 12 M 3 19/1
SOURCE ! ph'-ZOH <4V> NT [a
SEP n 62P

AUlHU*: ANUNYMOUS OA'> i'I'/'JE NATIONAL I, A tJ.. TENN„ (263 0^0)

V) STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
Tint:, PROTECTION OF, pRt STRESS! -4G STEELS. TOPIC 1J. NOTES ON SOME
JnL E OF PR:. S T Rt SsED OONCREIt .
SOURCt: P H - m n o l T CFSTI
1969 JlnP

AUTHUW: ANONYMOUS. OCF. ANOjHAPMIC: INST Oh WASHINGTON SEAT 1LE

S STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TULt: MUOii I No IN 8A~,ALriC ROCK
SOURCE! AfJ-709 CFsTI
JUL 70 1?P

AUTHOKT ANONYMOUS SVERCJR'JP AND PARCEL AND ASSOC., INC., ST. LOUIS, MD-
2 TUNNELS AND PIPES
, TITLE: CUT AND COVER TUNNELING TECHNIUUES. VOLUME l'. A STUDY OF THE
'' STATE OF ,THE ART
SOUPCE: >^>'-222 997/9 'iTIS
Fi H 73 -i9 7P-> j

AUTHOR: ANONYMOUS SVt'i-'JRUP ANO PARCEL AND ASSOC., INC., ST. LOUIS, MO.
2 TUNNtLS ANO PIPES
TITLE! CUT-AHD-COVER TUNNELING TECHM10UES. VOLUME 2. APPENDIX
SOURCE! Pt^-222 998/7 MTIS
ff b 73 - 160-Mi ''
\S
AUTHOR: ANONYMUUS. TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INST, COLLEGE STATION
i STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE! H E. A (,. H SA'VJO AS A CONS TWUC Ti ON MATERIAL
S SOURCE: PM-1-JU b2^ CFsTI
i 9b9 M"*

AUTHOR: AMTON. w.F.i iloYTON, D.J. .

D'^S AMD RtSLRVOlwS
T! (Lt! , CAMANCHE D YKr 2 SLURRY TRENCH SEtPAGE CUT-OFF
iiJRCE! ASCE S^EC i AL Tr CUNF PERF ORMANCt OF EARTH AND EARTH SUPPORTED
ST RuCTOrtES .M\i£ l-J/2 PUPOOE U'Mj.v LAFAYETTE IND V 1 PT 1

AlTHOP! AMriPASEVs, N . N .
f GtNERAL » MOKE THAN ONE A'PPLIC'A riUw
 nut: Cijr/jFl- KKMCittNC/ Or GPOU f CURlAlNii ANO SLtJMkr' I BENCHES
SOU«Ct: flours ANO O-1 III NO MUUS IN e.No PKACTICK* SYMP LONDON 1963

AUlHOR! AW(JIIM„LES» H,« dULLO» NAVALON. N.

I DAMS AND Pf.btPVOlKS
Tli'LBS CON TPOLE DO I P A 11 LMENT PMR l.NJtCUUN L)tS R O C H E S SCHlSTEUSSES
SOURCE: PR'jC I S T CUNGR IN T <iuC rOCIS MTCH 1966 L I S S O M P 62S-630

. AUIHOP! AH'JUELLES i H. El AL
1 GENEKAL f MUPt THAN UNE" A 3 P L 1 CA I I ON
TIILt: AMELIORATION DiS MASSIFS POCHtUA CPISIALL1NS PAP IJJECTION
SOUPCE: PROC« IST INT SOC ROCK MECH» I9bfe LISBON P 67S-679

AUTHOR: ARHlPPAlNEN, t'.

1 UAMS AND Rt S E R V O I R S
TIILt: s SU-IE NOTES ON Tut OESl'oN 01- GROUTED CUPTAlNS ON lH. BASIS OF
•v/'TtR PRESSURE TtSTS
SOURCE: TRANS IOTH INT CONGR ON L'AROE DAMS, MONTPEAL, 1970 v 2 P \SI

AUFHOP: APIS,
1 DAMS AIYD Rt SERVO] P S
TIILt: LES WAVAUA u'ETMChEMENT u£S ItPPAlNS AU BAWPAGE DE FOUM-EL-
GhlR^A •
SOURCE: PPOC bTrt INT CDNyR ON LARGt DAMS, PARIS 19S5 V I P 463-491

AUTHOR: APNOLO, w.J RfJTtR, F1 ; s n z , R * J G I O I , P H . ? L U F T H K E , J . F . ;

SINGER. L.J 0ITTR1CH. E . I l-JCHS,t«; M A L I . I S ' U . 5 FI EGEL.» K . H . ' J
IROEMEL. G.J hAPf^GPAF. H . 5 HOFL- , U . G . J G 0 L D M A N N , H .
TUNNELS AN.1 HIPES
TIlLt: SYMPOSIUM UErifR bCHACHTAdTtuFtN UNO INJF.KTIONSTECHNIK (SYMPOSIU
ON SHAFT S I N M N G ANU INJECTION TECHNIOUFS)
SOURCE: UE OERGdAUTfc CH V J N 4 APR 1V7J P 249-3db

AUTHOR: ARTHUR c H
I DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: FALCON DAM AND PUrfER PLANT
SOUPCE: U.S. UEPT. OF THE INTtRlOP, dURfcAU OF R E C L A M A T I O N , TECHNICAL
Rt.CORD OF OtSlSN AND CONSTRUCTION UENVFR. C0«
w. 3, 1-y^l

AUTHUR: UTHERTON, F.V.7., b'^PRETI.

2 TUMNtLS ANO PIRES
TIILt: THE HISTORY Uf- CtMENTATION IN SHAFT SINKING
SOUPCE: PROCEEDINGS OF Tit CONFERENCE UN SHAFT SINKING AND TUNNELLING
P. 34* 11939) .
;
'' 1
AUTHUR: ASKF T » A.
ANCHUPS, TIFdACKS, AND RlLr.b
TIILt: «OCK BOLTING -flirt POLYtSTtK RtalNS
SOUPCE: S Y M P POCK Mt'CH IN Hll>nw C O N S T k , U N I V NEWCASTLE-UFON-TYNE. U.<.
 1 8

APRIL IV/1 PL-TF

AU1HUHS .WxftPPlNI.fc'I.Ml'P*.« BArfdHV, UUNALD H.» SIRUCKMEYER, HENRY E.

1 DAMS AND < Pr, SEP.VU 1 RS
TIlLtS KOUNOA T1 ON T R E A I M L N T ^ U P EMAANRIMEN F D A M S U N ROCH
S U U P C E '•' SCE J ,SO I L MFCRI F O U N D U L V V 9TJ N SMLU OCT 1 P A P N 9274

• k I
AUIHORS AlHtRTON, K. 0,. oARRE IT, W.b.
2 TUNNELS ANI) P I P E S
TITLES THE H I S T O R Y UF CEMENTATIUN IN SHAFT SINKING AND TUNNELING
SOURCES P R O C E E D I Nb OK THt CONFtRLNCt ON SHAFT b I N M N G ANO TUNNELLING.
«-. . 1 9 4 1 9 D 9

AUTHORS A/EEMUDD1N. RF,.

I DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLES r'OUNDA T1 ON PROBLtMS AT KARNAFUL1 PROJECT, PAKISTAN
, SOURCES STh IN T CONGR ON LARGE DAMS, 19SS PARIS PROC. V IV P 119B-121/

AUTHURS WARHEDETTE, P . SA3APLY, F.

GENERAL. MORE T H A N O N E APPLICATION
TIiLc 5 R E C E N T S T U D I E S ANJ A P P L I C A T I O N S OF CLAY-CEMENT GROUTS
SOURCES PROC, I R O I N T CO>SR ON S O I L MECH AND F O U N D E N G , 1953, VOL 1 PP.
fj^-BB

F
AUIHORS TTARSTR^ E. J.
GENERAL, MOPE T H A N O N E APPLICATION
TITLE! THE U T I L I Z A T I O N OF P U L V E P I Z E D - F U £ L ASH
SOURCE: J INST FUEL V 4 3 M 3k8 JUN 1 9 / U P 4 - .

AUTHORS BARUUS, A.
2 TUNNELS ANO PIPES
TITLES I N C R E A S I N G THE S T A B I L I T Y OK MlNt OPENINGS BY GROUTING THE
SURROUNDING ROCKS, (RUSSIAN)
SOURCE: SACHTN0 STR0IT, LT>NL9V2) NO. D, PP. 1B-19

AUTHOR: dARER, C.N.S JR.5 KHAN, K.

3 FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED APPuICATIONS
TULtS CAISON CONSTRUCTION PPOBLEMb AND CORRECTION IN CHICAGO
SOURCE: J SOIL MECH K O U N U DIV ASCE V 9( N SM 2 P 416-440
FT H 19/1

AUTHOR: HAPLC.TT, J.V.: NUSKlEWICZ, T.M.; RAMSEY. J.Ao

2 'TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLES SDK T GROUND fUNNtL ING FOR THE IORONTO SUBWAY
SOURCE! -ROC I'V'BT OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, LUNDON, SF.PT 19FAS P 53-75

AUTHOR: MARRETI, MARF A .

/GENERAL, MOPE T H A N ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND ni'ORUGtN PRUOUCIION BY SHRINK RESISTANT
 L9

GROUTS IN c o N f i N t J PLACE;.
BURP.AU OH 1 (>< F s • WA SnING1 ON , O.C. (0bB4S0)
bUURCE: al<» Cf-ftf 1
JiJN 69 12P<>

AUTHOR: BARROSO, M.
GtNERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TIRE! CEMENT GROUT >1 ANO THE" I R LNFLUtNCE ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF
FISSURED ROC* MASSES
SOURCE: PROC. 2ND CONG. I Ml. SOC. ROC* MtCH. dE'LGRAOE 19/0, THEMt b,
NO.9, /

AUIHOR: BASTIAN, S.» I'WOENEW, 0.

GENERAL, MURE T H A N ONE APPLICATION
T11LE: INCREASING THE » A N G E OK G R U U T L N O ON THt B A S I S OF NEw PROPERTIES
OK C E M E N T SUSPENSIONS
SOURCE: BERG H A U W I S S . 17(19/0) NO. B, H P . J0J-J10

AUTHOR: BA2A\IT» Z.
ANCHORS, TIEdACKS, AND PILES
TITLE: COMPUTATION OF AsJCrtOPAbtS FUW DtEP O P E N CUTS IN SOIL
SOURCE: STAVBY H i (1*69) NO. //b PP. £ld29-29J

AUTHOR: BEALE, R.A.

2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
Tlll.t: DIFFICULTIES OVERCUME IN DRIVING CROSS HANDS WATER TUNNEL, WALES
bF . IT
SOURCE: TUNNELS AND TiJNNcLL I'MG, V*. (J, 19/2, P. J23-J27 (1972 w 1 +05)

AUTHOR: HFHPE, M . C .
TUNNtLS ANI) PIPES
TITLE: CHEMICAL GROUT STOPS WAltR
SOURCE: CIVIL ENGlNEE'PINo StPI 19hc:

AUTHOR: BTHRE» M.C.

2 TUNNELS AND P I P E S
TITLE*. PENNSYLVANIA — CHtMlCAL GROUT STOPS WATER IN PITTSBURGH
SOURCE: CE: SEP 62:44

AUTHOR: rtl-LLPORI. d.P.

DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: BURtAU OF PKCL AM^ 1 IOt) txPERlENCt I N S T A B I L I Z I N G EMBANKMENT OF
FONTEIMELLE F . W H JAM
SOURCE: I-POC'S, 9TH I N T ' L CUNG. O'VJ L.AROL DAMb. I S T A N B U L , 1967, V.L,
PP. b 7-69

AUTHOR: bENuINELL I • *A'_PH A.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, RtJ A i R b , EIC.
TIILt: PROJECT HUCKHf) APu, GROUT INU SUPPO*l
ARMY ENOINEFR wATERwAfS c.*PtRU'tNT STA. VlCKSBuRb MISS (OJBlOO)
SOURCE: AD- 75b 3SI) 'J T I S
APP 61 11"
 2 0

AUTHOR! Mfc NOINELL i • R . A . , bUwNfc.ll, W.L.

6 SPtClAL APPLICATIONS, ETC.
TI1LE! (-POUTING IN SU^PURT 0!• U'lOtRljRUUND NUCLEAR TESTING
<.^MY ENGINEER n/AlLWWAYS LAPtRlMtN T SIA, VlCxStiUPG MISS (03dl00)
SOUPCt5 323 NY IS
>\PR bl .3OP

AUlHUW! rlh NDINELL I t --.A., SULLIVAN, ».w

TUNNELS AN i PJPtS
TITLt: nONl) UF POK TL A MO-CtMEN T O ^ U U T 10 LARGE-UIAMETER STEf L CASING
<<PVY ENUINEEK WA fERWAYS EX Pc.R I MtN T STA. VlCKSbUPG MISS <03al00>
SOURCE ! 272 NT IS
OKC hi IVP

AUTHOR! -<tNi\0« K . F .
SPtClAL APPLICATIONS. HF j A1RS, tTC.
TITLE! ) N S T P U M E N U T ION IN POCK GROUflNij FOP POP T AGE MT.DAM
SOUPCE: wAPO-A, vl>>, MllN OCT. Iv6b, P. f07-'+lb ( 1 3 2 7 2>

AUTHOR: SFNKO. K.F.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TlILt! LARGE SCALE E ^ERIMENTAL POCK OROuflNb FOR PORTAGE MOUNTAIN DAM
SOURCE! PROC.. nTH IMT. CONGw. ON Lu-Vbt UAMS , EDINBURGH, 196^, V. I.

AUTHOR: dEN/, GtRHAP.i

b STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE! S U L F I T F SOLUTION A S dASt M A T E K I A L FUR CONCRETE GROUT
SOUPCE: HFTON STAnLbhTONdAU V s / N 12 UtC 19 72 P 279-2rt2

AUlnOP: PfOMOUTt. M.
3 FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED APPLICAT1ONS
TITLE: PRACTICAL t a A M0 L t S OF WAYS TO IMPwOVt UNS TABLt SLOPES AND
SOURCE: O H F . . IN FRt.NCn, PROC. 2 CJNF . INT. SOC. HOCK MtCrt. bELGRADE»
1471). ^3. PAP. 7. (19/1 *<*12>

AUThOP: rife'WNELL, L . , SHtHMAN, K.A.

1 UAMS A i t!) KESER V U I R S
TITLE! NUCLt«R PAUIATIO^ IN CUNSTRUCI1UN CONTROL OF EAPTH AND W0CKF1LL
i'JAV.S
SOURCE: P R O C ' ',>, INT'L COnF. O.N AOLL Mf.Cn. t> F O O N D . ENGRN., MEXICO,
19bv. <J.t!. ph. 2rfa-2^9

ATUHOR: *c«TRUM, ij.? .

b SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. wt^&IRa, tTC.
T I Tt E.: J'i E < ^ ^1 i M i N T A L I N / E ^ T - ' . A T J O N UF PROTECTIVE FILTERS
SuU^Ct: PUBLICATION NO. - i b 7 . SUlL MtCHANICS NO. 7 . HARVARD GrtADUATt
SCHOOL OF S - V ( , F ; . L ^ N
 2 1

AUI HUP: HetHAU^C^. A.

1 DAMS AND StKv/OlHs
niLt! STAHIl I^A r iUM A'u StALlNU ur EAWTh bTPUfTUPES dY MEANS OF
fnV'ju r i vu
SOURCE: ritf-sAU II. (ivbvj fjii. PH. ttil-do'J

AUTHOR: nF V ILACWIJA . V.
r1 TUNNtLS AN" i ^jHtS
T1 I L L : I»',RW»WT'*TNT O^ S O I L R«OPT.*M 1 E S : SOME CASE HISTORIES
SOURCE: 0TTC''J 1 <1 • > • / ! ) VO. L / D < P H . bb-6

rtUTHUH? "11L I ^ , MILAN

I IJA^S AN!) F O U ^ U A I IUUH
R I RLL! TnE INrLUt-JCc. OF ^-(OuIlNy ON FL YSCH RUCK PERMEABILITY
SOURCt: ^ U C . -OH INT. CU<J0H. ON LARGE D A M S , EDINbURGH, 19b<« 1 v.i
rr. /l/'/oi

AUTHUH": SlNMn i>.M., £ T , AL

I UAMS Arm ""t-.stKjuiris
TITLt: R^'T iiijKAPJ • V u . J i C i : Tut UUM
bOUKCt: '^OC. INS I. C W . dNG«S.« VOL. 1 » k. Id 1

AU I HUP S r« I .'MI-JI c". . U.M.. -T. AL.

1 DAMS AND RtSt*l/(M RS
TITLE! ("i \i.)«l>t, HKJJECI: 1><T FLOOU ULSPOIAL *ORISS AND THE GRUUTEL) CUT-
OFf- C'Wl&IM
souPCti oc. I.-OT. c 1V. LNGRS.; !<•? PH. LAI-DO^.; 1959

AUTHUN: cUS^O^. A . , V . . ET A L .
I DAMS AND ><tStRV01*S
TILE: T'LE DtVtLOHMtNT Of UPLIFT HWtSbUPES UOWNSTREAM OF A GROUTED CUT
OFF ! " . K l N o TMF IMPOUNDING OF Trie. StLSET RtSERVOIR
SOiJPCt: UHUUrs UNO DRILLING MUDS IN ENO. PRACTICE, SYMP., LONDON, 196j,

AUTHUK! H.J?.RW'.H, L « , TJRCJLAA, I.

1 UAMS AND KESt>VOlMS
TITl.t: CWOUTING OF I H£ LIMtSI ONt FOUi\UATION FOW THE APSTADDALEN DAM
SOURCE! NOR*t'Gl iiN uEo TECHNICAL iNSTIfUIL, P U B L I C A U O N NO. HO, 1966,
RP. JJ-JT

AUTHUK: TTLA.VIOS, N.Y,

GFNFRAL. MOKt. THAN o.^t APPLICATION
TITLT: RFI AI>H AH A •J/ZULTTN
SUU-Cti .IOUktjAL, A C I . 1931;, MAY

AUI^UR: r«L Al TEV, C.E.

OENtrtAL . MUrVc. THAN OWE A=Pt_lCAlION
TITIt: InvtSl IOATIOIMS OH IFF tPENl TYHLS OF CEmENT FOP G. PUPPOStS
SOURCE! CU>JF.. "i-uC. ^ M U I N T . LONF. SOIL MECM. FOUND. ENG., 19A8, V«+,
. ei.-
 2 2

AUIriLV: t!U!>U ANJVIC. OdtRMAN. r.

T TU'L-VTL. S A'4M ^LHLS
T 1 IL t-: i -vt A TrttNTOF PERMtAtlLt FISSURtS IN CONCRETE LININGS OF
>jf'Ot.KG-?UUN0 -ilRUCTURtS. IN StUrJO-CROA T I A
SOUPCT: ;« Y U G O S L A V . S Y M P J N R O C K MtCH . • J N J E R G R O U N D E X C A V . , 1972. 6F.
YUGOSLAVIAN SOC. ROC< MtCH. ONUtRORD. £*CAV.. PAP. M 4 i 1972.
( 1 9/.'j<*99fi)

AUIHUK: RIOUTT, J.M.. FCT. AL.

1 UAMSflN'JKfStPVJlhS
TITLE.: T«E OESION A.MU CONSTRUCTION OF AVON uAM
SOU^Ct: M-UCEfc' DINGS. ICE. JAN. 1959

AOIHuw: i^ObUSLOVSr's I I • V . 4 .
DAMS AND REStRVUIrtS
TI ILL: JSL OF Tht PtSl S I ANCt Mt THUD IN CONSTRUCTING GROUT CURTAINS
SOURCt : «r OrtOTECHNlC %L CO*IS TPUC T 10'V (TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN), NO. d<
u'ib. 1969. PP. b9 7-699

AOTHO^: dUGObLDVSKY. V.A.i U O L L V Y . A.A.

bENEhAL. MOH-t THAN ONF APPLICATION
T I T Lt: cLtCT"1 JMc. TRIC DtibcR V AT 1 DNS OF ANT IF ILTRAT IONAL CEMENTATION
LO-fTAl Nb
SOURCt.: oEJPHYS PROSPECT v 21 N 2 JON 19 73 P 296-314

AUlHOR! dOLOii^ES 1 » A . J . , MORETTO. 0.. PRONSATO. A.D.,

FOUNDATIONS AND RtLATED APPLICATIONS
TITLt: rifnAVlOK OF A SINGLE LINE GR0U1 CURTAIN
SOURCE: CO\F.. PtfUC. fiTH INT. COMF. SOIL MECil.. FOUND ENG. MONTREAL 1965
ve . P. '•Sb (4903)

AU TrtOI" : oON/EL. J.S J AIM S« J.

7 GENFKAL. MO«E TrtAN UNF APPLICATION
TITLt: Tht INFLUtNCE OF CEMENT ANU Tht PROPERTIES OF CEMENT SUSPENSIONS
ON THE INJECTION CAPACITY INTO LAKTH SOILS
SOURCt: HRETON OUbSELDORr" V2 (19 72) N J P 103-110! N 4 P 156-166

AUTHOR: dUUGaxO. J.F.; J A N I N , J .

2 TUNNELS AND PIPES
T TITLt.: "tTi-iOUs f 0 k ^ E V t N T I N G DECOMPRESSION OF SOFT GROUND DRILLING
SOFT G-?UUNU I UMNtL I Nb FO rt THE PARIS METRO
SOUPLt : P R O C d ^0 h A P I D EXCAVATION AMD IUNNELING CO.NF., SAN FRANCISCO
] 9 7<*

AUTMOP: -JOYCS. K . G . H .
7 GENERAL. MOWi THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLt: -itNTuNlU IN CONSTRUCTION
S0U*••<: V: C')-'HAC" J </ 232 (1969) N 4, 22 P dt>S-fci66« V 233 N 4723 P 29-30

AUTnOR! *<)YE->« R.w.rt.

7 GENERAL. MOnt THAN ONE APPLICATION
 2 3

T 1 I l.t: U Sc. S OK HtNlUNlTc IN CIVIL cNblNEt R I NG

SOURCE: P^UC M s l w ClViL I.NCS S2 (19/<f> MAY HART 1 • DESII-N CONSTR.
" e^-S!

AUTHOR: HRM.N. L-'.B.

TUNNELS A.M) R I P L S
TITLE: TUNNEL lNTtPmCt CROSSING SOLVtDttY SPECIALIZED CONSOLIDATION
SOOPCt: OH-OJNO tNu V S (I-y/21 N s P 14-^1

AUTHOR: bRlEiit. V.A.: r A 1 TEL *SON» L.A.

SRtClAL »PPL1CuTIUnS. Rf-.^AlRS, ETC.
T I TL.E: VICJRATIOIM V E L O C I T Y G R A D I E N T AS A K ACTOR D E T E R M I N I N G THE
V i i s c o s T r y OK CONCRETE ANU O ^ O U T M I X E S
SOURCE: C O L L O I D J (DiSR) V N 3 MAY-JUNE 1969 P 267-72

AUIHUR: dRlGITItf HA.JK

SPtCIAL APPLICATIONS. R f ^ M R s . ETC.
TIlLt; rtrntSlVE AND GRUUllNG MATERIALS KOR GLUINb VARIOUS MATERIALS
FOREIGN TECHNOLUoY DIV., WRIGHI-PATTERSON AF3» OHIO, (141 600)
SOURCE: uu-b/1 oSb NT IS
*? APR /U bR

AUIHUK: rlROwN, DOUGLAS P.: WARNER, JAMES

3 FOUNuATIONS AND RtLttTEO APPLICATIONS
TITLt: COMPACTION (ikDJT 1 NO
SOUPCt: ASLt. J SOIL <«f C" r'UUNU D H V 99 N SM8 AUG U.MO PAP 9908 Psb9-601
aOb 19/3

AUTHOR: Hilt T T N t R . J.M.

3 FOUNDATIONS ANU RTLA TED APPLICATIONS
TITLt: CONSTRUCTION OF R R E S S U K E GROUTtD SURKACKS FOR WATERPROOFING
OF T'lt EaCmVAT1U>J PITS
SOUWCt: llEK-iAJ V I S !.i D MAY 1 9 / J P 4SO-4SS

AUTHOR: i-lltTrNt"R» JUACHI.-l H.

.) FOUNUATIONS ANO •'tLATtU APPLICATIONS
TITLt: Nt A '-lElMUJ F OS- P L A C I N G 1 H 1 N HORIZONTAL GROUTING SHELLS
NTUE T E C H N I K /Jk HtRSltLLUNG OUtNNER HORIZO.NTALER INJEKTIONS-
SOHLEN
SOURCE: rs«U T r. C RiN I is ( AtlSG A) V Si N 2 Ktb 1974 P 62-6S

AUIHUR: riU*u.\>s.< I. b. FT ML
6 SPtCIAL APRLICATIONS. REPAIRS ETC.
T II I. E : a Nt.-/ PkODUCF F O R CEMENTATION WORKS
SOURCE: /TH I'.slT CONOR ON LARbE UAMS ROME 1961 V I I P 822-H32

AUTHOR! nULLUC<. K.L.

t TUNNtLS uND FjPtS
TIILE: MINL-RLAKT DtSIb I PHILOSOPHY EVOLVES EROM ST. JOtS NEW LEAD
-if.LI O^tRAl IU-JS
SOURCt : 'IN CONbRtS'i J V b9 N S 1 W J p 2U-29
 2 4

NUFHI^I eUR*T, HARRI-, H . I CONTtNl, CHARLES H.5 KULtSZA, PICHAPD L.

1 pams Ale) R-vrvoIRS
TIRt.: Cl'.,KtiMr KRACJICE 1 ,"4 AbUfMENl ANU t-OUNOATlUN TPEA TMENT
SOURCE: (iCt .) SOIL MI-'CH rOUNO OlV V s/tf N SMlO OCt 19/2 PAP N 92ba

' AUIHUW: SNI^I'is. CECIL 0.. SAPrtER, VICTOR C.

.3 O U N U A R 1 U N 1 ; AND - E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
N U T : S TURFL I I O N UF L A M D 1 N G - M A R-B<JKH A C E U SUOGPADES BY GW0IJT1N6

SOURCE: U S AR'-<Y tNfj '.*A T E R W A Y S EAP STA« CORPS ENG» -11S3 PAP S-70-1*
.(•;V. H / O , 7 6 ->

4UIHU>-: -MRWE'LL, fc.B.:

3 FOUNOA T JuM^ AhU RtLATEU APPLICATIONS
TITLt: C£Mt.NT ANU CLAY uROUTInG OF FOUNDATIONS. PRACTICE OK COPPS
OF ENO I i\it EPS
SuiJRCF : J i r t - A V a* mak 1SS1 195b 22P

AUTHuk: huSSEY. w.H.

i DAMS AND ptstpvuins
TITLt: sOMt ROCK-GPOUTINo tXPLRIENCES
SOURCE: Clours ANU DRILLING MUUS IN ENG PnACTICF, SYMP. LONDON. 1963
R

AUTnOf»: C M L L t , J.
OA'-ts a,mo RESERVOIRS
TITLE: Lt rfARP^ot D'EL KANStRA 00 ritTA
Suus-Ct : 1N r 1L CO.njC, L'J DAMS, PARIS, 1 ySb, PPOC^S, VOL. I, PP. 321-343

. AUTnUP: CfliLLE. J., oARbEOE T T E , R.

2 TUNNtLS ANO r11 RtS
T I I LC.: " K L L I M I N A R Y B P O U T I N G METHOD FOR DIFFICULT CASES OF TUNNEL
•)"• I V I U>
SOUPCE: CUJF., I N FPtNCH, P K O C . 3 P U INI. CONF. SOIL MECH. FOUND. ENG.,
VI, R. 157 (*310)

AUTHJR: CA^OFFO"1!. M.
1 DAMS A-JO Rt'StRVUlRS
TITLt: U s ALLUVIONS ShAVtLEUStS r EUlLLETEES ET A STRUCTURE 0UVERTE
SOURCE: uTM JN TC.K NATIONAL. CONGRESS ON LARGE DAMS. NEW DELHI, 1951,
vol. 4. MP. *31-4b

dUTHO-: Ctt'ibt-FURT, H.
7 GENERAL, MOR-C IrtA rj ONt APPLICATION
TIILt: INJECTION AND ITS PROBLEMS. REVIEW ON G., IN FHFNCH
SOU0-:-: it J 1 9 b 1 , F'. 01.-341 (10912)

AMTHOP: CAMHtFORT. HEN-^I

7 (jE'JT R A L • *,)«>-_ TH/M ONE APPLICATION
 2 5

TIILt: 1 EJECTION OES SULS , PART I AND HART II

SOURCE: t. rROLl.tb . H A K | S ,

AUlrtUW! (.rtVI^F F O R T » H.
OAMC, AND Rc.stRVUlRS
rin..t: PA-vAF'OUIl I. t"S S J tClAUX tN TERRAINS PfcRMEAdLES
SUUPCt : ifH Iwf'L CONi Lb DArtS, PAR I b , i9bp» RROC S. vOL. in .P. SOJ-oid

AUTHUR: LFC^BRF OK F . rt.

R FIENF KAL « MURT THAN ONE A ^ P L 1 LA T 1 ON
TIILt.: TMC ItCn.NlMUt OF J R O U T I N U KOCK A N D S O I L , <GERMAN)
SOURCE: I t.SR AOtN I BAUVF. RLAIJ GMbM, 19fo9, S43PP. 3b7

AUTHOR: C . IHH F ' ) R T • V.H.

I (IENERAL. . MUNE I HAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLr.: UROUTINU IECHNIOULS I N G R O U N O , t EX TfcJK... IN GERMAN, 357F,REF\
SOURCE: BuUVr.'RLAu SMtfii 196V, :>4J H. (19/0, #2<M9>

AUTHOR: I'.AVMCKJHI , M . , RuGLlSI, R .

i KUUNDaT HJ.'Jb AND *LLATtU APRLICAT IUNS
TiTLt: LIFTING 01- A bUlLJINu riY MtANS OF INJECTIONS IN i HE SOIL
SOORCk : A U N . iNbT. TtCnN. bA T . T R A V . PUbL. 24 (1971) NO. 281 PP. 2b«3fe

AUTHOR: CA-'NH. RT.C.

B S P E C I A L TTPRL I C A T 1 U.NB , RE PA I R B , ETC.
TiiLt: iv I N S P E C T I O N AND C H E M I C A L GROUIING OF SANITARY SEWER LINES
SOURCE: StwtRb - MAINTENANCE

AUTHOh: CUNIILLU, M., NAI/ALON, N.

1 DAMS ANI) Rc.St.Rvu IRS
TITLt: MESOPES HRIStS PoJR AMELIORER IN COEFFICIENT DE SECU^ITE
CONCt'PNAN I LA r,TAdlLITt OE L'APPUl RIVE DROITE DU BARRAGE OE
rOKRi-.jON bUP L£ I AOt
SOURCE: PROCS. 9TH IMML CONGRESS ON LAROE DAMS, ISTANBUL, 1967. V.I,

AOIHOR: CARLYLt. W.J.

1 uAMS A.'JD REStRVOMS
TIILt: ^r. AL I Nn THc ROC* SURFACE BtNEAlH LLYN b'RI ANNE OAM
SOURCE: CONCRETE (LONDON! V 4 N b fiUG 1970 P 332-4

AUlhU*: CAROW, C.
TI ILL." M t OF VtLuPMtN 1 Or uRUuTS FUR I HE INJECTION OF FINE SAtOS
S<HJ"Cfc : bPJWTs ANO OR 1LLI NO MUOb IN ENC>. PRACTICE, SYMP., LONDi'-N. 19fiJ.
PR. 1 1I

4UIH0R: C^RU\|. C.
GtNtRAL. M!)*t THAN ONF APPLICATION
TITLt: o«UUI RHhOLOtjY
PNTOLO!,IT UES COULIS D'INJELTIUN
SJUPCt: M.JJlLl.t HLANCH- V 2b N S 1970 K tbJ-bl
 2 6

AUrt'.UKS Cft-iUM, CLAUDE

1 (JT'JEHAI • MD-r. IMAM UNi" APPLICATION
T1H.LS Ntiv METHOD OH JPIlLING t3V USINO SELF-HAPOENING SLURRY
SUiJ&Cfc : ANN lNb'f TtCH -.1AI 1M TkAV PUBLICS N Jll NOV 1973 P 1-40
UN MKlVtAU S T Y L E JE PtRFOPAT ION - LA WOUE AUT.UlXftfCISSABLE

AUFHUH: CARU'J, C.
p SPtClAL appl 1CAT 1UNS. « t » A H S . ETC.
TITLt: SPECIAL GROUTS: KEPAIR, COMPACI10N, SEALING
SOURCE 1 ANN INST. TtC'iX. dAT. TkAV. PUdL. (1969) NO.261, PP. 130 7-131 d

AUTMUP: CAVOVL* C . * C H E Y L > \ N » G .

GTNE'RHL. MO^E THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
T I T 1.1: G R O U T I N G OF F J S S U R E D GROUND
SOOPCE: T-^UiMS. IOTH INT'L CONG. LARGE. UAMS* MONTREAL» 1970, VOL. 2?
PP. AJJ-^24

AUTHOR: CM«0"I» C . , tT A L .
GENERAL. MO-'E THAN ONE i P P L 1CA f 1 ON
TI I l.t : R* s I GKOUTI
SOURCE: GROUTS ftNO GRILLING MUDS IN ENG PRACTICE, SYMP., LONDON * 196:ii

AUlHUR; CA^AGRAfgOt, A.
U A M S fliJU RESErtVOlrtS
TITLt: CUVTPOL OF Sr.E-'AOc. THROUGH FON. AND ABUTMENTS OF OAMS
SOURCE: Tut FIRST RAN* I Nt. LECTURE; GEOIECHIOUE 11:31 PP. 161-181

AUTHOR: CsC6L« 0.b.

<? TUNNtL.'s AINU ^ IPES
TITLt: ,S«^TCRETE SUP"0PT IN POCK TUNNtLS IN SCANOANAVIA
SOURft. : CIV ENCiRu V-.0 (19^0) Nl P T**-79

AUTHO^: Cf(..DE I SSON,

DAMS anL) Kfc'StkvulwS
TITLc: UUc.LOUtS RESULT A Tb DE TRAI TtMENT PAP INJECTION DE TERRAINS SANS
SOUPCt: jt'fi IE C J V. ? VOL. 139; PP. 33<«-60

AUThO^: CHAMPION, S . , OAVITS, L.T.

b STWIJCTUPAL APPLICATIONS
TITLL: B P U U T E J CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
SOURCE: THT P E I N F U P C E O C O N C R E T E R E V I E W , JUNE. U95B

AUTHUI-e: CrttKi-i YL « I . P . , I DR IMOV , M . N .

J FOUNUATIOIVJS ANU -^LLATEII APPLICATIONS
7 ' P' i
TITLE: EJPERIEmCE I'J F I X I N G
*( ATtk-LADtN SAND BY M E A N S OF CAPBAMIOE
S IN
bOUPCE: SOIL M>Lti. K POUN'J. tNiiRG, t TRANSLATE ) FROM PUS* IAN) NO. 1, JAN
FFr). iRby, Pp. 51-53
 v' I
2 7 ''

AO I HOH : C H*TR L U->. V.

1 (JAMS AND HJI |«JUA r I ONS
T I U.t 1 LlPl'>VSi\A MA -< A
SOURCT: I'J^F'LY^SKT SFAJttV L/(19B9> NO. J, PP. 97-108

AUItiOP: Chun,.. NtVlLL .

t-> SPtClAL APPLICATIONS. lit J A I R S , tIC. j
riILt: I'-ivtsI 1GAT10I. JF JSt UF GEL MAIERIAL FOP1 MINE,/ SEALING <
i^Ai/o CURK.. P i T I j.dUwOri. PA. !]
SOMkCt: Pr<-221 tint/0 UTIS i ; ,
JAM / 3 / JP ' ' /' \ /•
u *
l >
!

AUIhOH1; CLAP-\. HRJCE E. 1

, \
3 FUUNUATIoNs AND wlLLATEu APPLICATIONS '<
L U L T : SY'IUIISIUM UN 1,-fOuriNG: GROUTING AT FORI' CAMPBELL THEAVER tiLUG1' 1

-.OO-LE: bl:J3:2/v2, PP33-42 '< <

/I <•
I

AUlMOrt: CLAW-,. M,jC.

/ fjF'lt rVA|.
TITLE: rncU-LtlCAL lA^Is OF PRESSURE UH'OUT PENi-TRATION
SuU^-Ct: J - L I - A v2/. o l I 1 * 5 5 . P. (27b) '

AUfHUW: CCIHS. J.n.» PEEutR. L.R.

2 TUNNtLS A JO PIPES !'
TI 1 1 . 1 : S N A F T URILLI J G . S T A T E OF THE ARI . 4 5 F 1

S'HJRCr.: U.S. BUPEAU OF MlNtS., OPEN FILL KEPORT, OFR. -29-73, 1973I 169P,
( 19/ i W1410) ' '

AUImoR: C'JlLLt, J. ^
>> TUNMtLS !<••!.) PlPtb ; i
1 I I Lt: PwcLlMlNAwir i,ROUTING MtTHOD FOR DIFFICULT CASES OF TUNNEL''
.i^ivi^G .
SU'iwLt! P^OL. 1MT LO>IF" SM AND FE 1953 V H P 157-161
/1 i
1
,i
A'IMUH: C I L L L H - J , JAMr.S A.
< FOUNDATIONS AND PtLATEu APPLICATIONS
nut: SUB'J T 4 T10>9 Ovt* U L D M I N E GETS FIRM FOOTING
SOU^Ct: (.IV EN.> (NY) V «*3 N 12 DtC 1973 P 41-ff

AIMHUV . LULOMBtl. GUIlLEN. J . A .

d [IJMNtL J A J ) r> I PES ii:,
T I I Lt: M v i E L WKIVIJO Td^OUOH DIFFICULT TERRAIN UNDER HIGH HYDROST, AT'IC'

•mIU*Cc : ciwu.. IN rPt.NCH. aF . IN TE.RNAT . CONGRESS 1NTEKNAT ASSOC. 'L'NbNGa

;.-OL. IDS'lj. 1J---SCO) PARIS. StP. 1970, P. H B b - 1 1 9 6 ( 1 9 7 1 ' / ,
' /

a A.IC'-OKS. TlrriACAS. AN[j i-'lLnS

Tl lltl TfStS )>• oPOuT-U ANCHUP riULTb IN TENSION AND SHEAS
 2 8

•>UU"Ct: I'. CUNL'RFTF. INSI-J Vfabhi 9 StPl 1969 P 72S-8

ttlJlHUwJ lUNulANl, b.
d TU'JNLLS ANi; PlPtS
TIILt ! SisTtM Uf- SHAF lb AND DEEP bALLtRIES FOP THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE
1"PKKVIUUS CJT OFF FOP TriE PIAN PAUPE OA H
S.l'j-'C^ : 1-<ANS., / TH INI. CONOR. ON LARbE IJAMS, ROME, 1 9 6 1 . VOLII,

(.i 1 HO" : l,i1Snt\i* JOHN p.

•4 uNCnUi" b , TlioAC^5< ANO ^11-t.S
TIILt : -M-CR-rtOLl ANCHjPrtbt IN 1 ERT I ARY/GRAVtL MATERIAL:
h 1L L , CALIFORNIA
dl'T.ttUUF MINES. WASH I NOT ON. O.C. <Obd4SO)
SUU^Cf. : P'i-20-3 aOb '•! TT S

AULHOR: COO"HS. A.
1 DAMS ANO FOUNDATIONS
TIILt: GEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AT ROSS AND GORGE DA^S,SKAGIT RIVER,
•«.. S H I N G T O N
SUURCK: O-OC. I N T . CONG. INT. ASSOC. ENO. GEOL. PARIS, 1970, VOL. d*
1 H f-ldti.i

AUTHOR: COO/\. H.K., K.ENNEJY, T.H.

7 bENEPAL, KO"c I HAN ONE A J PL1CAI10N
TULt: P^ESSORE GPOOflNb hlNE FISSURES
SuOnCt: i.|)-s6'J .ikd CFsII
,IL f ">b B^P

AUIHU*: COPLEY. J.D., JOiMLb, S. C.

r> sPtClAL APPLICATIONS, nE^AlRS, ETC.
TIILt: [ML PRESSURIZED G. OF" A DEEP, DIAMOND DRILL HOLE BY BROKEN MILL
SOU Ih L T 0. ,
SOURCE: PRUL. AUST. INST. MIN. MET., NddO* 1966. P. 6S-67 (8308)

AUTnuR: CO^HETT, L.V.. ALVtY, F.B.

S STPUC I UR«L APPLICATION'S
TIILt: pAIChImO AND GROUTING OF CONCRtIE WITH EPUXY SYSTEMS
sOUPCt: p. .17. ACL PO-iL IC A T I ON SP-21, DtTRDIT, 1968

AUTHUK: CORDING, L.J., PAT TON, F.D.» DEERE. D.U.

u A'.'CnU^S. I i r D«C*S , AND HILLS
TIILt: -<ncr. ROLT TEsTS 1M U120 TUNNEL NEVADA TEST SITE
SUMRCt: rip-in*. M/S tl-STl
^o JUL bb

(uilrtui<: CUUlium. J.H.

/ ut •• "L
TI III : Tit E F F T C T S Of- SuRF'ACt RUUGHNESS ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF JOINTS
IN PUC<
:>nu*v»t : Oi S S L R T AT I O N A D S I R AC I S , V . Jl:i<MB)» P H . 0 . THESIS, UNIV. OF ILL
AT U R E 1 A N A - C H < . « P A I G N , 1 9 7 U . U N I V . M I C R O F I L M S ORDER N O . 71-14.711,
 2 9

P H .

AUIHOP: CPACIUN, F.i LT AL

1 JAMS AND t- UUNDA T I ONS
Tl ILL: GH/LOOltAL ANU MICROTECTON1C CUNOITIONS AT THE POJANA UZULOI 0AM
Silt NRUMAN I A IA' J J THt1P INFLUENCE ON PERMEABILITY ANU GROUTING
UN lit oEUPOCr,
source.! PRUC. 1M. CO! loH. INT. ASSOC. tNG. GEOL. PAPIS 1970. VOL. 2,
RP. 1102-1112

AUIHUP: CM'JSH 1. I.tJ. '

1 OAMS ANU RtbLPVUI PS
TIILt: tN'olNEtRINS G1OLOGY PROBLEMS Al CONCHAS DAM, NEP MEXICO
SOURCE: TRANSACTIONS /SCt, VOL. 10b, 1940, P. SRl

AUIHUR: CROW, L.J.t KELSH, D.J.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, PtPAIRS, ETC.
TITLt: CA'-j CHEMICAL STABILIZATION IMPROVE GKUUNO SUPPOPT?
SOURCE: twG. A. MlNINi-y J., N.Y., 1 72 <1971) NO. 8, PP. 7b-77

AUIt-UR: CRUMPfON, C. r . , MCCULLAM, B.F., STPAT TON. F.W.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLES EPOAY INJECTION REPAIRS UELAM1NATED bPIDGE OECKS
SOURCE : CIVIL E N G I N E E H N U VOL. NO. 11, PP. 55-57, NOV. 1974

AUIHUR: COLVFCP, R I C H A R S S.
ANCmOkS. T l F r j A C ^ S . AND l - ' l L t b
TITLt: RlH.Cv HOLT RESEARCH. EVALUATION STUDIES ON ROCK BOLTS AND POC<
VhLriANlCS lNSlRUMcNTS PHASE I
SUUPCE: AU-R22 Oil NTIS
OCT 6 7 78P

AUTHOR: CURRtY, U.T., M I L H E L S , V . , L I T T L E , D.J.

DAMS ANU RESERVOIKS
TITLt: *ELLFltLO DAM, VICTORIA
SOURCE: CIVIL TNUR TRA MS., INST. OF £ N O H « S . AUSTRALIA, V. CE10, NO. 1,
ARRlL 19(3d.PP. /3-9b

AUThuR: CURREY, O . T . , i T. AL.

DAMS AND RESERVOWS
Tilt t. i OESIbN AND CONsTRJCl ION UF JINUABYNE DAM
S'lURCt: CIVIL ENGINEERING TRANSAC TIONS • INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS.
Ai <b TR AL IA. VOL. OtlO. MO. 1. APP1L I9b8, PP. 143-159

AUIRUR: CURRI", REMlErtT L.

OENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
T I I i.t: IiwvtsT IOA T10N JF PROCEDURES F O P TESTING GROUT FLUIOIFIEPS
SOU'-'Ct: ao-7*0 dlH WTIS
AR'R BP 2JP

AUlHuR: C/HILHA, V.
 3 0

7 UE''ltRAL.. MUL-T THAN ONE APPLICATION

TlTLr.: F uJsNDA T ION OF INUJSTRIAL STRUCIURES ANO LIVING HOUSES BY SOIL
SuLlUlF JCATIufvl (IN GERMAN)
' SOURCt: P*JC.. INT. CUNF. ON SM e. F E» dUOAF'tST, 1963, P". 375-334 ,

AUT-.ORSI C^Zt'lSKl, K. , S K R Z Y W S M , J. WULSKI . W.

1 DAMS AlNu Rt Sr. RVOI RS
J11LLJ iHt SEALING IJR OF" OAMS MAOE OF tARTh AS WELL AS OF EARTH ANO
ROCK FILLING I N . H E CONDITIONS OF CARPATHIAN FLYSCH
SOURCE! TRANS., /Tri INT. CONGR. ON LARGE DAMS, ROME, 1961, VOL. IV,
PP. ^J-465

AULFIOR: .)AT YE . K . R .
IJAMS ANO RC.STRVOLRS
T IT LL : RECENT LAPERIENCC. OF UNDERSEEPAGE CONTROL FOR MAJOR EARTH OAMS
IN I NO I A
SOUKCt: PKOC., 3RD ASIAN REG. CONF. ON SM k. FE, 1967, HAIFA, PP. 148-IS1
ILLINOIS UNIV., URBANA

AUTHOK: UAVI.S, H.S.

TITLE: rlloH DENSITY CONCRETE FOR SHItLDING ATOMIC ENERGY PLANTS
SOURCt: JOOPMAL OF THE ACI, V. 29, NO. 1 1 , MAY 195B, PROCEEDINGS V.54,
R. 9 6 5

AUTHOR: JAVIS, W.E., ET. AL.

GtNERAL, MORE THAW ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: PROPERTIES OF CEMENTS AND CONCRtTES CONTAINING FLY ASH
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS, ACI, JUNE 1937

AUTHUR: u Av I S , R . E .
GENERAL, MURE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLES THE U S E OF P O Z Z O L A N S I N C O N C R E I E
SOURCE: JOURNAL. A C I , JAN. 195U

AUIHUR: DAVIS, R.E.

f OENERAL « M J R t THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLLS i»MAT YOU SHOOLO KNOW AtiOUT POZZOLANS
SOUPCt: t'NGw. NttoS RECORu, APR 19SO

AUIHUR: DAVIS, K.E.; JOHNSON, S.D.J WENDELL, G.E.

TUNNELS 4N0 PIPES
TITLL: C L S A N O PENSTOCK TJNNEL LINER BACKFILLtD W I T H PRE-PACKED
COMCPt'Tt
SOURCE". JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCREIt INSTITUTE, NOV. 1955, PP. 2B7-
30 i

AIJIHUR: OtERE, D . U . , COULSON, J . H .

7 GENERAL. MORE THAN OiNE APPLICATION
TITL.L: Tnt EFFTCTS OF WAIER A N D CEMENI GROUT ON THE S H E A R S T R E N G T H OF
MATUPAL AND A R T I F I C I A L J O I N T S I N GRAND C O U L E E G R A N I T E
 3 1

suuRCt: l <»09 i j f is
ft-.* n mi-'

ALJLHUP: UTENF., U . U . , P £ C K , *.b.» MONShtS* J . E . , SCHMIDT, B.

<i TUNNtLS AND RlPts
TIILt: U F S I G N UL- III I'JEL LlNtRS AND S U P P O R T SYSTEMS
SOURCE! R--HJ A49 Ct-STI
FY -I N"* 419R

4UMUP: ot'LATTRt, R•
3 FOUNDATIONS AND RtLAIE'D APPLICATIONS
N I L E : dARRAot U E G E N I S S U T SUK L T R H O N E , U T I L I S A T I O N DU R E M P L I S S A G E
• I A I U R E L DtS VI D E S K A R S T I O U E S DU ROCHtii
SOURCE: R>TH I N I ' I . CONG L B D A M S , P A R I S , 1955. PROC'S, VOL I , P P . 703-710

AUMOR: ULLJSLE, J.P.

f GENERAL., MOrE I'riArj ONE APPLICATION
TITLt: GROUTING * IV ILL I Mb MUDS IN CIV ENG. PRACTICE, IN FRENCH
SOURCt: M 1 ;JS-A, Vrt9;N24, NOV 1963, P J97-399 (11840)

AUTHUP: LIT MELLU, F.U.

3 FOUNDATIUNS AND RtLATEu APPLICATIONS
rin.t: S( ME UUAN f1TAI1VE lNVESTlGATIUNS ON CURTAIN GROUTING IN ROCK
R U U N U A F I O N S OF E A R T H DAMS
SUURCT: PROCEEDINGS, 1 S T R1 AN-AMtR I CAN CONFERENCE , 1959, VOL. II, P.699

AUT.-fUR: OL^PSEY, J . A . ; C I U L L E R , K.
3 F'OUNuAI IUNS ANu RELATED APPuICATlONS
TITl.t: GROuTINb IN GPJUNJ ENGINEERING
SO'JRCt: b R U U N D tNUlNt'F'RlNG, PRDC CONF JUNE 16 1970.
INS I' CIV t-NG. LONDON, 19/0 P 3-10

AUTHUR: .'F M P . V U L F K , R.
sPr.ClrtL. APRl.lCATIUNS, RFJAI"<S» tTC.
11 Tit: ;>>• jUT I No *ITh HUI bITUMtN
SOURCE: 01 • GtS. tRD-lU o-iUNud, 1969, LSSEN PP. 209-229

AUI h u k : • i t R A R T -'t.N T 0 * T H t A J M V , CORPS UF ENGINEERS

7 GENERAL , ^ORt THArg ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TITl.t: s.VjInEER 1 Mij A JEoIGN: CHtM 1 CAL GROUTING
SOURCt: E-JblwEtR MANuA^ tMl 1 10-2-3504, URAFT, 1970

AUIHUK: or. w i i V t l - ' u M i j ^ t s , J . M . A N U S A R A I V A C A L D t l R A , F . C .

ANCHORS. T If- S A C K S . AND R 1 Le. S
Tlfl.t.: C U N S I ' J F . R A I 10.MS U M T i e S T A b l L l Z A l I O N U F P O C K SLOPES
S^URLE : R - . J C ' S . l s T L O > K W . I N T ' L S O C . RUC>v M E C H . , 1 9 6 6 , L I S B O A ,
dlj-dL?

AU I "'UK : MlblAolu, E., -IYKVOLL, F.

* SRR-CUL ARPLICAI 1 U N S , REPAIRS, ETC.
TIILt: FULL ->CALc. FIELD TESTS OF'A SLURRY TRENCH EXCAVATION IN SOFT
 32
U AY
S'H>Lfc! PRJC. ntM tU*OREAN CONF. SOIL MtCH. FOUND ENG., MADRID,
«R"IL 1972, VOL. 1, THEME <•, PP4&1-U/1

HUI-HJ*: ^ h t D U . J. T . . S f t I NriERG, M . , t l . AL.

-> STRUCTURAL A--PL I CAT JUNS
Tjrit.: C-J'Jt.RtTE POL Y M£h MATERIALS
SOURCES 3 * J TU^ICAL rVtJOHf BURtAU OF RtCLAMAT ION < REC-ERC-71 -6) AND
oPJUHHAVEN NATIONAL LAB. (bNL bO27b (T-602)), JAN. 71

AUTHU^i nl>.UN, M.H.

DA"iS AigiJ Kf. SERVO IRS
Tint! INVESTIGATIONS AND PERMEABILITY FOUNDATION TREATMENT AT THE SITE
jF THE PROPOSED GJMA DAM. SIEKKA LEU.ME
SUUKCt: TRANS. 1 7TH INT. CONOR. ON LARGE DAMS. ROME, 1961, VOL. IV,
Rr 109- 120

AUTHOR: D-'HRIEVA, E.G.

b STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TULt: RESULTS OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF THE QUALITY OF JOINTING
R-.ECAST ELEMENTS OF SARATOV HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
SUlJRCt: R'—193 771T IS
SiiR b-t lbP

AUTHUR: OOUDS, U.S.

TUNNELS ANP PIPES
TITLt: TUNNELING ON LONDON VICTORIA LINE UNDERGROUND RAILWAY
SOURCE: CIvlL tNblNF.t'PING JAN 1967 P <40-^3

AUlHUR: DRAKt, JAMtS L., JOACHIM, CHARLtS E.

2 TUNNtLS Mir.) -*lPtS
TITLt: Ini-LUENCt OF oACKF iLL PROPERTIES ON THE COLLAPSE OF PIPES UNDER
DYNAMIC LOADS
ARIY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA. V1CKSBURG MISS (03B100)
SOURCE: AO-76b <»32/0 NT IS
J.IL 7 J 2HP

AUHUW: DROSStL. M A P ( J A R E T RALSTON

T, AWCHUNS. Tit E » A C * S . A N D RILtS
TITLt: Dr1LL-STEtL TUBES ACT AS TEMPORARY TIE BACK CASINGS
SOURCE: CUNSTR METHODS EU-JIP V 5b N B AUG 19/3 P 50-51

AUTHOR: JU HOIS, t.
2 TUNNTL.S AN-) PIPES
TITLt: INJECTION WITH HIGH PRLSSUKE IN DEEP MINES
SOURCE: IIKUUTS AND DRILLI-JG MUDS I N ENG PRACTICE, SYMP. LONDON, 1963
R>J. 70-7

AUTHOK: .)UV«LL, S.U.

b SPtClAL ARPL. 1CA T IONS, RF.->AlRS« ETC.
Tint: RlGtU j aVEMEmT MAINTENANCE FOR AIRFIELDS
S'JURCb : RuRER D4b/» JUJk vjal OF THE AEkOSPACE TRANSPORT OIV., PROCEEDINGS
 3 3

UK A - s L t . VOL. » ^0. All, SliP I • 1967, PP. 57-76

FLUI'-TJP: .IVORAK, A .
TUNNtl.n AND PIPtb
TITLt: F I H C R I J N UF ROCK M E C H A N I C S IN MODERN TUNNELING
S U U P C T : C U L L . t'MbL. A H S T R . , 1 9 COLLOQUIUM ON GEOMECH., SALZHUPG-
O C T . 1 9 B S U * MAR.IES OF P A P E P S . ( 1 9 7 0 # 3 5 9 )

AUrnun: OW'UKSCHAK . G.
TUNNELS AN'.i PIPES
TITLt: "tASUREMtNT OF KUCK MOVEMENT, UUPING DRIVING, IN A TUNNEL
StLTION UNDER JptSSUPE, ANO CONSEOUENCES DPAWN FOP THE CHOICE OF
JRiVINo MtTHU'JS, IN G E R V AN, 11F, 2P •
SOURCE: RUCfs *tCH., Mdt N2, 19/0, P. 110-111 11970 #2*13)

AUTMOK: hL*t.L« t.rt.

SPtC 1 Ai_ APPLICATIONS, R t J A I R S , ETC.
f 1 TLt: LANJOSL1LIE ANU ENGR. PRACTICE, OHOUTING.
SOURLE: -IWBS-A, N2v. 195a, 232 p. (2b7)

AUT>-<oP: tuITOK
S STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
n TLt: MATtHl ALS-GEv.)TECri\)ICAL-STPUCTUHtS-CONCPFT£
SOURLT.: CIVIL E'VGIWEERINU VOL. A*, NO. 10, P. INF, OCT. 1974

AU R H U P : TOGTP, H. R.'
5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIUNS
TITLt: G P O U U M o AND INJtCTlON WORK WITH SYNTHETIC PESlNS
SOURCE: SCHwElZ bAUZTf. V VO N 18 MAY 4 1972 P M 3 - * 1 5

AUtHUP: r.HKOOJI, JOH'-J 0.

6 SPtCIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TIlLt: INVESTIGATION OF oAGE-PLACEMEN I "EFFECTS ON A STRESS GAGE
t'-'ntOUEO I N u-OUI
SOUPCt: ii-7h3 1B2 NT IS
JON 7 3 7SP

AUTHOR : t fRGOT T « JOH.\i

<S SPECIAL AP-"L1 CATIONS, R H J A i R S , ETC.
TULt! I'-iVd^T 10A F I O N OF THE STATIC UNIAXIAL STRAIN A N O TRIAXIAI. SHEAR
xrsPONSE UF CELLULAR COIVICPETE
.'.RMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERlMtNT STA. VlCKSBUPG MISS (038100)
SOURCE: AD-7o3 1 7d NT I S
•»'AY /3 SbP

AU!-U»-: ElMSTtlN* H.H.; SCHNlTTtR, o.

1 oA'is A'-jO HESERVOIRS
TI 1 L r.: "-ELECT ION UF CHEMICAL GPOO I FUR MATTMAPK UAM
source: AbLe J SOIL MFCH FUUNU 01V V 9b N SM b NOV 1970 PAPER 768*
-1 2U0/-23
 34

«'J|-U>-: -LSI UN, J.P.

< FU'Ji.uAl I J.Mstt.'J')RtL A1 EU APPLICATIONS
TITI.E: r.c'Mfc.w'f ANU CLAY u«OUTING OK FUUNOAT1UNS. bUGG. SPECIF ICAT I0N5
F JR P R E S S U R E G.

AUIPUP: CLSTUN, JUOSON P .

V o t Nr. " A [ . • ^HT THAU ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TITlr.: CcME'Nf uRUUTTNG: -VOGRESS REPORI OF THE TASK COMMITTEE ON CEMENT
R O U T I N G UF VhE COMMITTEE ON GNUUT1NG OF THE SOIL MECHANICS
a VP FOUNDATIONS DIVISION
suuwch : SV:AP^ fi<d:a9:3u9-j

AlJTrjp: •'•'c.MEtP • G . N .
t> S^LCiftL APPI. I C A T I U N S , K E - ' A M S , E I C .
TITLt.: sIUIIY Jr N A T U h - E j F JOINTING OF ROCK bTPATA BY HYDHAU.-IC TESTING
IN CUMRIINA T U N * I I H CEMENT GROUTING, IN RUSSIAN
SOUPLE: GTST-A, N 12, DEC. 1966, P.29-30 (13146)

AUTHUK: tMMtPLiNG, CLIFFORD L.

1 DAMS A.V) RESERVOIRS
TITLt: ".O'MlANA POWER COn-'ANY'S DAM REPAIR PROGRAM
SOURCE: asCE J CONSTR JIV V 96 N COd StP 1972 PAP N 9208 P 295-311

AUL-IUF: EN J O *
J
TUNNtLS ANO I PES
TULT: ARTIFICIAL S O I L F R E E Z I N G METHOD FOR SUTJWAY CONSTRUCTION
.SUIIPLE: C I V . t VU. • JAPAN . , (1969) PP. 103-117

AUMUR: ExlCrt'sOii* M.n.

d TU >»NEL 3 AM."- -MRCS
TI 1Lt: CnEMICAL GROUTING AT NORAD., CONF.
S0U»CE: S J Y M P ON ROCK MLCM.» UNIV MISSOURI AT ROLLA, OCT 1964 <2D73)

AUi»-iU«: t-<lC*SON, H.tw

3 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLt: OF CAVITATION DAMAGE IN CONCRETE WITH EPOXY PiSIN
in ltr<I A|_3
SOURCE: H. bt* AC I PUBLICATION SP-21, DtTPDlT, 19bB

AUTHUR: ER1 CKSO-I, H.-I.

rUNNLLb PI PES
TITLE: S T R E N G T H E N I N G ROC< HY I N J E C T I O N OF C H E M I C A L GROUT
SfiORCt : P C P E R 3 / 4 ^ , J O J k N A L OF THE S O I L M E C H . A N D F O U N D , P R O C E E D I N G S OF
ASCT. VOL. NU. SMI, JAN. 1 9 6 6 , P P . TS9-173

A'JT-IOW: ;RISROV, V.S.

TUNNtLS ANL) H I P C . 3
TITLt: fir a 1 ON I lib TrtE LININGS OF PRESSURE TUNNELS IN AiJISOTHOPIC «OCi<
-(aSCHEl OriDELiX MnPORNYKH I UNNtLEI V ANlZTROPNYKri PORODAKH
 35
SuJRCt r1 >• • 7/2T .HIS
li • 10 1 /p

AUlttURS rRl'iTUV, V. S.
IlMNtLS AN.) PlPtS
TIILt: LlNlNoS Of- SSJRt TUNNtLS W 1 I H DEEP ROCK GROUTING
SOURCE: t U"UTtKn STKIIIT >1 7 JUL 19/3 P b-12

AU I HOR I FSBECK-PLATtN. M.H.» VUN

DAMS AND Ptbt.RVUlRS
TIILt: RE«MtABlLlTY AMD GROuTiNi, MtAbURE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE
U N A J O V T B H T . I F R V U I H I N NORTHERN PERU
SOURCE: PROC. INT. SY'U. 1 S P M P T K C O L A T 1 UN THROUGH FISSURED ROCK,
S T U T T O A K T . G T « 1 A . < / Y , StPI 197c?

AUIHUR: ESEH, R.« SEYMJN.S.

UA-tS AN') RESERVOIRS
n u t : COUNOAUUN R - ^ ' I D L E M S I N tsEBAN DAM ( T U R K E Y ) AMD THE C U T O F F WALL
SOURCfc: TRANS LOTN I N T ' L CONGRESS ON L A R G E D A M S , M O N T R E A L • 1 9 7 0 * VOL 2 ,
RR ti|l-it(!t)

AUIHOR: E S M L U L T ELHEVT t.
UAi'S Ah-1 Rt-SERVOIRS
T I ILt: SE'ERAGt T H K O U ' I I FJuNOAlIUNS CON IAINING DISCONTINUITIES
SOUPCt.: JUO-<\IAL» AbCt • VOL. HJ, b.M,1. PAPER 1143* 1957

AU I HOP: -.SRli>, m . I .
SPECIAL APRLII.AI l U N b . Rf. 1RS, EIC.
T1 (Lt! APPLICATIONS OF tLtCT ROKINt1 ICS IN GROUTING
SOURCE: PAPl.R 61*4, Ji.'JPnAL OF Tn£ SOIL MECH. AMD FOUNDATIONS OIV. »
Ou
0 C E t D INGS Of ASCt. VOL. 9<+ , N O . SM5, SEPT 1968, PP, 1143-1157

AUI^UR: EVL'OKi*iOv, P.h.s AUAMOVICH, A.N ; F R A D K I N , L.P.J O E M S O V . V.N.

SPECIAL AP^LICATIUNS, PI-JAMS, t*C.
TI ILt: ^HtAR STRENGfM OF JOINIS IN RUCKS BEFORE ANO AF"f£R GROUTING
SOURCE: IDROTEKH STRO 11 V 3 MAR 19/0 P 2b-.30

AUIHUR: EVOOKIMUV, P.I;., SAPEGIN, O.D

DAMS AIML) REStRVOlRS
AUfMuP: LAP'IE SCALt FIELD SHEAR TEbT ON ROCK, C O N F . 6F, 3T, 3P
SUURCt: P-OL. CUNF. INT SOC. ROCK MtCH, BtLORADEi 1970, V2. PAP 3 - 1 7

A'JTHUW: F A IRWLA ( n t R . v .
TUNNtLS AN.) PIPES
TITit: sE»tR J l P t : I'.-" 1LIRATIUN IS Trtt ISSUE
SOURCt: C I V I L tNGlNEt*'ING, VOL. NU. /. JULY, 1974

AUTHOR: FANTI, IS. t T AL

 36
I DAMS AM) REStkVUlKs
I 1 Tl.F : E U NC-HtMtNT U'UN d ARR A(jt tN JtRRt AU MOYEN I) » IN JECT IONS DE
T I tt-Nl T SOUS Tt'NJt NORMALt Ot L'EAU
sOU-Cr. : - I F ! CUMGR UN L W J T DAMS. T«AN5. ISTANBUL. 1967 V III P 739-53

ADLRUW: F- RUJSSOU. K . H . J L A N C AS FEW-JUNtb, P.F.F.

i FOUNDATIONS A.O JELMTEO APPL ICATlUNS
Tint: Tr STING Int E E F L C L T N C R OF G R O U I 1 N G O P E R A T I O N S AT DAM SITES
SOUKLE: TUN INF C0IN«>"( ON LAROT J A M S E D I N B U R G H W B N vi PI21-139

AUTHOR : KT- R N • *. A .
h SPtClAL APPLICATIONS wr.RAIRS ETC
TITLR. : T>-E A P P L I C A T KIM OF P U L Y M E R I Z A T I O N T T C H N I O U E S TO THE S O L U T I O N
UF G R O U T I N G R R J H L T M S
SUURLE : P " O U T S AND D R I L L I N G MUDS I N TIMU P R A C T I C E , SYMP LONDON 1963
K146-U9

AUTHOR! FLATAU. A . S . : BRUCKt T T» R.W.I b R O W N , J . V .

(JENERAL. MI'JRT THAN O N t A 3 R L 1 C A T ION
TITi.t: ( ' R O U T S ANI! G R O J T I S G - A SURVtY OF MATERIALS AND PRACTICE
SOUPLE: CIV E IG PunLlC I » J R K S REV V 6B n BO* JUL 1973 b P bETWEEN
R 3 9 1 AMD O(> 1

AUTHUK: F'.IMIN, B,G.

b STRUCTURAL "PPL IC A T ION->
TITLE: M-.THODS OF 0JALITAT IVE EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTION JOINT GROUTING
SOURCE: olDKOft.r\H STRUlT m 1 JAN 19/3 P 7-12

AUTHOR! F'lUxCHfc » LUCIUS t.

b STRUCTURAL 'PPL ICATIONS.
TITLE! S'UDY OF MICKOCPACKING OF HARDENED RORTLAND CEMENT GROUTS
I JDUCED BY DYNAMIC LOADING
a'MY ENGINEER WaTLRWAYS EXPoRlMtNT STA. VICKSBURG MISS (03B100I
SOURCt: AII-740 279 NTIS
AI !G bb <?1R

AUlHOV>: >-'vCHS » »».

7 GENERAL. MOrC THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: OtTERMINATION OF RERMEAUILITY AND GROUTING EFFECTS IN ROCK
SOURCE: F; IN-A \m mti R 2.42-43

AUTHOR: cu,ju. 1.
UENEKAL. MU>- t THAU UNF. APPLICATION
TITLf.: PRACTICAL APRLICAIIOM OF THERMAL AND FREEZING METHODS TO SOIL
M AHIL ISA T 10,"
SUUHLt : RI-OC. i S l AU-JIRalJ A-wtw ZEALAND CON'F GEOMECHANICS, MELBOURNE
At. GUST 19/1 V 1 R 337-34.3

AUTHUR: FCLLER. J.u.s KRE1GH, J.D.

S STRUCTURAL I RPl.ICAT 10"JS
T IT Lt! u bulut FOR FivjiSsJRL GRUUT1NG CRACKED CONCRETE. AND MASONRY
 37
sr~aic.iuwe.-3 wt r~. c.poxy RtsiNb
SOU-Ct : NT is
r> 5 ' J tbU'i

AUMUR: F ULLt'< , J.D., KR1EGH, J.U.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
rllLt: NANCL ANO KEPAIR Oh CONCRfc.LT AND MASONRY S TRU," ' J^lS : C^JAC
pRtsSuRt GROUflNb
ARIZONA UNIV TJCSON UEPT UF CIVIL ENGINEERING <033865)
SOURCE: 6D/7J4 930 NILS
JUL n tiSP"

AULHUP: F I I K H , HOWARD L . » INGRAM, LTONAHU L.

S STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: Hf>NO ANU D U R A R I L I I Y uF CONC«ETt ANO RESINOUS OVERLAYS
SOU J Cc : M 6 NTjS
/WR ti b4P

AUTMOK: 'jaRG, s.p,; AI-RAA/AL, R.*.

1 UA'-is ANO REScRVo/PS
TITLL ! CUTUFF ANU S T / ' H I L I T V ME A b U R t b I" O R A UAM ON S A N O F O O N O A T I O N
S O U R C E '• PRUC'S. V T H I ^ T ' L CO N G R E S S ON L A R G E O A M S , I S T A N B U L , 1967, V. 1 ,
pp. 1069-iUHd

AUTHOR: (it ahurl f, L.R.

GEN-.KAL , MURC TIAIX ONE APPLICATION
TI IE : EXPtRl^tNTAL CAT 1 ONI C ASPHALT tMOLSlON GROUTING
SUURCt: .1 SOIL MtCH FuJND OlV, PROC ASCt V 9d N SM9 197? P 859-B6B

AUIHUR: GtUUtS, J.L). « SOROKA. I .

5 STRUCT URAL APPLICATIONS
TITIE: THt EFFECT OF jRU J T PRUPtRTltS UN THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF
RO.^T-TENSlONEn CUNCRE1E bEAMS
SOURCE: ^ A B A / I N c . OF C U N C R E I t R t S t A R C H , VOL. IS, NO. JULY 1963, P. 67

AUIHUR: Grouts. W . G . N .
t F O U N U A T 1 U N - . A N O R E L A T E O A P R L I C A I IUIMS
T IT L T : RTRTCIWATTR DAM. ANGUS
SOURCt: CIVIL ENGlNtE-vlNu AND PUtlLIC WORKS REVIEW, 1969, PP. 1127-1130

AUlHOw: RILOUES. W . G . N . Agj P-VADOORA. H.H.M.

I OAMS AND FUUNIJATJUNS
TITLt: R A C W A R E I - UAI" IN THFC. COUNTY OR ANGUS, SCOTLAND: GROUTED CUT-OFF
SOU-Ct: R"0L"S, 9 [ H JIMT'L CO.NG. ON LARbt OAMS ISTANBUL, 1967, V.l,
->->. 2b

AUIHUR: c-itLhER T . i\.

GENFKAL. MOKS THAII ONE APPLICATION
TIlLt: f-LO* LAWS FOR'VISCOUS INJECTION LIUUIDS IN GRAVEL
SUU'-CF': Vr-JFF I N S T nOJtNIECH FtLSMACH UNIV KARLSRUHE N 4 9 1971 103P
 38

AUl-Urr: or. NRlCH, O.A.. URcMNER, J.M.

* spe;ial applications, RF JAl-<s« tic.
Hill".: u -rt-.e VALIJA r JU.'X Of Int. ULlRAsUNIC VlbRATION METHOD OF DI5»ERSING
Si1 ] L 3
SOURCt: PROC. SOIL SCI. SJC. AMtK. Jb {i-i Id) NO. b, PP. 944-947

AUTnOR: iirO^oIA PO^Fm CO.

t bfc NE^AL« MuRc T HAN UNt APRLlCAIIUW
TNI.t! to.»iN i. H A T C W N U C L E A R P L A . N T , UNI r I. SHRINKAGE OF THE
^>10*rcRtTE bpnjr AND welding UI- rut REtJAR
SOURCE: OuC^ET-afi.i^l- /1 j T1 S
11 <*a r ts

AUTHOR: G^OKGIA POivE'rv CO.

b SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. .Ri;'JAlRb, ETC.
TITl.t: FDWLN I . HATCH N U C L E A R P L A N T 1 . DRYrfELL AIR » G A P « . REMOVAL OF
iiROOT A.nl'j- REMOVAL OF CONCRtTt bXLOOlCAL SHIELD.
SOURCE: DOCKEI-S0J21-71 <lTIs.
<FII MAR 13 1

AUTHOR: GFRBCR. F.P.

1 DA"5 AND RtStRVUIRS
TITLt: ALLUVIUM AND HIDROCK GROUT 1NG FUR FOUNDATIONS OF THE MATTMARK

SOURCE: TRUNS.. 7Tn iNT. CONGR. ON LARVJE DAMS• ROME, 19f,l. VOL. 11,

AUTHOR: -ITRSHOR, E.C.

3 F O U N D A T I O N ^ AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
TITLE: S.-JIL S r A t i l L l / a r i U N SPEtDS TO*ER FOOTING EACAVATION
SOURCE: F l . E C TR 1C AL 40RLD. JAN. 1951, P. W6b

AUlHUR: i ^ R w l C K , ti . C . • JR .
ANCHORS. Tl'. BACKS, ANI) «->lLc.s
TITLE: CORTHENT CUNSIRJCNON PRACTICES IN R.-IT INSTALLATION OF HIGH
CAPACITY PlLINo
SOURCE: nl'jrt»Ar KtG «EC -m 333 1970 P 11J-122

AUTHOR: IIIAHS, RI.J.

A U C H O P ^ , T L R D A C K S , AND P I L E S
/ MORE T-I6IM 0 IT. A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLt: L Au TtbTS ON GRoJtEO OUY ANCHORS ANU TOWER FOOTINGS, OREGON
rii rDER-mEAD V L>-C TRANSMISSION LINE PACIFIC NORTHWCST-
P . C I F I C SOUTn«ESr I N I T I E
SOURCE : lit CFs TI
1.' APK 06

AOTnOn: G oNOU*, M . , MARrilEP, R .

1 DAMS A'JD RE .E'RVUlrtS
TIILt: 'j! OLObl t utS PARAGES ET OES ArttNAGEMENTs HYDRAULIQUES
SOURCE: «„S-,()N tT PAPIS
 39

AUlHUk: MLb«-.RT ASbOt. I A ftb, INC.

1 FOONUATJONS ANO RtLATto APPLICATIONS
TIILt: CRYSTAL RIVER VUCLtAR PLAN I » UNIT 3. SPECIFICATIONS f OP
SubSUPFACt GROJTING.
SOUPCE: UUC*E"T-S0302-m-<» NT IS
12 Alio 70 3S»P

AUIHUR: :',1LP. -I.

1 UA-1S AND RESERVOIRS
Till.T: CiwOUT CUKTAI'I OF RONT OAL OALL OAMt ITALY
SOORCE: M"0C 2'MU CUNGR 1N F SOC POCK MECH BELGRADE 1970 THEMEB N U

A U I HOR : hlLlnrf.
3 FOUNDATION^ AND PtLATEO APRL 1CAT1ONS
T 1 TLt: MESUPtS PRISES PJUR L ' AMEL10P-A1 ION DE LA STABILI TE OU BARRAGE
• )• laOLA
SOOPCt: R R O C ' S . 9 TH IfsiT'L CONGRESS ON LARGE DAMS. ISTANBUL > 1 9 6 7 , V. I,
RR. 9 2 3 - 9 3 3

AUIHUR: GILG. ri.t GER»i£R, F. P.

1 OA^S AND PESlhVOIRS
TITLt: LA ulo'Jt OE MOTTMARK-ESSAIS .lT tTuOES PPE'LIMINAIRES
SOURCt: Dli INTERN. LONF. ON SM t. Ft, PARIS, 1961, VOL. 2, DIV,

AUTHUR! (i 1 NStfOURG , N . b .
1 OAMS And RLSEPV/UTRS .
TIILt: SlUuY OF THE EFFtCT OF GROUT CURTAINS AND DRAINAGE ON THE UPLIFT
INTENSITY IN CONCRETE DAMS BUILT ON HOCK FOUNDATIONS
SOURCE: IPANSACTIONS. 6TH CONGRESS ON LARGE DAMS, 195B, VOL. II. P. 13<»S

AUTHOR: '.jLO'OSOP. R.
3 FOUNDATIUNS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
TI1LE: INVENTION ANO DEvtLOPMtNT OF INJECTION PROCESSES, GROUTING
SUURCt : GTNO-A, v IIo 19oi» p. 2SS-279 (1220)

AUTHOR: iiLOSSOJ t R. S SKEHPTON , A.W.

GENERAL. MORE THAN ONF
APPLICATION
TIILt: PARTICLE SIZE I N S I L T S ANU S A N D S
SOURCE: U CEWT'JRY OF S J L L M E C H A N I C S , I N S T OF CIV ENG LONDON 1969
R 361-407

AO T HOR : GTIRTEO I \ O E R . JOHN P .

3 F O U N O A T I O N S AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
T 11 L T : S Y M P 0 S 1 O M ON G R O U T I N G : GROUTINL) TO P R E V E N T VIBRATION OF
MACHINEKY
SOUPCE : APR BL : * + 3 : 2 7 9 3

A0IHOR: GOLUtR. H.O. ET. AL

1 l-OUNOATIUNS AND RtLATEU APPLICATIONS
TITLt: A.N UNUSUAL CASE UF UNUEPPlNNlNO AND STRUTTING FOP A DEEP
 4 0

c xCAVA I 1Ui\I ADJACtNT TO E M b l l N b bUlLDINGS

SOURCE: RRUC. 5TH INTERN. CONF. UN SM e> ft. VOL. 2, P. 413

AUlriUP: bOUVRNOT. I).

i F OUNUA 1 I ON MWlj REL A TED APPLICATIONS
N 1 LL ! E * PER1 MT.N 1 AL 1 NVtSTIuAl ION IN FRANCE ANO ABROAD OF LATERAL
F P 1 C T 1 0 N OF FOUNDATIONS. I M P R O V t MENT BY PRESSURE GROUTING.
cSSAlS LN FRANCE ET A L.tTRANGER SUK LE FROTTEMENT LATERAL EN
FONL) A T I UN : AMFILIURAT 1UN PAR INJECTION
SOURCt: TRAVAUX N H64 NOV 1473 P 6 4 - / 2

AUTHOR: iiOOi.) ALL. P.O.: HiJSdAND. rl.C.

b STRUCTURAL A&HLI CAT 1ONs
T1 1 Lc : GROUTINO IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AND THE APPLICATION OF
k'P0*Y RtSlNS.
SOURCE: STRUCT twG V 50 N 12 DEC l¥/2 P 493-505

AUTHOR: GRAF. £.0.

GENCKAL
TITLE: COMPACT1UN GROJTING TECHNIUUE AND OBSERVATIONS
SOURCE: ASCF-PRUC V ^5 (J SOIL MECHANICS i. FOUNDATIONS DIV) N SMS
SF'Pl 19b9 PAPF.R b/66 P 1151-B

AU1H0R: F,WAHAM. J.R.

b S P E C I A L A P P L I C A T I O N S . RE ->A I R S , ETC.
7 MOKE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TIfLE: INVESTIGATIONS Or A PLASTIC RE1NJECTABLE GROUT VALVE FOR USE IN
dUKtAU STKUC TURES
SOURCE: AD-bud did CFSTI
1 JUN 2P

AUTHOR: GRAHAM. K . K .
GENF.kAL. MOPE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: A DISCUSSION OF PRESSURE G.
SOURCE: CONF.. 11TH SYMP. ON EXPLORATION DRILLING. QCSM-A. V5B, Nl» 1963
129-136

AUTHOR: GRANT, L . F .
GENERAL, MORE TriAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: CONCEPT OF CUPTA1M GROUTING EVALUATION
SOURCE: S . t l : j A N 64:63:37/3 T«:130!349 =>p. 63-92

AUTHOR: GRANT. LlLAND. F.

DAMS AND RtSEH VOIkS
T1TLt: GROUTING UEEP SULJTION CHANNELS UNDER AN EARTH FILL DAM
SOURCE: JOURNAL AsCE, VOL. (14. S.M. 4 , PAPER 1813. 1958. OCT.

AUT^Ok: GRASSO.F.
3 FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
TITLt: FOUNDATION ON WELLS OF CtRlAlN bHIDoE PIERS AT THE DORA BALTEA
BORDER TWAVEkSINO LARGE BLOCKS AND ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS AFTER
SjaSOlL STAb1LI 2 a TI ON (TOWInOIAOSTA HIGHWAY, ITALY*
 4.1

50uwCF : -VUC. 1 INT. CONOR. I N T . ASSOC. ENG. GEOL* » PARTS 1970. VOL* I.
PP. S9 1-600

AO I HOR : GRAY, R.t.l YtR'S. J.F.J

SPtClAL APPLl Ca T I O N M . K P J S U S I ETC.
TIILt: SUBSIDENCE "NO SUPPORT Mo. IHOUS IN THt PITTSBURGH AFiEA
SOURCE: ASCE J SuIL MF Ch FOUND OIV V 96 N SM4 1970 PZP N 7407 P 1267-
I iAl

AUIHUR: IJWEF HROOD, D.J.S RAF'FLt, J.F.

7 UtNE^AL. MO^t THAN ONE APpLlCATlUN
rifLt: filRMUL ATIu-J hNO APPLICATION OF" bROUTS CONTAINING CLAY
SOURLE: 0< ITS AMU Or<I'_LlNO MUDS IN ENb. PRACTICE. SYMP.t LONDON, 1963,'
U". Id 1 30

AUInUR: owESCHlfv, bY.

3 FOOI4UA T IONS ANIJ RtLATEO APPLICATIONS
T I fLt: APPLICATION UF CHEMICAL GROUTlNb 10 THE CLOSURE OF A FOUNDATION
RY US 1 NO UNF SINGLE" SOLUTION
SUUPCt : I--HDC INI CONF ON SOIL MECH AND FOUND ENG tiUOAPEST 19^3 P3«5
-3*5

AUIHUR! GNICF, R . H .
) F O U N D A T I O N S ANO K E L A T E O APPLICATIONS
TITLt: H Y J R O G E U L O G Y O F THE J O I N T E D OOLUM1TE GRAND RAP'LDS HYDROELECTRIC
RllwtR STATION MANITOBA, CANADA
SUORCF.: fc'Mo I NEEDING GF.OLOoY CASE HISTORIES, MO. <>» l<r'6», PP. 33-tB

AUIHUR: "oRIaCI, U.
1 DA'^S AND RESERVOIRS
T1 I Lt: TREATMENT BY G. UF PERMEABLE FOUND. OF DAM, IN ITLIAN
SOURCE: r,liiC-A. VlOO, N2« 1962, P. 125-146 (109B6)

TTUIHUR: (.JROH, H.
TUNNtLS ANO PIPES
TITLt: SWELLING RRESSJRT ILLUSTRATED *IRN THE EXAMPLE OF THE BELCHEN
TUN.MtL
SOURCE! SYMP.. ArlSlRiCT. INT. S Y 4P • , UUOERGROUND OPENINGS, LUCERNE,
S F a T . 1s72, THEmE 1 (1973 #1161

AUTHOR: GROiNFR, C.F.: ODcbARU, N.

3 FDUNUATlUNS ANU RELATED APPLICATIONS
TIILt: COl-OF'FS IN DEEP DEPUSI TS OF PtRVIOUS MATERIALS ANO THEIR
F'FFF-CT I VENtSs
SOURCt: PROC 9Tti INT CJNG ON LARGE DAMS3 ISTANBUL 1967 V 1 P 747-fob

rtUIHOR: bPJ.NiOY. C.I-.

1 DAMS anu RESERVOIRS
TI TLt: THt T R t A H E N T 3Y uROUTlNb OF P t R M L ABLE FOUNDATIONS OF OAMS
SUURCt: '-> rH INI CUNG UN LARGE OAMS PROC PARIS 1955 V 1 F" 647-674
 4 2

nUlHU*: uUcLlOV. M., HI. A.

I UAMS A M ) RKStRVOlRS
II II.T: LH ETARRAGE D T SER-(E-PONCON . CONCEPTION 0» ENSEMBLE
SOURCES IKAVAUX » VOL. PP.

AUTHORS (M)Ei'M. J.K.. FT At

OAMS ANO PtStRVUlRS
TlTLt: THe. CHARACTER OF -"EWCOLATION THROUGH POCK MASS AS OBSERVED WHEN
1 NVt -> T 1 bA T INO FO* DESIGN OK THt CUT-OFF
SOUPCt! R O C ' S , 9TH 1 N T 1 L • CONb. ON LARGE OAMb • ISTANBUL, 1967» V.l.
JR. 109-122. (IN FRtNCH-tNGLlSH SUMMARY)

AUIHOR: piflyHF^STAU, J.C., THOMPSON, R.R., BUTtS, B.C.* WALLACE. S.B.

ANCHORS, r IK BACKS. AND f'lLts
T I RLt: F 1 Q E R G L A S S Rc INFURCtD POLYMERIC ROCK HOLT
SOURCES RROC. 2ND RAPID txCAVATlON AND IUNNELLING CONFERENCE. SAN
FRANC I SCO 197*

AUTHOR: HAC-GELEN. A.
1 OAMS ANO RtStR VOIPS
TlTLt: TKAVAUX 0«ETAUCHE*ttNT tT Dt TRAlTEMENT DES TERRAINS DE
FONDATlOn OU BARRAGE DE dirt EL OUIDANE
SOURCE: •DIM 1 rj R • L CONG LG DAMS. PARIS, 195S, PPOC'S, VOL. I, PP. 417-441

AOTHOK: HAFFEN, M.
1 DAMS ANU RESERVOIRS
T 1 T Lt J riARRAGt DE LA CliAOOANNt.TPAVAUA DE CONSOLIDATION ET
0'ETAUCI-IE'MENT
SOUPCt: STM I N T ' L C O N G . OM LARGE DAMS, PARIS, 195S, PROC•S, VOL. IV,
PR.1103-1121

AUTHUR: HAFFEN, M.
TUNNELS ANO RlPES
TITLE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES IN LOw-CUHESION, GRANULAR SOILS.
INJECTION TPtATMtNT PRIOR 10 StALING AND STABILIZATION, (GERMAN)
SOURCE: rfKRGoAuwISS. 17(1970) NO. tt PP. 290-294

AUIHOw: HAFFEN, M.5 JANIU, J .

TONNtLS ANu PIPtS
TITLE: G-00TING COHtSIONLESS WATEP-BEARING SOILS IN CITY TUNNELS
SOUPCE: RROC. RAR1D EXCAVATION AND TONNtLING CONF., CHICAGO, 1972
VOL. I I. PP. 1b39-lSbd

AO I HOR : HAGERMAN. T.H.

TONNtLS AND PIPES
TITLt: ! J * O U N D . V A T E R P R J B L L M S IN UNOtRbRUUND CONSTRUCTION
SOURCES RROC. INT. SriV. LARGE PtPMANe.NI UNDERGROUND OPENINGS,
OSLO, 1vb9 »OSLO: JNIVERSITETSFOPLAGET 1970, PP. 319-321

AO I HOW : HA\DA, C.L. : M J R M Y , Y.K.; MAUHAVEN, K .

 4 3

1 DAMS <«NIJ R t S t r t V O l K S
T 1 r LL I F I-'T A T'^TN T Or' ROCK F O U N D A T I O N F OK SOME LARGE DAMS IN INDIA
S'JUKCE 5 P><UC tin 1 NT C.JNOR ON L A R G E DAMS E D I N B U H G H » 19b4 V 1 P 10b9-tl9

AUTHUP: HARMING, H.J.H.

3 FOUNDATION'? A>4U ,->tLATtU APPLICATIONS
TI lit: lnc CHOICt Oh EXPEDIENTS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
SOURCt: A Ch.NT'JRY OF SOIL MECHANICS. INST OF CIVIL ENGRS LONDON 1969
P *j7-<tS7

AUTHOK: HARF'»AR«h H.
2 TUNNELS AND PIPES
T I I Lt s TUNNELS OF NORWEGIAN STATE RAILWAYS, DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND
'iA INTE'NANCt'
SOURCt: TUNNELS AND IUNNtLING NOV-DEC 19 70 P 379-304

AUTHOR: HargETT, EMIL

5 STRUCTURAL APPL 1CAT IDNs
TITLt: A FIELD STUDY OF PERh ORMANCt AND COST OF A COMPOSITE PAVEMENT
CONSISTING OF PREsTRESSED CONCRETE PANELS INTERCONNECTED AND
C>»vbRED WITH ASPHALTIC CONCRETt
SOURCt: PH-17 7 218 CrSTI
JUL 6 7 <oR

AUIHUR: HARGETT, EMIL 4.

3 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: LAoORATOKY INVESTIGATION OF THE HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF
GROUT KE.YS AHI) TONGUE AND FORK CONNECTORS
SOUPCt': Pi-1 7b H6ti CFSTI
21 J'JN 6 7 19P

AUTHOR: HARSTEAD. G.A.; KUMMERLE, E.R.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATION:,
TITLE: GKOU TED T E N D O N S FOR NUCLEAR CONTAINMENT
SOURCE: ASCE-PROC V MS (J POWER DIV) N P02 OCT 1969 PAPER 6852 P 277-92

MUI'HOK: IARSTEAU, G.A.? KJMMEHLE, t . R . ; ARCHER, J.C.J PORAT, M.M.

5 STRUCTURAL AMPLICATIONS
T i n t : TESTING OF LARGt CURVtD P R t S T R E S S I N G TENDUNS
SOOPLt: Asct J PUwER DIV V 97 N PC) 2 MAR 1971 PAPER 7966 P 475-92

AUTHOR: HARVEY, P.J., B1CKLE, L.W.

6 SPtClAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLE: FINAL REPORT ON EVALUATION ANU CALIBRATION OF TRANSDUCERS FDR
MEASURING STRESSES UP TO TwO K1LOBARS IN GROUT ABD CELLULAR
CO-NCKtTE
SOUFCt: SLa-73-727 N f I S
AUG 7j 25P

AUIMUK: HASmELL, C.K.

TUNNELS AN'J RIPtS
T11i.T: THAMES CABLE TUNNTL
 4 4

SOURCE: PRJC INSTN CiV tNGRS. DtC 19b9 P 323-340

AUTttUK: i-IATUM.F.
-2 TUNNELb AN') PIPtS
'/ MORE T A N ONE APPLICATION
f I ILL: UN Trit SUPPORT UK THE INTERNAL RREESSURF ACTING IN CONCRETE
LlNEu TUNNELS IN ROCK. PRESTRESSING BY GROUTING
SOURCt: INT S M P ON STABILITY OK ROCK SLOPES, SALZBURG 194B, GEOMECrt
COLL AUSTRIAN GIr.OMECH ROCK MECH SUPPL 1 1970 P 87-9b

AUIHUM: HOUBITZ* G.
TUNNELS HNO PIPES
TITLt: CONSTRUCTIUM OF I RE BAREbG TUNNtL IN BAOEN (SWITZERLAND)
SOURCE: TlEFdAU 11 <1969) N 1 P 19-20

AUTHOR*. rtAOGF, P., HUFFMANN, W.

2 TUNNtLStti'luPIPES
TITLt.: EPOXY- RESIN GROUTING IN LARGE UNDERGROUND OPENINGS
SOOkCE: LARGE PERMANENT UNDERGROUND OPtNINGS, PPOC INT SYMP SEPT 23-25
1969, OSLO, NORWAY. INI SOC ROLK MECH, 1970, P 323-6

AUTMUP: HaVERLAND, M.L.

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TIILt: INSTALLATION, PRESSURIZATION, AND GROUTING OF HYDRAULIC FLAT
JACKS IN MORROW POINT POWER PLANT
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU UF RtCLAMAIION REPORT REC-0CE-70-19 JUN 1970

AUIHOH: HEAKST, JOSEPH k . ; CHERRY, J. THEODC^E; .SHOWN, STEPHHN R.

h SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, RE^AiRS, ETC.
TITLh: L A B O R A T O R Y VERIFICATION OF EXPL05I0M CALCULATIONS. PART III.
GROUT, A ROCKLIKt LOCKING SOLID
SOORCE: REPORT, CALIF UNlV LAWRENCE RAUlATlON LAB REP* UCPL-12065,
PART J APR 1*. 19/0 19P

AUTHOR: HEATON, E.E.

GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: CHEMICAL OR CEMENT GROOTS, COMPARATIVE COSTS* IF
SOURCE: CAN. MIN. J., V92, N12, 1971, P. 57-58 (1972 #736)

AUTHOR: MtLDT, A., PEPSSJM, T.

DAI'S AND RESERVOIRS
TITLt: CUT-OFFS IN UEEP DEPOSITS OF PfckVIOUS MATERIALS AND THEIR
tFFEC TIVENESS
SOUKCE: PPOC'S, 9TH' INT'L CONGRESS ON LARGE DAMS* ISTANBUL* 1967* V. 1*
PP. ^cl-440

AUTHUH: HFRbST, T.F.

ANCHORS, TIEaACKS, AND PILtS
TITLt: BEARING CHAPACTtRlSTICS OF INJtCTED TIEBACKS
SOOPCE: PROC. <• bUDAPEST CONF. SOIL MECH. FOUND. ENG., OCT. 1971*
rtUUAPEST! AKADEM1A KIADU 1971, PP. 601-615
 4 5

AUTHOR: HLGUCHI, J.
7 GENERAL, MORt TnAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE.: RUCK, GRUUTING
SOURCE: CONF., IN JAPANESE, NATIONAL SYMP ON HOCK MECH., JAPAN, 19B4,
P. 112 (I4llw)

AUTHOR: HlLL, J.K.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLt: FOUNDATION GKUJTING ANO JOINT PtPMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS, AT
BFNDORA DAM, PART 1,2,J, CASE SIUDY
SOURCE: WARO-A PART 1, IslUV. I9bb, P . 1, P A R T 2, DEC. 1966, P . 4BB>
PART 3, JAN. 19b/, P . 21-24 ( B M O )

AUTHOR: HOtibS, L.D., OJ PLESS1S, J.G., KRItL, J.P.

1 DAMS AND RESEWVOIKS
TIILt: STABILIZING HIGHLY STRATIFIED RUCK IN THE RIGHT ABUTMENT OF
T wEERl V1EREN !)AM
SOORCE: PROC • S, 9TH INT'L CONGRESS ON LARGE DAMS, 1STAN80L-, 19b7, V.l,
PP. b*/-667

AUTHOR: HOBST, L., ZAJIC, J.

t* ANCHORS, T I EBAl'.KS, AND PILtS
TITLt: ANCmOR1NG IN ROCKS AND SOILS
SOOPCE: TEAT., IN CZECH., 326F, 15T, ltJ2R, STATUI NAKLADATELSTV I
TR.CHNLCKE LITERATJRY. ALF"A, PRAKA, 197<J, 3S7P. (1973 #323)

AUTHOR: HOOOES, C.G.

SPECIAL APPLICATIUNS, RFPAIRS, ETC.
TIILt: GROUTED STEEL WIRE POPE AS A MEANS OF ROCK REINFORCEMENT
SOURCE: FIGS., TABLES, PAP. DISCUSS. ASS. MINE MGRS. S. AFR., 1970-71
1972, ->. S3-99 (1973 «997>

AUTHUR: HOFF, GEORGF. C.

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TIILt: INVESTIGATION OF EXP ANO J.NG GROUI AND CONCRETE. REPORT 1.
SUMMARY OF F'IFLIJ MIXTURE TESI RtSULTS, J U L Y 1969 TO JUNE 1970
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPtRIMt.NT STA. VICKSBURG MISS (03B100)
SUURCt: AU-72b 9db NTIS
JUN 71 10SP»

AUTHUR: HUFF, GtOPGE C.

* SPtClAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, EIC.
TITLE: INVESTIGATION OF C.XPANOING GROUI AND CONCRETE. REPORT 2.
SUMMARY OF FIELD MIXTURE, TEST RESULTS, JULY 1970 TO JUNE 1971
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA. VlCKSBUPG MISS (038100)
SUUPCE: AU-7Sb 362 NTIS
JAN 73 131P

AUTHOR: riOFF. GEORGE C.5 STOWE, RICHAPU L.5 BUKNETT, W I L L I A M L.

SPtClAL APPLICATIONS, RF"3A1RS, ETC.
TITLt: OPERATION FLINT LOCK. ShOT PILt DRIVER, PROJECT OFFICEH'S
•<KP0RT PROJECT 3.b; GROUTING AND MATERIALS CONTROL
 4 6

SOURCE: AD-733 a7b N T l s

1<» MflR o* 244P

AU1 HOP ! HOFf' . G.C., STOWE, R.L., HURNE 1 T » W.L.

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. ,REPAIRS* ETC.
TITLt: GROUT1 NO ANO MATERIALS CONTROL. PROJECT OFFICERS REPORT.
P R O J E C T 3 . 5 OF O P T R A T I U N F L I N T L O C K . S H O T PILE" D R I V E R
ARMY E N O I N E F R W A I E R W A Y S L X P E R I M t N T S T A T I O N V I C K S B U R G MISS.
SOURCE: POR-»»O J I NTIS
MAR 69 241P

AUTHOR: HOFF , GtORGE C., bTO*E« RICHARU L.t bUKNETT, WILLIAM L.

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. REPAIRS, ETC.
TIILt: UPEPATION FLINT LOCK. SHOT PlLt DRIVEH, PROJECT OFFICERS REPORT
PROJECT 3.5J GROUTING AND MATERIALS CONTROL
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA. VICKSBURG MISS (03BI00)
SOURCE: AD-850 dlb NTIS
14 MAR b9 236P

AUIHOR: HOLFISTOL, K.
DA.^S AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: GkOUTING OF THE LIMESTONE FDN. FOR THE ARSTADDALEN DAM
SOURCE: NORWEGIAN GEOTECHMICAL INSTITUIt: PUBLICATION NO. 801 19681
PR. 33-3b

AUTHOR: HOLESTOL, K.
1 OAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: CHEMICAL GROUTING AT SONGA DAM II
SOURCE: NORWEGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUIE! PUBLICATION NO. 80! 1968J
PP. 29-J2

AUTHOR: HOLSBY. A.C.

3 FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
TITLE: ROCK MOVEMENTS DURING GKOUTING. SYMP. » 6F» 3R
SOURCE: ROCK MECH SYMP, STEPHEN ROBERTS THEATER, UNIV. SYDNEY,
Ft 3. 1969. P. llb-120 (1972 # 1 U 2 )

AUTHOR: rtOUGHTON, D.L., CROSBY, A.B., WlLLEY, H.E.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: PREPLACtD AGGREGATE CONCRETE FOP STRUCTURAL AND MASS CONCRETE,
4F, 2T, 12R,
SOURCE: J. AM. CONCRETE INST., V. 66. NlO, OCT. 1969, P. 785-797
(1970 #7202)

AUTHOR: HOUGHTON, O.L.i HALL D.J.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: ELIMINATION OF GROUT ON HORIZONIAL CONSTRUCTION JOINTS AT
DwORSHAK DAM
S0ORCE: J A;I CONCR AIST V 69 N 3 MAR 19/2 P 176-178

AUTHOR: HOUSTON, BILLY J.

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
 47
TUlc.: INVESTIGATION OP E X P A N D I N G GROUI AND CONCRETE. REPORT 1
PRtLIM1 NAP 1 STJDltS
SOURCE: AD-V10 964 CFSTI
MAY 70 103iJ-t'

AUIHOR: HOWARD, S . R . , HOLLIDAY, N.G.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE! DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JINDABYNE DAM
SOURCE: CIVIL ENGNG. TRANS., INST. OF ENGR'S, AUSTRALIA. V. CEIO, NO.
APRIL 1968» PP. 143-159

AUTHOK: HSU, S.J.C.

I DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: RESIDUAL CLAY EArtTH DAMS CONSTRUCTED BY "RIO LIGHT S/A"
SOURCE: PROC., 2ND PANAMERICAN CONF. ON SM T» F E , BRAZIL, 1963, VOL. II-
PP. 347-363

AUTHOR: IHRAGIMOV, M.; ET AL

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, RF'AIRS, ETC.
T1ILE: APPLICATIUN OF RESIN FOR STABILIZATION OF EARTH FILLS CONTAINING
A HIGH CUNTfc NT OF ORGANIC MATTER, (RUSSIAN)
SOURCE: OSNOV. F U N D , MtCrU GROUT. 14 <1972) NO. 3, Pp 2?-23

AUTHOK: . INGLES, O.G.:

5 STURCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: SOIL STABILIZATION IN THE fc»UILOING INDUSTRY
SOURCE: CS1RO-SOIL MECH. SECT., TECHN. MEMO NO. 9. 1969: 19PP

AUTHOR: ISCHY. E.
1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: CASTILLON DAM, FIGHTING UNDERGROUND EROSIONS
SOURCE: THIRD CONGRESS 0:M LARGE DAMS» STOCKHOLM: 1948

AUTHOR: , ISCHY, £ . L., GLOSSOP, K .

7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE A D P L i C A T I O N
TITLE: AN INTRODUCTION TO ALLUVIAL GRUUTING
SOURCE: PROC. INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, VOL. 21? PP. 449-474

AUTnOR: ISCHY, t.» HAFFEN* M..

3 - FOUNDATIONS AND RELATFD APPLICATIONS
TITLE: .. HARRAGE DE SERRE-PONCON. CAMPAGNES DE RECONNAISSANCES
SOURCE:.. 5TH INT'L CONG LG DAMS, PARIS* 1955, PROC'S, VOL I, PP 803-831

AUTHOR: ISMAIL,' A.E.

1 DAMS AND RESERvUIP5
TIILL: CONSTRUCTION OF FLOORS UNDER BARRAGES IN EGYPT SINCE 1830
SOURCE: 5TH INTER. CON&R. ON LARGE DAMS, QUESTION NO. 16, RESPONSE 54

AUTHOR.: 1S0M, W.S., WALSH* to.

 4 8

3 FOUNDATIONS AND RtLATED APPLICATIONS

TITLh: HKILL GROUT PROJECT» INLET SfHUCTUWE. RED RIVER FLOODWAY
SOURCES CDOP-A, MAR 1965, 19P (1J031)

A'JTMOR: IVACEV. L.» ET AL

GENERAL. MOPE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLt: DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE TO FLOW OF VISCO-PLASTIC
FLUIDS THROUGH RUCK FISSURES
SOURCE: WZ GOHNYJZ IS (19/2) NO. 5* PP <+7-49

AUTHOR: IWATA. M.
3 F O U N D A T I O N S AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
TITLE: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF COHESIVE CLAYS FOR GROUTS
SOURCE: PROC JAP SOC CIV EVG N 19b NOV 1971 P B9-99

AUTHOR: IVEY, DON

b STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE! CREEP IN GROUTED SLEEVE SPLICES OF REINFORCING BARS
SOURCE: CEJ AUG 665 54

AUTHOR: JAEGER. C. •
2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLE: RECENT BRITISH EXPERIENCE ON UNDERGROUND WORK AND ROCK MECHANICS
SOURCE: T R A N S . . /TH INT. CONGR. ON LARGE DAMS, ROME. 1961. VOL. II»
FP. 16 7-lb9

AUTHOR: JANINr J.J.5 Lt. SCIELLOUR G.F.

2 TUNNELS AN!) PIPES
TITLE: CHEMICAL GROUTING FOR PARIS RAPID TRANSIT TUNNELS
SOURCE: ASCE J CONSTR DIV V 96 IM C.OL JUNE 1970 PAPEP 7382 P 61-71

AUTHOR: JAMSCIKOV. V.S.. ET AL.

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS. ETC.
TITLE: CHECKING THE OJALITY OF CEMENT GROUTING IN ROCKS BY ULTRASONIC
SOURCE: SACHTNOE STROIT. 1J, (19/0) NO b. PP. 14-iS

AUTHOR: JATHAL, M.N.. ET AL.

1 DAMS AND REStRVOIRS
TITLt: CUT-OFF FOR THE EARTH DAM IN THE RIVER AND ON THE RIGHT BANK AT
UKA I . . .
SOURCE: P R O C • S I 9 T H INT *L CONGRESS ON LARGE DAMS. ISTANBUL• 1967. V.L.
PP. 1089-1113

AUTHOR: JAwANSKl. W.
SPECIAL APPLICATIUNS. RE j AIRS. ETC.
TITLE: CONTRIBUTIONS TO CORRELATION Oh CEMENT ABSORPTION AND LOSS OF
wuTER IN PRESSURE TESTS FOR FLYSCH ROCKS
SOURCE: RROC. ?NU CONG. INT. SOC. ROCK MECH.; BELGRADE 197GJ THEME 6,
NO. lo. 6 PP
 4 9

AUI HON: JrTHVA» P.P.

I DAMS AND RtStRvUlKS
TIlILts (WOIJT I N V E S T I G A T I O N FOR SHEAR STRINGER ZONE AT UKAI DAM, INDIA
SOURCt: I-MOlAN oEO TLCHN. J . I ( 1 9 7 1 ) NU. 2 , P P . 1 4 3 - 1 5 1

AUIT-LORI: JLMT.SUN, P . M . S GPDUT , J.M.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLt: SULVENT-PtFINED COAL, ITS MER115 AND MARKtT POTENTIAL
SOURCE: T-'ANS SOC MINING ENG AIME V 250 N 3 SPET 1970 P 194-8

AUTHUR: JOHNSOvJ, P.M.

2 TUNNELS AN') PIPES
r I TLt: UNUE'.PGROUNO INVESTIGATION FOR LARGE EXCAVATION AT VICTORIAN ARTS
'CENTER
SOUPCt: CONF. 10F, IP, PROC. 1 AUSTRALIA - NEW 7.. CONF. GEOMECH.

AUTHOK: JOHNSON, S.J.

3 FOUNUATIUNS AND Rtl.ATEu APPLICATIONS
TITLE: CEMENT AND CLAY G. OF FOUND, G. WlTrt CLAY CEMENT GROUTS
SOURCE: JSFE-A, V H4, PAP 1545. 195B, 12P. (308)

AUTHUR: JOHNSTON. G.H. LADANYl, B.

u ANChURS, TIE BACKS, AND PlLtS "O
TITLt: FI ELD TESTS UF GROUTED POD ANCHORS IN PERMAFROST
SOURCE CANADA GEOTECHN. J. 9 (1972) NO.2 PP.176

AUTHOR: JOHNSTON. W.T.

3 FUUNOA TIONS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
TITLt: PRESSURE SUBSURFACE' GROUTING ON THE NEW YORK CENTRAL SYSTEM
wEST OF BUFFALO
SOURCE: P R U C S . 2ND INT'L CONF. ON SOIL MECH., POTTERDAMC 194B, V. If.
PP. 24H-251

AUrHUR: JONES, G.K»

6 SPtClAL A»PLICAT10NS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLt: . CHEMISTRY ANU FLOW PROPERTIES OF tiENTONIT£ GROUTS
SOURCE: GROUTS AND DRILLING MUDS IN ENG. PRACTICE, SYMP., LONDON, 1963,
PP. 22-28 .

AUTHOR: JONES, J.C.

3 FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
TITLE: OEEP COT/OFFS IN PERV1UOS ALLUVIUM. COMBINING SLURRY TRENCHES
AND GROUTING
SOURCE: PROC'S, 9TH INT»L CONGRESS ON LARGE DAMS, ISTANBUL, 1967, V.l,
PC. 509-524

AUTHOR,: KAISER., 1. ,
TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLt? EXTRACTION OF A THICK SEAM BY LtAVING THE ROOF COAL UNWORKED
 5 0

UNU bY CONVERSION OF PNEUMATIC STOWING TO CAVING

SOUPCt: GLUtKAUF V 1)7 N 1 JAN 7 1971 P 1-8

AUI-IUR: KAlSr.R, W.
? TUNNtLS AN:.) PJPtS
TIILt! TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT SUSPENSIONS ANO CONCLUSIONS
DERIVED FOR UNDtRoROUNU WORKINGS' PRACTICE
SOURCE! OTTO-GRAF-1NST, STUTTGART, TECH HOCHSCH,

AUTnUR! KAJU, N.^.S VFRMA, B.P.! SINGH, B.5 S1NHA, K.N.

k ANCHORS. TIFbACKS, ANO PILES
TITLt! NEW METHOD OF GROUTING dOLTS FUR ROOF SUPPORTS
SOURCt.! CAN MIN MfcTALL BU-L V 65 N Id 1 MAY 19/ d ° 37-40

AUTHUR: KARNOV5KY, F.
d TUNNtLS ANO PIPES
TITLt! CONSTRUCTION OF A MAIN SEWER UNDER THE TRACK SYSTEM OF THE
MAIN STATION AT MUNICH
SOURCE! M/ASSERFACH V 110 (1969) N 36 P 975-980

AUTHOR! <AROL , K.H.

d TUNNELS ANu PIPES
TITLE! AM-9 CHEMICAL GROUT ANO ITS APPLICATIONS IN UNDERGROUND MINE
aOKKlNOS
SOURCE: PRESENTtD AT T-lE FEB. 1959, NAIL. WESTERN MINING CONF. AT DENVER
COLO.

AUTHOR: «AROL. H.H.

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS REPAIRS ETC
TITLt: APPLICATION OF AM—? CHEMICAL GROUT IN MINES, LOW DENSITY,
LOw VISCOSITY
SOUPCt: CLGO-A AUG 24, 1*61 P, 230

AUIHOP! XAROL, REUbEN H.

7 MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
T 11 L'E: CnEMICAL ^ROUTING TECHNOLOGY
SOURCE: '••SMi: JAN 6 B : l/S:574d TR:l35!6/0

AUTHOR: KAROL, R.H.

7 OENERAL, MORE T H A N ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLE: C H E M I C A L GROOT
SOURCE: CI jU-A V 20.5 AUU 1961 P dJO-dJS

AUIHOR! KAROL, R . H »
7 GENERAL, MORL T H A N ONE APPLICATION
TIILt:,, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES' OF CHEMICAL GROUTS
SOURCE: AN-ERICAN CYANA^ID, CO. NOV 196J IP

A'UTHOR: «AROL» R . H .
6 SPtClAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC,,
TIILt: USt OF CHEMICAL" GROUTS TU SAMPLt SANDS
 5 1

SOUKCF.: fiSlM sRfcC TECH PuBL 4B3 (SAMPLING OF SOIL A N O W O C K ) FEB 1970 P 51

AO I '-Mi': < ARUL , P . M . : SWIFT, A,M,

V 'jENFrt'U-,MOPt I'1AN ONf- A ^ P l I C A I ION
T IU c : ST"-IPO.->IUM ON G R O U T I N G : CjROUTINO IN F L O W I N G WATER AND STRATIFIED
IIKP'JSI Ta
S'.iU-'Ct: S^i2 : «Rr t> 1 125:
! 2797

nuinoc: <srt. R . D .
TU'-l'-JtLS ANi; P I P E S
TIILt: Co MSOL ID A r 1 On '.-.ROUTING AT C O T T O N W O O D C O L L I E R Y
SOORCc. : CLGU-A V d u 6 N 5 j 2 4 MAY 1963 P 5 3 4 - 5 3 5

AUTHOR: LL • JASPER
2 TUMNtLS UN ' -11PE S
TIILt: Tfit DARJTURI) T J N N c L
SOURCE: M E INST OF U V l L E N G I N E E R S , PROC. L O N D O N , MAP 63 V24 P 359-
3 72

aulHUl-: * t MMF. T • R . HUNT tR

TUNNtLS AND P I P E S
TITLt: STWTR G R O U T I N G CURES PLANT O V E R L O A D PROriLtM
SOURCE: PURTLLC KI-OR(<S V 104 N 7 JUL 1973 P 9 4 - 9 5

AUIMOR: <tMHMUE5, R U d t R T F .
SPtClAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLE:. M A T E R I A L S AND P R o C E D U R t S FOR TME R E P A I R OF S P A L L S IN C O N C R E T E
ARMY C O N S T R U C T I O N E N G I N E E R I N G R E S E A R C H L A B C H A M P A I G N IL (405279)
SOUPCt: u D - 7 5 9 132 N T I S
•M.VR 73 22P«

AtJT-!UK: RTENNARO, J . , KENNARD, M.F.

1 . M M s AND KtStPVOlRS
riILt: st'LbET K t S E R V O I K : DESIGN AND C O N S T R U C T I O N
SUURCt 1 RROC. INST. C I V . E N G k S . , V O L . 2.1, P P . 2 7 7 - 3 0 4

AUIMUK: *T N N E D Y , THOMAS B.
5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS ,'.{/' •••
Tint: I N V E S T I G A T I O N OF M E T H O D S OF F I N I S H I N G F O R M E D C O N C R E T E S U R F A C E S
ARMY L N U I N E E R W A T E R W A Y S E X P E R I M E N T S T A T I O N , V I C K S B U R G M I S S
'SOUPCt: AD-7 32 2 2 2 MT TS
^ . -DtC 2bP

aUI^Uk: KtNNE'JY. T i O M A S d.
Gt.NF.RAL. MOPt THAN'ONE A P P L i C A l I O N
TIILt: R R t b S U R t G R O U T I N G FINE F I S S U R E S
SOURCc.:. JOuHNHL A S C E . V O L . 8 4 , S . M . I . , P A P E R 1 7 3 1 , 1958

A'JTNOR: F.N'NTO Y , MOMAS d.

FOUMUAI ION*; ANU RELATED APPLICATIONS
 5 2

R; II..C.: SI«R)>IUM UN liRO'J 1 1 NG: PtStARCM IN FOONIIATION GROUTING WITH

Si-:i'iCt.: •.•<<:flj^61

.UIIMOW: KHBCHI-;<A,M. U.'J.

2 TO'>iti.S An 1 RiRES
T I I L r.: -vt-SSURt RtOolREMtNTS FUK CONSOLIDATION GROUTING AROUND
-'Rt SSORt TUNNFLS
BOU'-'CT: ,.iORort.cH.\i B I R J I I v ' • o u ^ U ) N a P 4 2 - 3 ? A L S O T R A N S L HYDRO-
I r C^'J I CAL CONS TRlJOT 1 UN N b ( tt//U» P 74 7-749

iUlrtUh! -tMA.MNA. M-.M.L.

] OA»> iuriD •UONOATIUNS
rilLt: 'orUUT 1 \KJ AND OR AI MAOE ARRANOEMtNTb ON JAMNI DAM SPILLWAY
bOURCL! INDIAN J RUWER RIVER VAL DEVELOP V 21 N 2 FEB 1971 P 48-52, 68

aiJlHu^: M v j i J.C. ? JNOERSON, J.K.

I 'JAMS AND Rr.StRvOlRS
TLLL-C.: I M l R U A 1 UN ORUUTINO BEALS POROUS CORAL ROCK FOR VENDADO
CUFFFRDAM
^OU^CT: CIV N.Y. V di JULY 19B3 H 454-457

4'JIIOK: KL^N. JORTN C.: BUSH, EONARD G. W.

( OENTRAL, MOPE T H A N O N E APPLICATION
.TIILt: S E ^ P O S I O M ON GROUTING: GROUTING OF GRANULAR MATERIALS
SOURCt.: Sm2: aRR bl: 2741

aol-iOr: «. lRCriENbAUEP. H.
t GtNERAL, MORE T H A N O N F A P P L I C A T I O N
11 TLT: PENETRATION OF GROUTING INTO GKOUNO ANO EVALUATION OF IMPREG-
N4TIUN UN SAMPLES UNDER PRtSSUKt
SOURCE: UN IV FR1DER1CANA. INST BODtRNMtCH, FELSMECrt, KARLSRUHE, N 39
19b9 106R

M'JI'-IUM: KJAT.PNSLL, B.
1 O A I ' S AND RESERVOIRS
T11Lt: oENtRAL PROCEOUftt IN INVESTIGAI ION, DESIGN AND CONTROL DURING
CONSTRUCT I UN OF EARTH ANO HOCK U L L DAMS IN NORWAY
SOUKCE: N O R W E G I A N GEOTECHNICAL iNSTITUIt, PUB, N 80 1968 P 1-20 .

-AUTIOH: KJAERNSLI, P.: T O R B L A A , I.

1 OAMS AND REbERVOlRS
TIILt: LF-AK AOT THROUGH HORIZONTAL CRACKS IN TH£ CORE OF H YTTE JOVE T DAM
Suu^Ct: NORWEGIAN GEOTECHMICAL INSTITUIt, PUBLICATION NO. BO, 1968
^ s->-<+ r

aOI-iuk: KLtl.M, A.; POLIVKA, M.

3 l='UUNJAl IONS ANO R£LA TE'u ' APPL IC AT IONS
VIlLc: CtMtNT AND C L A Y U R O U T I N G OF FOUNDATIONS, USE OF ADMIXTURES IN
CEMENT oROUTS
VJn^Lt: JbFE-A V B4 PAP 1547 19SB 24P
 5 3

AU I 11UH ! i<LtlHtR. J.
S TUNNcLS ANJ PiPtS
11 III: syrtUUTiNb TECHNIQUES IN MINING
bU'JHLt: i.LUtCKAUF V 106 N 13 JUNE 2b 1WU P 649-5B

AuIi-ok: rvLlMANOVA, A.F.S JUrfN I KO V » L.M.? UW'EVt N.b.S MIKHAILOV» N.V.

S bTRULlURAL APPL 1CA T I ONb
T11LT: I N V E S T I G A T I O N OF P O R O U S S T R U C T U R E ANO I M P L R M E A B I L I T Y OF
C O L L O I D A L CEMENT PASTES AND GRUUTS
BOUKLT: V> I OKU T EKh STrtOIT N B MAY 1 9 7 0 P 1 5 - 1 8

^UIhOK: XLOHP» H.
J A 1 S AimO REStKVOIRS
TI I L T : E N G I N E E R I N G G E O L U G I C A L P R O B L E M S D U P I N G THE F O U N D A T I O N OF THE
RJLOGETAL P O W E P P L A N T ON K A R S T 1 F 1 E D U E V O N A I N R E E F L I M E S T O N E S
I N THE S A U E R L A . N D AND T H E I R SOLU1ION
SOU^LT: ROCK MECN VI (1*69) N2/3 P L<*5-156

AUfrlUh.: m\I 1 CFTMEYER t IV.

TUNNtLb AN-> P I P E S
TJ f i t : INDICATIONS FOR FILLING CLOSED SHAFTS
SOURCE: GLUtKAUF V 105 N 19 SEP 1969 P 917-920

AUTHUR: KNLLL» J.L.

1 t>AF*S AND RESEKVOIRS
TI.TLC: THE A P P L I C A T I O N OF SEISMIC METHODS IN PREDICTION OF GROUT
I'AKT I N ROCK
SOUKCL: C O N F ON I N S I T U INVEST. IN SOILS AND ROCKS» 1969 PROC. P 93-100

AUTMUR: K N1L L• J.L.

2 TUNNtLS ANU PIPES
TITLt: -DC* C O N D I T I O N S I N THE TYNE TUNNELS* NORTHEASTERN ENGLAND
SOURCE.: ollLL A S S O C F.NGRG GEOL V 10 U 1973 P 1-9

AIJIMUK; KONIECZYNSKI , J. ; MIZIA. A.

r UEMtRAH MORE THAN ONE APPL1CA1 ION
r 1 T Lt.: USt OF D E R I V A T I V E OF ACRYLIC ACID FOR ROCK SEALING
SOUKCT: PRZtGL GORN V 2S N 4 1969 P * ! G 3 - 2 0 B

AUIHUK: KUROLEV. V.M.: MAKS1MOV, K.I.'

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLt: INVESTIGATION OF FLOW UISTRIBUIION IN GROUTING SYSTEMS AND
JOINTS OURINw JAM CONSTRUCTION
SUUKCt: GTST-A N 1 JAN 196H P 17-21

AUTHOR: I<ORZH£NI\U» !.• I . J MULYUKOV, E. 1 .

a ANCMOK^» TihtJACKS. AND f/lLEb
TITLt: EXPERIENCE IN 5RDJTING bASHKIR SOILS WITH UREA-FUPMALDEHYDE
RtblN
SOURCE: SOIL MECH AND POUND ENG. N A JULY-AUG 1969 P 261-264
 54

AUIHUR: -S^AVCHENKO, A. I.
•> T U N N T L S J P 1 PES
TIILt: SUPPORTS AT VYSOKOGORST IRON 0«t MINES IN RUSSIA
SUUKLt: GQRNYI ZHUPNAL » V 14b Nil 1970 P 36-39

autr-um: KRAVETZ, G.A.

i HJUNUAIIUNS ANO PtLATEU APPLICATIONS
Milt: CEMtNT ANO CLAY OROUTING OF FOUNDATIONS, USE Or CLAYS IN
PnESSURt GROUTING
SOUKtt: JSt-E-A V 84 PAP 1546 195b JUP

AOIHUR: < R 1 E G H , J.D.« NORDbY, G « M .

s STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TUll: METrtOOS OF EVALUATION OF EPOXY COMPOUNDS USED FOR BONDING
CONCRETE
SOURCt: P. 107, ACI PUBLICATION SP-21, DETROIT, 1968

AUTHOR': KRONGRAD, Y.} RAFFOUX, J.F.

TUNNtLb AND PIPES
TI1LE: RE1NFURCEMENT OF A DRIFTING WALL IN THE MINE SCHWALBACH
SOURCt: CERCHAR, REPURT JJLY 1971 12P

AUTHUR: KROPATSCHEK»H.: RIENOSSL, K.

DA"S AND REStRVOIRS
TI TLt: THT EFFICIENCY OF THE GRODT CURTAIN OF DURLASSBODEN DAM ( A U S T R I A
AriD THE CONSTWUC T ION OF A OEEP CUT-OFF WALL FOR THE E B E R L A S T E
LARTHFILL DAM OF THE ZEMM HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME
SOURCt: TRANS 10TH INT CONGR ON LARGE DAMS, MONTREAL 1970 V 2 P 2 4 7 - 7 5

AUTHOR: <ROPATSCHEK» H. ; RIENOSSL* K.

D A ^ S AWD RESERVOIRS
TIILt: T*AVAUX D'ETANCHtMtNT DU SOUS-SOL OU BARRAGE DE OURLASSBODEN ',.
SOURCE: PKOC. RTH INT CONGR ON LARGE DAMS ISTANBUL 1967 V 1 P 695-713

AUIHUR: ^HSMANOVIC, D . 5 LANGOF, Z , » ZUPCEVIC, H,

2 T U N N E L 5 AW!) P I P E S
7 MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
'TITLE: P R E S T R E S S I N G O F THE L I N I N G OF A H Y D R O T E C H N I C T U N N E L IN
sxnTERTIOHT R O C * M A S S BY G R O U T I N O
•soukCE: ROCK M E C H A N I C S - F E L S M E C H A N I K - M E C A N I Q U E O E S R O C H E S V 1 N
JULY 1 9 6 9 P 71-86

v" AUIHOK: W.IHN, B.A.

^ TUNNtLS ANO PIPES
t MORE TMAN ONE APPLICATION
TULt: .PROVISIONAL ANCHORAGE IN CLAY SUILS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION
"OF THE SAO PAOLO HETRO
.. iOuRCt: PRUC 4TH CONGP BRAZIL SCC SOIL MECH FOUND ENG, RIO DE JANEIRO
AIJG 1970 V- 1..N 1 111-42-111-9J
 5 5

AUIHUR: KUJO'JDZIC, C.F.

/ OENERAL. MORL THAN ONE APPLICATION
11 I Lt: a CON T RIBUTI UN TO THE INVESTIGATION OF THE PRESSURE GROUTING.EF
KrCT ON CONSOLIDATION OF ROCK MASSES
bOUKUt: . PROC 1ST INT CONuR INT SOC rtOCK MECH 1966 LISBON P 533-63B

AULHUR: I^UJUND/IC, B . ; JOVANOVIC, L.« RAOOSAVLJFVIC, Z.

?. TUNNELS UNI> PIPES
T I I L t : A PRESSURE LINING USING HIGH-PRTSSURE GROUTING
SOURCE: P R O C <JND C O N O R I N T S O C HOCK M E C H THEME4 N66
St.PT 19/0

AUTHUR: LAA , G . G . J FRANCO, M.A.

.1 U/V«S AND RESERVOIRS
/ GENERAL. MUHT THAN O N E APPLICATION
TI F L t : IMPERMEABILISATION. DRAINAGE tl AUSCULTATION SIMULTANEES DES
FONDATIONS
SOURCt: P R O C ' S 9 T H I N T ' L C O N G R E S S ON LAKGE DAMS, ISTANUL, 1967 V 1
P 5 5 9 - 5 7 2

AUTHOR: LAJEAT, J . P .
<! TUNNTLS AND PIPES
UlLt: REPORT ON THE CROSSING bY THE PRESSURE TUNNEL OF ROSELAN.O-
L A B A T T I R E OF OUARTZITE SUBJECI TO C R E E P
SUURCt: 7 T H I N T CONGR ON L A R G E D A M S , R O M E 1 9 6 1 V II P _ 5 4 3 - 5 6 3

AUIHUR2 LAMttE, T.W.

/ OENERML, MOPE T H A N ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLt: THE EFFECT OF POLYMERS ON SOIL PROPERTIES
sOURCt: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SM 6. FE,
VOL. 1, PP. 253-5/

AUI H O P : LAMbE, T. W . E T A L
OENERAL. MORE THAN O N E A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLE: CHEMICAL G R O U T I N G
SOURCT: AMERICAN S O C I E T Y O F C I V I L ENGINEERS, PROC. VOL. B3, NO. SM4
NOVEMBER 1957

AUTHUR: LANCASTER-JONES, P.F.

1 U A ' * S ANO RESERVOIRS !
TIILt: SOME A S P E C T S OF DAM C E M E N T A T I O N PRACTICE
S<>URLT":\ 0 OF ROCK S T A T E SFAPO-A V 1 6 N B 1 9 6 4 P 2 2 6 - 2 3 1 (11624)

AUTHOR: LANE, R.G.T. • .

I OAMS AND, R E S E R V O I R S ,
TIILE: THE J E T T I N G AND G R O U T I N G OF F I S S U R E D Q U / > . R T Z I T E AT K A R 1 B A
SOURCE.: GROUTS AND D R I L L I N G MUDS IN ENG P R A C T I C E , SYMPOSIUM, LONDON
'--'•1^63 P M5-90
 5 6

4UIHUK: L A N I: , R.O.T.; MARw I C K • R. t BACK, P.A.A.

U A ' I S AND RESERVOIRS
T I ' LL • TRTNDS I N THE D E S I G N AND CONSTRUCTION OR D A M S
MJUSLT: C I V TNG AND P U B L I C WOPKS P E V NUV 1 9 6 9 P 1097-1105

AOLHORI LANG» T.A.

ANLhORS. I IE HAPS, AND PILES
1 1 1l..t: HOCK RElNFORCFMENT, S Y M P O S I U M UN POCK S U P P O R T SYSTEMS,
SUUHLL: duLL AS50C ENG GEOL V 9 N 3 . 1972 P 2 1 5 - 2 3 9
OREoON OCT 1972

AUlHURS LARNACH, W.J.

i h OUNOA1 IUNS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
T I IL c. ANALYSIS OF STABILITY OF SLOPES IN SOILS AND HOCKS
SOURCc. : UUARRY MAN J V 53 N 4 1969 P 137-147

AUIHOR: L.ARUSSO, R.S.

n sPtClAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
T I TLt: WANAPUM Dt VELOPMENT - SLURRY THtNCH ANO GROUTED CUT-OFF
SOURCt GROUTS AND DRILLING MUDS IN ENO PRACTICE, SYMPOSIUM, LONDON
19b3 P 196-201
2 TUNNLLS AND PIPES

AUTHOR: LAOFFER, H.
2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
T I I L t : G R U O T I N G M E T H O D F O R P R E S T R E S S I N G T H E L I N I N G OF P R E S S U E R E TUNNELS
SUURCE: ABSTRACT F E I N - A S U P P L E M E N T 4 1 9 6 8 L> 2 0 7 - 2 0 8 , COMPLETE PAPER IN
GERMAN I N OER B A U I N G E N I E U R V 43 N 7 1968

AUIHUH: LAUFFEP, H»
H SPLCIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
rilLL: A NEW I N S T R U M E N T F O R THE D E T E R M I N A T I O N OF ROCK D E F O R M A T I O N F O R
U S E I N T H E D E S I G N OF L I N I N G S FOR P P E S S U R E T U N N E L S AND PRESSURE
SHAF TS
SUURCE: GEOLOG1T UND BAUWESEN V 25 N 2 - 3 1960

AUThUR: LEBEGOE, Y.
h SPtClAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS. ETC.
TITLL: CONTROL OF CUNSOLIDATION BY GROUTING. CONVENTIONAL VS.
UNCONVENTIONAL METHODS
SOURCE: PPOC. I N T CONG A S S O C ENG GEO PARIS 1970 V 1 P 283-294

AUIHO*: LTBEGOE, Y.
I ROUNOA T1ONS AND RtLATEU APPLICATIONS
ILLLT: CONSOLIDATION GRUUTING C U N T R O L L E D BY S E I S M I C METHODS
SOUKCE: ANN I N S T BAT TRAV P U B L 24 (1971) N 279 P 37-52

AUIHUR: LEtCH, T.D.

ANLHURS. T1 E D A C K S » AND PILES
T1 TLt: tXPERItNCE IN G. ROCK BOLTS
 5 7

SUU^-Lt: CUNFtRtNCE, PRUC PTH INT CONF SUIL MECH FOUND ENG PARIS 1961
v d. P 445

uUlt-'UK: Lt f UULOw , M . R . , IbCHY, E.

MJUNuATIuNS AMU RELATED APPLICATIONS
TIILt.: AMTNAGEMENT DU RH1N. PROTECTION DER FOUILLES D'OUVRAGES FONDES
JANS LtS ALLUVIONS, NOUVELLES APPLICATIONS 0 ET NOOVEAUX
Pf UCE'JES
SOU»Ct: M H liMTtRN. CONGRESS ON LARGE UAMS. N.Y., 1958, VOL. 4.
'Pp. S2/-57U

JUIHUK: Lt-.FOULON. M.R.; ISCHY, M.E.

I HJU^UAIIUMS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
I lilt: USlNE OE FESSENHEIM ( PROTECTION OF EXCAVATIONS bY GROUTINO OF
Tnt ALLUVIAL SOILS)
aUU^Ct : STr" INT CONG LARGc. DAMS PARIS 1955 PROC V I P 711-756

flUl-UH! It NArlAN , T.
TUNNtl.s AND PIPEb
TIILt: ThitRE I S A P L A C E FOR G R O U T I N G I N U N D E R G R O U N D STORAGE
bOURLt: rlULL ASSUC ENG GtOL V 10 N 2 19/3 P 137-144

;HJLNUW: LtNAHAN, T.J HERNDON, J.

SPtClttL APPLICATIONS, R E ° A I R S , E T C .
I 1 I LL : tFFECTIVE USE OF I'V SEWER INSPtCTION ANP SEALING
SUUbLt.: PUdLIC WORKS V 10 3 N 7 JUL 1972 P 74-76

4UIMUR: LtUNARO, G.K.: GRANTs L.M.

3 FOUNUArIUNS AND RtLATED APPLICATIONS
TllLt: CtMtNT AND CLAY bROUTING OF FOUNDATIONS, EXPERIENCE OF TVA
»<1TH CLAY CEMENT AND RtLATED GROUTS
SUiJPCt: JSFE-A V 84 PAP N 1552 1958 17P

AUlt'UP: LtOfiARO. M.W. DEMPSEY, J.A.

r utNcHrtL. MUPt THAN ONE APPLICATION
TI lit: CLAYS FUR CLAY GROUTING
MiUnLt: GROUTS ANO DRILLING MUDS IN ENb PRACTICE. SYMPOSIUM LONDON
1963 P 11^-126

KOLFUKI LTONARU, M.W. ; MDLLER, K.

3 F U U N U A L L U N S AND RtLATED APPLICATIONS
TIILt: (JROUTING FOR S U P P O R T W I T H P A R T I C U L A R R E F E R E N C E TO THE U S E OF
M<MT C H E M I C A L G R O U T S
SUUPCT.: T , P O U T S A N D D R I L L I N G MUDS I N ENG P R A C T I C E , SYMP. LONOON 1963
^ j^b-lbJ

uu I riijR : LtuSSlNK.M. MULLER-KIRCHENdAUERr H.

o s°r.LlAL APPLICATIONS, Rt PA IRS, ETC.
IIILl: INVESTIGATION INTO THE INTRODUCIION OF SOLID MATERIALS INTD
V O I D S Y S T E M S WITH REFERENCE TO U R O U T I N G TECHNOLOGY
SUURCE: VORTP 8 A U G R U N D T A G 19T)b DT. GtS. ERO-U. GRUNDB. 1969
ESStN P 1 8 5 - 2 0 7
 58

uUlMijhS LltCRll, W.; WULL1MAN, E.

1 U-V"S u n D «tSEPvOIRS
T 1 I L c. I G i O U T CUK RA1 iV TO CUT T n E U N D E R G R O U N D L E A K A G E S OF S F U N D A U L A K E
i'1 ORDtK TO I N C R E A S E THE R E S E R V O I R
SOURCE: TRMI-JS OL- LOTRI I N I CONOR L A R G E UAMS M O N T R E A L 1 9 7 0 V 2 P 89-99

AUlnOHS L T PPULD, FREU H.

1 ijii">S AND Rf.StR^O IKS
TifLt: CEMENT ANO CLAY GROUTING OF FUNS: PRESSURt GROUTING WITH PACKERS
SUURLE: J. ASCti VOL. 84; SMI! PAPER 1549, 195H

AUT"OR: LITTLE, A.J., ET AL

1 DAMS ANU RtSERwUIRS
TIILt: BEDROCK GROUTING TESTS AT MANGLA DAM, W PAKISTAN
SUUKCE: GROUTS uND DRILLING MUDS IN ENG PRACTICE, SYMP, LONDON, 1963
P 91-9/

AUIMOR: LlTTLEJOHN, G.S.

ANCHORS, TIEcJACKS, AND PILES
TITLE: SOIL ANCHORS
SOURCE: RROC CDNF GROUND C.NG, LONDON JUN 1970 PAPER W P 33-44

AUTHOR: L1TVINSK1I, G.G.

2 TUNNtLS "NO P I P E S
TITLt: GTJTECHNLCAL PARAMETERS OF STRENGTHENING OF BROKEN ROCK AROUND
o WOPKING
S0U«Lt: SOVIET MIN SCI N 6 N0V-0EC 1970 P b05-608

AJIHOH: LITWINISZYN, J.
t GtNEKAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
l l l L t : INTERNAL EROSION AND COLMATION IN POROUS MEDIUM (MATHEMATICAL
MUJEL)
SOURCE: INT SYMP ON ROCK MECH MADRIO, 1 9 6 8 P 383-389

AUInUH: LUCHTE« I.
f GtNERAL, M O K t THAN ONE ADPHCATION
I 1 ILt: RUSStBLt APRL1CAT10MS OF THE INJECTION METHOD IN LOW PERMEABLE
Soll-S

SOURLt: rtERoENBAUWlSS V 1/ (1970) N 8 P 295-299

Aui'-iOR.: LONUE, R.
1 juaS and RESERVOIRS
TIlLt! RECENT DEVtLORME.MTS IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
AliJ RESERVOIRS ON DEEP ALLUVIUM, KARSTIC, AND OTHER UNFAVORABLE
FOJNOAIIONS
S..)lRLt: M T n CONG ON LARGE DAMES MONTREL PREPRINT, 1973 133P
AIJIHUK: LONOE, P.
I uA;-iS AND RtsERvolRS
liILt: STABILITE DES M A A S I F S R O C H E U X . APPLICATION AUX BARRAGES
 5 9

•*0"JRV.F : ANNALtS Dt L ' L N S T L T U T TtCHNIOUt UU B A T I M E N T E T D E S T R A V A U A

RUuLlCS, N 2:»1 NOV lvbB P 1 bib-163 7 , ( ASCE/1SM N 1052. AVAIL.
FROM E N O BOC Lit*, 3 4 5 t 4 7 M SI., N . Y . , N . Y .

AOIr'O*: L ORhi\lZ • w.
1 04HS ANO RtStPVOlRS
TIILt: THE GROUT CURTAIN OF SYLVENSTtlN DAM
•^UURLT: R N O C 9 TH C O N G ON LAHGt DAMS ISIAMBUL 29b7 V 1 P 19-36

AUTHOR: LORMAN, W.R.

/ OTNTRTAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
1 I I L t: ENOlNEEHlNG PROPtRTIES OF SHOTCRETE
SOUKCT: AMEH CONCR INST SPECIAL PUBLICATION SP-14A 19B8 59P

AUTHUR: LOTTI, CARLOF BEOMONTE, MARIO

1 UAr 1S AND RESERVOIRS
T 1 TLt: EalCUTION AND CONTROLS OF CONSOLIDATION WORKS CARRIED OOT IN
Trtt FOUNDATION POCK OF AN ARCH GRAVITY DAM
SOURCE RROC CI TH INT CONGR ON LARGE DAMS EDINBURGH 1964 V I P 671-695

AUliiOw; LUUNAMAA. M.
0A"'S AND RESERVOIRS
TI ILt: COI-UFFS IN NATURAL RIVtKBANKS IN CONNECTION WITH THE
CONSTRUCTION Or OSSAIJSKOSKI POWER PLANT ANO KEMI LAKE
REGULATION RESERVOIR
SUURLT: ^xOC 9TH INT CONuR ON LARGE DAMS ISTANBUL U1967 V 1 P 379-395

AUTMOR: LUKS-. <.W.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TilLt: FUNCTIONAL OPTIMIZTION OF OPEN PIT MINE DESIGN, TOTAL SOLUTION
''I.T.CHAN I SMS
SOU'Ct: AIMfc ANNUAL MEETING 1971, ABSTRACT, MINIMG ENG A1 ME V 23 N1 1971

AUTHOR: LYRA, F . H . ; UUEIFROZ, L.

I F O U N O A T I U N ^ AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
TIILt: T HE F U R N A S R O C < F L L L DAM
SOURCt: PROC bTH INT CONGR UN LARGt OAMS, EDINBURGH 1964 V I I I PP 679-
ti*7

AU1 HO* : MACKcY, S., YAMASHITAC T.

J F OUNUA TIONb AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
TIlLt: SOIL CONDITIONS ANO THtIR INFLUtNCE ON FOUNDATIONS OF WATtRFRONT
STROCTURES IN HONG KONG
SuURCt: RROC., 3RD ASIAN RtG. CONF. ON SM 6, F E , 19b7, HAIFA, PP. 220-22*4

AU I HUP: MAbNE'T, t. MUSSNIG, R.

1 OA^S AuD RESERVOIRS
TIILt: E*tCUT1ONS AND EFFtCTIVENESS Oh THE WATERTIGHT SUBSOIL SEALING
KMR THt DAMS OF THE DRAU PU*£R STATION EDLING AND FEISTRITZ
sOUR.CE: TRANS. 10 TH INTL. CONG. LARGE UAMS, MONTREAL 1970, (AUSTRIA),
 6 0

VtiL. 2, PP. 521-550

AUIHOK: LORT., H.
U < M S ANU RESERVOIRS
r u u : REALISATION PAR INJECTION D«UN LCRAN IMPERMEABLE EN MATERIAL)
ALLUVlONNAlRt
SOURCt: 51H INT'L CON(i Lb OAMS. PARIS, 1955. PROC'S. VOL. I, PP. 757-B01
AUIMU«: MALDUNAOO, ET AL
Tu>\JNtLS AiNO ° IPES
II ILt: INYECCIUN EN SJELOS Y SU APLICAIION EN EL TUNELEO
50'JRCt: IntSI5, UNlVtRSIDAD IBtROAMERlCANA, MEXICO CITY, 1973

AUTI-IUR: MANN. A
1 UAMS A N D PESLRVOIKS
T1 ILt: DUAL bPUUTS SEAL FOUNDATION UNUtR DAM
SOURCt: CONSTR M L T H O O S EUU1P V 5 2 N B AUG 1 9 7 0 P 42-4

AUTHOR: *IANS!JR, c . l . ; SKU J O Y , M.C.

J F D U N U A F I O N S AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
TIILt: MINE GROUTINb TO CONTROL BUILDING SETTLEMENT
SOUPCt: ASCE J SOIL MECH FOUND OIV V 96 N SM 2 MAR 1970 PAPER 7166
P 511—22

AUTHOR: M A R C H A N D , R . E T AL
1 OAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: TNE E N D OF A OAM F O U N D E D ON A L L U V I U M : THE L E F T BANK. WING OF THE
M O N T - C E N I S DAM
SOURCE: TPANS. 1 0 T H I N T . CONG. LARGE D A M S , MONTREAL, 1 9 7 0 , VOL. 2*
RR. 47-6B

AUIHOK: MAILER, GEORGE V.

SPtClAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TIILt: DESIGN, TESTING AND FIELD PUMPING OF GROUT MIXTURES* ARMY
ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT SIATION* VICKSBURG MISS
SOURCE: CD-752 741 NTIS
12 APR 63 19-3

AUlHOR: MARSAL, R.J.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TIH.E: tARTH DAMS IN MEXICO
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS, 1ST PAN-AMtRI CAN CONFERENCE, 1959, VOL. Ill* P.1293

AU1 HOP: MARSAL, RAUL J., ARELLANO, L. R.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
T iILt: EL iNFltPNILLO ROCKFILL DAM
SOUPCt: P R O C ' S , OTH J N T . C O N O R . ON LARbt OAMS. EDINBURGH, 1964* V.III*
PR. RT5S-877

AUlMORJ MAKSLAND, A . , LOJJON, A.G.

f GEUT'RCAL, MORT TNAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
 6 1

TLLLR. : lit hLOw PROPERTIcS ANU VLTLL) GRADIENTS OF 8ENT0NITE IN SANDS

•ai-IU C A P 1 L L « " I T S
SiyUPCh: iifUUIb ANU DRILLING MUDS IN ENG. PRACTICE, SYMPOSIUM* LONDON,
Wb.J, PP. 15-21

ai.i / —UK : MAP T I N . M.

UA««s AfJU KESEKVUIRS
TilLc.: LA LUTTE CONTPE LtS EROSIONS SUUTERRAINES AU BARRAGE OU GHRI8
SOUKCt: TRANS. 2NU INT. CONGR. LARGE DAMS, WASHINGTON, 4:50-66

AUIHOK: CARINA, J.
TUNMtLb ANU PIPES
TIILE: ENG. PROBLEMs IN ROCK CONTAINING PYMKAOTIT£
SUUnCt: PROC. INT. S Y M 3 , tARGE PERMANENI UNDERGROUND OPENINGS, OSLO,
19b9, ObLSO OiviIVtRSI TETSFORLAGhT 1970, PP. 87-92

AUlnUr<; iflaON, E.E., MASON, R.E.

t TuNNtL-j .ANI' PIPES
TIlLt: SnOTCRETE SUPPORI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MEXICO CITY
.WrtlNAGt TUNNELS, 13F, aK
SoURCfc: RUCK ItCHANICS* N2, 19/2, P. 115-128 <1972 #162)

AUJHUP: -IASUR, A.
•> TUNNtLb ANI1 P I P E S
TITLt: EFFICIENCY OF ROCK CONSOLIDATION GROUTING
IN MOUNTAINS AROUND INTAKE PRESSURE GALLERIES OF HYDROELECTRIC
POWTR PLANTS
aOURCt: PROC. 2ND CONG*. INT. SOC. KOCK MECH BELGRADE 1970, THEME 6»
JO. I/, 6PP.

AUTHUR: "ATNT.R, 8RYA.MT

F GENERAL, MOKE T H A N ONE APPLICATION
TITLE.: ADMIXTURES FOP CUNCRETt, ARMY LNGINEEH WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT
STATION, VICIVSBURG MISS
aUURLE: AD-7<»U 661 NT IS
JtI'J 6b 9P '

AUIRTUP: '"AYH.R, A.
J RUUNUALIONS AND RtLATEO APPLICATIONS
TI I Lt 3 CEMENT AND CLAY G. OF FOUND., FRENCH G . PRACTICE
SgukCE : JSCt-A, V«4, J95d,9P. (J^a-)

AUTHORS 'IAYT.P , A.
1 UA.-IS A.SLD R E B T K V O ) K B • - '
T ( IL t: CONSIDERATIONS ON OSE OF GROUTING IN OAMS» IN FRENCH
dOUpCc: i - T vtJ—-a . vli, N4, DEX. 1961, P. J28-3J2 (11117)

A U I WOK.! ' NFLYT.R, A.

1 U A^S A.JIJ KT3TRVUIR<S
TllLt: ..iI^PUSI I 1UNS LtS PLUS RECENTES POlJK EMPECHER LA FORMATION DE
"ENARl/S
SoURLt: DUtSTlUfJ NO. 10, REPORI NO. 22, INTERNATIONAL COMM. ON LARGE
 6 2
MA-IS. PARIS, 19<+B

aJI'-ur: ^CC.AwHr, O.K.

IW«l'JCLS -AIM-» RlPtS ,,
TllLr. : n't 1 St CORING TECrHlOUES, /F
SiMJRLt : COAL MIN. ANU PRUCLSSING, V9, NJ, 19/2, P. (1972 *137B)

»I ->o~t: ' vie CuNNELL • rf.-^.

SPCCIAL APPLICATIONS, Kf-JAIRS, ETC.
T'FLt: r> j* Y SURFACE TRtATMENTS FOR PORTLAND CF.MtNT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
SUU-'lt : P. AC 1 PUBLICATION SP-21, UE IROIT, I96ti

AUT.-'UF*: MCCof, t . t . , JR.

SPtClAL A P P L 1 C A T 1 D N S , Kb' J A 1 R S » EIC.
TIM.t: n i f SONANT V [BRA I I O N TECHNIQUE F Ok LABORATORY DETERMING OF SHEAR
*'.VF. VELOCITY
SOU^CF : AU-/«*'J 99B N H S
U.T 6b IIP

«UMu«: MCDUNALU, A..*.

TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TIILt: wATtR IN AND AROUND MINE OPENINGS
SOURCE: liRUUTINO sYMP., SYMP. STRESS ANU FAILURE IN UNDERGROUND
O P T N I U G S , UNIV. S Y O N E Y , M I N . UtPT., MARCH 1 - 2 , 1967, 20P. (2796)

AUT-'OR: MCDONALD, J.E.

SPECIAL APPLICAT.IUNS, REPAIRS, ETC,
TlTLt: PROJECT HANDCAR/PAINTEU PONY, PROJECT 9.1 LABORATORY AND
rIELO GROUTING ANJ MATERIAL SUPPORT
SOURCt: AU-/43 160 <•; T I S
Ffd 6/ blP

AUIFUK: M(.DUNALU, J.E.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, KE3A1RS» ETC.
n u t : R R U J T C R SMUAL L A B U R A T O K Y AND F I E L D GROUTING SUPPORT PROJECT
V.L, AR *Y E N G I N E E R WATtRWAYS EXPERIMENT S T A T I O N , VICKSBURG M I S S
SOURCt: AU-7 39 979 MTIS
M Y 6b

A' 11 rljK : »iCGAVC')K, C.d., JR.

OAMS MNU RESERVOIRS
TIILt: c - N G l N t t R l N U GEOLOGY OF SPRUCE RUN DAM AND RESERVOIR, NEW JERSEY
SOURCE: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CASE HISTORIES, NO, 6 , 1 9 6 6 ;
PR. 23-32

AUI«UR: MrGAW, T.M.

2 TUNNtLS AN.' PIPES
T1 I Lt: JAPAN TUNNF.L sYMP., 19/0, HEVItW
sJUrtCt: TUNNELS AND TUNNELLING, NOV.,DEC. 19 70, 354-359 <1971 #653)

U\J) FIUR : f-.r -iCOGLlANO, F.

 6 3

GEWF.WAL . "LURE THAN ONE APPLICATION v,\.

T 1 11, r.: G h O U U N G AS A MEANS OF' IMPROVING SOIL PROPERTIES
SUU*CE: Rlv. 1TAL. GEOTECN. 5 (1971) NU. 1/2 PP. ',44,~5!»;

vl
AU I i-'OR: ILUCC1 » C. A. • '••', ,
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS* REPAIRS, ETC.
TIlLti GROUTING OF A FINE GRANULAR ALLUVIUM V
SOOPCt; PROC'S., 3RO. PANAMER1CAN CONF". ON SM & FE» VENEZUELA, 1967,
VOL. 2. PP. 121-141

AUlHu><: MICUCCI, C.A., SCOLARO, H.» BOLOBNESI* A . J . L . , MORETTO, 0 .

FOUNUATIONS ANO PtLATEl.) APPLICATIONS
TlTLt: IMPERMEABILIZATION OE ON ALOVION OE GRANULOMETRIA FINA
SOURLt: PRoC'S, 3RL> PANAMERICAN CONF. UN SM FE', VENEZUELA* 1967, V.H.
PP. 121-141

AUjHUw: MIEVILLE. A.L.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. REPAIRS, E T C .
rilLt: FINING SUdSIUENCt
SUUWLF: CIV. ENb. LONDON b6, (1971), NU. 7 d 2 , PP.. 953-963

AUI.-IUR: MIKUCKI* Z.
DAMS ANO KESERVOIRS
TIILt: StALING UP GPOUNUWORK BEODING Ub OAMS BUILT ON CARPATHIAN FLYSH
SUUKCt: PKOC. 2N0 SEM. SOIL MECH. F O U N D . ENG.* LODZ SEPT. 1970,
PP. 701-715

AUL-TUP: MlLLt.H, J . S . , NICHOLAS, RT.R.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLt: M t l H U D S A N D E V A L U A T I O N OF EXPLUSIVE FRACTURING IN OIL SHALE '
SOuivCt: P'I-227 3S>0/6 NTIS .
• 1 A»V 7 3 27P«

AUTHUK: M I N A S S I A N , W. , SABARLY, F . , LUNDE, P.

DAMS ANU RE B E H V O I K S
TIILt: P K O T E C r i N b A R C H D A M S FROM WATER P R E S S U R E I N T H E A B U T M E N T S
SUUHCt: PrsUC'b. 9TH INT'L. C O N G . ON L A R G E D A M S * I S T A N B U L * 1967* V.L,
Pp. Id?-199

AUIHUP: MINTAR. V.L.

GENERAL. MORE TNAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLT: GtNtRAL A S P E C T S OF C E M E N T G R O U I I N G OF ROCK
SOURCt: .J, ASCT! VOL. B 3 , S M I . PAPER 1 1 4 5 , 1957

AUlfOR*. MlNtAH* V.L.

3 F OUNUAI 1t>NS AND RtLATEu APPLICATIONS
T J IL t.: oOltS OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF F O N . GROUTING,
SOURCt: J. ACI5 VULr IB, PG. 917., PROC'S., ACIJ VOL. 43? 1947;
pp. 917-931

AU TMOK: .11TCHLLL, J.K.

 6 4

J i-OUI>)UATIU>\I;> AND RtLA TtD APPLICATIONS

riflt: J.M—PLACt TREATMENT OF FOUNDATION SOILS
SOURCE': P«JCtJ. ASCE, J. SOIL MECH FOUNO.. V.96 1970, NO. SMl, PP.73-110

«UIHU*: MUAVEN/AUEH. F.5 WILLIAMSON, R.H.5 WISSU, A.E.2.

SPtCL«L APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
T11LC. ! *UCR\ FRACTURE RESEARCH
SOURLt: REPORT RfSfe-Sh, M i r OEPT OF CIVIL ENG. TO U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE
PP 173 o3tt, -wOV. 1 19b6

AU I h U h ' : ^JLlNA, P.S.

UENERAL • MOPE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TI lit: EVALUATION DE L'ABSORPTION uE C1MENT DES VOILES D'ETANCHEITI
DANS LE5 MASSIFS ROCHEUX (DETtRMINATION OF CEMENT CONSUMPTION
IN i,ROUTED CURTAINS)
SOURCT: JNT'L SYMP, ON RUCK MECH., MADRID, 1960. PP. 401-407

AUTHUw: MOORK. J.T.* JR.

1 DAMS ANO RESERVOIRS
TITLt: CONTROLLING LEAKAGE FROM LOWANS FORD DAM
SOURCE: ASCE VOL. 35, NO. 6, JUN. 1965, PP. 52-55

AUThuk: LOOSER, F.
DAMS /*ND RLSERVUIRS
TITLc.: A CASE OF EXCEPTIONAL PERMEABILITY AT EL BOSQUE DAM, MEXICO
SoOkLt': PKOC.. 8TH INT. CONGR. ON LARGt DAMS, EDINBURGH, 1964, V.I»
P P . d*l-901

AU THUR: •"UR13ENSTERN, N.R.t VAUGHAN, P. R.

7 OE'NERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLt: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON ALLOWABLE GROUTING PRESSURES
SOURCE: bRUUTS ANO DRILLING MUDS IN ENG. PRACTICE* SYMP., LONDON, 1963,
PP. 3S-4d

AUlnUKJ «iOR I MO ID, T, MISE, T.

/ OENEKAL, MOPE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLt: G'OUTlNb INTO SOIL UNDtR VACUUM CONDITION
SUUPCt: PROC., INT. CONF. ON SM t. FE, BUDAPEST, 1963* PP. 421-428

AU T H U R : MOROZOV, S.S., ET AL
2 TUNNC.LS AND P I P E S
Tint: CEMENTATION OF ROCKS IN VIEW OF BUILDING UNDERGROUND AND HYDRO-
TEChNlCAL STRUCTURES
SOUKCL: PROC. 2ivD CONG. INT.SOC. ROCK MhCH. * BELGRADE 1970* THEME 6*
N O . 6. 6PP.

.(AUlnoR: MORTON* K.A. •

h sPtCi AL APPLICATIONS,, RFIPAIRS, ETC.
T 1 iLc.: POTASH IH SASKATCHEWAN, TECHNIUUES OF FREEZING AND GROUTING*
SOURCt: w'1-JR-A, V36, N 7* 1963* P. 2B-J1 (11395)
 65

/•.WII'UK: «.UT, 0.
•OCruxh. Nr.bAC*S, ANO PILtS
TIlLt: UtSIoN &NU USE OF ROCK dUL F SYS I EMS,14F,TABLES, 6BR
•>:M>-Lr. : SC. Ht.SIS, UNlV. OF LONUON. 1971, 91P. <197.1 #1171)

*UF~Uw: "UCCI.*.; ChrISTURY, J.P.

S ST*ULIIJRAL APPLICATIONS
rilLC! STUDY dY U S I M G M E HEAVY VIriRAI OR OF THE E F F E C T OF GROUTING
UfiUtR CONCRETE SLAdS
SuU-'Ct • H b CENT POMS CHAUSIiEtS, bULL LIAISON LAB

AUl-iUn'. MUNKO, H.O.. DRAI3, A.J., PR ITCHARD-DAVIES, E.

TUNNtLS nNl.i RI PES,
T I f L t: IrilTlAL WATER CONTROL bY GROUTING AT KINR05S MINES. LTD*
-lUURLtS AVAA-A. 1966-6 7. PUtJL. 1968, P. 69-96 (14462)

aUIHUR: muRPhv, ShlLDON D.

A'JOUhs. TIEBACKS, AND PILtS
TlHt: R^ lNFtiRCEMdUT OF ROCK MASSESttYBOLTING
Sv«UhCt: TfD-25'420 CF'STI
LV/0 14P

At; [HURI MURTl. N.G.K., ET AL

DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TIILt: CONSTRUCTION AND BEHAVIOUR OF I HE GROUT CURTAIN IN THE ALLUVIAL
FOUNDATIONS OF G W N A (INDIA)
SOURCE: TRANS. LOTH INT»'L. CONOR. LARGt DAMS. MONTREAL, 1970» VOL. 2.
pf. 10/5-1100

AUTMUR: MURZANOV, V . A . , ASHIKHMEW, V . A . , SOVALOR, I.G.

S STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TIILt: TE
( J R O U T I M G UF J O I N T S I N C D N C R E DAMS, IN RUSSIAN
SOURCE: ITTST-A, NLO, OCT. 6 8 , P. 17-19 <13659)

AUIHOk: NACHTGAKLE, 0.
3 FOUNUATIONS ANO RELATED APPLICATIONS
TITLt: GROUT IS KEY TO ULWATERI'NG JOB
SOURCt: WECO-At V 43 N 10 OCT 1968 P 60»62

AULHUP: . NAWAZ i^HAN, s.» ALI NAUVl, S.

I DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TltLt: FOUND AT ION TrtATMtNT FOR UNOERStEPAGE CONTROL AT TARBELA DAM
1
PROJECT, PAKISTAN '
SOURCT: T R A N S 1 0 T H I N T CONG ON LARGE DAMS MONTREAL 1970 V 2 P 1167-1193

AUIHUR:. NECAS, J. ET AL
1 HAMS AND FOUNDATIONS
TllLt: . USE OF LOGGING TO DtTE.KMlNE THT,INFLUENCE OF BLASTING ON THE
PF.RMEAdlLITY OF CLAY-CEMENT GROUT CURTAIN
 66
SOlJRLt: VODM H05P. 7, < 1-J6SP) NO. 7, PH. 169-193

AUTHORi NEtLANJS, R . J . , JAMES, A.N.

uf, NE K AL , MO*E rHAN UNE APPLICATION
TIILt: F I I K M U L A T I O N AND atLECTION OF CritMICAL GPOOTS, WITH TYPICAL
T X A M P L T S Oh THEIR F I E L D UStS
SOURLT: GROUTS ANO D R I L L I N G MUDS IN ENO. PRACTICE, SYMP., LONDON, I9B3»
»JR. Ib0-155

aUJ>10><: >4>-'OM4NN,R1. ; O S S E l M A N N , C.R.

I UA-'-S ANO RESERVOIRS
TIILt: I HI XOTROP I. C GPOUl F I L L S ORAlNAGt
CHANNEL IN INSPECTION GALLERY
STRUCTURE OF bEVER DAM, F. 0. R.
S'JURCE S TRAMS 9TH CONG ON LARGE DAMS ISIANBUL 1967 V I I I P 21-30

AOLHOW: \r HHKRG, J .
DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLt: tNGINEERING GEOLOGY IN THE INVESTIGATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE
ctATAN PAUANG HYDROELECTRIC SCHtME, MALAYSIA. 11F, 7T. 7R,
SOURCE: iJUART. J . ENGNG. GEOL., V3, N3, 1970, P. 151-1Ul (1971 #2456)

AUThOK: NU.MANN. J . T .
5 STRUCTURAL. APPLICATIONS
TITLt: IMVtsr1GATION OF M E C H A N I S M OF OELAYEU FAILURE OF PRESTRESSING
STEEL
AEROJET-GENERAL CORP., SACRAMENTO, CALIF. PROPULSION DIV.
(403 939)
SOORCE: RP-1.S3 194 CFSTI
H JUL 66 3(JP«

AUFHOK: NiKOLlC, R., H A B E K O V I C , M., HLtBAR, V., ZIDAR, M.

2 TUNNtLS AN') PIPES
TITLt; REPAIRS ON THE POWER TUNNEL FORK ON THE RAMA HYDROELECTRIC POWER
PLANT (SANACIJA OOVODNI TUNEL-VODOSTAN HE- «RAMA»>
SOURCE: TT-72-3603 7 NTIS
19/3 21P

AOTHUW: NOOLET, F.
TITLt: t T ANCHEMENT ET STABILJZATION DU TERRAIN ENCAISSANT UN SOUTERRAIN
bO Cnti-IIN OF FER MtTROPOLl TAIN OE PAP 15
SOORCt: PROCEEDINGS. SECOND INT. CONF. ON SOIL MECHANICS,
SESSION IX C 13, ROTTERDAM, 1949

BUTHOK: .monVE'ILLEK, E.
I UAMS AND FOURNOATIONS
TIILt: GPOUTED CUTOFF CURTAINS IN FISSURED ROCK
SOURLt: INT'L SYMP. ON ROCK MECH,, MADRID, 196B, PP. 389-400

aUIHOR: MONVEILLEK, E.
GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TLLLC.: PERMEABILITY, J P L I F T PRES5URE, SEEPAGE DISCHARGES
SOURCE: I N T ' L S Y M P . ON ROCK M E C H „ , M A D R I D , 1 9 6 8 . P P . 369-377
 67

MUIMUK: NUN V r I L L t R , t . i HAdEKOV I C « M.

GENtrfttL. MOrti I r l A n ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
T I ILt: RRQPERTIES OF C L A Y - C t M E N T SUSPENSIONS FOR GROUTING
sOURCr.: T R A N S . , 7 T H I N T . CONOR, ON LARGt DAMS, ROME, 1 9 6 1 » V O L . II,
PH. S 9 3 - o 0 6

AUIIOR: NORUIN. P.O.

ANCHUKS, T I P B A C K S * AND P I L E S
TITLt.: I N - S I T U ANCHORING, DRILLING 5GKOOTING
•SOURCE: F F L I J - A V a N 1 19ta& P 25-36

AUT-IOK: NUSSEW, S«b. , yURTHA,«vN.

S STRUCTURAL A P P L I C A T I O N ?
TI I L t : U L T l M A T t HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF PRtSTRESSEO S P L I T BEAMS
NAVAL C I V I L t N G l N E E R l N G LAB PONT HUENEME CALlf" ( 2 4 8 1 5 0 )
Suu^Lt: A D - 7 1 7 3 5 2 NT I S
J a N 71 <+7P

A O T I-Itjrt : "JO V ART, F .

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
T 1 T LT: S E C U - L M ' J OF B U I L D I N G S WITH I M P A I R E D S T A B I L I T Y
SOURCT: TNZ. STAVBY IB ( 1 9 7 0 ) , NO. 1 0 , P P . 384-390

AUTHOR: MOVASAD, T . L .
J F 0 0 N D A I I ON5 AND RELATED A P P L I C A T I O N S
TIILt: hOh' 7 0 D E S I G N STABLE COMPRESSOR F D N S .
SOURCt: OIL ANU GAS JOURNAL, MARCH 1 1 , 1 9 5 7 ; P . 129

AUMUK: OWT'RTI, U . : REBA'JDL, A.

1 IJ A I S ANU FOUNDATIONS
TIILt: B t J ^ o C K S T A B I L I T Y BEHAVIOR WITH T I M E AT THE PLACE MOULIN ARCH- .
GRAVITY DAM
SOURCt : PRUC RTH I N T CON'J ON LARGE DAMS ISTANBUL 1 9 6 7 V 1 P 8 * 9 - 8 7 2
*

AUIHOR: o » B K i t ' M , T« j .
1 GFNtRwL, MORE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLt: GROUTING P R A C T I C E
s.)URCt: C L G U - A , V 2 C 6 , N 5 3 2 , APR 1 9 6 3 , P, 403-406 (11323)

AU1 I-IUR: ORIANI .M. -- .

I f- UUNUA rioivis ANU R t L A T E D A P P L I C A T I O N S
TIILt: G ^ O U T M l a ON THE S t A - r i t D AT DONutNESS «B« NUCLEAR POWER STATION
I N KtNT
:>OU*Ct: CIVIL tNOlNEEHINU AND P U B L I C WORKS IN REVIEW, MAY 1968 P 539-40

AUIMUR: OVERHtC*., C.F. (

7 UENERAL? MOKC THAN ONE APPLICATION
 68
rili.c.: r'l.ALT1C GROUTS
n'KJMCt: C n t t - A , V (3 N W StPT 1966 P d d O - 2 2 6

AUIhuR: PACHER, K.
1 UAHS AI\;!.I PtSllRVOIRS
R 1 I LT : L'JCATION OF bROUT SCREtNS OF ARCH OAMS ANO THEIR INFLUENCE ON
THt" SAFETY OF THE POCK A d U l N t ' W l , I N GERMAN
SUUPCL: FEJN-A. VL, N2, 1*63, P. 1 2 0 - 1 J 3 <a0/b)

AUIHUP: PAILLLRE, A.M.

/ UF-NEkAL. MORE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
n u t : A C O M P A A A T I V L S T U D Y OF SOME GPUUTS
SuUwCt: BULL. L I A I S O N LAd. POUT. PONTS CHAUSS. NO. 52, 1971, PP. 3:>-47

AUTHOH: PALTA, P . B . : AGGARWALA, S.K0

1 AND RESERVOIRS
TIlLt! • FOUNDATION PwOaLEMS AT BHAKRA UAM AND THE I R TREATMENT
SOURCE: PROC 9 T H ; N T CONG ON L A R G E DAMS I S T A N B U L 1 9 6 7 v l P 1 0 3 7 - 1 0 4 - 5

AUTrtUH: PANTOV1C. M.
t TUNNtLS AND P I P E S
TITLt: bROUTING *ORKS AT TH£ HEADWATER TUNNEL OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER
PLANT RAMA
SOURCt: C O N F . , 1 0 F , 2 T , I s R , PROC. 2 CUNF. I N T . SOC. ROCK M E C H . ,
BELGRADE 1 9 7 0 , V 2 , PAP. 4 - 7 , I I P ( 1 9 7 0 * 2 6 1 8 )

AUIiOK: PAROAL, M. V10AL

i DAMS AMD RESERVOIRS
TIfLt: LA TECHNICA U t LAS INYECCIONES ¥ SU APLICACIOW A LOS EMBALSES
SuuRCt: REV1STA DE OBRAS PUBLICAS MADRID 1 * 6 1

AUTHuP: P A R t J A S , t . 5 R6M>3tRT, 0 .
1 DAMS AND RtSEPVOIRS
riILt: RECONNAISSANCE GEOLO&IUUE ET TRAITEMENT DE LA F0N0AT10N DU
BARRAGE OE MAUVOISIN .
SOURCt: ^TH INT CONG ON LARGE DAMS, PAP I S 1 9 5 5 PROC V 4 P 1 1 7 9 - 1 1 9 5

AUfHUP: PAR I S I * A . M . , L T J G , CEC, USNR, t T AL

SPtClAL APPLlACTIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
milt: oEVtLOPMENT, T E S T , AND EVALUATION OF AN UNDERWATER GROUT-
DISFENSING SYSTEM FUR USE bY DIVERS
SUU«Lt: TECHNICAL NOTE N - 1 3 4 , ' , J U L Y , 1 9 / 4 , C I V I L ENG. LABORATORY, NAVAL
CONSTRUCTlUN BATTALION C t N T E R , PORT HUENEME, CA 9 3 0 4 3

AUFHOP: PATTERSON, F . W . , HAYOOCK, J.L.

:I F U U N U A R I O N S AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
TITLT: THE I N F L U E N C E OF BEDROCK S T R U C I U R E AND L I T H 0 L O G Y IN DESIGN OF
THE r.RAND R A P I D S INTAKE
RSI.)UPLE: . P P U C . , dT'd I N T . CONGR.,' ON L A R G E D A M S , E D I N B U R G H , 1964, V.I, ,
, pp. - 7 0 7 - 7 6 4
 69

AuMUR: P«VLIN, rf.

I DiU-'S 0:^0 RESERVOIRS
TilL.c.5 i>i JCCT SSt- UL C O M P L E T I O N OF THE PtKUCA STORAGE I N THE D I N A R 1 C KARSi
SU'/KUfc : T R A U S / TH I N T CONG ON LARGE «
OAMS ROME 1 9 6 1 V I I P S 6 5 - 5 9 2

AUIHOR*: >TIGNAUU» M.
i FOUNDATIONS AND RELATEU APPLICATIONS
r 1 1LC. i CO^SOLlUATION OF L U l R t SANO BY I N J E C T I O N S ' UNDER THE FOUNDATIONS
Or THE BHIOGE OF SAUMUP FRANCE
aO'JFCfc : HULL. L I A I S O N LAW. R O U T . ! HO.NTS C r t A U S S . : N O . 5 1 , 1 9 7 1 . P
->u. lb^-ldl

AU.'xOn:,- PE NCfc.K • E . B .
A A'JCMOK'3. T i r . c S A O S * AND P I L E S
TITLt: . GPOUTtD RUCK HOLTS FOR P t P M A N E N I SUPPORT OF MAJOR UNDERGROUND
«.URKS
SOU-'Lt: JISG-A. JULY-AJG 1963 <2't'9c!)

AUImoR: Pt.RPOTT, W . E .
( (JEnERAL. MOwE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TI IL t: h k I T I S H P R A C T I C E OF GROUTING A P P L I E D TO GRANULAR M A T E R I A L S
SOURCt: C O N F . , A S C E . WATER R E S . ENG. C O N F . . N 1 6 7 . MARCH 1 9 6 5 . 4 l P .

AUTMJK : RI-RHO'TT. LANCASTER-JONES, P.F.F.

2 TUNNELS ANI.»'|PIPFE.s
TITLE: C H t M I C A L TJROUUNG I N BLACKWELL TUNNEL
SOUPCt: C I V l L , E N G I N E E P I N o AND P U B L I C WUKKS R E V I E W . APRIL 1964 P 473-4

AOTHOK: PERROTT. W . E .
1 FOUNOATIONS AND R t L A T E U A P P L I C A T I O N S
TITLE: CASE RECORDS OF CTMENT' GROUTING
SOURCE: . GROUTS ANU D R I L L I N G MUDS I N ENG P R A C T I C E . SYMPOSIUM LONDON
.. - v , 1 V b 3 ''P dU-fctt

' AIJIH'OK : . . . , PC'RSSUN. r •"y--T.t

1 IJA.'S'AND R E S E R V O I R S
TITLT: THR TRANGSLET 0AM; R E S U L T S AND I N T E R P R E T A T I O N 0F_MEASUREMENTS
•4A0E ON TNE DAM.
SOURCT: P R O C ' S , UTH I N T . . CONGR. ON LARGE D A M S . E D I N B U R G H , 1 9 6 4 , V.II,
P P . 333-3H-9

c
-..aui-iur: PhTER« ( P . b ''
1 i.)A'-1 S a n o REStRVUIKS \
TIILt: St.EPAGE AND ANT I a t t K A G t MEASURtS ON DAMS B U I L T UP ON CARPATHIAN
FL YSCHES
^ijU-tLt: '-r'UC b Tri I N T CONu ON LARGE JAMS EDINBURGH 1 9 b 4 V 2 P 493-501

;\OL'IOR! , PIT T R A S O V I T S , G . \.
I 'ji-.jFRAL, MOPE THAN ONE . . A P P L I C A T I O N
TIfL t:. TESTS ON CHEMICAL GRUOTlNG AND WATERPROOFING BY U S I N G AMINOPLAST
 70
•<r St'.iS
S.)UwCt : R-'OO l>Jr CONK UN sM AND FE BUDAPEST 19b3 P

AOI'IOKS PL'JH. J,
GENERAL, MORE TMAN ONE APPLICATION
TMl.ti PROnLEMS OF S O I L 1NJECT.ION
PRUWLEMY I N J F . K l O V A N l A Z E M I N
SOURCt: I w Z t N Y R S K t STAVbY V 1 / N 1 JAN 1 9 6 9 P 1-7

AUIMUR: RLOH. J., GP^SA, J.

UENERAL, MOrtt THAN UNt APPLICATION
T1 I Lt: SOL i O I f . l C A riOM OF SANDS WITH URtA FORMALDEHYDE PESINS
SOURCE: IMZEMYRSnE STAVbY 17; 1^69 NO. 3 , P P . 116-119

AUIMUR: POLAND, G.E.

t TUNNELS AND P j P E S
TITLt: ANCHORING A TUNNEL I N SAND
SOURCt: C l t f l L ENGINEERING MARCH 1 9 6 0 P 59

AOlnOtC POLATTY , JAMfcS M .

7 GENERAL, MORt THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
T11Lt: SYMPOSIUM ON G R O U T I N G : I N V E S T I G A T I O N OF SANO-CEMENT GROUTS
SOURCt: S " 2 : APR 6 1 : d 3 : 2 7 9 5

AUIR.,0*: POLATT Y » JAMES M . » B E N D I N E L L 1 , RALPH A . . GLASS, MELVlN, HOUSTON,

"ILL J.
o SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLE: GROUTING CONSULTING S E R V I C E
ARMY TMUIN&ER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA. VICKSBURG MISS (OJBIOO)
S.IU«CE: 24.3 C F S T I
DEL 5b 2P

AUTmuk: P O L A T T Y , JAMES M . , MCDONALD, JAMES E . , S U G I U C H I , HOWARD

b SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
T1 I L t : f f c R l S wMtEL S E R I t S , FLAT TOP I t V E N T : PROJECT O F F I C E R S REPORT
RRUJF.CT 9 . 1 . GROUTING SUPPURT
urmY E N o l N E E R WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT S T A . VICKSbURG M I S S ( 0 3 8 1 0 0 )
SOU^Ct: A D - 7 * 2 04H NT I S
NOV o5 34P

AUI1UR: POL I \M A « M.
/ ijc.Nt RAL » MOPE T H A N ONE APPLlCATJ.ON
TilLt: -VUNNING SANO CHEMICALLY SOLIDIFIED
SOUPLt: " t S TERN CONSTPJCTION NEWS, JULY, 1949

AUT-IUK; PONI.MATKIN, R.U.

T'JNNCLS «ND Pi PES
IllLt: EFFECT I V t UEPT-1 or GROUTING FOK HYDRAULIC PRESSURE TUNNELS
sOURCt: nYURO T t C H N l C A L CONSTRUCTION N 4 APR 1 9 6 9 P 356-57

J
AUIHUP: O.NIMATK1N, P.U.
 71
D TUNNTLS AIML) PJPTS
TllLt: S T A I I C A U A N A L Y S I S OF A L I N I N G ' OF A TUNNEL tflTH CIRCULAR CROSS
S«- CI I U N T A K I N G I N T O ACCOUNT THt SEEPAGE THROUGH THE L I N I N G
rtNJ IHROUGH THE ZONE OF R E I N F O R C I N G GROUTING
SOORLt : ulUROTtftH S T R U I T SI 3 MAR 1 9 7 2 P 3 5 0 3 B

AULHUC: R O N I "'A T K I N • P. U, , KHEIFETS, V.B,

1 (JAMS ANI.) RESERVOIRS
O SRTCLAL A P P L I C A T I O N S , REPAIRS, ETC.
n u t : CONSTRUCTION o f M E GROUT C U R T A I N FOR THE OOWMSTREAM COF FtKDAM
T r l n C H AT T H t T O i U O G U L ' S K HYDROELECTRIC PLANT DAM
SOUPL'T: HrOROTF.CHNlCAL C O N S T R U C T I O N , ( liKANSLATED FROM R U S S I A N ) , NO» 1 2 ,
UhL. 1 9 6 9 , PP. 1103-1107

m.ilMUHi P O S T t L , P . , HARBEJET TE • R ,
1 DAMS AIMI) RESERVOIRS
TltLt: L t S MELANGES A R G l L E C l M E N T DANS LES TRAVAUX D U N J E C T I O M DE SOLS
bOUKCt: P R O C E E D I N G S , <?ND I N T . CONF, S O I L M E C H A N I C S , SESSION IX C 1 6 ,
ROTTERDAM, 1 9 4 y

AU!HUK : P H A T T , HAROLD < . « MCMORDIE, ROBERT C . J DUMDAS, ROBERT M.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
T I I L.T: F O U N D A T I O N S A N D A B U T M E N T S - B E N N E T T A N D M I C A DALTS
SOURCE: A S C E J S U I L MECH F O U N D D I V V 9 a N 5 M 1 0 O C T 1 9 7 2 P A P N 9290

AOIMOK: PRICE* U.G.; PLAISTED, A.C.

1 FOUNOAI IONS AND RELATED A P P L I C A T I O N S
TITLt: EPOAY R t S l N S I N ROCK SLOPES S T A B I L I S A T I O N WORKS
SOURLh: SYviP. RUCK F K A C T U R E , SYMP I N T SOC ROCK MECH NANCY FRANCE
• 'CT 1 9 7 1 PAP 3 - 9 IIP

AUI"OR : PROCTOR, C.S.

.i F O U N O A TIUNS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
TI ILL*. CAP G . TO S T A B I L I Z E F O U N D . ON C A V E R N O U S LIMESTONE,
SOURCt : CONF . , P P O C . 2NL) I N T . SOIL MECH F O U N D EK'G 1 9 4 U . V4 P. 302 (<,<»6S)

A-JTMOR: PRONSATO, A . D . , ZARA2AGA, C . H .

I OA.*:, AiJD RtStkVOlKS
TIILt: =!A*AGt D t »EL HORCAJO' MtASURES OF. S E C U R I T E ADOPTEES DANS LES
r 0 NUATIONS
MJU^Lfc. : y TH C O N o R . ON l A R G E DAMS, T R A N S . • I S T A N B U L , 1967, V.V.
P P » AO (-** 19

AUTHOR : PPUI'H, BYRUN J.

N SPtClAL APPLICATIONS REPAIRS tTC.
/ UP.NFKAL. MORE THAN ONE A^PLICATIUN
TllLt: GROUTING MANMAJE I S L A N D S - CHESAPEAKE BAY BRIDGE
SOURLC. : CO^ : J A N 6 6 : AS21 TP: 1 3 2 : 1 0 7

AUIHUK: PACT-MAOOUS, X., £T. AL.

 72
urt'iS ANU Rr.StKVUlRS
T[(Lt: t l a . i t L I R E A L I S A T I O N OLb P A R A f U U I L L E S DES BATAftOEAUX ET OU
H / . ^ K A o t DES t C H E l . L E S U ' A N N l d A L A AlGUEBLANCHE
: ->TR 1-JTER. CUNGR. ON LaROE DAMS, UUESTION NO. 1 6 . RESPONSE B9

AUl^Ot-: P A F F L E , J . F . , GKEENI»00L)» O . A .
IJENEKAL. MURt THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TIILt: RELATIONS BF.WE&N THE RHEOLOblCAL C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S OF GROUTS ANO
I h L I N CAPAC1T Y TO PERMEATE S O I L
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THt 5 T H 1NTERNA11ONAL CONFtRENCE ON SM AND F E ,
\ML. 2 . P. M9

AIITHUH: RAHANHSYN, ri.A.» EI AL.

7 GENERAL, MUxt T H A N O N E A P P L I C A T I O N
TIILt: EXPEDIENCE I N CHEMICAL GROUTING OF LOOSE CARBONATE S O I L S WITH
SUMLSULL AND CARBAMIDE R E S I N
SOURCE: S O I L MECH. N F O U N J . ENGRN. (TRANSLATED FROM R U S S I A N ) NO. 4, JULY
-IIUU. l - > 6 * . P . 2 a 7 - 2 6 0

AuThoh: PA J E E V I C , B . , VERCON, M .
DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
T] f L E : FONUAT1UN UU HARRAGt DE VLASINA
SOURCE: NTH I N I ' L CONG L o DAMS, P A R I S , 1955, PHOC'S, VOL. I, PP. U59-866

AUIIUR: w a J t E ' . ' I C , d . , vERCON, M .

I DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TIILt: VOILE D ' I N J E C T I O N DU B A R R A G E V K 1 A I I
SOORCE: STH INT ' L CONG LO D A M S , P A R I S , 1955, PROC•S » It PP.

AUfrHOk: RAJU. N . M . 5 VERMA, B . P . J S I N G H , B . i S l N H A i K . N .

ANCHUKb, T I f.riACKS. AMI) P I L E S
TITLt: NE» MET riOU OF ORUUTING BOLTS FUR ROOF SUPPORT.
SOURCE: CENTRAL M I N I N G RES S T A T I O N , OHANBADf I N D I A CAN M I N H ^ T A L L 0
MLL
v/t>5 N 721 MAY 1 9 7 2 P 3 7 - 4 0

AUIHUR: RAmAMUR TN Y « T.
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIR, ETC.
TITLt: A NEA/ T t C H N I i j U E OF O B T A I N I N G T H I N SECTIONS FROM CO
TKI AX I A L TEST SPECIMEN
SOURCE: J . I N U I A N N A T . SOC. S O I L M t C H . h. FOUND. E N G R N . , V . 7 , NO. ff
HOT. 1 9 6 W , P P . 4 S J - 4 6 3

AUI^UK: RAU. R.C.

JAMS AMD RESERVOIRS . ,1111111 i till
TITLt: P P O H L F . M S OF W A T E R - T I G H T N E S S OF O A M S A N D R E S E R V O I K S J FI3UNRSLJ9N
P ^ O D L E M S AT T U N G A R H A D R A A N D H I R A K U D D A M S
SOUPCE: 5 1 H I N T - L CONG L b O A M S , P A R I S , 1955, P«OCLS. VOL; I* PP. 5555^(JP

AUI^UR: REBELO H I N T O , J.F.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOINS
TIILt: ut.SIGN ANU CONSTRUCTION OF OAMS ON PERMEABLE SOILS AND METHODS
OR FOUNDATION T R T A TMENT
 73

SUURCt: ->rn INI ' L CONG LG DAMS, PARIS, 1955, PROC'S, VOL 1, PP. 27 3-264

AUIMOR: Rr.CTULLO, A.
7 GENERAL
TIILt: ITtPATiVt PROCEOURt FOP STABILIZING A GpEAT SLOPE
SOUPCt: IN FRENCH, BF.bR, PROC. 2 CONF INT SOC ROCK MECH., BELGRADE.
19/0,V3, PAP 7 - 1 7 , 1 0 P (19 71 »406)

AUIHOR: REDFERN,. A., PINDER, B.F.

sPtClAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, tTC.
TIILt: S H A M LINING AND G. PRUBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH COTGPAVE AND
bEvtRCOIES SnAFTS.
SOURCE: CLGU-A, V209C DEC. 1964, P.B17-B26, V210, JAN 1965 P. 15-21 N352

AUTHUP: REEU. J.J.

7 GENFRAL
TITLt: SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO GROUTING
SOURCE: MCJO—A, V4d, Nl, 1962, P. 49-51 (11224) & (355)

AUTHOR: REGELE. 2.
7 OENe RAL' MOkt THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITl.t: COMPACTING SOILS WITH RESINS
1 ALAJS^ILARPITAS MUANYAGGAL
sOURCt: '-"^J ANY AG ES GU">I V 6 N 7 JULY I9t>9 P 276 -ttO S O I L S — C O M P A C T ION
RUILOING M A T h R l A L S — P L A S T I C S ; FOUNDATIONS; GROUTJNG 70-26466

AUTI-UR: RFCLNLUS, t.
I DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TIILt: FOUNDATION OF -iOLJES DAM
SOURCE: flat's, 9TH lMT'L CONG. UN LARGt DAMS, ISTANBUL, 1967, V.l,
PR.* 36 7-37 7

AUTiiuP: REUJEw, F., I)0RFE*» H.

7 UENEKAL. MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLt: ENGINEERING UEOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS OF RESULTS OF INJECTION dY
Hi-.ANS Of- ISOCLINE MAPS MADE IN AUTOMATIC PROGRAM CONTROLLED
DRAWING DEVICES; (IjERMAN)
ijllUl-Ct ? Wi>55E'RwlR TSCH, WASSERTECHN. 21(1*71) NO. 6 PP. 194-196.

^HOp^s, W.G.; WALKER, Ul..

mjxjs AfJb RELATED APPLICATIONS
J i i y ^ i l ' M ^ ' E ^ G I ^ BEOPLATtS ,, .
Mil Ff PHfi^ \ M ^ N ilJH
HPT J-7? «

^ B l H l tiJNCtRNA'Ml LES TRAVAUX U • ET ANCHF.MENT DE LA RETENUE OE

L•AMENAGtMENT Jt CHARMlNt-MOUX (AINE)
SOOKCE: sTh INT'L CONG LG DAMS, PARIS, 1955, PHOC'S VOL. I, PP. 687-702

AUIHOW: R'JCHA, M.
 74
n SPtClAL ApRl.ICATlUNS, REPAIR, ETC.
TITLE: METHOD OF' OBTAINING INTEGRAL SAMPLES OF POCK MASSES, 2F
SUURLE: HULL• ASSOC. ENGNG GEOL., V IO, N l. 1973, P. 77-82 (1973 #1574;

AUIMUR: R O C H A , M. « DA S I L V E R I R A , AF 5 AZtVEUO, MC« PEDRO, JO

1 DAMS A N D FOUNDATIONS
TIILt: INF LUENCt UN THE B E H A V I O R OF AN ARCM DAM OF THE H Y D R O S T A T I C
P R E S S U R E ON T H £ UROUT C U R T A I N A N D OF THE S T R E S S E S I N THE B R O U N D
UPSTREAM
SOURCE: I N T CONOR L A R G E D A M S , IOTH, TPANS. MONTREAL, CANADA,
JUNt 1-B 1970 V 4 R S41-;>8

AUTHOR: R U C H A , M . , ET AL.
3 F O U N U A T I U N S ANU R E L A T E U APPLICATIONS
TIILt: OtFUPMAdlLITY OF FOUNDATION ROCKS
SUURCE: ^ TH I N TL CONGR ON LARGE DAMS, PARIS 19S5 PROC. VOL III P531

AUTHUR: ROO^E*, H.A.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLt: EPOXIES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
SOURCt: P. AC I PUdLlCATION SP-21, DtTROlT, 1968

AUTHUR: ROSHORE, t D * I \ C.
H SPECIAL APPLICATIONS" REPAIRS, ETC.
TIILt: 1-MVtSTlGATION OF INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING PORE PRESSURE IN
CONCRETE. REPORT 2. INSTRUMENTS INSTALLED AT HARTwELL DAM
G R O R G L A . ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, VlCKSdURG
MISS.
SuURCt: PU-704 Htt CFSTI
vftN tu 39P

AOTHOR: POOIN, S.L.

3 FOUFJUA I I O N B AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
TITLt: FOUNDATION ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE, PE 2, 6F
SOUPCE: GROUND ENGNG., V 2 , Nb, 1 9 6 9 , P. 4 - 1 8 < 1 9 7 0 NO. 379)

AUIhOH: ROMAN, J.» FT AL.

TUNNCL S AND PIPES.
TITLE: RADIAL TEST IN PRESSURE GALLERY
SOUKCT: P R O C . 2NU CONOR. INT, SOC. ROCK M£CH. BELGRADE. 1970, THEME 4,
•VO. 1 2 , 6 PP.

AUTHOR: ROMERO, S.O.

7 GENFRAL
TI TLt: 'I\J si TO' UlRECT SHEAR TESTS ON IRREGULAR SURFACE JOINT5 FILLED
.vl TH C L A Y E Y MATERIAL
SOURCt: INT'L S Y M P . ON ROCK MECH.. MADRID, 1968, PP. 189-194

AUIH'JR: WOIVAIVL, R.L.

/ GE'^FRAL, MURTT THAN U N E APPLICATION
TiTLL: HOW ro o b t N E m P L A S T I C GROUTS
SOUPCt: PLlN-A, V 14, VJ O , J U N E 1 9 6 1 , P. 61-G4 (10911)
 75

AUIHUw: RUFF LPT, GUEHTER

? TUwNLLS ANi) HI PES
TIILt: A P P L I C A T I O N OE S R T O T C R T T I N G TECHNIUUE FOR P R O T E C T I O N OF
UNUEPGROUNb S J RUC TORES
SuURLt: TItFriAU V 15 M 3 MAR 1973 P 21J-216 CONCRETE C O N S T R U C T I O N —
SHUTCRETlNG GROUTING

AUIHUR: R|JIZ« M.u.J LEONE, P.C.

7 GENERAL
1IHt: THE IMPORTANCE. OF GROUT PROPER I 1ES IN GROUTIN6 JOINTED ROCK
v
'ASStS
SUURCh : PROG. 1 INT. CONG. INT ASSOC, t^JGNG GEOL.? PARIS 1970. VOL. 1.
PP. blb-bJb

AUIHOR: RUSHING, HOLL1S RT.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS.
TIILt.: EVALUATION UF MASONRY COATINGS
sOURCt: Pr-lRn 179 NTIs
AUG b9 tf5P

AUlhUn: SAbARLY, F.
JAMS ANi.) RESERVOIRS
TITLE! EFFECT OF WATER IN DAM FOUNDATIONS
SOURCE: CONF.f I n F'PtNCH, PRACT. APPL. ROCK MECH. CONF. FRENCH COMM.
ROC* MECH., RAPIS, MAY 1970. (1970 #1679)

AUTHOR: ^ADRTRLY, F.
I DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLt: GROUTING AND ORAINAGE OF DAM FUUND.» IN FRENCH
SOURCF.: GTNO-A, V I B , N2, JUNE 1968, P. 229-249 ( 1 2 8 0 4 )

AUINUW: SAMANA, R. ET AL
1 UAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TIILt: DAM ON THE WAUL NEBAANA (TUNISIA), PROBLEMS OF RESERVOIR
ATERT1GHTNESS
SOURCt: TRANS. 10TH INT'L CONGR. LARGE DAMS, MONTREAL 1970, VOL, 2
PP. 6 8 3 - 7 0 7

AUT-IOR: -.AMAMATHAU, C., BALASUBRAMA-NlANlAM, K.V.

GENERAL. MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: n£ rVELI FLY-ASH AS AN ADMIXTURE IN CEMENT GROUT
SOURCE: J. INDIAN NAT. SUC. SOIL M t C H . >» FOUND. ENGRN., V.7, NO. 3»
JULY I9bd, PP. 3<*b-364

AUlHOP: SANt,A.
1 DAMS AND RESLRVOIRS
TIILt: T*>E dURDAL EARTH AND ROCK-FILL DAMS
SOORCt: NORWEGIAN GEuTtCHMICAL INSTlTUIt, PUBLICATION N 80, 1968 P 2l-2b
 76

AUIHOK: saPEGIN, O.O.: SH1RYAER, R.A.

7 Gr.NtRAL, MDRt TMA'J ONE APPLICATION
1'H.c: OEFURMABILITY CHARACTERISTICS Oh POCK FOUNDATIONS BEFORE ANO
AFlf-P G
SOURCE: laT CONOR INT SOC ROCK MECH LISbON 19bb < 26-11)

AUIHUP: SAROSI, L . ; NR/T*« A.

TUNNCLB AND P I P E S
TIILt: R E N T U N I T E G R O U T I N G IN S H A F T S ANU T U N N E L S » E X P E R I T N C E S I N HUNGARY
SUURCE: CHNF .' S Y M P S H A F T S I N K I N G ANU T U N N E L L I N G LONDON J U L Y 1 9 5 9 <3186)

AUTHUR: • sAUCItR, K L N N E T H L.
h SPtClAL APPLICA TIONS » REPAIR, ETC.
TITLt: P K O J E C T U U G O U T : C O N C R T T E , G R O U I * AND S H O T C R E T E S U P P O R T , ANO
D T S L G N ANU P O S T S H O T E V A L U A T I O N OF S T E M
AWMY E N G I N E E H WATERWAYS E X P E R I M E N T S T A . V I C K S B U R G M I S S (038100)
SOURCE: AL)-V^U 6b2 <'ITIS
i-^R 6b

AUTHOR: SAUCIER, KENNETH L.

b S O C I A L APPL I CA T IUNS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLE: STEM DESIUN AND SHOTCRETE, GROUI, AND CONCRETE SUPPORT
SOURCE: p|'E-50lF CFSTI
NOV bOP

AUTHUR: S A V 1 r'i, V . I .
1 UA-^S A N D RESERVOIRS
TITLt: THE APPLICATION OF SPRAYEO CONCRETE AND SURfACE CEMENTATION
FOR ANCHORING THE ROCK FOUNDATION OF THE isHORE ABUTMENTS ON THE
ASWAN HI OH DAM
SOUPCE: HYuROTECHNlCAL CONSTRUCTION < TRANSLATED ^ROM RUSSIAN), NO. 11*
•*Ov. 1 b9B., PP. 934-990

AUTHOR: SCALABR 1N1, M.

1 DAMS AND RTSERVOIRS
TITlt: OtTERMINATION IN-S1TU OF THE SI ATE OF THE FRERA DAM FDN. ROCK 8Y
THE SUNlC "si HOD, ITS IMPROVEMENT bY CONSOLIDATING GROUTING
SOURCE: RROC. dTh INT. CONG. ON LARGE UAMS* EDINBURG. 1964* VOL. I*
PP. 5^5-600

AUTHOR: SCALES, G.*.

S STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: EPOAY RTSINS
SOURCE: P. 1 AC 1 PUBLICATION SP-21, DEIROIT, 1968

AUTHOR: SLHMIOT, K.L.

d TUNNtLb ANU PIPES
T I TLc.: STRENGTHENING OF ORlFT LINING BY MEANS OF MORTAR AND GROUT*
IN GERMAN
HOUPCE: GLUE-A, V99, .-VICRO. SEPT, 1963? P. 1110-1113 (11130)
 77
AUTHUR: M-HMITTI K.
4 ANCHORS. Tit S A C K S . AND PILLS '
Tint: PUINT UF LAwOt BORED PILES
ORUUTIWG
SOURCE: rtcurtCHNlK N O . 2, PR. 44-47

AUTHOK: SCHIJP A . K , M., JOHNSTON, O.W.

S STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLt: rUNU DEVELOPMENT uENuTH lesTS.UF A GROUTED 54 STRAND POST-
%
TENS I ON ING Tfc MOON
. SOURCE: OCT. 74 JOURNAL Of-' THt AC1, NO. 10, PROCEtDINGS, V.71o P. 522

AUTHOR: SCHUPAC^ , M
5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLt: GKOUTINU TESTS O-L LARGE POST-TtNSlONING TtNDONS FOR SECONDARY
N U C L E A R CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES
SOURCE: J PRESTRESSEU CONCR INST V lb N 2 MAR-APR 1971 P 84-97

AUTHOR: SCOTT, K•A.

7 GENERAL• MORE THAN ONF APPLICATION
TITLE: FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS GOVERNING THE PENETRABILITY OF
(iPOuTS ANO TriElR ULTIMATE HESIslANCE TO DISPLACEMENT
SOURCE: GROUTS AND DRILLUC- MUDS IN ENO PRACTICE* SYMPOSIUM, LONDON
lvb3 P 10-U

AUTHOR:., >CHUT<£, R.J. .

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: EPOXY RESIN aDHESIVES FOR BONDING CONCRETE TO CONCRETE
SOURCE: P . 19, ACL PUBLICATION SH-21, DtTROlT, 196B

AUTHOR: SOtJUwA, K., HANAKAGO, H.

1 DAMS /aiND RESERVOIRS
TITLt: CEMENT G P U U T I N G FOR ROCK FOUNDATIONS IMPROVEMENTS OF SHlMOUKE
OAM
SOURCE: CONF'., IN JAPANESE, SSYMP. ROCK MECH., JAPAN SOC. CIV. ENG* 1968
P. 66 (14105)

AUTHOR: ~ITAMAN. TO.,.

7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONt APPLICATION
TITLE: GUIOE SPECIFICATIONS FOP CHEMICAL GROUTS
SOUkCE: SM2:M«W 68:345:5830 TR:135:/27

AUTHOR: SEEL I M G . REINHARD

4 ANCHORS, TIEBACKS, AND PILTB
TITLt: PEAR ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS FOR BUlLDlNU PIT ENCLOSURES
SOORCE: HAUMASCH BAUTFCH V 2!) N 1 JAN 1973 P 3 - 7

AUTnOR: SEERY, JAMES D.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: CONSTRUCTION Of MORROW POINT POwER PLANT 0AM
SOURCE": Col :MAR 67: 4 / 5 1 5 4 TR: 133: J
 78
AULHOR: 5EMHENELL1 , PIERO: FAG10L1» MARCO
1 DAMS AND RESt*vDIKS
TULt: AGUAOA bLANCA ROC<FILL DAM *11H Mt f AL FACING
SUUKCE: ASCT J GEOTFCh ENS 0IV V 100 H uTl JAN 1974

AUTHOR: SHtPPARO. J.t_.

I TUNNtLS ANO PIPES
TITLE: RAISING AN air SHAFT AT ROSt VALLtY MINE
SOURCE : MIN CO^SRLSS 1 V d6 N 10 1V/0 P 25-27, 38

AUTHOR; ^HERAR ) , J.L.

GENERAL, MORE T H A N O N E APPLICATION
TITt.t: MIAINU-I.N-PLACE S O I L AND P O R T L A N D CtMENT
SOURCE: PROCU). ASCE. J . S O I L MECH. FOUND, DIV. YS (1969), NO. SM6,
133/

AUTHOR: SHERARO. J.L.

DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITl.E: SOME CONSIDERATIONS CONCtRNlNG UNUERSEEPAGt CONTROL FOR EARTH
DAMS
SOURCE: CONF ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION UF
EARTH AND ROCKFILL D A M S , U OF C A L I F , BERKELEY, MARCH 1968
(ASCE/ISM NO. 103S A V A I L . FROM tNG SOC L I B 3 4 5 E47TH NY NY)

AUTHOR: SHINOHARA, HIROSHI; AKITA, KATSUJI

2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLt: , G R O U T I N G IN PILOT TUNNEL HEADING
SOURCE: PERMA WAY V 14 N J A P R 1*73 P 12-23,

,•- AUTHOR: MKKA* D.R.

I OAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLt: HASOEO bAHRAwE, FOUNDATION RUCKS AND GROUTING STRATEGY,
SOURCE: PROC. 5 CANAD. ROCK MECH., SYMP. MONTREAL, MAY 1970» 2F, 2T»
DEPT. EN MINES RtS. MIN. bRANCH, OTTAWA, 1971, P. 221-232
(19/2 «1135)

AUTHOR: SIMONDS. A.W.

3 F O U N D A T I O N S AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
TITLE: CEMENI A N D C L A Y G . OF F O U N D A T I O N S , PRESENT STATUS OF PRESSURE G.
FUUNDATIONS
SOUPCE: JSFE-A, V84, PAP. 1544, I 9 5 8 116.9 (382)

AUTHOR: S I MOR.'DS , A.W.

1 OAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TTTLt: FINAL FDN. TRF.ATMENT AT HOOVER DAM
SOURCt: . TRANSACTIONS ASCtt VOL. 118! 1953, P. 78

<\UT MOR : SIMONDS, A.W.; LIPPDLO, FRED H. T KEIM, R.E.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: T R E A T M E N T . OF F O U N D A T I O N S FOR LARGE DAMS BY GROUTING METHODS
SOURCE: TACE-A V 1 1 8 1953 P 78-112
 79

AUTHUP: SINCLAIR, B.J.

L)AMS AND RESERVOIRS
Tint: E S U M M i O N Oh SHOUT AtlSORPl ION IN FRACTURED ROCK FOUNDATION,
SOURCE: THESIS, b4f-, 13T, BSR, PHD, THESIS UNIV OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, USA
1R72. J16P. (197J »739)

AUTHOR: SIMGHOTA, J.S,

R GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TlTl.t: GROUT ROLE ORIENTATION - MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION
SOURCE: J SOIL MECH FOUND DIV, ASCE V 9b N SM4 t JUL 1969 P 995-100fc

AUTHOR: SISEMORt, CLYDE J.

SPtCIAL APPLICATIONS. R E p A l R S , ETC.
TITLE: STERLING EVENT CLOSE-IN PHtNDMtNOLOGY MEASUREMEN1S
CALIFORNIA UNIV., LIVERMORE, LAWRENCE RADIATION LAB
SOURCt: UCRL-SU295 CFSTI
29 JUN 67 2/P

AUTHOR:' SKEMPTON, A.W.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: DISCUSSION ON THE PAPtR dY ISCHY AND G L O S S O P
SOURCE: PROC. INST. CIV. ENGRS. VOL. 23, PP. 7 0 5 - C 7

AUTHOR: SKE MP TON , A .«/.; CATTIN.P.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLES A FULL-SCALE ALLUVIAL GROUTING TEST AT THE SITE OF THE MANGLA
DAM, W, PAKISTAN
SOURCE: GROUT5 AND DRILLING MUDS IN ENG PRACTICE, SYMP. LONDON 1963
P 131-135

AUTHOR: S*ILL INGTON . r>.E.

DAMS AND FOUNDATIONS
TITLti DESIGN ANO CONSTRUCTION OF RISDON BROOK 0AM
SOURCE: J. INST. OF ENGINEERS, AUSTRALIA, V . <+1. NO. ^ - 5 , APRIL-MAY 1969
PP. 51-60

AUTHOR: SKIPP. B.u., RENNER,L.

GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
T1 Tl.t: THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SAND
SOURCE: GROUTS ANO DRILLING MUDS IN ENG. PRACTICE, SYMP., LONDON, 1963,
»». 29-35

AUTHOR: SMITH, B.L.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. RE J A M S » ETC.
TITLE: A COMPARISON OF PERCUSSION AND UIAMOND DRILLED BORING IN G.
PRACT I Ct, A STUDY OF HYDRAULIC PRESSURE TESTS IN FISSURED RUCK
SOURCE: CONF. INT GFOL COvlGR 23RU SESSION, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 196B

AUTHOR: SMITH, OANIEL J . , JR.

2 TUNNELS AND P I P E S
 80
TIILt: REPAIR UF EAPTHUOAKE DAMAGtO UNDERGROUND RESERVOIR
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF THE. CONSTRUCTION DIVISION, ASCE; VOL. IOO. NO. 103«
St R T . 147A; HP. 449-46H

AUTHOR: SNOW. O.T.

7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: POCK F R A C T U R E S P A C I N G S . OPLNINOS. AND POROSITES
SOURCE: S M I JAN 6fl:73:5/3£> TR:l35:t>20

AUTHOR: SOEJI"»A, T . » SHIDOMOTO. Y.

1 OAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: F O U N D A T I O N I M P R O V E M E N T OF AN ARCH DAM BY S P E C I A L CONSOLIDATION
GROUTING, JAPM
SOURCE: P P O C , 2 N D C O N P P . I N T . S O C . ROCK M E C H . B E L G R A D E 1 9 7 0 , THEME B ,
NO. 6 , MPP.

AUTHOR: SOKOLOVIC. V.E.

7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLE: NEW A C H I E V E M E N T S I N C H T M I C A L SU1L STABILIZATION
SOURCE: O S N O V . F U N D . MECH. G R O U T . 1 3 11971) NO. 2 , P P . 23-25

AUTHOR: SPANG, J.
2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLE: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TUNNELS OF GERMAN STATE
RAILWAYS
SOUPCE: TLINNEL5 A. TUNNELLING 3 (1971) NO. 5. PP. 341-348

AUTHOR: S P E L L M A N , DONALO L . ; S T O K E R , J A Y P . ; W O O D S T R O M , J . H . J SUNOQUIST,

CARL W . ; S O U I P E S , B E N N E T T T.
5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: P A T C H I N G AND G R O U T I N G M A T E R I A L S FOR P O R T L A N D CEMENT C O N C R E T E
CALIF STATE UIV UF HIGHWAYS,.MAIERIALS AND RESEARCH DEPT.
SOURCt: PH-20 7 173 MTIS
JAN 72 23P ',!

AUTHOR: SPENSER, C.P.

3 FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED APPLlCATIONS
TITLE: LEANING TOWFP OF PISA
SOURCE: ENGINtERlNG NEWS RECORD: APRIL 1953; P. 40

AUTHOR: STAFFORD. C.T.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: FOUNDATION EXPERIENCE IN N S W UAMS
SOURCE: PROC <»TH AUSTRALIA-NEW ZtALAND CONF ON SM ANO FE ADELAIDE
AUo 19^)3
3 115-125

AUTHOR: STAPLEOON, D.H.

3 FOUNDATIONS AND PtLATEU APPLICATIONS
TITLE: STABILIZATION OF POTENTIAL ROCK SLIDES IN FOLDED OUARTZITE IN
NORTHWESTERN TASMANIA, A DISCUSSION ANU A•REPLY BY G.E. RAWLINGS
SOURCE: ENG GEOLOGY v 3 N 4 1969 P 345-J47
 81

AUTHOR: STEFFE. H.
GENERAL, MORE T H A N ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: C O N S O L I D A T E OF ROCK
SOURCE: G L U E C K A U F , V 1 0 5 M 'd J A N 1969 P 51-56

AUTHOR: STEVENS. V.L.

7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: CHEMICAL GROUTING
SOURCE: V C J O - A . V 4 8 JAN 1962 P 56-62

AUIHOR: STtwART. R. ? KENNEDY. B.

1 FOUNDATIONS ANO RELATE!) APPLICATIONS
TITLt: ROLE OF SLOPE STAdlLlTY IN THt ECONOMICS, DESIGN AND OPERATION
OF OPEN PIT MINES
SOURCt: SYMP. STAb FOR OPEN PIT MINING, VANCOUVER NOV 1970 36P

AUTHOR: <;TOWF:» R.L.

6 . SPtC 1 AL. APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLE! DEVELOPMENT UF A -1ICR0CRACK ING TECHNIOUE F OR MEASURING • IN SITU
STRESS AND STRAIN. REPORT 1. LABORATORY TESTS . .
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERiMtNT 5TA. VICKSBURG MISS (038100)
SOURCE: AD-650 563 CFSTI
viaR hi 6bP

AUTHOR: STOWF. R.L.

6 SPTCIAL APPLICATIONS'. RFPAIRS, ETC.
TITLE: D E V E L O P M E N T U F A "1ICROCRACK I N G T E C H N I O U E FOR MEASURING IN SITU
S T R E S S AND S T R A I N . R E P O R T d . F I E L D TESTS
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA. VICKSBURG MISS (038100)
SOURCE: AD-bSO 564 CFSTI'
MAR 6 7 SOP '..•:•,

AUTHOR: STREIT, J.
2 TUNNELS ANO PIPES
TITLt: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF RAIL TUNNELS IN CZECH-
OSLOVAKIA
SOURCE: TONNF.LS AND TUNNELLING V 5 N 3 1973 P 284-291'

AOTHUR: SOGIUCHI, HOWARD

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIR, ETC.
TITLE: DETERMINATION OF THE HUGONIOT tOUATlON OF STATE OF GROUT. REPORT
I. 1R63 TESTS
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA. VICKSBURG MISS (038100)
SOURCE: AD-b77 397 CFSTI
JAN 65 3 J" :

AUTHOR: SUGIUCHI, H., SULLIVAN, B.R.

6 SPECIAL APPI.ICATIUNS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLt: DETERMINATION OF THE HUGONIOT tUUATlON OF STATE OF GROUT;
RF1PORT2 t 1*64 TEsIS
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS tXPtRlMtNT STA. VICKSBURG MISS (038100)
 82
SOURCE: O[J-67T 67b CFSn
AUG H I 32P*

AU1HUR: SU-N. P.J.

GENERAL , MOPE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLE! T H E O R E T I C A L S I Z E OF H Y O H A U L A C A L L Y I N O U C F O H O R I Z O N T A L F R A C L U R E S
A.MU C O R R E S P O N D 1 N G S U R F A C E U P L U t I N AN I D E A L I Z E D MEDIUM
SOURCE: J GEOPHYSICS R£S V 7 M 2 5 196V P 5995-6001

AUTHOR: S W I G F R , W. F.
I DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLT: C O N S T R U C T I O N OF ROCKY REACRI G R O U T E D C U T - O F F
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS * S C E , J S M F D , VOL. 8 V , S M 2 , P P . 95-123, 1961

AUTHOR: SwIGFR, W.F.

1 DAMS AND RESERVUlRS
TITLE: PREPARATION OF ROCK FOUNDATIONS FOR EMBANKMENT DAMS
S O U R C E : " EMBANKMENT DAM ENGINEERING, HIRSCHFELU, POOLOS EDS., WILEY*
Nf* Y O R K , 19/2 PP. 355-363

AUTHOR: SZECHY,K.
7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLE: ON THE S T A B I L I T Y OF S L U R R Y T R E N C H E S
SOURCE: ARCH HYOROTECHN V 1 9 1 9 7 2 N 2 P CLL-220

AUTHOR: TALOSRE, J.
1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: MECHANIQUE DES ROCHES, JUNOD
SOURCE: U.S. T.V.A., PARIS, 1957

AUTHOR: T^YLOR, F.G.

I DAMS ANO R E S E R V O I R S
TITLE: / . D A M F O U N D A T I O N S : RECENT V I C T O H I A N PRACTICE FOR EARTH AND
R O C K F I L L DAMS
SOURCE: F I F T H A U 5 T R A L I S - N L W ZEALAND C O N F . ON SOIL MECH. & FOUND. ENGRG
AUCKLAND, 19R,7« P P . 132-140

AUTHOR: ' TAYLOR I- H .

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: W . A . C . BENNETT DAM
SOURCE: ENG. j., CANADA, OCT., 1969, PP. 25-34

AUTHOR: TcRZAGHI, K.
GENERAL
Tlllt:. DISCUSSION
SOURCE: 1ST INT. CONF. S . I . , HRTRYAHU, i93b

AUIHOR: THOMANN, G.
1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
 83
TINT: THE LOWER R E S E R V O I R OF THE R O N R H A U S E N PUMIR'ETS STORAGE SCHEME
SOUPCE: TIEFBAU 1 1 . 1469, N O . P P . 71-77

AOTHOW: FHON, J.G.

TONNELS ANO P I P E S
TIILT: S A N F H A N C 1 S C O BAY AREA R A P I D T R A N S I T S Y S T E M , VF
SOUPCE: T O N N E L S ANO T U N N & L L I N G * < V 2 , N L , J A N - F E B 1 9 7 , P. 13-17 (1976*910)

AUTHOR: lnOtH J . G .
TUNNtLS ANO PIPES
IT T L T : S O F T GROUND T U W E L S FOK BART
SOURCE: ASCE, V0U» NU. 6 . JUN. 19BD, PP. b2-55

AUTHOP: THORNTON. H . T . , JR.. ALLGOOO. J.K.» JR.

STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TlTLt: SONISCOPE INVESTIGATION UF ELMtNDORF AFB HOSPITAL. ANCHORAGt. AL
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA. ViCKSBUPG MISS (03B100)
SOURCE: AD-7A0 y7B NT IS
DEC 65 62P

AUTHUR: THWIMG. JEFFREY w.

i FOUNDATIONS ANO RELATED APPLICATIONS
TITLE: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION
SOURCt: P H - 2 1 B 941/3 NTIS
Ft tl 73 53P«-

AUTHUR: TKA.NY, Z.
L UAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLt: COMMENTS ON T H E C O N S T R U C T I O N Oh G R O U T E D CURTAINS
SOURCE: VODIwl HOSP 20 (1970) NO.l, StHlES A. PP. 7-14

AOTHDP: TOMLINSON. M.J. 1

3 FOUNDATIONS ANO RELATED APPLICATIONS
TIILt: L A T E R A L SUPPORT OF DEEP ExCAVAIlONS
SOURCE: GROUND ENGINEERING, PRUC CON^" JUNE 16 19 70. INST CIV ENG. LONDON
1970 P 55-64

AUTHOR: TORNAGHI. P.
J H O U N O A T I O N S AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
TITLt: FLEXIBLE D I A P H R A O M WALLS CAST IN SITU WITH A BENTONITE-CEMENT
D R I L L I N G MUD, (FRENCH)
SOURCE: P R O C . 5 T H E U R O P E A N C O N F . S O I L MtCH. U O U N D . ENG., MADRID,
A P R I L 1 9 7 2 . V U L • 1 , THEME 4 , P P . 577-5B3

AUTHOR: TOTROV, G•V.. SEMENOF, L.S., MARENKOVj W.

A ANCHORS. TlEtfACKS. ANO PILEb
TIILt: E X P E R I M E N T A L T Y P E S OF ROOF B O L I b IN SAOON MINE, GROOT1NG. I
SOORCt: IVOT-A» N l , 1964, P. 12-19 (llb«5)

AUTHOR: T Y N E S , W . O . , MCDONALD, J.E.

-> S T R U C T U R A L APPLICATIONS
 84
TIILt: INVEST I OAT ION OK RESISTANCE OT PREPLACEO-AGGREGAIE CONCRETE TO
FREEZING ANO THAWING
ARMY ENGINEER W A T E R W A Y S EAPtRIMtNT STA. VICKSdURG MISS (OJBlOO)
SOURtt: AD-67B 582 CF^fl
S F P CIB .}4P

AUTHOR: VAIL. J.W.

GENERAL. MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: SOIL STABILIZATION REACTION wIlH DDLDM1TIC LIME
SOURCE: RROC. STH AFRICAN REG. CONF . SOIL. MECH. FOUNU. E N G . LUANDA,
VOL. 1* THEME 5, PP. 3-d
1971

AUTHOR: VARFLLO, P. J.
TUNNtLS ANI.) PIPES
TITLE: DIFFICULT EXCAVATION AT CARLEY-PORIER TUNNEL. 3F
SOURCE: CIV. ENGNG. ASCE. V40, Nb» 1970. P. 66-69 (1971 #1346)

AUTHOR: VARbAS, M.
1 OAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: EFFECTIVENESS Of CUT-OFFS UNOER THREE E.ARTH DAMS
SOURCt: 4PCSM:PP. 257-273. 1971

AUTHOR: VAUbHAN, P.
SPtCIAL APPLICATIONS. REPAIRS. ETC.
TITLE: A NOTE ON SEALING PIEZOMtTERS IN BOREHOLE'S
SOURCE: GEOTECHN10UE 19 (1969) NO. 3, PP. 405-413. OFIG. 10REF

AUTHOR: VAVILOV. A.S.

1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: PREPARATION OF CORE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE CHARVAKSK OAM
SOURCE: HYDROTECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION (TRANSLATED FKOM RUSSIAN), NO. 9.
SEPT. 1970, PP. 787-792

AUTHOR: VETTE'R, H.
5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: JOINT SEAL INb COMPOUNDS ANO G. OPERATIONS, IN GERMAN,
SOURCE! STAU-A. V15, n3, 19£4, p, 79-8J. (11841)

AUTHOR: VINSON, T.S. /.

7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION v>: *
T11Lt: THE APPLICATION OF POLYURETHANt FOAMtD PLASTIC "IN SOIL GROUTING
SOURCE: DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS, V. 31:7(B), PH. D. THESIS* UNIV. OF CAL
RERKELEY, 1970, UNIV. MICROFILMS ORDER NO. 240 PP.
• v> « 11'
AUTHOR:
• -Mi V-M
7 GENERAL,
VINSON, TED S.» MITCHELL » JAMtS K. h
TITLF:
MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION '<••)'
SOURCE:
POLYURErHAN£ FOAMED PLASTICS IN SOIL GROUTING >',>.
ASCE J SOIL MFCH F OUND UIV V 98 N SM6 JUN 1972 PAP N 8947
P 576-602
 AUlHOR: VORONKEVICH, S„D., ET AL
GENERAL, MOKE THAN ONF APPLICATION
TITLE: CURRENT OF C H E M I C A L G R O U T I N G OF SABULOUS FORMATIONS
PROBLEMS
SOURCE: PROC. 1 INT. CONG. INT. ASSOC. ENG. GEOL., PARIS, 1970, VOL. 1,
PP. 601-6 1 S

AUTHOR: VOVE'i, b
5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: SITE CONTROL OF GROUTING MORTAR MIX
SOURCE: STAVF.bNICKY GAS V lb N J 1970 P 218-37

AU1H0R: WABAKKEN, A.
1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: GROUT CURTAIN IN GRAVEL AT HUNUtRFOSSEN POWER PLANT
SOURCE: PROC 9TH INT CONGR ON LARGE.DAMS ISTANBUL 1967 V 1 P 767-774

AUTHOR: WAGNER, J . E.
1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
Tl TL.t: CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE Oh THE GROUTED CUTOFF, ROCKY REACH
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
SOURCE: WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA..,U S . A R M Y , C O R P S OF E N G R S . , M I S C .
PAPER NO. 2-417, MARCH 1961, 1 4 9 P P .

AUTHOR: WAHISTPOM, E . E . , HORNBACK, V.O.

3 F O U N D A T I O N S AND R E L A T E D APPLICATIONS
TITLE: E N G I N E E R I N G GEOLOGY OF D I L L O N D A M , S P I L L W A Y S H A F T , AND D I V E R S I O N
T U N N E L , SUMMIT COUNTY, COLORADO
SOURCE: E N G I N E E R I N G GEOLOGY C A S E H I S T O R I E S , N O . 6 , J968. PP. 13-21

AUTHOR: WALLACE, B . J . T HILTON, J . I .

1 UAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: F O U N D A T I O N P R A C T I C E S FOR T A L B I N G O DAM A U S T R A L I A
SOURCE! A S C E J S O I L MFCH F O U N D O I V V 9 8 ^ SM 1 0 OCT 1 9 7 2 PAP N 9273

AUTHOR: WALLAYS, M.
7 GENERAL* MORE' THAN O N E ' A P P L I C A T I O N
TITLE: I N F L U E N C I N G THE P R O P E R T I E S OF CLAY CEMENT GPOUT
•SOURCE: CONF., IN FRENCH, PROC. STH INI. CONF. SOIL MECH. FOUND. tNG,
PARIS 1961, VI, H. 3.93 <4660)

AUIHOR: W A L L E Y , OONALO M . , E L L I S , THOMAS L .

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TITLE: L A B O R A T O R Y AND F I E L D G R O U T I N G S U P P O R T F 0 * P R O J E C T SCROLL
ARMY E N G I N E E R WATERWAYS E X P E R I M E N T S T A . V I C K S B U R G MISS (0JB100)
SOURCE: AD-732 420 NTIS
APR 6 9 23P

AUTHOR: WALKER, F.C.

 86
,1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
THUS E,<REP1ENCE IN THfc EVALUATION AND,TREATMENT OF SEEPAGE FROM
OPERATING RESERVOIRS
SOUPCt!, C1NOU1AME CONORES DtS GRANDS BARRAGES, VOL t i

AUTHUR! WALKERi J.
7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
II TLt: GROUTING TECHNIQUES
SUURCE! PLEN-A, V11 * N5, MAY 196/, P. J<sl-J2a (132711

AUTHOR: WARNER, JAMES

6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, REPAIRS, ETC.
TiiLt: , S T R E N G T H P R O P E R T I E S OF C H E M I C A L L Y SOLIDIFIED SOILS
SOURCE: A S C E J S O I L MECH FOUND DIV V 9B N S M 1 1 NOV 1 9 7 2 P A P N 9332
P 1163-1183

AUTHOR: WEAVER. R . E . , FREEMAN, R.J.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE: INVESTIGATION OF FIELD PRESTRESS GROUTING PROCEDURES
•CALIFORNIA STATt DIV. OF' HIGHWAY5, MATERIALS AND RESEARCH DEPT
SOURCE: Ptf-213 567/2
NOV 71 33P

AUTHOR! WEAVER, R . E . , MCCORMICK, J . L . , WATK1NS, R.L., FREEMAN, R.J.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLt: METHODS OF CONTROLLING GROUT FUR PHtSTRESSEO, POST-TENSIONED
STRUCTURES
CALIFORNIA STATE D I V . OF HIGHWAYS, MATERIALS ANO RESEARCH OE^T
„ SOURCE: PH-213 568/0 NTIS
NOV 7 1 30P

AUTHOR: WEES, J.A.? CHAMBERLLN, R.S.I

U ANCHORS, T I E B A C T F S , AND PILES
TlTLt! K H A Z Z A N D U B A I NO 1 P I L E D E S I G N A N D INSTALLATION
SOURCE! :i S O I L MECH F O U N D D I V V 9 7 SM1U 1971 P 1415-1429

AUIHOR: WERM, A . H . ; SCHUPACK, M.1 LARSON, W.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLE! PRESTRESSING SYSTEM FOP H. B. ROBINSON NUCLEAR PLANT
SOURCE! ASCE J POWER DIV V 97 N P / 2 VIAR 1971 PAPER 7992 P 539-66

AUTHOR! WESSER. T.D.S DARRAGH, R.D.

A ANCHORS, TIEBACKS. ANO P I L E S
TITLE: T I E B A C K S F O R B A N K OF A M E R I C A B U I L D I N G F O U N D A T I O N WALL
SOURCE! C I V I L E N G ASCF. 4 0 (19 70) N J P 65-67

AUTHOR: wESTER, A.
2 TUNNELS AND PIPES
TITLE! GROUTING AND BOLTING OF THE FLOOR IN HAULAGE, AND GATE ROADb
SOURCE! GLUECKAUF V 107 ,\l 9 APR 29 1971 P 325-32
 (! _ 87
AUTHOR: . WEYT/^MANN, W.
1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: DFC! FFOPM A T I D N S U £ S R O C H E S DE K D N D A T I O N D E S B A R R A G E S
SOURCE! 'PFTOC LST COHGR I N T S O C ROCFV MTCH 1 9 6 6 LISBON
• P/b'iJ-bbP.

' ! '

AUTHUR: WE'YERMANN, W.
1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: R E S U L T S OF THE' CONSERVATION OF UPLIFT PRESSURE AT ALTO RABAGAO
DAM P O R T U G A L
SOURCE: T R A N S IOTH INT CONGR ON LARGE UAMS • MONTREAL 1970 V ?. P 369-90

AUTHOR: WHITE. R.E.

3 FOUNDATIONS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
TllLt: GROUTED STONE ^ILLS CAISSONS
SOURCE: CMEO-A. V40, DEC. 1958, P. 73-/6 (387)

AUTHUR: WHlTESlDES, G.W.

5 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLt: STRESSES IN EPOXY COMPOUNDS FOR PORTLAND.CEMENT CONCRETE
SOURCE: P. 93. ACI PUBLICATION SP-21, UETROIT, I9b8

AUTHOR: WHITTAKER, B. N.» HODGKINSON, D. P.

f GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLt: RE 1NFORCEMENT OF WE Art STRATA r /(•,., 1UR
SOURCE: MLN. ENGR. V130, JUNE 1971, P. S95-609 (1971 *1802)

AUIHOR:, WIDING, S . » ELPGREN, L.

ANCHORS, T I E D A C K S , AND P I L E S
TI TLL: GROUTED TIE-BACKS IN CLAY, (SWEDISH)
SOURCE: BYGGMASTAREN SO (197I), NO. S, PP. 22-28

AUTHOR: WILLIAMS, HOWARD M.? HALEY, JAMtS F.

b STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
TITLt: MULE DRAINAGE
SOURCE: AD-712 582 CFSTI
Sf P SI 36P

AUTHOR: WILSON, LARRY W., MATTHEW5, NOAH J., STUMP, JAMES L.

i SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, RF^AIRS, ETC.
TITLt: UNDERGROUND COAL MINING METHODS TO ABATE WATER POLLUTION: A
STATE OF THE ART LITERATURE REVIEW
WEST VIRGINIA JNIV., MORGANTOWN, COAL RESEARCH BUREAU.
SUURCE: 697/5 NTIS
DEC 70 blP ,.

AUTHOR: WILSON, S . O . , SQUIEK, K.

I DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: E A R T H AND R O C K F I L L D A M S
SOURCE: PROC'S 7TH INT•L CONF. SOIL MtCH. & FOUND. ENGRN., MEXICO, 1969
STATE OF THE ART VOLUME, PP. 13/-223
 88

AUTHOR: wITTE, L , P . , 3ECKSTKUM, J,E.

1 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS'
TITLt: PROPERTIES OF,, HEAVY CONCRETE MADE WITH H A R I T E AGGREGATES
SOURCE: P. 1 1 9 . CONCRETE FOR R A 0 1 A I I UN SHltLDlNG* AC I 1 9 6 2 , 2ND ED.

AUTHOR: WlTTKE, W.
t GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: EXTENT OF PENETRATION UF GROUT IN FISSUREU ROCK, IN GERMAN
SOURCE: 7F • 14R, FE1N-A. SUPPL. 4. 1968, P. 79-89 (14260)

.. AUTHOR: WlTTKE. W.
2 TUNNtLS AND PIPES
TITLt: NEW METHOO OF ROCK SEALING *ITH CEMENT-HASE PASTES
SOURCE: VDI-Z. Ill, (1969) NO. 22, PP. 1568-1571

AUTHOR: WONG, H.Y.I FARMER, I.W.

7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLES HYUROFRACTURE MECHANISMS IN ROCK DURING PRESSURE GROUTING
SOURCE: ROCK MECH, FELSMtCH* MEC ROCHES V 5 N 1 MAY 1973 P 21-41

AUTHOR: WRIGHT, R.E.

2 TUNNELS AND PIPES
TITLE: CHEMICAL STABILIZATION OF SAND SPEEDS DRIVING OF TEN-FOOT TUNNEL
SOURCE: ENGINEERING NEWS RECORD, AUG. .1940

AUTHOR: YOKOTA. J.
1 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
TITLE: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THt DESIGN OF GROUT CURTAIN AND DRAINAGE
FOR THE DAM KUROdE NO. 4
SOURCE: FEIN-A V 1 N 2 1963 P, 104-119

AUTHOR: YORK, L.A.,,

7 GENERAL, MORE THAN ONE APPLICATION
TITLE: GROUTING BY CEMENTATION
SOUPCE: MCJO—A V 48 NI 1962 P 51-55

AUTHOR: ZIERMAN,W.
2 TUNNELS AND PIPES
TITLE: TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE ON THE AUSTRIAN FEDERAL
RAILWAY SYSTtM
SOURCE: TUNNEL AND TUNNELING, V 2 N J MAY-JUNt 1970 P 171-181