Solutions To MNM Social Science X 2nd Term Pws Total 144 Pages

Base
d on
CCE
Solutions to
Me ‘n’ Mine
Social Science
PULLOUT WORKSHEETS
CLASS X—Second Term
By
Vinita Gupta C.K. Naidu

M.A., B.Ed. M.A., B.Ed.
Delhi Public School
R.K. Puram, New Delhi
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CONTENTS
HISTORY  Worksheets 95 to 100....................................74-79
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Chapter Test...................................................................80
Summative Assessment Formative Assessment
 Worksheets 1 to 11..........................................3-15  Worksheets 101 to 104..................................80-81
Chapter Test...................................................................15 Outcomes of Democracy
Summative Assessment
Formative Assessment
 Worksheets 105 to 109..................................81-84
 Worksheets 12 to 15......................................15-16
Chapter Test...................................................................84
The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Formative Assessment
Summative Assessment  Worksheets 110 to 113.......................................85
 Worksheets 16 to 22......................................16-23 Challenges to Democracy
Chapter Test...................................................................24 Summative Assessment
Formative Assessment  Worksheets 114 to 118..................................85-89
 Worksheets 23 to 26......................................24-25 Chapter Test..............................................................89-90
Nationalism in India Formative Assessment
 Worksheets 27 to 41......................................25-39 ECONOMICS
Chapter Test..............................................................39-40
Money and Credit
Formative Assessment Summative Assessment
 Worksheets 42 to 45...........................................40  Worksheets 123 to 127..................................91-94
GEOGRAPHY Chapter Test..............................................................94-95
Minerals and Energy Resources Formative Assessment
 Worksheets 46 to 54......................................41-47 Globalisation and the Indian Economy
Chapter Test..............................................................47-48 Summative Assessment
Formative Assessment  Worksheets 132 to 138................................96-100
 Worksheets 55 to 58...........................................48 Chapter Test..........................................................100-101
Manufacturing Industries Formative Assessment
 Worksheets 139 & 140......................................101
Consumer Rights
 Worksheets 59 to 66......................................49-56
Chapter Test..............................................................56-57
 Worksheets 141 to 145..............................101-105
Formative Assessment Chapter Test.................................................................105
 Worksheets 67 to 70...........................................57 Formative Assessment
Lifelines of National Economy  Worksheets 146 & 147......................................105
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 Worksheets 71 to 79......................................58-65
Chapter Test...................................................................66
Tsunami–The Killer Sea Waves
 Worksheet 148...................................................106
 Worksheets 80 to 83...........................................66
Safer Construction Practices
POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Worksheet 149...................................................106
Popular Struggles and Movements Survival Skills
Summative Assessment  Worksheet 150...................................................106
 Worksheets 84 to 92......................................67-73 Alternate Communication System During
Chapter Test..............................................................73-74 Disasters
Formative Assessment  Worksheet 151...................................................106
 Worksheets 93 & 94............................................74 Sharing Responsibility
Political Parties  Worksheet 152...................................................106
Summative Assessment  Practice Papers (1 to 5)...................................107-144
HISTORY
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–1
1. Garibaldi
2. Creating a sense of collective responsibility, establishing republic and equal rights for all.
3. Carbonari
4. It signified being free
5. The fatherland
6. Common people
7. Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Slovenia, Montenegro
8. Zollverein was formed in 1834.
9. A National Assembly was proclaimed. A centralised administrative system was organised.
Uniform laws were introduced for all citizens. Internal customs duties were abolished.
A uniform system of weights and measures were introduced. French became a common
language.
WORKSHEET–2
1. In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to French
rule were mixed.
In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels,
Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies had been welcomed as champions of liberty.
But the enthusiasm became hostility, when it became clear that the new administrative
arrangements conflicted with political freedom. The new regulations led to increased
taxes, censorship of the press, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the
rest of Europe etc. These harsh laws were unpopular.
2. (a)
According to Friedrich List “The aim of the zollverein is to bind the Germans
economically into a nation.”
(b) Zollverein refers to a customs union set-up in Prussia in 1834. It was joined by
most of the Germans. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number
of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further
stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave
of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at
the time.
3. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork
of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions– the Tyrol,
Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia. The aristocracy in these areas was
German-speaking. It included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other spoke a variety of
dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. The empire also included the peasants
from Bohemia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Rumania etc. The differences were wide
ranging and they were a hurdle in promoting a sense of political unity. The only factor
that bound these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.
2ND T E R M S O L U T I O N S 3
4. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional
divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and town-houses. They spoke French
in high society. Their families were linked by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy
was, however, numerically a small group.
5. In Western and many parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and
trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of economic commercial classes.
England was industrialised from the second half of the eighteenth century and in France
and parts of the German states, this took shape only in the nineteenth century. New
social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made
up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. In Central and Eastern Europe these
groups were smaller in number till late nineteenth century. It was among the educated,
liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic
privileges gained popularity. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom
for the individual and equality of all before the law.
WORKSHEET–3
1. Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the
ideology of liberalism. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the
individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it meant government by consent
and stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative
government through parliament and the inviolability of private property.
In liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to
property-owning men.
In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of
state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth
century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.
2. In revolutionary France, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to
property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political
rights. However, under the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage and subsequently,
the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of
a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
3. They thought that a zollverein would bind Germans into a nation. It would strengthen
the nation materially and increase production of goods. The interests of the Germans
were protected from external dangers. They felt that the Germans would develop a
nationalist feeling with a free new system.
4. 1. Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of
nationalist sentiment in Europe.. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the
glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and
mystical feelings.
2. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural
past, as the basis of a nation.
3. Other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-
1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common
people – das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true
spirit of the nation (volksgeist) was popularised. So collecting and recording these
forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building.
4 S O C I A L S C I E N C E – X
5. 1. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area
called the Balkans.
2. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-
day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
6. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
So patchwork of small states and kingdoms within Italy had to be forged into a single
unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the
basis of Italian liberty.
Mazzini’s opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the
conservatives like Metternich who described Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous enemy of
our social order.’
WORKSHEET–4
1. The conservatives believed in the preservation of the established, traditional institutions
of state and society like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the
family. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and
equality of all before the law.
Politically, liberalism emphasised the concept of government by consent and stood for the end
of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through
parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals stressed the inviolability of private property.
However, equality before the law for the liberals did not necessarily stand for universal
suffrage.
state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
2. From 1815, conservative regimes began to consolidate their power in Europe. At the
same time, revolutions in Europe were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the
educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, school-teachers, clerks and
members of the commercial middle classes. They took shape in many regions of Europe
such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland
and Poland.
The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been
restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by
liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at
its head.
‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’ The
July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away
from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
3. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe. For
example, after Russians occupied Poland, the Polish language was forced out of schools
and the Russian language was imposed. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian
rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the
clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. As a result,
a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian
authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came
to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
4. In 1848, the rise of food prices and bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in France.
Food shortages and widespread unemployment in the year 1848 brought the population
of Paris out on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
5. In the economic sphere, liberalism and the emerging middle classes stood for the freedom
of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and
capital. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Napoleon’s administrative measures
had created out of German-speaking regions, a confederation of 39 states. Each of these
had its own currency, and weights and measures.
These were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial
classes, who wanted the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered
movement of goods, people and capital. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was
formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union
abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic
interests to national unification.
A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing
at the time.
WORKSHEET–5
1. The French Revolution in 1789 led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to
a body of French citizens.
The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create
a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the
fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community
enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
A new French flag, tricolour, was chosen. The Estates General which was elected by the
body of active citizens was renamed the National Assembly.
New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of
the nation. A centralised administrative system that was introduced put forward uniform
laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished
and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. French, as it was spoken
and written in Paris, was made the common language of the nation.
2. The French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French
nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. Jacobin clubs were set up by
students and other members of educated middle classes in Holland, Belgium, Switzerland
and much of Italy in the 1790s. Napoleon introduced a number of rational and efficient
reforms in the administrative field in the areas conquered by him.
The Napoleonic code simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system
and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns, guild restrictions
were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants,
artisans, workers and new businessmen felt free. The traders welcomed the uniform
laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency that would
facilitate trade.
In many areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to French
rule were mixed.
In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan
and Warsaw, the French armies were seen as champions of liberty. But the enthusiasm
became hostility, when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements
conflicted with political freedom. The new regulations led to increased taxes, censorship
of the press, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe
etc. These harsh laws were unpopular.
The French Revolution stood for liberal democracy. However, the right to vote and to
get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men and under the Jacobins
all adult males enjoyed suffrage. However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited
suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers
and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and
non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.
century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe.
3. Napoleon introduced a number of rational and efficient reforms in the administrative
field. The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by Napoleon simplified administrative divisions,
abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In
towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems
were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen felt free. The traders
welcomed the uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national
currency that would facilitate trade.
4. The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective
identity among the French people. Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the
citizen) popularised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a
Constitution. A new French flag replaced the royal standard. The Estates General was
renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens. A central
administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation, and regional dialects
were discouraged in favour of the French as the national language.
WORKSHEET–6
1. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of
state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.
As a result of Napoleon’s administrative measures, each of the confederation of 39 states
created had its own currency, and weights and measures. These were viewed as obstacles
by the new commercial classes to economic exchange and growth. They wanted creation
of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and
capital.
In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and
joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced
the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways
further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A
wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing
at the time.
2. Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could
not restore the old order. Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution
and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist
revolutionaries. Hence, in the year after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central
and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in
Western Europe before 1815. Thus, serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in
the Habsburg dominions and in Russia. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy
to the Hungarians in 1868.
3. In 1815, in the Congress of Vienna, representatives of Britain, Russia, Prussia and
Austria collectively drew up a settlement for Europe. It brought in the new ‘Metternich
system’ in Europe with the aim of undoing the changes that had come about in Europe
during the Napoleonic wars. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had
been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.
The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored
to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of
states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism
and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic
governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in
newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom.
4.
The Greek War of Independence mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated
elite across Europe. In Greece which had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the
fifteenth century, a struggle for independence started in 1821. Nationalists in Greece
were supported by other Greeks living in exile and many West Europeans. Thus, poets
and artists considered Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public
opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron
organised funds and later went to fight in the war. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople
of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
WORKSHEET–7
1. From 1815, conservative regimes began to consolidate their power in Europe. At the
same time, revolutions in Europe were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the
educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, school-teachers, clerks and
members of the commercial middle classes. They took shape in many regions of Europe
such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland
and Poland.
The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been
restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by
liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as
its head.
‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’ The
July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away
from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
In the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes took shape in France.
Louis Philippe was forced to flee France and a republic based on universal male suffrage
had been proclaimed.
In Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarain Empire, men and women of the liberal
middle classes demanded constitutionalism and national unification.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their
places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul. They drafted a
constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected the demands. In the end troops were
called in and the assembly disbanded.
2. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality
of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. It
stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative
government through Parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability
of private property.
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit
of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state
and society like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family
should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society
of pre-revolutionary days. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy,
the abolition of feudalism and serfdom etc. introduced by Napoleon were used by them
to strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism
governments.
During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists
underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries
and spread their ideas.
As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism
came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such
as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and
Poland. These revolutions were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated
middle-class elite, among whom were professors, school-teachers, clerks and members
of the commercial middle classes.
3. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. Art and poetry,
stories and music helped in shaping nationalist feelings in Europe.
Romanticism was a cultural movement which played a role in this context.
Romantic artists and poets were critical of reason and science. German philosopher Johann
Gottfried Herder said true German culture can be discovered among the common people
(das volk). It can be found in folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that express the
true spirit of the nation (volksgeist). So, many scholars started collecting and recording
these forms of folk culture.
It was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but to carry the modern nationalist
message to illiterate people. In Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the
eighteenth century by Russia, Prussia and Austria, Karol Kurpinski, for example, kept
alive national feelings through music and language.
4. Culture played an important role in development of nationalism. Art and poetry, stories
and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
The romanticist cultural movement criticised the glorification of reason and science and
focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense
of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
A Romantic German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German
culture was to be discovered among the common people through folk songs, folk poetry
and folk dances that express the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist). So collecting and
recording these forms of folk culture was essential to nation-building.
It was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but to carry the modern nationalist
message to illiterate people.
In Poland, which was partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by Russia, Prussia
and Austria, national feelings were kept alive by Karol Kurpinski through music and
language.
Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After
Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian
language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule
took place which was ultimately crushed.
The clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance and used
Polish in Church gatherings and all religious instructions. As a result, a large number
of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as
punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as
a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
WORKSHEET–8
1. The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered
by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving
peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and
widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of
Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men
and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the
creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. In Germany, for example,
various political associations, comprising of middle-class professionals, businessmen
and prosperous artisans, came together in Frankfurt to form an all German National
Assembly. This Frankfurt parliament drafted a constitution for a German nation to be
headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Though such liberal movements were
ultimately suppressed by conservative forces, the old order could never be restored. The
monarchs realised that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by
granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were clearly based
on democratic ideals. Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national
unification—a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
They wanted the society to get rid of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom
and bonded labour had to be abolished, and economic equality had to be pursued as a
national goal. The right to property was also significant in the liberals’ concept of a
nation based on political, social and economic freedom.
2. In 1848, the German regions middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous
artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German
National Assembly.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in festive procession to take their
places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a
constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a Parliament.
Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected the demands. In the end troops were
called in and the assembly disbanded.
While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of
Parliament eroded. The Parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted
the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end
troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
3. A large number of women participated actively over the years in the liberal nationalist
movements of Europe. Women had formed their own political associations, founded
newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
Yet, the issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the
liberal movement. They were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.
When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted
only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
4. Italy was politically fragmented into several dynastic states as well as the multi-national
Habsburg Empire. In the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which
only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was
under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions
were under the domination of Bourbon kings of Spain. Even the Italian language spoken
in different parts of the region had many regional and local variations.
In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had aimed to create a unitary Italian Republic. The
revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 had failed. The ruler King Victor Emmanuel
II unified the Italian states through war. The ruling elites of this region saw a unified
Italy as an opportunity for economic development and political dominance.
Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither
a revolutionary nor a democrat. He was wealthy and educated. He made a tactful
diplomatic alliance with France and therefore, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating
the Austrian forces in 1859.
In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded
in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. The Italian population
was highly literate and yet they remained unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology.
WORKSHEET–9
1. Great Britain is the model of a nation. In Britain the formation of the nation-state was
a result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth
century. The people of British Isles were from different ethnic groups such as English,
Welsh, Scot or Irish. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
The English Parliament, which seized power from the monarchy in 1688 was the
instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the
‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. The British Parliament was dominated by its English
members. Over a period of time Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions and
the Catholic clans were systematically suppressed. Scottish Highlanders were forbidden
to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were
forcibly driven out of their homeland.
In Ireland, the English helped the Protestants of Ireland to impose their dominance over
a largely Catholic country. The Catholic revolted against British dominance and were
brutally suppressed. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture.
The symbols of the new Britain, namely the British flag (Union Jack), the national
anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language were actively promoted and
the others remained subordinate partners in this union.
2. Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries represented a country as a person.
Nations were portrayed as female figures. The female form sought to give the abstract
idea of the nation a concrete form. The female figure became an allegory of the nation.
During the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as
Liberty, Justice and the Republic. The attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken
chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.
In France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined
the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and
the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected
in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade
them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations,
Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
3. After 1815, European governments were guided by conservative monarchies who believed
that the traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the Church,
social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. They wanted to use
the changes initiated by Napoleon namely, a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy,
a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom to strengthen traditional
institutions like the monarchy.
In 1815, in the Congress of Vienna, representatives of the European powers — Britain,
Russia, Prussia and Austria — who had defeated Napoleon, drew up a settlement for
Europe under the leadership of Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
It did away with most of the changes that had shaped Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon,
and create a new conservative order in Europe. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to
power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states
were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left
untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a
portion of Saxony.
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and
dissent.
4. (a) The French philosopher criticises because he sees nation as a large-scale solidarity.
(b) According to Ernst Renan, ‘A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours,
sacrifice and devotion. A heroic past, great men, glory, that is the social capital
upon which one bases a national idea. To have common glories in the past, to have
a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together, to wish to
perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people. A nation is
therefore a large-scale solidarity...’
(c) Because a nation’s existence is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the
world had only one law and only one master.
WORKSHEET–10
1. The Balkans consisted of regions of modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their
inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, it
initiated nationalism in the Balkans states. Soon the feeling of Nationalism spread and
the situation became very unstable. The Ottoman Empire tried to control the situation by
strengthening itself through modernisation and internal reforms but in vain. Gradually,
its European nations got separated and fought for independence and political rights. In
the race to expand their territories and to impose their supremacy on each other, Slavic
nationalities quickly got into severe clashes. As a result, the Balkan area became an area
of intense conflict. Matters were further worsened because the Balkans also became the
scene of big power rivalry.
2. German unification was a long and complicated process. At the beginning of the 19th
century, Germany was not a unified country. It was a collection of autocratic states (39
in all), where only the very wealthy and powerful ruled. It was a difficult affair to unite
Germany. It took a long time to unite Germany into one country and the credit goes to
Bismarck. He fought three wars to unify Germany.
(a) Danish-Prussian War in 1864. The 1864 Danish War helped Bismarck strengthen his
internal position in Prussia. Danish King Friedrich VII died in 1864. Many European
royals were independent having undersized territories. Often these territories were
divided by different laws, customs, and even languages. Without much effort, Prussia
defeated Danish. The Danish War was the first step in the unification of Germany.
(b) Austro-Prussian War in 1866. In 1866, relations between Austria and Prussia
worsened over the control of Schleswig-Holstein. However the real concern was to
emerge as the dominant force in Germany. Bismarck provoked quarrels with the
Austrians to gain supremacy in Germany. He tactfully secured Italian support and
French neutrality. Prussian troops occupied Holstein and the “Seven Weeks War”
broke out between Prussia and Austria. During the Seven Weeks War (1866) Austria
was totally crushed by Prussian forces at the Battle of Sadowa, and was completely
removed from any role in German affairs. An extraordinary lenient treaty “The
Treaty of Prague” was signed to expel Austria from the German Confederation so
that Austria did not remain an enemy of Prussia. Prussia was now able to dominate
the other German states without fear of Austrian intervention.
(c) North German Confederation in 1866. After defeating Austria, Bismarck organised
the North German Confederation in 1866. It was composed of Prussia and 17 small
northern German states. It contained all German states. North of the Main River
was successfully controlled by Prussia. The remaining German states were eventually
forced to join, including Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt. Bismarck
was now ready to take on France.
(d) Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71. To complete German unification Bismarck had
to deal with France. In 1870 Bismarck purposely created war with France. Bismarck
suggested a German candidate’s name for the vacant Spanish throne. The hidden aim
behind this move was to make the French emperor Napoleon III angry and declare war
on Prussia and the North German Confederation. Prussia was completely victorious
over France at the Battle of Sedan in 1870 and gained control over Alsace-Lorraine.
For unification Bismarck followed ‘Blood and Iron’ policy. Thus the long planned journey
of German unification was completed in 1871 A.D.
3. Measures and practices introduced by revolutionaries :
(a) The ideas of la-patrie and le-citoyen emphasised the nation of united community
enjoying equal rights under the constitution.
(b) New French flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal standard
(c) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
(d) New hymns were composed and martyrs commemorated.
(e) Internal customs and duties were abolished.
(f) Uniform system of weights and measures were adopted.
(g) Regional dialects were discouraged and French was written and spoken in Paris.
(h) Any other relevant points.
(Any four points to be explained)
4. (a) The Habsburg Empire included the Alpine regions—the Jyrol, Austria and the
Sudetenland—as well as Bohemia where the aristocracy was pre-dominantly German-
speaking.
(b) The Empire also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
(c) In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety
of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
Besides these dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire,
a mass of subject peasant peoples—Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in
Carniola, Croats to the South and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.
5. (a) In 1845 the Silesian weavers revolted against contractors who supplied them raw
material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their
payments.
(b) Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4 June and marched
in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.
(c) When the contractor showed reluctance, a group of them forced their way into the house,
smashed its elegant window panes, furniture, porcelain, etc. Another group broke into
the store house and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds.
(d) The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which ultimately refused
to shelter such a person. He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army.
In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot.
WORKSHEET–11
1. 1. Romania
2. Serbia
3. Kingdom of Sicilies
2. (a) The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by
Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. The Bourbon dynasty,
which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power. France
lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(b) A series of states were set-up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion
in future.Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set-up
in the north, Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important
new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern
Italy. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion
of Saxony.
(c) But the German confederation of 39 states that had been set-up by Napoleon was
left untouched.
(d) Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism
governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in
newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom.
3. Napoleon was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European
politics in the early 19th century. Trained as an artillery officer in mainland France,
Bonaparte led successful campaigns against the European countries who opposed France.
In 1799, he installed himself as First Consul; five years later, in 1804, he crowned himself
as Emperor of France. But in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary
principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. This was done
through the Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code and can be
summarised as below:
(a) It did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law
and secured the right to property.
(b) Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(c) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication
systems were improved.
(d) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that
uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency would
facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
(e) This Code was introduced in the regions under French control e.g. the Dutch Republic,
Switzerland, Italy and Germany.
(f) Initially, in many places the French armies were welcomed. But soon it became clear
that the new administrative arrangements were being given at the cost of political
freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies
required to conquer the rest of Europe etc. made the Code unpopular in these countries.
Chapter test
1. Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria
2. Prussia
3. Freedom of press, end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
4. Johann Gottfried Herder
5. 1804
6. It refers to an ideal vision of society
7. In 1815
8. It recognised Greece as an independent state
9. 1. A nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers,
came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.
2. This commonness did not exist from time immemorial; it was forged through struggles,
through the actions of leaders and the common people.
10. 1. A customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by
most of the German states in 1834 as a wave of economic nationalism started to
spread the wider nationalist sentiments.
2. The union:
(a) abolished tariff barriers,
(b) reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
(c) promoted the setting up of a network of railways to stimulate mobility, and to
harness economic interests for national unification.
11. (a) Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical
privileges, a Constitutional and representative government through parliament. Yet,
equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. Men without
property and all women were excluded from political rights.
(b) Nineteenth century liberals also stressed the right of private property. In the economic
sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
(c) Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a
confederation of 39 states, each of these possessed its own currency, and weights and
measures. The liberal middle classes viewed these as obstacles to economic exchange
and growth. It argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the
unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–12
A. 1. nation-state 2. Napoleonic Code of Conduct of 1804
3. Austria–Hungary 4. liberalism
5. zolleverein or customs union 6. Louis Philippe
7. Hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles
8. Italia 9. United Kingdom of Great Britain
10. First World War in 1914
WORKSHEET–13
A. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F
WORKSHEET–14
A. 1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)
B. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (a)
WORKSHEET–15
Do it yourself.
qq
THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA
WORKSHEET–16
1. Tran Hung Dao, Trieu Au and the Trung Sisters led early efforts to win independence
from China.
2. It was tapping Vietnamese nationalism, promising independence and pledging democratic
reforms.
3. Because control of Indo-China would restore France’s faltering prestige.
4. Because of his deeply held communist beliefs.
5. Colons
6. It was struck by bubonic plague.
7. Vietnamese looked for foreign arms and helped to drive away the French from Vietnam.
8. (a) The Communists’ victory in the Chinese Civil War.
(b) The strong realization that the loss of further territory to communism would come
at a steep domestic political price.
9. The fall of Indo-China to communism would rapidly lead to Communist domination of
all of south-east Asia.
10. (a) The price of rice and rubber fell.
(b) There was an increase in unemployment.
11. The ‘civilising mission’ of the colonisers was an imperial disguise for controlling colonies.
European powers assumed that their civilisation was the most advanced, and that it
was their humanitarian concern to spread it around the world, even if this was done by
force.
The Europeans became the self-professed carriers of light to the colonies, rejecting the
latter’s inherent traditions, religions and cultures as outdated.
Also education was viewed as a ‘civilising’ tool, but fearing of retaliation, the colonisers—
the French in Vietnam, the British in India, did not want to give full access to the
colonised people to Western education.
They were aware that Western education might instill democratic ideals and a desire
for independence. Hence, the ‘civilising mission’ was marred by double standards and
sheer hypocrisy.
WORKSHEET–17
1. Colonies were organised with two objectives in mind:
Firstly, colonies supplied natural resources and other essential goods to the mother
country. Secondly, France thought it was the mission of the ‘advanced’ European countries
to bring the benefits of civilization to backward peoples.
The French built canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
It was built with forced labour. As a result rice production increased and it began to be
exported to international markets.
This was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move
military garrison and control the entire region. They constructed trans-Indo-China rail
network that linked the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China by 1910.
The second line, linking Vietnam to Siam (old name of present day Thailand), via the
Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh was built.
2. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices.
The religious beliefs among the peasantry were shaped by a variety of syncretic traditions
that combined Buddhism and local beliefs. There were many popular religions in Vietnam
that were spread by people who claimed to have seen a vision of God.
3. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices.
Christianity, introduced by French missionaries, was intolerant of this easygoing attitude
towards religion and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to worship the supernatural as
something to be corrected. Thus, from the eighteenth century, many religious movements
came into existence which were hostile to the Western presence. The Scholars Revolt in
1868 was an example of such a movement. This movement was against French control
and the spread of Christianity.
4. The Hoa Hao movement contained religious fervour. It began in 1939 and was popular
in the Mekong delta area, region of Vietnam.
The founder of Hoa Hao movement was a man called Huynh Phu So. He performed
miracles and helped the poor. He criticized useless expenditure and opposed the sale of
child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. Thus, he inspired movements
against colonial rule.
The French tried to suppress the movement. They declared him mad, and put him in a
mental asylum. But the doctors declared him sane in the last. The French authorities
then exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.
5. The Vietminh forces fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September
1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed of which Ho Chi Minh became
Chairman.
The French tried to regain control over Vietnam by using the puppet emperor, Bao Dai.
War started once again between Vietminh forces and the French and it continued for
the next eight years. The French were finally defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
Peace negotiations were held in Geneva following the French defeat and the Vietnamese
were persuaded to accept the division of Vietnam. As a result north and south Vietnam
were separated. Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao
Dai’s regime was put in power in south Vietnam.
WORKSHEET–18
1. The Ho Chi Minh trail symbolises the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought
against the US and tells us about the ways in which the Vietnamese used their limited
resources to great advantage. The trail was a network of footpaths and roads which was
used to transport men and materials from the north to the south Vietnam.
The trail was improved from the late 1950s and about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops
came south each month on this trail.
The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. The supplies were transported
in trucks or were carried by women porters. They carried about 25 kilos on their backs,
or about 70 kilos on their bicycles.
Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch
lines extending into South Vietnam.
The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this
important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly.
Roads damaged by bombs were also quickly rebuilt.
2. This phase of struggle with the US from 1965 to 1972 was brutal. The US troops were
equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the
time – B52s. They used chemical weapons like Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous
bombs and destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Thousands of young soldiers
had lost their lives. Countless civilians had been killed. This is the reason why many
historians call this war more brutal than the Second World War.
3. The rat hunt was not a success as:
(a) For the Vietnamese the rat hunt seemed to provide an early lesson in the success of
collective bargaining.
(b) Those who did the dirty work of entering sewers found that if they came together,
they could negotiate a higher bounty.
(c) The bounty was paid when a tail was given as a proof from that a rat had been killed.
(d) So, the rat hunters, took to just clipping the tails and releasing the rats, so that the
process could be repeated.
(e) Some people began raising rats to earn a bounty.
4. There was resentment against colonial occupation in many quarters. It was expressed
in a variety of ways.
Teachers and students did not blindly follow the curriculum. There was open opposition,
as well as silent resistance. In 1926 a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls
School.
Students fought against the colonial government’s effort to prevent the Vietnamese from
qualifying for white-collar jobs. They were filled with patriotic feelings. They thought
that being educated it was their sacred duty to fight for the benefit of the society. This
brought them into conflict with the French as well as the traditional elite, since both
saw their positions threatened.
When the French decided to rebuild Hanoi with latest ideas about architecture and
modern engineering in 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague.
The large sewers were an ideal breeding ground and a great transport system for
the rats to move around the city. A rat hunt was started in 1902. The French hired
Vietnamese workers and paid them for each rat they caught. Rats began to be caught
in large numbers. The bounty was paid when a tail was given as proof that a rat had
been killed. So the rat-catchers took to just clipping the tails and released the rats and
the process was repeated over and over again. Some people in fact, began raising rats
to earn a bounty. Thus, the rat-catchers fought colonialism in their own way.
From the eighteenth century, many religious movements were hostile to the Western
presence, e.g. Scholars Revolt in 1868 and Hoa Hao Movement, 1939.
Phan Boi Chau (1867 – 1940) became a major figure in the anti-colonial resistance from
the time he formed the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903, with Prince Cuong
De as the head.
In the first decade of the twentieth century a ‘go east movement’ became popular. In
1907– 08 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education so as to drive
out the French from Vietnam.
Developments in China also inspired Vietnamese nationalists. In 1911, the long
established monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular movement under Sun Yat-
sen, and a Republic was set-up.
5. Different answers were offered to question of what is modern. Some intellectuals felt
that Vietnamese traditions had to be strengthened to resist the domination of the West,
while others felt that Vietnam had to learn from the West even while opposing foreign
domination. These differing visions led to debates.
Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) became a major figure in the anti-colonial resistance from
the time he formed the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903.
He wrote the book The History of the Loss of Vietnam in which he focused on the loss
of sovereignty and the severing of ties with China.
Another famous nationalist, Phan Chu Trinh (1871 – 1926) was hostile to the monarchy
and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court. He wanted
to establish a democratic republic. He accepted the French revolutionary ideal of liberty
but charged the French for not abiding by the ideal. He demanded that the French set
up legal and educational institutions, and develop agriculture and industries.
WORKSHEET–19
1. In the first decade of the twentieth century a ‘go east movement’ became popular. In
1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education with
intentions to drive out the French from Vietnam and overthrow the puppet emperor
to re-establish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French. Vietnamese
students established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo to attain the same
objective but after 1908, the Japanese Ministry of Interior clamped down on them. As
a result many students were exiled and sent back to China and Thailand.
2. The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907. The ideas behind the Tonkin Free School
were predominantly based on policies of westernisation.
(a) Students were taught science, hygiene and French, and were encouraged to adopt
Western styles of dressing because they were considered superior.
(b) This school was a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam on account of the
aforementioned. It rejected traditional Vietnamese education, language, culture and
lifestyle, and in that sense discriminatory.
(c) Classes were held in the evenings and the fees had to be paid separately.
3. Phan’s most influential book is The History of the Loss of Vietnam.
The book focuses on two connected themes:
(a) The loss of sovereiguty, and
(b) The severing of ties with China—ties that bound the elites of the two countries within
a shared culture.
4. (a) The French built canals and drained lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
The vast system of irrigation works—canals and earthworks—built with forced labour,
increased rice production and allowed the export of rice to the international market.
(b) Then they started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move
military garrisons and control the entire region.
(c) Construction of a trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the northern and
southern parts of Vietnam and China was begun.
5. One group emphasised the need to use the French language as the medium of instruction.
By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture
and civilisation of France. This would help create an ‘Asiatic France solidly tied to
European France’. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments
and ideals, see the superiority of French culture and work for the French.
Other group was opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. They suggested
that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes.
WORKSHEET–20
1. The Great Depression of the 1930s had a strong effect on Vietnam.
The prices of rubber and rice fell, resulting in rising rural debts, unemployment and rural
uprising in the poorest provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were quick
to react and protest. The French suppressed these uprisings by bombing demonstrators
through planes.
To organise the protest, in February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing
nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang)
Party, which was later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired
by the militant demonstrations of the European communist parties.
In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam. The nationalists had to fight against the Japanese as
well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Nam Doc Lap
Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought against the Japanese
occupation of Vietnam and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic
of Vietnam was formed of which Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.
2. As the nationalist movement of Vietnam grew, a new image of womanhood emerged.
The women who rebelled against social norms were idealised by the writers and political
thinkers. In the 1930s, a famous novel by Nhat Linh showed a woman leaving a forced
marriage and marrying someone of her choice, who was involved in nationalist politics.
Rebel women of the past were celebrated to inspire the people. In 1913, Phan Boi Chau wrote a
play based on the lives of the Trung sisters who had fought against Chinese domination
in 39-43 CE. In this play he depicted these sisters as patriots fighting to save the
Vietnamese nation from the Chinese. They came to be idealised and glorified.
Other venerated women rebels include Trieu Au who lived in the third century CE. In
the 1960s, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters.
There were pictures of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed as
young, brave and dedicated.
Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers. They were shown
with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other. Whether young or old, women began
to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country.
A number of women got inspired and came forward to join the resistance movement.
They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels
and fighting the enemy. Along the Ho Chi Minh trail volunteers kept open 2,195 km of
strategic roads and guarded 2,500 key points. 1.5 million women were in the regular
army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams.
3. (a) Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) was a nationalist. He was educated in the Confucian
tradition. He organized anti-colonial resistance by forming the Revolutionary Society
(Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903, with Prince Cuong De as the head.
(b) They shared a common point which was independence of Vietnam from colonial
occupation.
(c) Trinh wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion
of popular rights; Phan Boi Chau, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign
enemy should be driven out.
He wanted to make use of the monarchy, which was opposed absolutely by Trinh,
who planned to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy.
4. The two broad opinions were:
In Favour
1. Some policy makers emphasized the need to use French as the medium of instruction.
2. They felt that Vietnamese by learning the language would be introduced to the culture
and civilization of France.
3. This would help in creating an ‘Asiatic France’ solidly tied to ‘European France’.
4. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments, superiority of
French and work for them.
Against
1. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher
classes.
2. The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with
French citizenship.
WORKSHEET–21
1. Paul Bernard was a great writer and policy-maker. He strongly believed that the economy
of the colonies needed to be developed. He argued that the purpose of gaining control
over colonies was to make profits. If the economy was developed and the standard of
living of the people improved, they would be able to buy more goods. As a result, the
market would expand which would lead to better profits for French business.
Paul Bernard’s views on the economy of Vietnam:
He knew that some of the barriers to economic growth in Vietnam were, the increased
levels of population, low agricultural productivity and heavy debts among peasants. The
economy of Vietnam was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations which were
owned by French and the elite Vietnamese. Indentured labour was used in the rubber
plantations.
According to Bernard, land reforms required to be carried out to increase productivity
and thereby reduce rural poverty just like the Japanese had done in the 1890s. But it
would not ensure sufficient employment.
Bernard believed that in order to create more jobs industrialisation was necessary but
the French colonisers were not doing much to industrialise the economy of Vietnam.
2. The French dismantled the traditional educational system and established their own
system and justifying their colonial rule. Therefore, all teachers and students blindly
followed the new curriculum and sometimes even resisted them:
(a) When the number of Vietnamese teachers increased in lower classes the teachers
modified the text and taught according to their traditional understanding.
(b) The students of the Saigon Native Girls School staged a historic protest in 1926
when a Vietnamese student sitting in one of the front seats in class was asked to sit
at the back to allow a French student occupy the front seat. When the Vietnamese
student refused to give up her front seat she was expelled leading to further protests.
With the government intervention the expelled student had to be taken back causing
resentment among the French.
(c) Vietnamese students resisted French efforts to prevent ‘white collar’ jobs to the
Vietnamese. This was inspired by patriotic feeling among educated students who
were convinced that it was their duty to fight.
(d) The Vietnamese elite as well as the French saw their positions threatened by the
new educated Vietnamese students.
(e) Vietnamese students organised political parties like the Party of Young Annan and
schools became an important place for political and cultural battles.
(f) Students published various nationalist journals such as the Annanese Student.
3. The colonisation of Vietnam by the French brought the people of the country into conflict
with the colonisers in all areas of life. The French after landing in Vietnam in 1858
began to establish military and economic control over the country. The colonial economy
in Vietnam was primarily based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations owned by the
French and a small Vietnamese elite. Rail and first facilities were setup to service this
sector. Indentures Vietnamese labour was widely used in the rubber plantations. The
French did nothing to industrialise the economy of Vietnam. In rural areas landlordism
spread and the standard of living declined.
School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule. The Vietnamese were
represented as primitive and backward, capable of manual labour but not of intellectual
reflection.
In the field of religion too the conflict started against the French. Several religious
movements were initiated in Vietnam because they were hostile to the western presence.
4. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh.
The new republic faced a number of problems.
(a) The French tried to regain their control taking help of the emperor, Bao Dai, their
puppet. They became successful in forcing Vietminh to retreat to the hills.
(b) The Supreme French Commander of the French armies, General Henry Navarre
had declared confidently in 1953 that they would soon be victorious. But this did not
happen.
(c) On 7 May 1954, the Vietminh destroyed and captured more than 16,000 soldiers of
the French Expeditionary Corps.
(d) The entire commanding staff, including a general, 16 colonels and 1,749 officers were
made prisoners.
(e) The Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and
South were split. Ho Chi Minh and the Communists took power in the north while
Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south.
(f) This division set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield
bringing death and destruction to its people and the environment.
WORKSHEET–22
1. (a) Declaration of independence of the United States in 1771 and of the French Revolution
in 1789.
(b) (i) The French acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice, (ii) They deprived
the people of liberties and imposed on them inhuman laws, (iii) they built more
prisons than schools, (iv) They ruthlessly killed patriots, and suppressed uprisings,
(v) They suppressed public opinion.
(c) School children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam: ‘Since
the establishment of French rule the Vietnamese peasant no longer lives in constant
terror of pirates...Calm is complete, and the peasant can work with a good heart.’
2. (a) Do Sam was a colonel in the North Vietnamese artillery regiment.
(b) The letters show how, in the imagination of Do Sam, personal love mingles with
love for the country and the desire for freedom. Sacrifice for the sake of the nation
appears necessary for personal happiness.
He says, ‘I have promised myself that only when the South is liberated and peace
and happiness return to the people, only then could I be free to focus on building
our own happiness, only then I could be satisfied with our family life...’
This shows the intensity of a nationalist’s feelings.
3. Map work
Chapter Test
1. Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
2. China
3. Denmark
4. French
5. Ngywyen Dinh Chiew
6. The colonial economy in Vietnam was however primarily based on rice cultivation and
rubber plantations owned by the French and small Vietnamese elite.
1. Rail and port facilities were set-up to service this sector.
2. Indentured Vietnamese labor was widely used in the rubber plantations.
3. The French, contrary to what Bernard said, did little to industrialize the economy.
4. In the rural areas landlordism spread and the standard of living declined.
7. 1. The ‘native quarter’ of Hanoi, was not provided with any of modern facilities. The
refuse from the old city drained straight out into the river or during heavy rains or
floods, overflowed into the streets.
2. The large sewers in the modern part of the city, a symbol of modernity were an ideal
and protected breeding ground for rats.
3. This was the main reason for the plague. Rats began to enter the modern houses
through sewage pipes and hence to stem this invasion, a rat hunt was started in
1902. by the French.
8. 1. Dilemma on amount of education.
(a) The French faced a dilemma as to how far the Vietnamese were to be educated.
(b) The French needed an educated local labour force but they feared that education
might create problems, as once educated, the Vietnamese may begin to question
colonial domination.
(c) The French citizens living in Vietnam called colons thought they might lose their
jobs as teachers, shopkeepers, policeman to the educated Vietnamese. So they
opposed policies that would give full access to French education.
2. Chinese culture posed a problem.
(a) The elites in Vietnam were influenced by Chinese culture. To consolidate their
power, the French had to counter this force.
(b) So they systematically dismantled the traditional educational system and
established French schools.
(c) They were in a dilemma as to have French, Vietnamese and Chinese as the
medium of instruction.
WORKSHEET–23
A. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
6. F 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. F
WORKSHEET–24
A. 1. (e) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c)
B. 1. (e) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)
WORKSHEET–25 and 26
Do it yourself.
qq
NATIONALISM IN INDIA
WORKSHEET–27
1. Satyagraha was the chief weapon.
2. In South Africa.
3. At Champaran.
4. Khalifa was the spiritual head of the Islamic World.
5. In the Congress Session at Nagpur.
6. Because Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent in many places.
7. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
8. Hind Swaraj
9. To help the Indigo workers.
10. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
WORKSHEET–28
1. In South Africa, Gandhiji had successfully fought the racist regime with a unique method
of mass agitation called satyagraha.
Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested
that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was
not necessary to fight the oppressor.
A satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing
to the conscience of the oppressor. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately
triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this new dharma of non-violence could unite
all Indians.
2. After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha movements
in various places.
In 1916 at Champaran in Bihar, he inspired the peasants to struggle against the
oppressive plantation system. In 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants
of the Kheda district of Gujarat who could not pay the revenue, and were demanding
that revenue collection be relaxed.
In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement
amongst cotton mill workers.
3. The idea of satyagraha is based on the power of truth and non-violence. According to
Mahatma Gandhi, it is not a passive resistance but it calls for intense activity. Satyagraha
is pure soul force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called
satyagraha. Non-violence is the supreme dharma of satyagraha.
4. (a) As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north
Indian towns. There were strikes. People clashed with the police and attacked
government buildings.
(b) The government responded with ruthless repression. They humiliated and terrorised
people. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets,
and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs.
(c) People were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan)
were bombed.
5. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.
It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott
of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would
be launched.
6. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. The movement was against talukdars
and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other
cesses. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
As tenant farmers they had no security of tenure. The peasant movement demanded
reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
WORKSHEET–29
1. (a) Two factors shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s. The first was the effect of
the worldwide economic depression. Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and
collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined,
peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930s, the
countryside was in turmoil.
(b) The Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon was set up to look into the
functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
2. Alluri Sitaram Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired
by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up
drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use
of force, not non-violence.
3. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan
‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated
in the demonstrations.
4. (a) Lord Irwin announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in
an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution.
This did not satisfy the Congress leaders.
(b) The radicals within the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose,
became more assertive. The liberals and moderates, who were proposing a constitutional
system within the framework of British dominion, gradually lost their influence.
5. India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.
It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence Day
when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
6. In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress
formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence for India.
It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day
when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
A civil disobedience movement would be launched to achieve it.
WORKSHEET–30
1. On 5 March 1931, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement and entered into
a pact with Irwin. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a
Round Table Conference (the Congress had boycotted the first Round Table Conference)
in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.
In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference.
2. The Civil Disobedience Movement began in March 1930. But towards the end of the
year many people were arrested. As a result Gandhiji had to sign an agreement with
Viceroy Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931. The agreement came to be known as Gandhi-
Irwin Pact. In this pact Gandhi promised to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement
and consented to take part in the Second Round Table Conference in London. In lieu of
this Irwin agreed to release the political prisoners.
3. The British government was very much troubled to see the developments of the Civil
Disobedience Movement. Finding no other way to suppress the movement, it began to
arrest the Congress leaders one by one. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of
Mahatma Gandhi was also arrested.
4. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a pathan, was a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. He is popularly
known as Frontier Gandhi. He played a prominent role in the Civil Disobedience
Movement. He demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar. The British Government could
not tolerate his active participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement and finally
arrested him in 1930.
5. After the failure of the Round Table Conferences, business groups were not enthusiastic
about participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged
disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the
younger members of the Congress.
6. The Congress had ignored the dalits for long. Its leaders were under the shadow of fear
that by giving attention to the dalits, they would offend the sentiment of the conservative
high caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi was always sympathetic towards them.
WORKSHEET–31
1. Mahatma Gandhi had a sympathetic attitude towards the dalits. He was dead against
the practice of untouchability. He declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred
years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijans, or the
children of God and organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access
to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
2. Many dalit leaders were keen on a political solution to the problems of the community.
They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions,
and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
They believed that political empowerment would resolve their social disabilities. Dalit
participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was therefore limited particularly in
Maharashtra and Nagpur regions where their organisation was quite strong.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.
3. The Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as
the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but
they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
4. The dalit community got reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.
However, their demand for separate electorate was not accepted. They were to be voted
in by the general electorate.
5. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was
designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent
moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
By 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and
white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-
help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.
6. The identity of the nation, as you know is symbolised in a figure or image. In the twentieth
century, with the growth of nationalism, the identity of India came to be associated with
the image of Bharat Mata.
The image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay when
he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’. It was widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
Abanindranath Tagore was moved by the Swadeshi movement and he painted his famous
image of Bharat Mata. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure;
she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, and was
painted by different artists. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence
of one’s nationalism.
WORKSHEET–32
1. (a) Physical force believes in violent ways for achieving the goal. But soul force believes
in non-violence and truth.
(b) Indians cannot carry arms because they have made the religion of non‑violence their
own.
2. The Non-Cooperation Movement dramatically affected the economy.
(a) The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from
`102 crore to `57 crore.
(b) At many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance
foreign trade.
(c) People began discarding imported clothes and started wearing only Indian clothes
(Khadi).
(d) Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
3. Reasons for which the rich peasant communities took active participation in the Civil
Disobedience Movement are:
(a) Rich peasant communities like Jats of UP and the Patidars of Gujarat who were
producers of commercial crops, were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling
prices.
(b) As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s
revenue demand.
(c) The government refused to reduce the revenue demand.
This led to widespread resentment among the rich peasants and they enthusiastically
supported the movement.
4. The business classes supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first
launched. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most
businessmen came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would
no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints. But after
the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly
enthusiastic. So, when the movement was re-launched by Gandhiji, most of them withdrew
their support. They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried
about prolonged disruption of business.
5. The Civil Disobedience Movement was started under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi,
in the year 1930. It was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism.
The main ideology behind the Civil Disobedience Movement was to defy the laws made
by the British.
Gandhi started his famous Salt March (Dandi March) from his ashram in Sabarmati to
the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and openly violating
the law, manufactured salt by boiling sea water.
• Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
• In many places forest people violated forest laws—going into Reserved Forests to
collect wood and graze cattle.
• Women participated in the movement on a large scale.
WORKSHEET–33
1. (a)
Worried by the developments during civil disobedience movement, the colonial
government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This led to violent
clashes in many places. When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma
Gandhi, was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of
Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.
(b) A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in
Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations
– all structures that symbolised British rule.
(c) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful
Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about 100,000
people were arrested.
2. (a) Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the civil disobedience movement and enter into
a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931.
(b) By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table
Conference (the Congress had boycotted the first Round Table Conference) in London
and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.
3. The tribals of Gudem hills in Andhra Pradesh had many problems with the British.
The colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering
the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. This enraged the hill
people. Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights
were being denied. When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for
road building, the hill people revolted.
Alluri Sitaram Raju led them in their protest against the British. He claimed that he
had a variety of special powers: he could make correct astrological predictions and heal
people, and he could survive even bullet shots. The rebels proclaimed that he was an
incarnation of God.
Raju admired Mahatma Gandhi and was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement. He
persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he believed
that India could be liberated from the British rule only by using force, not non-violence.
The Gudem rebels attacked police stations of British officials and carried on guerrilla
warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was captured and executed in 1924, and he is revered
as a folk hero in Andhra Pradesh.
4. The first World War created a new economic and political situation. There was an
increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes
like customs duties and a new income tax was introduced.
Prices increased and the common people suffered. Villages were ordered to supply soldiers,
and this caused widespread anger in rural areas.
Crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of food. This was
accompanied by an influenza epidemic. 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of
famines and the epidemic.
People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen.
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and he suggested a new mode of struggle
called satyagraha.
5. The Satyagraha had a deep impact on the political situation in India.
In 1919, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against Rowlatt Act
(1919). This Act had been passed by the Imperial Legislative Council despite unanimous
opposition by the Indian members. This Act gave the government a lot of powers to
repress political activities, and imprison political prisoners without trial for two years.
Mahatma Gandhi started a non-violent civil disobedience against this Act on 6 April.
During the Satyagraha, people organized hartals in cities, railway workers went on
strike, and shops closed down. The British administration started repression. Local
leaders like Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu were arrested from Amritsar, and
Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession and people reacted by
attacking banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed by General
Dyer.
On 13 April the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre took place. Gen. Dyer’s aim was to ‘produce
a moral effect’, so that no one would dare to oppose the British rule.
People were shocked at the incident. They gathered on the streets to protest. The
government reacted by humiliating and terrorising people. Mahatma Gandhi called off
the movement as it was turning violent.
WORKSHEET–34
1. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji
as an indentured labourer. The main demands of the peasant movement were reduction
of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. The movement
organised against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly
high rents and a variety of other cesses. Peasants had to do begar or work at landlords’
farms without any payment. Also, as tenants they had no security of tenure.
As a protest, nai–dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats. In 1920, Nehru
began meeting the villagers, and organised the Oudh Kisan Sabha along with Baba
Ramchandra and others. Around 300 branches were set up. Efforts were made by
the Congress to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the Non-cooperation
Movement. But the peasants became violent and attacked the houses of talukdars
and merchants, looted bazars. But the Congress was unhappy about these methods
used by the peasants.
2. Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in
a unique way.
In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement
spread in the early 1920s. Alluri Sitaram Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma
Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people
to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could
be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.
The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried
on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
3. Plantation Workers of Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and
the notion of swaraj. For them, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of
the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the
village from which they had come.
When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the
authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was
coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.
4. On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.
Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes,
from industrialists to peasants.
The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society
could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.
The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.
Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an ultimatum. If the demands were not fulfilled
by 11 March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.
Irwin was unwilling to negotiate.
WORKSHEET–35
1. Lord Irwin announced in October 1929 a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an
unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. This
did not satisfy the Congress leaders.
The radicals within the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose,
became more assertive. The liberals and moderates, who were proposing a constitutional
system within the framework of British dominion, gradually lost their influence.
In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress
formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
2. Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted
volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the
Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.
The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear
Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and
urged them to peacefully defy the British.
On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by
boiling sea water.
This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
3. In the countryside, rich peasant communities, like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats
of Uttar Pradesh, were active in the movement.
Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression
and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the
government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue
demand led to widespread resentment.
These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement,
organising the communities, and at times forcing reluctant members, to participate in the
boycott programmes. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.
But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without
the revenue rates being revised.
4. The Civil Disobedience Movement began with Gandhi’s historic march over 240 miles
from Sabarmati Ashram to the Gujarat coastal town of Dandi. Gandhiji ceremonially
broke the salt law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. People from all walks of
life took part in the salt satyagraha and defied the British rule peacefully. They broke
the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt-factories.
Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned and in
many places forest people violated forest laws–going into Reserved Forests to collect wood
and graze cattle. The Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were very active in
the movement. Indian merchants and industrialists also supported the movement when
it was launched. Women also participated on large scale in the movement. They joined
Gandhiji’s salt march and rallies and manufactured salt. Thus, the Civil Disobedience
Movement was wide-spread and people from all over the country actively participated
in it.
WORKSHEET–36
1. Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits during First World War.
They felt that colonial policies were restricting Indian business activities. They demanded
protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio
that would be favourable.
To protect their business interests, industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and
G.D. Birla, formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the
Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927. They
supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.
When it restarted after Gandhiji’s return from Round Table Conference, the response
was lukewarm.
They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged
disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the
younger members of the Congress.
2. The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement
in large numbers.
In the Nagpur region workers participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement adopting
the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements
against low wages and poor working conditions.
There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932. In 1930
thousands of workers in Chhotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in
protest rallies and boycott campaigns. But the Congress did not include workers’ demands
in their struggle.
3. Women participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Women joined
Gandhiji’s salt march and rallies and manufactured salt. This was the first time during
the national movement that so many women moved out of their homes on to the public
arena. They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
High-caste women from urban areas and rich peasant women from rural areas joined
the movement led by Gandhiji.
According to Prof. Sumit Sarkar, ‘this increased public role did not necessarily mean any
radical change in the way the position of women was visualised. Gandhiji was convinced
that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good
wives. And for a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position
of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.
4. The important differences between the Congress and the Muslim League were over the
question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected. Muhammad Ali
Jinnah of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates,
if Muslims were given reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in
proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).
WORKSHEET–37
1. As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became aware of such icons
and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.
In the twentieth century, the image of Bharat Mata symbolised the identity of the nation.
The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in the song ‘Vande
Mataram’. It was widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata as a calm, composed,
divine, spiritual and an ascetic figure. The idea was popularised when several prints
of similar figures painted by different artists reached Indian homes. Devotion to this
mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
A tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed during Swadeshi movement. It
had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon,
representing Hindus and Muslims.
In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was also a tricolour (red, green and
white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-
help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.
2. The nationalists tried to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in
one’s past through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
In the late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by
bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. They believed that a true
picture of traditional culture can be found in them and that they should be preserved.
In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and
myths, and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published
a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India.
He believed that folklore was national literature that it was the most trustworthy
manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics.
3. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instil a sense
of pride in the nation, reinterpretation of history was necessary.
The British viewed Indians as backward and primitive people who were incapable of
governing themselves. Educated Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s
great achievement since the ancient times when art and architecture, science and
mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.
They felt that these glories were lost when India was colonised.
These nationalist histories urged people to take pride in India’s great achievements in
the past and struggle to change the conditions of life under the British rule.
There were problems in these interpretations. When ancient Hindu past was glorified,
people of other communities felt left out.
4. People belonging to different communities, regions or language groups developed a sense
of collective belonging in the late 19th century India.
This sense of collective belonging came through the experience of united struggles and
a variety of cultural processes. Icons and symbols played a part in creating a feeling of
nationalism. The identity of the nation was symbolised in a figure or image of Bharat Mata
in the twentieth century. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
in his poem ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland and included in his novel
Anandamath. It became popular during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
Inspired by the song, Abanindranath Tagore painted the image of Bharat Mata.
Subsequently, many more were made by other painters and circulated in popular prints.
Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
WORKSHEET–38
1. Set I
(i) • It kept the people of India deprived of freedom.
• It ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually.
(ii) Lahore Session of the Congress motivated the demand for Purna Swaraj or Complete
Independence.
Set II
(i) It was the inalienable right of the Indian people to have freedom and to enjoy the
fruits of their hard labour and have the necessities of life so that they might have
full opportunities of growth.
(ii) The British government in India deprived the Indian people of their freedom. It
exploited the masses and ruined India economically, politically, culturally and
spiritually.
Set III
(i) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the Congress when the decision was
taken to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day.
(ii) The British government in India deprived the Indian people of their freedom. It
exploited the masses in various ways. It never let them enjoy the fruits of their
tool. It ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. Therefore,
India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj.
2. Features of Civil Disobedience movement:
(a) The countrymen broke the salt law.
(b) They made salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
(c) Foreign clothes were boycotted.
(d) Liquor shops were picketed.
(e) Peasants refused to pay the land revenue.
(f) Village officials resigned their jobs.
(g) People violated forest laws.
Any other relevant point. (Any four points to be explained)
3. A growing anger against the colonial government thus brought together various groups
and classes of the Indians into a common struggle for freedom in the first half of the
twentieth century.
The Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji tried to channel the peoples grievances
into organized movements for independence. Through such movements the nationalists
tried to forge a national unity.
Diverse groups and classes participated in these movements with varied aspirations and
expectations. Their grievances were widely ranging and freedom from colonial rule also
meant different things to different people.
Examples:
(a) The peasants, in Awadh, under the leadership of Baba Ramachandra, organized a
movement against zamindars and talukdars to abolish begar, reduce revenue and
boycott social landlords.
(b) The tribals under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju, in the Gadem Hills of Andhra
Pradesh, organized a militant guerrilla movement against the British to fight for their
basic rights like entry into forests for grazing cattle, collection of fruits, etc. and also
for abolition of begar.
4. Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same
nation, when they discover same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them
together. This sense of collective belonging came partly through experience of united
struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism
spreaded and captured people’s imagination.
History and fiction, folklore and songs, flag, etc. form an important part in the making
of nationalism.
WORKSHEET–39
1. (a) On 6 January 1921, the police in United Provinces had fired at peasants near Rae
Bareli. Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to go to the place of firing, but was stopped by the
police.
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru.
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru was inspired by the peasants in many ways. ‘The peasants behaved
as brave men, calm and unruffled in the face of danger while Nehru had become
angry upon hearing about the firing by the police. He says, “For a moment my blood
was up, non-violence was almost forgotten— but for a moment only.”
When Nehru thought of Gandhiji and saw the peaceful manner in which the peasants
were handling the problem, he felt humbled.
2. (a) The British Government in India not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom
but had based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and ruined India economically,
politically, culturally, and spiritually.
(b) Purna Swaraj meant complete Independence from the British rule.
3. (a) Separate electorate means a situation when only the members of community vote
and elect their representatives.
(b) Muslims in 1909.
(c)
According to Sir Muhammad Iqbal, ‘Communalism in its higher aspect, then, is
indispensable to the formation of harmonious whole in a country like India. The
units of Indian society are not territorial as in European countries... The principle
of European democracy can not be applied to India without recognising the fact of
communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within
India is, therefore, perfectly justified.’
WORKSHEET–40
1.
2.
WORKSHEET–41
1. (a) A novel method of mass agitation to fight the British in India based on the idea of
truth and non-violence which Gandhiji called satyagraha.
Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It
suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical
force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. This could be done by appealing to
the conscience of the oppressor.
(b) According to Gandhiji, passive resistance i.e. satyagraha can be used only by the
strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity.
(c) According to Gandhiji. “It is certain that India can not rival Britain or Europe in
force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become,
as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never
carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own...”
2. Various groups and classes of India joined a common struggle for freedom in the first
half of the twentieth century as they had common grievances against the British rule.
These grievances were channelised into organised movements for independence by the
Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. The diverse groups and classes
participated in these movements with varied aspirations and expectations. Their ideas
of swaraj were different and hence there were differing opinions.
Thus, India was emerging as a nation with voices wanting freedom from colonial rule.
3. (a) It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity
of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image
was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s, he wrote ‘Vande
Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.
Later it was included in his novel Anandmath and widely sung during the Swadeshi
movement in Bengal.
(b) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image
of Bharat Mata. In his painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she
is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
(c) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow)
was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and
a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
(d) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green
and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal
of self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of
defiance.
Chapter Test
1. To protest against the Rowlatt Act.
2. To preserve the Turkish empire and Khalifa as temporal head of the Indian Muslims.
3. Jawaharlal Nehru
4. It turned out to be violent as it went against his principles of Ahmisa.
5. The Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919. It armed the government with unlimited
powers to suppress political violence. The Government could arrest without a warrant,
and imprison without a trial. This repressive Act caused widespread discontent in the
country. The Act was dubbed as the ‘Black Act’.
6. (a) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out
of the confined space in which they were enclosed and it meant retaining a link with
the village from which they had come.
(b) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted
to leave the tea gardens without permission and in fact they were rarely given such
permission.
7. (a) First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge
increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing
taxes, customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(b) Through the war years prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading
to extreme hardship for the common people.
(c) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas
caused widespread anger.
(d) Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute
shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to
the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the
epidemic.
(e) People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not
happen. Instead the British Govt. imposed the Rowlatt Act which further curtailed
the civil liberty in India.
(f) At this stage, a new leader, Mahatma Gandhi appeared in the political life of India
and suggested a new mode of mass struggle – Satyagraha and non-violence. People
rallied in support of the mass movements launched by Gandhiji.
WORKSHEET–42
A. 1. racist regime
2. Rowlatt Act 1919
3. The First World War
4. The Justice Party
5. Awadh
6. Chauri-Chaura
7. Tory government
8. Poona Pact 1932
9. Indian Chamber of Commerce And Industries in 1927
10. Santanis
WORKSHEET–43
A. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T
WORKSHEET–44
A. 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)
B. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)
WORKSHEET–45
Do it yourself.
qq
GEOGRAPHY
MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES
WORKSHEET–46
1. Minerals are homogenous naturally occurring substances with a definable internal
structure.
2. It is the highest quality hard coal.
3. Non-ferrous minerals
4. Sedimentary rocks
5. It is called Lodes
6. Placer deposits
7. Manganese is mainly used in manufacturing of steel. It is also used to manufacture
bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.
8. Mumbai High
9. Cheap and abundant power
10. Madhapur near Bhuj
WORKSHEET–47
1. Iron is found in abundance in India.
2. Iron
3. Bauxite
4. Mica
5. Ore
6. From ocean water
7. Lead, zinc, copper.
8. Conventional sources of energy
9. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal and atomic energy are non-conventional energy sources.
10. Coal is the main source.
11. Minerals which do not contain metals or do not have metallic properties are called non-
metallic minerals, for example, mica, limestone, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, marble,
sandstone, etc.
Uses of Mica
Mica is considered the most important mineral in electric and electronic industries.
Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and
resistance to high voltage, it is one of the most essential minerals used in electric and
electronic industries.
Distribution of Mica in India
Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of Mica. Mica
deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. In Rajasthan, the
major mica producing area is around Ajmer. Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also
an important producer in the country.
12. Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.
Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.
It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.
Odisha is the largest producer of manganese ores in India. It accounted for one-third of
the country’s total production in 2000-01. Other manganese-producing states are Madhya
Pradesh and Karnataka.
13. Petroleum is a major energy source in India after coal. The two advantages of petroleum
are:
(a) It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials
for a number of manufacturing industries.
(b) Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertiliser and
numerous chemical industries.
About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High, 18 percent
comes from Gujarat and 16 per cent from Assam.
WORKSHEET–48
1. (a) The concentration of mineral in the ore
(b) The ease of extraction
(c) Closeness to the market
2. Bauxite
3. High grade haematite
4. Lead, bauxite, gold, silver, copper.
5. Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran, Hugrijan.
6. It is used as insulator.
7. Photovoltaic technology.
8. West Bengal
9. Lignite coal deposits
10. Thorium
11. Importance of energy resources:
(a) These are required for all activities.
(b) These are needed to cook, to provide light and heat.
(c) These are required for transport and communication.
(d) Industries are closely related to energy.
Conventional sources: Firewood, cattle dung, coal, petroleum, gas, etc. (any two)
Non-Conventional Sources: Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic
energy.(any two)
12. (a) Mining activity is often called a ‘killer industry’ due to high risks involved.
(b) The dust and poisonous fumes inhaled by the miners expose them to pulmonary
diseases.
(c) The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant
threat to miners.
(d) The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.
(e) Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil and river pollution.
WORKSHEET–49
1. (a) The picture is of wind mills of Nagarcoil.
(b) The states associated with it are Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat,
Kerala, Maharashtra.
(c) Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well-known for effective use of wind energy in the
country.
2. The major iron ore belts in India are:
(a) Orissa-Jharkhand belt: In Orissa high grade haematite ore is found in Badampahar
mines in Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. In the adjoining Singbhum district
of Jharkhand, haematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi.
(b) Durg-Baster-Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade
hematites are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh. The range of hills comprises of 14 deposits of super high grade hematite
iron ore.
(c) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large reserves of
iron ore. The Kudermukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are 100
per cent export unit. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the
world.
(d) Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
3. Minerals can be classified on general and commercial basis in the following way:
Minerals are of three types: metallic, non-metallic and energy minerals, Metallic minerals
are classified as ferrous (containing iron) e.g. iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc.
non-ferrous, e.g., copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc. precious; e.g. gold, silver, platinum, etc.
Non-metallic minerals e.g. mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, etc. Energy
minerals are coal, petroleum, natural gas.
4. (a) Importance of Aluminium: Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the
strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity
and great malleability.
(b) Distribution of bauxite deposits in India: India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found
in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India. Panchpatmali deposits in
Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.
5. Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor. Therefore, it is mainly used in electrical
cables, electronics and chemical industries.
The three important regions of copper production in India are:
(a) The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce 52 per cent of India’s copper.
(b) The Singbhum district of Jharkhand.
(c) The Khetri mines in Rajasthan.
WORKSHEET–50
1. (a) Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties
and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used
in electric and electronic industries.
(b) Mica producing regions of India are
(i) The northern edge of the Chhotanagpur plateau.
(ii) Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand.
(iii) Ajmer in Rajasthan.
(iv) Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh.
2. Four major forms of coal are
(a) Peat: It is produced through decaying plants in swamps. It has a low carbon and
high moisture contents and low heating capacity.
(b) Lignite: It is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The
principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation
of electricity.
(c) Bituminous: Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures
is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal
is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast
furnaces.
(d) Anthracite: It is the highest quality hard coal.
3. (a) We need to conserve energy because:
(i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the
national economy — agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic
— needs inputs of energy.
(ii) The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily
required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result,
consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country.
(b) Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are
the twin planks of sustainable energy. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the
judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example, as concerned citizens we
can do our bit by
(i) using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
(ii) switching off electricity when not in use.
(iii) using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy.
4. The type of formation or structure in which the minerals are found determines the
relative ease with which mineral ores may be mined with minimum cost of extraction.
It is, therefore, important for us to understand the main types of formations in which
minerals occur.
5. Coal is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years. Coal, therefore,
is found in a variety of forms depending on the degrees of compression and time of burial.
WORKSHEET–51
1. When the mining is done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel it is
known as ‘Rat hole mining’. For example coal mining is done in Jowai and Cherapunji
in Meghalaya. In this way minerals are owned by the individuals or community.
2. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from the cracks,
crevices, faults or joints of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The smaller occurrences
are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when
minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards
the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise.
3. Minerals generally occur in the following forms:
(a) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults
of joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In
most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are
forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify
as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained
from veins and lodes.
(b) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been
formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata.
Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods
under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include
gypsum, potash, salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation
especially in arid regions.
(c) The decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leave a
residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.
(d) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base
of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals,
which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important
among such minerals.
(e) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too
widely diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium
and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds, too, are rich in
manganese nodules.
WORKSHEET–52
1. (a) Importance: It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw
materials for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a
“nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
(b) Formation: Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines
and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding,
anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. The oil
bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The
oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. Petroleum
is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, being lighter
usually occurs above the oil.
(c) Distribution:
(i) Maharashtra: About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from
Mumbai High.
(ii) Gujarat: 18 per cent of petroleum production is from Gujarat. Ankeleshwar
is the most important field.
(iii) Assam: 16 per cent of petroleum production is from Assam. It is the oldest
oil producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the
important oil fields in the state.
2. (a) Karnataka is producing maximum iron ore. Kudermukh mines are located in this
region.
(b) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. 19% of iron ore
production is done in this belt.
WORKSHEET–53
1. Solar energy has a bright future in India because:
(a) India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.
(b) Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. The largest solar
plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to
sterilise milk cans.
(c) It is expected that use of solar energy will be able to minimise the dependence
of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to
environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
2. Coal is an important and abundantly available fossil fuel in India. It is formed due to
compression of plant material over millions of years. It is a bulky material and loses
weight on use as it is reduced to ash.
The four major forms of coal are:
(a) Peat. Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. It has a low carbon and high moisture
contents and low heating capacity.
(b) Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The
of electricity.
(c) Bituminous coal is buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is the
most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous
coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
(d) Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
3. (a) Two offshore drilling centres of India are Mumbai high and Bassien.
(b) Two oil fields located in Assam are Digboi and Naharkatiya.
(c) Major coal fields are found in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orrisa, Tamil
Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
(d) Neyveli coal mine is located in Tamil Nadu.
WORKSHEET–54
1. Map work
Durg Katni Neyveli Digboi
2. Map work
Chapter Test
1. March 2002.
2. Natural gas, Biogas
3. Water is conventional and permanent source of energy.
4. 50–60%
5. Odisha
6. Magnetite
7. Rocks are combinations of homogenous substances called minerals. For example limestone,
iron ore, coal, etc. An ore is a term used to describe an accumulation of any mineral
mixed with other elements. For example haematite, bauxite.
8. The concentration of mineral in the ore, the ease of extraction and closeness to the
market play an important role in affecting the economic viability of a reserve. Thus, to
meet the demand, a choice has to be made between a number of possible options. When
this is done, a mineral ‘deposit’ or ‘reserve’ turns into a mine.
9. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, the
railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery, cars,
buses, trains. Even the food that we eat contains minerals. In all stages of development,
human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious
and ceremonial rites that is why minerals are an indispensable part of our life.
WORKSHEET–55
A. 1. (f) 2. (i) 3. (d) 4. (j) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (e) 9. (g) 10. (h)
WORKSHEET–56
A. 1. Natural Gas 2. Lignite 3. Orissa 4. Petroleum
5. Mica 6. Placer diposits 7. Magnetite 8. Thermal Power
9. Photovoltaic technology 10. Biogas
WORKSHEET–57
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–58
Do it yourself.
qq
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
WORKSHEET–59
1. Producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable
products.
2. 12%
3. These are urban centres which offer advantages to the industries that tend to come
together.
4. Basic industries
5. Cooperative industries
6. Steel Authority of India Limited
7. Jamshedpur
8. Cement industry
9. Aluminium industry
10. Electronics industry
WORKSHEET–60
1. In Mumbai
2. Agro based industry
3. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost.
5. Bengaluru
6. The industries in which the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
7. Cooperative sector industries
8. Heavy industries use heavy and bulky raw materials, e.g., iron and steel. Light industries
use light raw materials and produce light goods, e.g., electric fan.
9. Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, Alkalies, Soda ash, and Caustic soda.
10. Public sector undertakings
11. Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to more valuable products. Manufacturing helps transforming the raw materials
into finished goods on a large scale and thus helps earning profit as finished goods are
costlier than raw materials. For instance paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from
sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, clothes from yarn and aluminium from bauxite.
Importance of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic
development. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of
manufacturing industries in it.
(a) Agricultural development. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture,
which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people providing jobs in
secondary and tertiary sectors.
(b) Industrial development. It helps reducing unemployment and poverty from our country.
It reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(c) Export of manufactured goods helps earning foreign exchange.
(d) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods
of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying
its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.
12. Cotton textile industry occupies an eminent position in Indian economy. it contributes 14
per cent to industrial output and 25 per cent of foreign exchange. It provides employment
to about 35 million people. It contributes 4 per cent of GDP.
Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries. At present, there are over 1500
cotton mills in India owned by private, public and cooperative organisations. The first
cotton mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. Maharashtra and Gujarat are the major
centres of cotton textile industry because of various advantages. The Indian cotton textile
industry strikes a judicious balance between tradition and modernity by producing
handloom, powerloom and machine made cloth.
Now, the cotton textile industry is decentralised in various parts of India depending on
the availability of transport, electricity and labour. India exports cotton goods mainly
in France, USA, UK, Russia and East European countries. India has a big share in the
world trade of cotton yarn accounting for one-fourth of the total trade and our garment
trade is only 4 per cent of the world’s total.
WORKSHEET–61
1. West Bengal
2. Increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and
enhancing the yield per hectare.
3. In 2005
4. Chhotanagpur plateau
5. Jharkhand state
6. Primary stage of treatment
7. In Chennai
8. Physiological and psychological problems, blood pressure, hearing impairment, irritation
and stress are caused by noise pollution.
9. Vishakhapatnam steel plant
10. China
11. Factors that control industrial location are:
1. Availability of Raw Material
The industries are largely located at the places where the raw material is available
in abundance and at cheaper rates in close proximity.
2. Favourable Climate
The industries are densely found in the regions where the climate is favourable for its
growth and functioning. For instance in Maharashtra, due to the presence of humid
climate all the year around the thread does not break frequently. And this type of
the climate is favourable for the cotton textiles industries.
3. Market
Market in the nearby areas is also an important requirement for the location of
industries for selling of goods manufactured. The regions having market in the
adjoining regions to selloff the finished goods are likely to have more industries.
12. Undoubtedly the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but
it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting
in degradation of environment.
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise
Air and water pollution is the prominent of them all.
(a) Air Pollution
— Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and
carbon monoxide.
— Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and
smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore
pollution norms.
— Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
— Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the
atmosphere as a whole.
(b) Water Pollution
— Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers.
— The main industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical,
textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries
that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury
pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc.
into the water bodies.
— Rain water takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground
water also.
WORKSHEET–62
1. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India
have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend on the
latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers,
insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.
Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted
agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very
efficient.
2. The factors affecting the location of industries are:
(a) Availability of raw material
(b) Availability of cheap labour
(c) Availability of easy capital
(d) Availability of cheap and abundant power supply
(e) Nearness to the market
(f) Government policies
Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors
of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost. The key to
decision of the factory location is the least cost.
3. On the basis of ownership, industries are classified as:
• Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies — BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals—
TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group
of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
• Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers
of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or
losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry
in Kerala.
4. The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy, because:
(a) It contributes significantly to industrial production (14 per cent).
(b) Employment generation is very high (35 million persons directly — the second largest
after agriculture).
(c) There is high foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 per cent).
(d) It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.
(e) It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value
chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.
5. The cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra
and Gujarat because of the following factors:
(a) Availability of raw cotton
(b) Market
(c) Transport including accessible port facilities
(d) Cheap labour from the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and Ahmedabad
(e) Moist climate.
WORKSHEET–63
1. The problems associated with cotton textiles in India are:
(a) Although, we have made significant increase in the production of good quality long
staple cotton (9232 lakh bales in 2004-2005), the need to import is still felt.
(b) Power supply is erratic and machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and
processing sectors in particular.
(c) The low output of labour.
(d) Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
2. Following are the stages involved in manufacturing of steel:
Processes of Manufacture of Steel
3. Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries
largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this
industry. These include:
(a) low cost of iron ore
(b) high grade raw materials in proximity
(c) cheap labour
(d) vast growth potential in the home market.
4. Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are
not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:
(a) high costs and limited availability of cooking coal
(b) lower productivity of labour
(c) irregular supply of energy
5. The most important Information Technology centres in India are Bengaluru, Mumbai,
Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31 March
2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number is expected to
increase eight-fold in the next 3 to 4 years. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent
of the people employed in this sector are women.
WORKSHEET–64
1. National Jute Policy was formulated in 2005 with the objective of increasing productivity,
improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per
hectare.
Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the international market
from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines,
Egypt and Thailand.
2. The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy,
medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
Iron and steel is called as a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as
finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.
3. Fertiliser industries provide nutrient specific fertilisers e.g. phosphatic fertilisers
and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers which have a combination of
nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). They helped in bringing green revolution
in the country.
4. The factors responsible for the location of jute industries in the Hugli basin are:
(a) proximity of the jute producing areas.
(b) inexpensive water.
(c) transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to
facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.
(d) abundant water for processing raw jute.
(e) cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar
Pradesh.
(f) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for
export of jute goods.
5. There is tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western
states because:
(a) The cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
(b) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
(c) The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
WORKSHEET–65
1. The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are:
(a) Minimising water pollution:
(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more
successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases:
• Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding,
flocculation and sedimentation.
• Secondary treatment by biological process.
• Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves
recycling of wastewater.
(v) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat of
ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.
(b) Minimising air pollution:
(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories
with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(c) Minimising noise pollution:
(i) Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
(ii) Almost all machineries can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce
noise.
(iii) Noise absorbing materials may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and
earphones.
2. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.
The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.
• Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as
sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Airborne particulate materials contain both solid
and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and
paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels
in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
• Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents
discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile
and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes,
detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers,
synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash,
phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.
• Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is
drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear
and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil and
water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals,
industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain water
percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also
gets contaminated.
• Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing
impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.
Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction
activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric
drills also make a lot of noise.
3. Three phases of treatment of industrial effluents are as follows:
(a) Primary treatment. It refers to mechanical means which involves screening,
grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
(b) Secondary treatment. It refers to biological process.
(c) Tertiary treatment. It involves involves the biological, chemical and physical
processes, and refers to recycling of waste water.
4. (a) Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel
industries. It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the
development of this industry. These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw
materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.
(b) The states in that region are:
West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
WORKSHEET–66
1. Map Work
2. Map Work
Chapter Test
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Public Sector Industries
3. 4:2:1
4. Odisha
5. Mumbai
6. Iron and steel, Copper smelting, Alluminium smelting
7. After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes, industries are
located in or near the cities. Thus, industrilisation and urbanisation go hand in hand.
Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport,
labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry. Gradually, a large industrial
agglomeration takes place.
8. Weaving is done in highly decentralised way to provide scope for incorporating traditional
skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. Weaving is done by
handloom, powerloom and in mills.
It is important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than powerloom
and handloom to provide employment to large number of people in the country.
9. Our garment manufacturers that is the weaving, knitting and processing units cannot
use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country because most of the
production comes from fragmented small units, which cater to the local market and
less from the large and modern factories in these segments. This mismatch is a major
drawback for the industry. As a result, many of our spinners export cotton yarn while
apparel/garment manufactures have to import fabric.
WORKSHEET–67
A. 1. Power 2. Worker 3. Market 4. Retailer 5. Production
6. Manufacture 7. Pollution 8. Mumbai 9. Tertiary 10. BPO
WORKSHEET–68
A. 1. Cotton, Woollen 2. Iron and steel, Cement
3. Iron and steel, Copper smelting 4. Sugar, Toothpaste
5. BHEL, SAIL 6. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Limited
7. Oil India Limited, Maruti Udyog Limited
8. Sugar industries in Maharashtra, Coir industries in Kerala
9. Iron and steel, Aluminium 10. Fan, Sewing Machines
WORKSHEET–69
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–70
Do it yourself.
qq
LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
WORKSHEET–71
1. Roads are easy to construct and maintain.
2. Express National Highways
3. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai.
4. Srinagar
5. Porbandar to Silchar
6. National Highways Authority of India
7. 1960
8. First position
WORKSHEET–72
1. Every village in the country will be linked to the major towns of the country.
2. 1.67 m
3. Due to difficult terrain, sparse population and lack of economic activity.
4. Through pipelines
5. Waterways
6. The Ganga
7. Mumbai port
8. Economic base of a country depends upon international trade. The per capita trade of a
country is the index of a country’s development.
9. Kandla port
10. Kolkata port
11. Kandla port
12. Odisha state
13. Our country earns foreign exchange through tourism. More than 15 million people are
directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism has proved itself as one of the most
important aspect of trade. Tourism in India has grown substantially. It promotes National
Integration and provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and
heritage.
It contributed 21,828 crore of foreign exchange in the year 2004. Over 2.6 million foreign
tourists visit India every year.
14. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border
roads. Border Roads Organisation (BRO) which is a Government of India undertaking
constructs and maintains border roads. This organisation was established in 1960 for
the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern
border areas.
Importance of Border roads
(a) Border roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.
(b) They have helped in the economic development of border areas.
WORKSHEET–73
1. Chennai port
2. Roads are congested in cities. 50% of the roads are unsurfaced. Road network in India
is inadequate.
3. In 1953
4. Pawanhans company.
5. Subscriber Trunk Dialling
6. International trade
7. When value of imports and exports are equal.
8. Haldia port.
9. India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic
and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, water ways, newspapers, radio, television,
cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many
ways. The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its
economy. It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and
facilities for the comforts of life. Modern means of transport and communication serve
as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy. It is thus evident that a dense and
efficient network of transport and communication is a pre-requisite for local, national
and global trade of today.
10. Road transportation in India faces a number of problems:
(a) Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate.
(b) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy
season.
(c) The National Highways are inadequate too.
(d) The roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are
old and narrow.
11. The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influenced
by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. The northern plains provide most
favourable condition having high population density, vast level land, and rich agricultural
resources. Whereas the Himalayan mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction
of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. That’s
why the great plains have more railways than the Himalayan mountains.
WORKSHEET–74
1. Importance of railways in India :
(a) Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India.
(b) Railways also make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business,
sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances.
(c) Apart from an important means of transport the Indian Railways have been a great
integrating force for more than 150 years. Railways in India bind the economic life
of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture.
2. The problems faced by Indian railways are:
(a) Many passengers travel without tickets.
(b) Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely.
(c) People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage
to the railway.
3. Pipeline is an important arrival on the transportation map of India because:
(a) These are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from
oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power
plants.
(b) Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
(c) The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based
fertiliser plants could be thought of only because of pipelines.
(d) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
(e) It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.
4. The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the
Government:
• The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km) – N.W. No. 1
• The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) – N.W. No. 2
• The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and
Champakkara canals–205 km) – N.W. No. 3
• The other viable inland waterways include the Godavari, Krishna, Barak, Sunderbans,
Buckingham Canal, Brahmani, East-west Canal and Damodar Valley Corporation
Canal.
5. Airways are an important means of transport in north eastern part of the country because
it is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and frequent
floods and international frontiers. Air travel has made access easier.
6. Mass communication includes radio, television, films, newspapers, magazines, etc. They
communicate with many people at a time. They have a wider range for communicating ideas.
Personal communication includes those means of communication which deal with different
means of personal correspondence, such as postcards, letters, telegrams, telephones and
internet. Personal communications are handled by the Indian postal network.
WORKSHEET–75
1. The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade.
Trade between two countries is called international trade. It may take place through
sea, air or land routes. While local trade is carried in cities, towns and villages, state
level trade is carried between two or more states.
2. The commodities imported to India include petroleum and petroleum products
(41.87 per cent), pearls and precious stones (29.26 per cent), inorganic chemicals
(29.39 per cent), coal, coke and briquettes (94.17 per cent), machinery (12.56 per cent).
Bulk imports as a group registered a growth accounting for 39.09 per cent of total imports.
This group includes fertilizers (67.01 per cent), cereals (25.23 per cent), edible oils (7.94
per cent) and newsprint (5.51 per cent).
Among the commodities of export, whose share has been increasing over the last few
years till 2004-05 are agriculture and allied products (2.53 per cent), ores and
minerals (9.12 per cent), gems and jewellery (26.75 per cent) and chemical and allied
products (24.45 per cent), engineering goods (35.63 per cent) and petroleum products (86.12
per cent).
3. (a) The movement of the goods and services from their supply locations to demand
locations necessitates the need for transport. The pace of development of a country
depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over
space. Therefore, efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for fast development.
(b) India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and
linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, water ways, newspapers,
radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic
progress in many ways. The trades from local to international levels have added to
the vitality of its economy. It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing
amenities and facilities for the comforts of life.
Therefore the means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a
nation and its economy.
4. The importance of roadways over railways :
(a) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
(b) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
(c) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains
such as the Himalayas.
(d) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller
amount of goods over short distances.
(e) It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.
(f) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they
provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
WORKSHEET–76
1. In India, roads are classified in the following six classes according to their capacity.
• Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: This is a major road development project
linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. The
North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil
Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat)
are parts of this project. The major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce
the time and distance between the mega cities of India. These highway projects are
being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
• National Highways: National Highways link extreme parts of the country. These are
the primary road systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works
Department (CPWD). A number of major national Highways run in North-South and
East-West directions.
• State Highways: Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters
are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the
State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories.
• District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of
the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
• Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified
under this category. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri
Grameen Sadak Yojana.
• Border Roads: Border Roads Organisation, a Government of India undertaking,
constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. These roads
are of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas. These
roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the
economic development of these areas.
2.
The distribution pattern of the Railways network in the country has been largely
influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. For example, the
northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural
resources provided the most favourable condition for their growth. In the hilly terrains
of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. The
Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway
lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. Likewise,
it was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of
Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand. The
contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes (Ghats).
3. The important networks of pipeline transportation in the country are:
• From oilfield in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni
and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to
Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
• From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and
Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and
other places.
• Gas pipelines from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via
Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur,
Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.
4. • Kandla in Kuchchh, Gujarat was the first port developed soon after Independence
to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port in the wake of loss of Karachi port
to Pakistan after the partition. Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the convenient
handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt
stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• Mumbai, Maharashtra is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered
harbour.
• The Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port
and serve as a hub port for this region.
• Marmagao port, Goa is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. This port
accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export.
• New Mangalore, Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from
Kudremukh mines.
• Kochi, Kerala is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon
with a natural harbour.
WORKSHEET–77
1. The world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast
moving transport. Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally
developed communication system. Therefore, transport, communication and trade are
complementary to each other.
2. Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal, therefore, these
are all weather roads. Unmetalled roads are made of mud, stones or bricks, therefore
they go out of use in the rainy season.
3. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying
heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
The following waterways have been declared as the National waterways by the
government:
(a) The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)—N.W. No. 1
(b) The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)—N.W. No. 2
(c) The West-Coast canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and
Champakkara canals-205 km)—N.W. No. 3
These provide cheapest inland waterways.
4. The importance of waterways is as follows:
(a) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
(b) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
(c) It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
5. (a) The two positive aspects of air travel are:
(i) The air travel, today, is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of
transport.
(ii) It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense
forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease.
(b) Air travel is preferred in the north-eastern states of India because:
Airways are an important means of transport in north eastern part of the country
because it is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests
and frequent floods and international frontiers. Air travel has made access easier.
WORKSHEET–78
1. Map Work
2. Map Work
WORKSHEET–79
1. (a) Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed soon after Independence of India.
(b) It was developed to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of
loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the partition.
(c) Kandla is a tidal port.
(d) It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive
granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
2. The length of road per sq km of area is known as road density.
Road transportation in India faces a number of problems. Three of them are given below:
(a) Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate.
(b) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season.
(c) The roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are
old and narrow.
3. Three Super Highways are:
(a) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways. It links Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and
Delhi by six-lane Super Highways.
(b) The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) and Kanyakumari
(Tamil Nadu).
(c) East-West Corridor linking Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat). The major
objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the
mega cities of India.
4. Map work
Chapter Test
1. Kandla in Kuchchh
2. Waterways are the most eco-friendly and fuel-efficient transport.
3. Paradeep port is located in Odisha.
4. Border road organisation was set up in 1960.
5. Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal, therefore these
are all weather roads. Unmetalled roads are made up of mud, stones or bricks, therefore
they go out of use in the rainy season.
6. Kandla in Kutch was the first port developed soon after Independence to ease the volume
of trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of loss of Karachi port of Pakistan after the
partition.
Kochi is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a
natural harbour.
7. (a) Indian airlines, Alliance Air (Subsidiary of Indian Airlines), Private scheduled airlines
and non-scheduled operators provide domestic air services.
(b) Air India provides international air services.
(c) Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd., provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas
Commission in its offshore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like
the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
WORKSHEET–80
A. 1. National Highway
2. State Highway
3. Metalled roads
4. Metalled roads
5. Mass Communication
6. Trade
7. Market
8. Balance of trade
9. State level trade
10. Favourable balance of trade
WORKSHEET–81
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–82
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–83
Do it yourself.
qq
POLITICAL SCIENCE
POPULAR STRUGGLES AND MOVEMENTS
WORKSHEET–84
1. King Gyanendra
2. DMK party
3. (a) Narmada Bachao Andolan
(b) Women’s Movement
(c) Anti-Liquor Movement
4. Pressure groups
5. (a) SPA-Seven Party Alliance
(b) Nepalese Communist Party (Maoist)
(c) All major labour unions and their federations
6. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies and
political parties control or share political power directly.
7. Democratic government
8. The Nepalese popular movement of April 2006 aimed at restoring democracy.
WORKSHEET–85
1. They fought against the government and the MNC which had increased the price for water
and made it four times to the earlier price. Many people received monthly water bill of
` 1000 in a country where average income was around `5000 a month. This led to a
spontaneous popular protest.
2. All important political parties of Nepal joined together to form the seven party alliance
to start an indefinite strike to restore democracy. Around 4 lakh people protested against
the king on 21 April, 2004 and gave an ultimatum to him. The half hearted concessions
made by the King were rejected and they continued to demand restoration of Parliament,
power of an all party government and a new constituent assembly and on 24 April the
king granted the concessions. This marked restoration of democracy in Nepal.
3. FEDECOR was the organisation that led the Water War in Bolivia. They organised a
four-day strike in January, 2000 and forced the government to negotiate the price of water
which was prescribed by the MNC. The government agreed and the strike was called off
in hope of positive results. But nothing happened. Then FEDECOR organised another
strike in April 2000. It forced the MNC to flee and finally the government conceded to
its demands.
4. Interest groups promote the interests of their own groups while people’s movements are
‘issue’ specific. The interest groups want the betterment of their own section of society.
Most movements want to achieve their specific goal in a given frame of time. They can
also seek to achieve a broad goal in a long time.
5. (a) The mass movement for the restoration of democracy in Nepal was led by a Seven
Party Alliance of all political parties supported by Maoists.
The ‘Water War’ in Bolivia was led by FEDECOR which was a confederation of
different sections of society.
(b) The Nepalese movement was a specific issue movement.
The FEDECOR did not represent any one group or section of the people. It defended
the general interest of the people.
WORKSHEET–86
1. (a) Bolivia is a poor Latin American country. The government was forced by the World
Bank to give the control of municipal water supply to an MNC.
(b) The MNC raised the water rates four times the earlier price.
(c) This led to popular protest.
(d) In January, 2000, the FEDECOR organised a successful four-day strike in the city.
(e) The government made promises and strike was called off.
(f) The government retracted and started repression.
(g) The agitation restarted in Feb., 2000 and despite repression strike was organised in
April, 2000.
(h) People forced MNC employees to leave the city. They made the government concede
to all the demands.
2. Democracy evolves through popular struggles. There are conflicts between groups in
power and those who aspire for power.
These struggles happen when there is a transitional period in democracy, expansion
of democracy or deepening of democracy. For example, Seven Party Alliance in Nepal
successfully led the mass movements for the restoration of democracy.
3. (a) There are many forms of collective action.
(b) Narmada Bachao Andolan started as a single issue movement dealing with the people
displaced by the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam.
(c) The Environmental Movement as well as Women’s Movement involves more than
one issue and is long-term oriented.
(d) The Narmada Bachao Movement has a clear leadership and a short-term movement.
4. A movement is a kind of struggle which is started to achieve certain aims like democracy.
It aims at many forms of collective action. It also attempts to influence policies rather
than to take directly part in electoral competition. It depends on mass participation.
Environmental movement is a label for a large number of organisations and issue
specific movements. It is a long-term movement which involves more than one issue. It
has separate organisation, independent leadership and often different views on policy
related matters. It has a broad objective. That is why Environmental Movement comes
under the category of a movement.
5. The pressure groups may be formed by and led by leaders of political parties or may be
closely associated with them.
Some interest and pressure groups may exert influence on political parties. They may
have a political ideology and political positions on major issues. Thus, pressure groups
may have direct or indirect influence on politics.
Most of the new leadership of political parties comes from interest or movement groups.
Interest groups may organise protest activity like strikes in order to force the government
to take note of their demand.
WORKSHEET–87
1. (a) They publicise issues by carrying out information campaigns, organising meetings,
etc.
(b) They organise protest meetings, file petitions, etc.
(c) They influence political parties on issues indirectly or directly.
(d) Sometimes political parties emerge out of movements; e.g. DMK, AIDMK, etc.
(e) Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. They remind the
government of the needs and concerns of ordinary people.
2. All the political parties in the parliament formed an alliance—Seven Party Alliance
(SPA)—and called for four day strike in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. The protests
turned into indefinite strike in which Maoist and various organisations also joined hands.
People defied curfew and came to streets. More than lakhs of people gathered almost
everyday to demand restoration of democracy. On 21 April, they served an ultimatum
to the king and the leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions given
by the king and stuck to their demand for restoration of parliament, power to all party
government and a new constituent assembly. The 24th of April, 2006 was the last day
of the ultimatum; the king was forced to grant all the demands.
3. The National Alliance for Peoples’ Movements (NAPM) is an organisation of organisations.
Various movement groups struggling on specific issues are constituents of this loose
organisation which coordinates the activities of a large number of peoples’ movements
in our country.
4. Ways to influence politics:
(a) They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals.
(b) They often organise protest activities.
(c) They employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements.
(d) Some of the pressure groups are either formed by leaders of political parties or led
by them.
(Any three points to be explained)
WORKSHEET–88
1. There are two types of movement groups:
(a) Specific movements/short term movements. They are formed to achieve single
objective. They work in a limited time frame and thus have usually short active life.
Examples – The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with specific objective of
reversing the king’s order that led to suspension of democracy.
In India, Narmada Bachao Andolan is also an example of this. This movement started
with a specific issue of people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the
river Narmada. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed. Gradually
it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams.
(b) General/Generic movements/long term movements. These movements come into
existence to achieve a broad goal in the long run. These involve in various issues.
There is no single organisation that controls or guides such movements.
Examples – The Environmental movement and women’s movement.
2. Bolivia is a small and poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the
government to give up its control of municipal water supply. The government sold these
rights to an MNC. The company immediately increased the price of water four times.
This led to a spontaneous popular protest. In January, 2000 a new alliance of labour,
human rights and community leaders organised a successful strike for four days in the
city and the government agreed to negotiate but nothing happened. Police resorted to
brutal repression when the agitation was started again in Feburary. Another strike was
there in April and government imposed martial law. But the power of people forced the
officials of MNC to leave their city and made government to grant all demands of the
protesters. The contract with MNC was cancelled and water supply was resorted to
municipality at old rates. This is known as Bolivia’s water war.
3. The Environmental Movement and the Women’s Movement target a broad goal in the
very long term. They involve in various issues. The Environmental Movement is a label
for a large number of organisations and issue-specific movements. All of these have
separate organisations, independent leadership and often different views on policy related
matters. Yet all of these share a broad objective and have a similar approach. That is
why they are called a movement.
On the other hand, movements like the Narmada Bachao Andolan are issue-specific
movements that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame. This
movement started with the specific issue of the people displaced by the creation of
Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada river. Its objective was to stop the dam from being
constructed. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams.
WORKSHEET–89
1. Sectional interest groups seek to promote the interest of a particular section/group of
society. For instance, trade unions, business associations and professionals (lawyers,
doctors, teachers, etc.). They are sectional because they represent a particular section
of a society like workers, employees, businessmen, etc. Their principal concern is the
betterment and well-being of their members and not the society in general.
On the other hand public interest groups represent some common or general interest
that needs to be defended. They are also called promotional groups as they promote
collective and not selective good. The members of the organisation may not benefit from
the cause that the organisation represents. They aim to help groups other than their
own members. In some cases the members of a public interest group may undertake
activity that benefits them as well as others too.
Example – In India BAMCEF (Backward and Minorities Community Employees
Federation) is such an organisation that campaigns against caste discrimination. It
addresses the problem of its members who suffer discrimination and its principal concern
is with social justice and social equality for the entire society.
2. Ways under which pressure groups exert influence in polities are as follows :
(a) Generally, pressure groups follow out information campaigns, organise meetings, etc.
in order to gain public support and sympathy to achieve their target. Sometimes,
they give more attention to their issues with the help of media.
(b) Sometimes, student unions, trade unions, workers unions show their protest against
government policies through strikes, bandh, etc. Most of the time pressure groups
involve in these protest activities to pressurise the government towards their demands.
(c) Pressure groups protect the interests of their members and try to influence those
in power like the ministers, bureaucrats, politicians, etc., to change the direction of
policy and not to capture power.
(d) Pressure groups provide a scope to expand participation. They articulate the claims
of their members. They are a form of linkage and means of communication between
the masses and the elite.
3. (a) Nepal was one of the ‘third wave’ countries that had won democracy in 1990. Although
the King formally remained the head of the state, the real power was exercised by
popularly elected representatives.
(b) King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarchy to
constitutional monarchy, was killed in 2001.
(c) King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared to accept democratic rule.
He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected
government.
(d) In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the
popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April, 2006 was aimed at regaining
popular control over the government from the king.
WORKSHEET–90
1. Similarities:
(a) The popular struggles of Nepal and Bolivia are instances of political conflict led to
the popular struggles. In both the cases the struggle involved mass mobilisation.
(b) Both the instances involved critical role of political organisations.
Differences:
(a) The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy while in Bolivia the struggle
involved claims on an elected democratic government.
(b) In Bolivia the struggle was about one specific policy, while struggle in Nepal was
about the foundations of the country’s politics.
(c) Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels.
2. The dissent against water privatization in Bolivia was not guided by any political party
but by an organisation named FEDECOR though Socialist party supported it. That
organization consisted of local professionals, including engineers and environmentalists.
They got support from federation of farmers, the confederation of factory workers’ unions,
students of university of Cochabamba and city’s homeless street children.
3. A democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible
that the conflict is resolved by using the existing institutions like the parliament or the
judiciary. But when there is a deep dispute, very often these institutions themselves get
involved in the dispute. In such a situation the resolution comes from outside, from the
people.
WORKSHEET–91
1. (a) May initial appear unhealthy for groups that promote interest of one section to have
influence on democracy – A democracy must look after the interest of all, not just
one section.
(b) It may seem that these groups wield power without responsibility-political parties
have to face people in elections, but these groups are not accountable to the people.
Pressure groups may not get their funds from the people.
2. (a) Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. Putting pressure on the
rulers is a healthy activity in democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity.
(b) Government can often come under undue pressure of small group of rich and powerful
people. Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering the
undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary
citizens.
(c) Sectional interest groups play a valuable role. Where different groups function actively
no one single group can achieve dominance over society. If one group brings pressure
on government to make policies in its favour, another will make counter pressure
not to make the policies in the way the first group desires.
(d) This leads to rough balance of power of accommodation of conflicting interests.
3. In April, 2006, the movement to restore democracy started.
King Gyanendra was not ready to accept democracy. He took advantage of the weakness
and unpopularity of democratically elected government, and in Feb, 2006 dismissed the
then PM and dissolved the popularly elected parliament.
The major political parties of the parliament formed a seven party alliance (SPA) and
organized a four-day strike at Kathmandu. They gave ultimatum to the king, half-hearted
concessions not accepted. They demanded restoration of democracy, power to all party
government and a new constituent assembly.
on 24 April, Girja Prasad Koirala, the then PM, took away the powers of the king. This
was Nepal’s 2nd movement for democracy.
It was a movement participated by the people for democracy and freedom. They were
willing to sacrifice for well-being of their country. There was cooperation between political
parties with divergent views. They wanted rule of law, a constitution, etc to lay the basic
foundation of democracy in a country that had been under a monarchy.
4. (a) Pressure groups and movements deepen a democracy. Putting pressure on the rulers
is not an unhealthy activity in a democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity.
Governments can often come under undue pressure of a small group of rich and
powerful people.
(b) Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering this undue
influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.
(c) Even the sectional interest groups play a valuable role. Where different groups function
actively, no single group can achieve dominance over society. If one group brings
pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another will bring counter
pressure not to make policies in the way the first group desires. The government gets
to hear about what different sections of the population want. This leads to a rough
balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interests.
WORKSHEET–92
1. (a) Despite all the efforts made by government to alleviate the suffering of the poor the
problems persist.
(b) Poverty is a basic problem of the country. It remains a major problem for a large
section of people. The government has failed to eradicate it. Programmes like ‘Garibi
Hatao’ give only a feel good factor. Things have to be changed and the people have
to organise themselves and do something about it.
2. (a) (i) Delhi traders (ii) AITUC (iii) CII (iv) NGOs (v) RWAs.
(b) (i) The NGOs demanded better medical treatment and drugs for Bhopal Gas victims.
(ii) According to the CII, SEZs are the only way that employment generation is
possible in the country.
(iii) Delhi traders demanded that VAT dues be refunded in a timely manner to them.
Chapter Test
1. Janta Dal
2. King Gyanendra
3. Pressure group
4. A political conflict that led to popular struggle
5. Persons who engage in insurgency are called insurgents.
6. The two incidents have following similarities:
(a) In both cases political conflict led to the popular struggles.
(b) Both the cases involved mass mobilisation.
(c) Both instances involved critical role of political organisations.
The two incidents have following differences:
(a) Nepal was struggling to establish democracy while in Bolivia the struggle involved
claims on the elected government.
(b) In Bolivia, struggle was about one specific policy, while struggle in Nepal was about
the foundations of the country’s politics.
7. Major elements found in democratic struggles:
(a) It evolves through popular struggles. If significant decisions are through consensus
than it is an exceptional situation. Democracy usually involves conflicts between
those groups who have exercise power and those who aspire for share in the power.
This happens when the country is going through transition to democracy, expansion
of democracy or deepening of democracy.
(b) Democratic conflicts are resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible
that the conflicts are resolved by the existing institutions like parliament or judiciary
but when there is a deep dispute, very often these institutions get involved in the
dispute and the resolution has to come from outside, from people.
(c) The conflicts and mobilisations are based on new political organisations. These include
political parties, pressure groups and movement groups.
8. (a) Bolivia is a small and poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised
the government to give up its control over the municipal water supply.
(b) The government sold off these rights to an MNC. The company immediately increased
the prices four times.
(c) In January 2006 a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders
organised a successful strike for four days in the city and the government agreed
to negotiate but nothing happened. Police resorted to brutal repression when the
agitation was started again in February.
(d) Another strike was there in April and government imposed martial law.
(e) But the power of people forced the officials of MNC to flee the city and made
government to concede to all demands of the protesters.
(f) The contract with MNC was cancelled and water supply was resorted to municipality
at old rates.
This was known as Bolivia’s Water War.
WORKSHEET–93
A. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (c)
B. 1. Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation
2. National Alliance For People’s Movement
3. Multinational Companies
4. Seven Party Alliance
5. Public Distribution System
WORKSHEET–94
Do it yourself.
qq
POLITICAL PARTIES
WORKSHEET–95
1. United Kingdom.
2. (a) Indian National Congress
(b) Bhartiya Janata Party
(c) Communist Party of India
(d) Communist Party of India (Marxist)
(e) Bahujan Samaj Party
3. (a) Janata Dal United
(b) Telugu Desam
(c) DMK
(d) Asom Gana Parishad
(e) Akali Dal
(f) Lok Dal
4. Elephant
5. Communist Party of India (Marxist)
6. People’s Republic of China
7. In 1885
8. In 1925
9. In India
10. If any member leaves his parent party and joins another party for some personal benefits,
it is known as defection.
WORKSHEET–96
1. All India Anna DMK
2. Multi-party system exists in India
3. 6 National parties
4. (a) DMK party (b) Asom Gana Parishad
5. Political parties have three components; namely,
(a) Leaders, who play an important role in popularising the ideology of the party.
(b) Active members, who look after the party organisation.
(c) Followers from the grassroot workers, who mobilise people for public meetings,
protest, marches, etc., and play an important role in bringing the party to power in
their areas.
6. (a) The political parties play an important role by grouping together a large number of
similar opinions and provide a direction so that governments can formulate policies
on them.
(b) Parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues.
(c) Parties thus play an important role by reducing a large number of opinions into a
few basic positions that it supports.
7. The political parties put up candidates for elections in democracies. Parties select their
candidates in different ways. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting
elections. Candidates fight elections on party tickets. Some fight as independent
candidates. The political party which gets majority seats in the Parliament or legislature
forms the government. If no single party has a majority in legislature, a coalition
government is formed.
8. The opposition parties are those parties which did not win the majority seats in state
legislature or the Parliament and are not the ruling party or a part of the ruling coalition.
They point out the wrong policies, etc. of the ruling party. They are critical about ruling
party’s policies and they mobilise public opinion to oppose the government.
WORKSHEET–97
1. Political parties are an essential part of democracy. Democracy is equal to political parties.
Most people know about political parties. The parties reflect political divisions in society.
They represent the opinions of people and put it forward to the government. Thus, rise
of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
They are necessary for a democracy.
2. The political parties play a significant role in a democracy.
(a) They put forward policies and programmes.
(b) They contest elections.
(c) They make laws for the country.
(d) They form governments and run them.
(e) They play the role of opposition party.
(f) Parties shape public opinion.
(g) They play an important role in helping ordinary citizens with their problems. Thus,
political parties are necessary in a democracy.
3. A political party is a group of people who come together, to fight elections and hold
power in the government. They put forward policies and programmes for the good of
the people and persuade people to accept and approve them. They seek to implement
these policies by winning popular support through elections.
4. (a) The political parties mobilise public opinion and make promises to people on policy
changes. Such promises can’t be made by independent candidates.
(b) Governments can be formed by independent members of legislatives but they will
not remain stable.
(c) Independent candidates can do a lot of work for their locality but no one will be
responsible for the running of the country. Thus, political parties are directly linked
to the functioning of a democracy.
5. Indian National Congress is popularly known as the Congress Party. It is one of the
oldest parties of the world. It was founded in 1885. It played an important role in Indian
politics at national and state levels after the independence. Under Nehru, the party tried
to build a modern secular democratic republic in India.
It remained in power till 1977, and then from 1980-1989 but after that its support
declined. The party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. It
supports new economic reforms with a human face. It emerged as the single largest party
with 145 seats in 2004 elections and is currently leading the ruling United Progressive
Alliance coalition government in the centre.
WORKSHEET–98
1. In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These
are called one party systems. For example, China has a single party—Commuinist Party.
One-party system is not a good option because it is not a democratic option. In the
countries having one party system, the liberty of the individual is lost because people
are deprived of the right of electing representatives. There is one candidate in whose
favour all the citizens have to vote. It cannot be called as elections in real sense.
2. In some countries power usually changes between two major parties. Several other parties
exist, contest elections and win a few seats in the legislature. But only two main parties
have a serious chance of winning and forming government. For example, countries like
UK, Canada, England and the US. follow two-party system. In this type of party system,
the winning party forms the government and the other party forms the opposition.
3. Name of the National Party Party Symbols
(a) Indian National Congress (INC) Hand
(b) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Lotus
(c) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) Elephant
(d) Communist Party of India–Marxist (CPI–M) Hammer, sickle and star
(e) Communist Party of India (CPI) Ears of corn and sickle
(f) Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) Clock
4. There is a growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections.
Since parties are focused only on winning the elections, they tend to use short-cuts to
win elections.
They tend to nominate those candidates who have or who can raise lots of money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the
policies and decisions of the party.
In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.
These are ultimately responsible for corruption in the system. The moral values are
compromised. This is totally unacceptable because democracy is hijacked by such people.
WORKSHEET–99
1. Political parties perform the following functions in a democracy:
(a) Parties contest elections. In most of the democratic countries, elections are
fought mainly among the candidates put up by the political parties. Parties select
their candidates in different ways. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for
contesting elections.
(b) Parties put forward different policies and programmes. Each one of us may
have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. In
democracy large number of similar opinions has to be grouped together to provide a
direction in which policies can be formulated by the government. This is what the
parties do. A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions
which it supports. The government is expected to base its policies on the line taken
by the ruling party.
(c) Parties make laws for the country. Though laws are passed by the legislature
but since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of party
leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
(d) Parties form and run government. Political parties recruit leaders, train them
and make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.
(e) Parties play role of the opposition to the parties in power. They voice different
views and criticise government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties
also mobilise opposition to the government.
(f) Parties shape public opinion. They shape public opinion by raising and highlighting
issues. They do these through pressure groups, which are the extensions of political
parties and also launch movements for resolutions of problems faced by the people.
(g) Parties provide people access to government welfare schemes. For an ordinary
citizen it is easier to approach a local party leader than a government officer. They
feel close to party even if they do not fully trust them. Even parties have to be
responsive to the people’s needs and demands otherwise people can reject parties in
the next elections.
2. The political parties face the following challenges:
(a) Lack of internal democracy within parties. There is a tendency in political
parties towards concentration of power in one or a few leaders at the top. Parties
do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings and conduct
internal elections regularly. Ordinary members do not get sufficient information on
what happens inside the party. Leaders make maximum decisions in the name of
party.
(b) Dynastic succession. Very few ordinary workers get chance to rise to the top in the
party as parties do not practice open and transparent procedures. In many parties
top positions are always controlled by members of one family. This is unfair to others
and bad for democracy.
(c) Growing role of money and muscle power. Since parties are focused only on
winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate
candidates, who have or can raise money. Rich people and companies who give funds
to the parties tend to have influence on the policy decisions of the parties. In some
cases parties support criminals who can win elections.
(d) Parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In the recent
years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most
parts of the world. So people have no choices. Sometimes people cannot even elect
very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keeps shifting from one
party to another.
3. Some reforms which can strengthen political parties are:
(a) A law should be established to regulate the internal affairs of parties, thereby making
them more transparent.
(b) It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members,
to follow its own constitution, to have an independent authority, to act as a judge in
case of disputes, to hold open elections in case of disputes.
(c) It should be made mandatory for the political parties to give a minimum number of
tickets, about one-third, to women candidates.
(d) The state should fund election campaigns, thereby eliminating lobbying groups and
unfair competition. The government should give parties money to support their
election expenses such as petrol, paper, telephone, etc. or it could be given in cash
on the basis of votes secured by a party in the last elections.
(e) People can put pressure on political parties and this can be done through petitions,
publicity and agitations. Ordinary citizens, pressure groups and movements and media
can play an important role in this. If political parties feel that they would lose public
support by not taking up reforms they will become more serious about reforms.
The quality of democracy depends upon the degree of participation. It is difficult to
reform politics if ordinary citizens do not take part in politics and simply criticise it from
outside.
4. National parties Regional party/State party

1. A party that secures at least 1. A party that secures at least 6% of
6% of total votes in Lok Sabha the total votes in an election to the
elections or Assembly elections Legislative Assembly of a state and
in four states and wins at least wins at least two seats is recognised as
four seats in the Lok Sabha is a regional party/state party.
recognised as a national party.
2. National parties will have influence 2. Regional party will have influence in
in more than three states. less than three states.
3. For example, INC, BJP, BSP, 3. For example, Samajwadi Party, Samta
CPI-M, CPI and NCP. Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal, DMK,
AIADMK.
WORKSHEET–100
1. We cannot think modern democracies without political parties. In case there are no
political parties every candidate in the elections will be independent, no one will be able
to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain.
Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituencies for what they do in
their localies. But, no one will be responsible for how the country will run.
Just look at the non-party based elections to the Panchayats in many states. Although,
the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed the village gets split into more
than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is why we find
political parties in almost all countries of the world.
They agree on policies and programmes to promote collective good and influence people
to know why their policies are better than those of others. They try to implement the
policies by winning popular support through elections. They reflect fundamental division
in a society.
The absense of political parties would affect a democracy badly. The interest of all the
people would not reach the parliament and therfore some sections of people would remain
behind the main stream. They won’t get all the welfare measures.
2. Reasons:
If there are no political parties in a democracy:
(a) Every candidate in the elections will be independent.
(b) No one will make promises to the people about any major policy change.
(c) The government may be formed, but its utility will remain to be uncertain.
(d) Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency only or locality only.
(e) No one will be accountable to the nation as a whole.
(f) Any other relevant point. (Any four points to be explained.)
3. (a) There is a lack of internal democracy within parties. All over the world, there is a
tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders
at the top.
(b) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organizational meetings, and
do not conduct internal elections regularly.
(c) Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens
inside the party.
(d) They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
As a result, the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the
party.
(e) These violate the basic values to be upheld in public life namely equal opportunity,
transparency, good governance and fairness.
4. Since most political parties do not practise open and transparent procedures for their
functioning, there no ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people
close to them or even their family members.
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
This is unfair to other members of that party. This is also bad for democracy, since
people who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions
of power.
Chapter Test
1. Opposition parties raise their voice against wrong policies of the government.
2. The Election Commission
3. Forward Bloc and Trinamool Congress
4. (a) Leaders (b) Active members (c) Followers
5. Where there are two parties in a country, one in power and the other ready to rule, is
called bi-party system.
6. The role of political parties in shaping public opinion:
(a) They raise and highlight issues.
(b) The parties clear the policies of government to people.
(c) Political parties give their ideas in favour and against the government.
(d) Political parties give their ideas about the new laws made by the government.
(e) In this way the political parties help to create public opinion among people. So it is
necessary for people if they want to establish democratic government they have to
analyse for and against democracy.
7. Parties are for the working of democracy and are the most visible face of democracy. It is
natural that people blame parties, criticise them. Parties have to face many challenges:
(a) Concentration of powers in one hand.
(b) Parties do not conduct internal election.
(c) Leaders assume greater power to make decision in name of party.
(d) The second challenge of dynastic succession is related to the first one. Those who
happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close
to them or even their family members.
8. Growing role of money and muscle power in parties:
(a) The parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
In some cases parties support criminals.
(b) The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful
choice. In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different.
(c) There has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties.
(d) The difference among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced.
(e) Those who want really different policies have no option available to them.
(f ) Lack of good leaders.
WORKSHEET–101
A. 1. India 6. multiparty system

2. role of opposition 7. 1964
3. 70 8. representative democracies
4. two-party system 9. Election Commission
5. an alliance or front 10. regional parties
WORKSHEET–102
A. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (e)
B. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (e)
WORKSHEET–103
A. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. T
WORKSHEET–104
Do it yourself.
qq
OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY
WORKSHEET–105
1. (a) it promotes equality among citizens.
(b) it allows room to correct mistakes.
(c) it improves the quality of decision-making.
2. It is a good form of government because it respects the freedom and dignity of Individuals.
3. India
4. Democracy is formed by two Greek words ’demos’ and ‘kratia’. ‘Demos’ means people
and “kratia” means the government. Democracy, thus, means ‘rule by the people’. In
a democratic set-up, every citizen has the right to take a part in the decision making
process.
It is a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and
exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.
5. (a) Population size
(b) Global situation
(c) Economic priorities adopted by the country. (any two)
6. In a democratic set up there are regular, free and fair elections. There is open debate on
major policies. A democracy is attentive to the needs of people. Democratic governments
are legitimate governments. They are people’s own governments. Women and weaker
sections have a better status in a democracy.
WORKSHEET–106
1. (a) Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
(b) It enhances the dignity of the individual.
(c) It improves the quality of decision making.
(d) It provides a method to resolve conflicts.
(e) It allows room to correct mistakes. Hence, it is a better form of government.
2. Evidence shows that the back record of economic growth in democracies between
1950-2000 is not impressive. Economic development depends on several factors like
population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities
adopted by the country, etc. But, the difference in the rates of economic development
between dictatorships and democracies is not much.
3. In a democracy, all people enjoy equal political rights but a small number of people
remain ultra rich and the majority remain poor. However, the problem of poverty is not
looked into seriously by democratic regimes. The poor sections are not provided equal
opportunities in education, nutrition, health care etc.
4. Democracies generally develop a procedure to conduct competition and reduce tensions
between diverse groups. They can handle social differences, divisions and conflicts better
than non-democratic regimes. Democracies are accommodative to the needs of minorities,
weaker and discriminated sections of people.
WORKSHEET–107
1. A democratic government is one in which people have rights. Political parties and
leaders represent their interests. Elections are held regularly and people elect their
representatives to form a government.
In a non-democratic government, people have no rights or participation in the decisions
made by the government.
2. Characteristics of democracy:
(a) It promotes equality among citizens.
(b) It looks after the interest of the people.
(c) It allows room to correct mistakes.
3. (a) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply a rule by majority opinion.
The majority always needs to work with the minority so that the governments
could function to represent the general view. Majority and minority opinions are not
permanent.
(b) It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community
interms of religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in
case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may
and can form a majority.
(c) Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being
in majority at some point of time. If someone is barred from being in majority on
the basis of birth, the democratic rule ceases to be accommodative for that person or
group.
4. In actual life, we find that democracy does not lead to just distribution of goods and
opportunities.
Arguments:
(a) Although individuals have political equality, we find growing economic inequalities.
(b) A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate show of wealth and
incomes.
(c) The income of those at the bottom of the society is declining so much so that it
becomes difficult to meet their basic needs, such as food, clothing, housing etc.
(d) Although the poor constitute a large proportion of voters, yet democratically elected
governments do not provide them opportunities on equal footing.
(Any three points)
WORKSHEET–108
1. Democracy supports dignity and freedom of the citizens. Every man wants to get respect
from fellow persons in the society. A lot of conflicts take place among human beings
because some feel they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and
freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims
of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
As democracy passes one test, it produces another test. As people get some benefits of
democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better. That is why,
when we ask people about the way democracy functions, they always come up with
more expectations, and many complaints. The fact that people are complaining is itself
a testimony to the success of democracy.
2. In matters of economic development, not all the democracies get developed because
of various factors like population, lack of basic infrastructure, etc. If you consider all
democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships
have slightly higher rate of economic growth. The inability of democracy to achieve
higher economic development worries us. However, the difference in the rates of economic
development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is
negligible. Overall, we cannot say that democracy is a guarantee of economic development.
Economic development depends on several factors:
(a) Country’s population size.
(b) Global situation.
(c) Cooperation from other countries.
(d) Economic priorities adopted by the country.
Democracy does not appear to be successful in reducing economic inequalities. A small
number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and income. Their
share in total income is increasing. People at the bottom of society have very little to
depend on.
3. Democracy supports dignity and freedom of the citizens. Every person wants to get
respect from his/her fellow persons in the society. A lot of conflicts take place among
human beings because some feel they are not treated with due respect. The passion
for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracies throughout the world
have recognised this, at least in principle. This has been achieved in various degrees in
various democracies. We can take the case of dignity of women. Most societies across the
world were historically male dominated. Long struggles by women have created some
sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients
of a democratic society. The same is true about caste inequalities. Democracy in India
has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal
status and equal opportunity.
Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not
always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people’s own government.
That is why there is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the
world.
4. (a) Rich are powerful and they have money power.
(b) Poor can have a better share only by participating in election process and electing
the right representatives to run the government.
WORKSHEET–109
1. Imagine a government that may take decisions very fast. But it may take decisions
that are not accepted by the people and may, therefore, face problems. In contrast,
the democratic government will take more time to follow procedure before arriving at
adecision. However, because it has followed procedure, its decisions may be both more
acceptable to the people and more effective. So, the cost of time that democracy pays is
perhaps worth it.
2. Democratic governments are expected to be attentive to the needs of people and less
corrupt. But in reality, it does not happen so. Democracies often frustrate the needs of
the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of its population. Democracy is
also not free of corruption. Our politicians indulge in money making. Our top officials
are also doing the same.
3. (a) In a democracy, we are most concerned with ensuring that people will have the
right to choose their rulers and people will have control over the rulers. If they do
not work properly, people can overthrow them. Whenever possible and necessary,
citizens should be able to participate in decision-making, that affects them all. Thus,
democracy produces an accountable government.
(b) Democracy is a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people
and is largely free of corruption. Democracies should not frustrate the needs of the
people and ignore the demands of a majority of its population. Thus, it a responsive
government.
(c) Democratic government is a legitimate government. It is people’s own government.
people elect the rulers. The party that gets majority seat in the legislature forms the
government. If they lose the majority, they have to resign.
4. (a) Economic inequality and poverty are the twin problems of India. Different political
parties are committed to remove these since it is included in their election manifesto.
They are responsive to the needs of the people. The elected government from time to
time started a number of poverty alleviation programmes to reduce poverty in India.
(b) Moreover many employment schemes like Rural Works Programme, National Rural
Employment Programme, etc. are started by democratic government in India.
Chapter Test
1. In dictatorships
2. Its examination never gets over.
3. We give respect to democratic government because it is a legitimate government. This
is the government which is elected by the people.
4. Highly wealthy
5. Bangladesh
6. Democracies are expected to be attentive to the needs of people and be free from corruption.
However, this is not always so. However, democracies are people’s own government and
hence better than its alternatives.
7. Democracies are people’s own government run by their elected representatives. They feel
that democracies can address all social, economic and political problems. When people get
some benefits, they want more and they complain and express dissatisfaction in many
ways.
8. The back record of democracies in reducing economic inequality and poverty is not good
in developing countries. The small group of ultra rich sections are becoming richer and
the poor are becoming poorer. The elected governments are not addressing to the question
of poverty seriously especially in South Asian countries. It may be due to corruption and
inefficient systems of governance.
WORKSHEET–110
A. 1. accountable 2. deliberation; negotiation

3. Decision-making 4. share information
5. legitimate 6. Bangladesh
7. harmonious 8. respect
9. disadvantaged; underpriviledged 10. free and fair
WORKSHEET–111
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–112
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–113
Do it yourself.
qq
CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY
WORKSHEET–114
1. A ‘Challenge’ refers to a difficulty which carries within it an opportunity for progress,
to overcome it.
2. Chile
3. Poland
4. Myanmar
5. All the suggestions and proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are
called political reform.
6. It is a challenge to make transition to democracy and instituting a democratic government.
WORKSHEET–115
1. (a) Good democracy is a mode of governance in which rulers elected by the people make
all decisions.
(b) Elections give an opportunity and choice to the people to change the current rulers.
(c) All the citizens of the country should have the choice and opportunity to participate
in the elections.
(d) It is a system wherein citizens are ensured their basic rights by the Constitution.
2. In a democratic system, people have extensive rights from right to vote, to participate in and
contest elections or form a political organisation. They also have socio-economic rights.
Democracy ensures that views of the people, who are in the minority, are respected.
In a democracy, caste, religion and gender based discriminations are eliminated over a
period of time.
3. (a) Poverty is a major challenge. When people, are poor, they are mainly, concerned
about their basic needs and the political parties exploit these weaknesses and corrupt
practices start playing a role in elections.
(b) Casteism and Communalism pose serious challenges to democracy. Casteism and
communal politics are dangerous to democracy. They cut the roots of democratic
values and ethos and give a totally different direction to democracy when sectional
interests predominate.
4. Various aspects of democratic government and politics:
(a) Democratic rights are not limited to right to vote, contest elections or forming
organisations. Democracy should also offer some social and economic rights to its
citizens.
(b) Power sharing (how it is being shared between governments and social groups) is
necessary in a democracy.
(c) Democracy cannot be a brute rule of majority and that respect for minority voice is
necessary for democracy.
(d) Eliminating discrimination on the basis of caste, religion and gender is important in
democracy.
WORKSHEET–116
1. (a) The government should make it compulsory for the doctors to live in the village where
they are posted; otherwise their service should be terminated.
(b) Surprise raids to check the attendance of the doctors by district administration and
police should be carried out.
(c) Village panchayat should be given the power to write the annual report of the doctor
which should be read out in the gram sabha meeting.
(d) Uttar Pradesh should be split into several smaller states which can be administered
more efficiently.
2. (a) Casteism. People from different castes form different communities and they have
different interests. Under the caste system, work is divided on the basis of the caste
of the person. The high-paying and respectable jobs are usually given to the higher
caste groups and low-paying jobs are given to the low caste groups. Castes have led
to caste discrimination in the country.
(b) Communalism. It means promoting the ideas of a particular religion with a view
to divide the society on religious grounds. It believes that people belonging to one
religion belong to one community. The British followed the policy of ‘divide and rule’
and created differences in two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims. This
sowed the seeds of communalism in the society.
3. Countries already having the democratic set-up face the challenge of expanding it to
various social groups and various institutions. Such countries need to ensure that more
and more social groups, regions and institutions follow democracy in their functioning.
This involves:
(a) Ensuring greater power to local government.
(b) Extension of federal principle to all the units of the federations.
(c) Inclusion of women and minority groups, etc.
(d) It also means that less and less decision should remain outside the domain of
democratic control.
(e) Most of the countries including India and the US face this kind of challenge.
4. Broad Guidelines:
(a) The changes in laws should be carefully devised.
(b) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics.
(c) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practices.
(d) Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is good solution
but also about who will implement it and how?
(Any three points)
WORKSHEET–117
1. An ordinary citizen can play a very constructive role in the deepening of democracy.
(a) No democracy can function in the absence of enlightened citizens because they are
the pillars of democracy. Citizens maintain a balance between government and public
issues.
(b) Well informed and enlightened citizens form a healthy public opinion which puts a
check on an unresponsive government and its policies.
(c) Socially responsible citizens also help in the regulation of social reforms and can put
a check or rash and unsocial conduct.
(d) Hence, the strength of democracy lies in respecting thought of its citizens and in
creating an atmosphere of fair and frank interaction of thought, approaches and
perspectives for solving collective problems and building a polity of free and equal
beings.
2. Communalism is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
It can take various forms in a democracy.
(a) Religious Form. The most formidable form of communalism is in everyday religious
ideas of people. The followers of one religion believe it to be superior to other all
relgions. There is blind faith in one and contempt for all others.
(b) Political Form. Actually people of a particular religion often want maximum
representation of their religion in politics and seek to achieve political and social
dominance over the minority. This results into a majoritarian dominance. In this
form they often demand a separate state for themselves.
(c) Form of Political Mobilisation. Communalism in politics sometime takes the shape
of political mobilisation on communal lines. It involves the use of sacred religious
symbols and religious leaders to appeal to the people of a particular religion.
(d) Form of Riots and Violence. The most adverse form of communalism is that it
leads to riots and violence. The people from various religions are in opposition to one
another and use violence to show dominance of their religion. In this way it disturbs
the social peace and cause social turmoil.
Thus we can safely say, that in its extreme form communalism leads to the belief that
people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within a country.
3. A challenge is not just a problem. It is a difficulty that carries within an opportunity
for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. The
serious challenges that democracy faces in different countries of the world for smooth
running of government are called challenges to democracy.
A few challenges faced by democracy in several parts of the world are:
(a) Foundational Challenge. At least one-fourth of the globe is still not under democratic
governments. Countries that do not have democratic set-up face the foundational
challenge of making a transition to the democratic style of government. They need
to lay the foundation in terms of laws and policies that would be followed under the
democratic set-up. This involves:
(i) bringing down the existing non-democratic regime.
(ii) keeping military away from controlling the govvernment.
(iii) establishing a sovereign and functional state.
(b) Challenge of Expansion. Countries already having the democratic set-up face the
challenge of expanding it to various social groups and various institutions. Such
countries need to ensure that more and more social groups, regions and institutions
follow democracy in their functioning. This involves:
(i) ensuring greater power to local governments.
(ii) extension of federal principle to all the units of the federations.
(iii) inclusion of women and minority groups, etc.
(iv) it also means that less and less decision should remain outside the domain of
democratic control.
Most of the countries including India and US face this kind of challenge.
(c) Challenge of deepening. This challenge is faced by every democracy in one form
or other. Every democratic country needs to strengthen the institutions that ensure
democracy. This should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations
of democracy. This involves:
(i) strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy.
(ii)
bringing down the control and influence of rich and powerful people in the
making of governmental decision.
WORKSHEET–118
1. (a)
No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups.
However, we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve
mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this
outcome.
(b) Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences.
Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point
of a democratic government.
(c) Social diversities can be accommodated by deliberation, negotiation, and mutual
understanding.
(d) It can be accommodated by power sharing as in the case of Belgium.
2. (a) As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make
democracy even better. That is why when we ask people about the way democracy
functions, they always come up with more expectations, and many complaints.
(b) The fact that people are complaining itself is a testimony to the success of democracy:
it shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to expect and to look
critically at power holders and the high and the mighty.
(c) A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the
democratic project: it transforms people from the status of a subject under a King into
that of a citizen. Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference
to the way the government is run and to their own self-interest.
3. Non-democratic countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to
democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involves bringing down the
existing non-democratic rule, keeping military away from controlling the government
and establishing a sovereign and functional state.
4. (a) People think of legal ways of reforming politics, think of new laws to ban undesirable
things. But this temptation needs to be resisted. Carefully devised changes in law
can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage the good ones. But
legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy.
Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties,
movements and politically conscious citizens.
(b) Any legal change must carefully be looked at what results it will have on politics.
Sometimes the results may be counter-productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban
something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives
to do good things have more chances of working. The best laws are those, which
empower people to carry out democratic reforms.
(c) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice.
Therefore, the main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen
democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve
the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.
(d) Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution
but also about who will implement it and how. It is not very wise to think that the
legislatures will pass legislations that go against the interest of all the political parties
and MPs. But measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens’ organizations
and the media are likely to succeed.
Chapter Test
1. Making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.
2. Foundational challenge
3. One-fourth countries in the world.
4. Uttar Pradesh
5. India and USA
6. (a) At least one-fourth of world is still not under democratic government.
(b) The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very stark.
(c) These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy
and then instituting democratic government.
7.
Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expression. This involves
applying the basic principles of democratic government across all the region, different
social groups and various institutions.
Challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another.
This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. They should
happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy.
Elections are very expensive. The only rich persons can contest elections. The common
man cannot stand in elections. The government should minimise the election expenditure.
The government should prepare budget for elections.
8. All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are
called democratic reforms or political reform.
(a) Reforming politics by making new laws.
(b) Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and
encourage good ones.
(c) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes
the results may be counter productive. For example, many states have banned people
who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. This has
resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor people and women.
(d) The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms.
(e) The Right to Information Act is a good example of a law that empowers the people
to find out what is happening in government.
(f) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice.
(g) Any proposal for political reform should think not only about what is a good solution
but also about who will implement it and how.
WORKSHEET–119
A. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T
WORKSHEET–120
A. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (e) 5. (b)
B. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (c)
WORKSHEET–121
A. 1. but it faces many challenges.
2. difficulty which can be overcome.
3. the overthrown of existing non-democratic government, military should not be involved
in controlling the government and establishing a sovereign state.
4. applying democratic principles to all regions, social groups and various institutions.
5. the institutions and practices of democracy.
6. political reforms in a democracy.
7. are to be informed and carried out by political parties, movement and political activist.
8. not only what is good but who will implement it and how.
9. acts as a watchdog of democracy in India.
10. to increase and improve the quality of participation by the citizens.
WORKSHEET–122
Do it yourself.
qq
ECONOMICS
MONEY AND CREDIT
WORKSHEET–123
1. A bank is an organisation which deals with the transaction of money and credit.
2. It is a paper that instructs the bank to pay a specified amount from the person’s account
to the person to whom it is issued.
3. By Reserve Bank of India
4. Because it controls and supervises the banking operations in the country.
5. These are groups of rural poor who work together in the credit sector.
6. Banks make use of the deposits by giving loans to people. Banks charge a higher rate of
interest on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference between what is charged
from the borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is their main source of income.
7. In the barter system, goods are exchanged without use of money.
In such a situation, double coincidence of wants has to be there which means, in exchange
of goods both parties have to agree to sell and buy each others commodities.
In this system, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature.
8. Loan activities of banks: Banks in India these days hold about 15% of their deposits as
cash kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from
the bank on any given day. Bank use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.
Difference between the interest rates is the main source of income for banks.
WORKSHEET–124
1. In the barter system, goods are exchanged without use of money.
In such a situation, double coincidence of wants has to be there which means, in exchange
of goods both parties have to agree to sell and buy each others commodities.
In this system, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature.
2. Loan activities of banks: Banks in India these days hold about 15% of their deposits as
cash kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from
the bank on any given day. Bank use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.
Difference between the interest rates is the main source of income for banks.
3. Functions of Reserve Bank:
(a) Issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.
(b) Monitors the banks are actually maintaining cash balance.
(c) Collects information from banks like how much they are lending to whom at what
interest rate etc.
4. When goods are exchanged for goods, it is called ‘barter system’. In this situation, what
a person desires to sell is what the other wishes to buy, it is called ‘double coincidence
of wants’. It will not happen all the time. When money is used to buy goods, the above
mentioned condition is not necessary.
5. Terms of credit:
(a) Interest rate
(b) Collateral
(c) Documentation requirement.
(d) The mode of repayment.
(e) The varying terms of credit in different credit arrangements.
WORKSHEET–125
1. An agricultural cooperative is a self-help group. The people are organised into groups
and pool is created with their savings. Members are allowed to take small loans from the
cooperative society to meet their needs. It charges a reasonable rate of interest within
a short time. The cooperative society becomes eligible for taking loans from banks and
it can create employment opportunities for the group.
2. People who have surplus money deposit it in the banks.
They get an interest on the deposits.
The deposit money remains safe in a bank.
People can withdraw cash whenever they need. Demand deposits can be used as money
as cheques can be issued against deposits.
3. Working people receive their salaries every month and they deposit the extra cash in
bank accounts opened in their names. Banks accept the deposits and pay an interest
on it. People withdraw the money or issue cheques to make payments as and when
they require. Banks on the other hand, keep 15% of the deposit money for day-to-day
transactions and the rest is given as loans to borrowers at a higher rate of interest than
what they give for the deposits. This is their main source of income and this is the basis
of the modern banking system.
4. In India, the Reserve of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.
As per Indian law, no other individual or organisation is allowed to issue currency.
Moreover, the law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be
refused in settling transaction in India. No individual in India can legally refuse a
payment made in rupees. Hence, the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange.
WORKSHEET–126
1. Advantages of Self-Help Groups:
(a) They help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral.
(b) They can get timely loans for variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate.
(c) They are building blocks of the organisation of the rural poor.
(d) It helps women to become self-reliant.
(e) The regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on various
social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
2. People deposit extra cash with the bank by opening a bank accounts in their name.
Banks accept the deposits and also pay an amount as interest on the deposits. In this
way people’s money is safe with the banks and it earns an amount of interest. People
also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require. Since the
deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called
demand deposits.
3. Everyone prefers to receive payments in money and then exchange the money for things
they want. For example, take the case of a blacksmith. He wants to sell tools in the
market and buy rice. The blacksmith will first exchange tools that he has produced for
money and then exchange the money for rice.
The transactions are made in money because a person holding money can easily exchange
it for any commodity or service that he or she wants.
4. (a) Money lenders and cooperative societies are the two major sources of credit for rural
households in India.
(b) Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households.
(c) Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households because
(i) Rural households need not to produce certificate of their earning or documents
of their employment while borrowing money from the money lenders.
(ii) Neither they have to show any property or assets as collateral (security or
guarantee).
WORKSHEET–127
1. Money means wealth around which the whole economic activities of every country move.
Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process and, therefore, it is called a
medium of exchange.
Role of money in an economy:
(a) In our day to day transactions, goods are being bought and sold with the use of money.
(b) At times we do exchange services with money.
(c) Use of money has made things easier to exchange as we can exchange it for any
commodity we need.
(d) The transactions are made in money because a person holding money can easily
exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants.
(e) The main function of money in an economic system is to facilitate the exchange of
goods and services.
(f) Without exchange of money nobody can fulfil his all needs and requirements.
2. Self-Help Groups consist of certain members who pool their savings and constitute a
fund which is further used in making finance and advances to other members.
(a) A typical Self-Help Group has 15 to 20 members. The members pool their savings
and after some time, it becomes a large amount which is used to give loans to the
needy ones at a very nominal rate of interest.
(b) This helps to reduce the functioning of informal sectors of credit.
(c) After a year, if such a group is regular in its savings, it becomes eligible for availing
loan from the bank. Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group and is meant to
create self-employment opportunities for the members.
(d) Loans are provided for releasing mortgaged land, for meeting working capital needs
as buying seeds, fertilisers, raw materials, for acquiring assets like sewing machine,
handlooms, cattle, etc.
(e) Important decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group
members.
(f) The group decides the purpose, amount, interest to be charged, repayment schedule, etc.
(g) Non-repayment is taken seriously. Because of this feature, banks are willing to lend
loan especially to the poor women when organised in SHG.
3. Formal credit sector is known as organised sector. This sector provides loan at low rate
of interest. This sector is supervised and controlled by Reserve Bank of India. It mainly
includes:
(a) Commercial Banks. Banks accept deposits from the public. Banks maintain minimum
cash balance out of the deposits they receive. The balance of cash is used by banks
to give loans.
(b) Cooperative Societies. This is another form of formal credit in India. They accept
deposits from their members and provide loans to them.
Informal credit sectors in India include credit given by unorgainsed sectors. These
sectors meet the credit needs of poor households. They charge high interest rates.
There is no organisation which supervises and controls the lending activities of
informal sector.
The main informal credit sources are:
(i) Local money lenders
(ii) Traders
(iii) Employers
(iv) Relatives and friends etc.
Any other relevant point. (Any two points for each)
4. (a) High rate of interests and undue conditions may find borrowers difficult to repay the
loan taken and it push them to debt trap.
(b) In an unexpected situation like a natural calamity and a crop failure, a borrower
may find it difficult to repay the loan taken and some times, he will be forced sell
a portion of the land or other property to repay the loan.
5. (a) The risk involved in their activities like a crop failure, which may lead to non-
repayment of loans.
(b) Banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers who fails to provide collateral
security to the loan.
(c) The state has the responsibility of looking after the interests of the poor and under-
privileged sections. It is unfair on humanitarian grounds.
Chapter Test
1. National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development
2. Banks and cooperatives
3. Members of group
4. Money is called the medium of exchange because it acts as an intermediate in the
exchange process.
5. Loan is an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or
services in return for the promise of future payment.
6. Banks are not available everywhere in rural areas. To get a loan from the banks is
difficult for a poor person because proper documents and collateral are required. Banks
require loan repayment on time. All these detract the poor from taking loans.
7. People who have surplus money deposit it in the banks.
They get an interest on the deposits.
The deposit money remains safe in a bank.
People can withdraw cash whenever they need. Demand deposits can be used as money
as cheques can be issued against deposits.
8. Formal sector Informal sector
(a) Provides loans at fixed rates and terms. (a) No fixed rates of interest and terms and
conditions.
(b) Supervised by the RBI. (b) No supervision.
(c) They have a ‘social responsibility’ to (c) No such social responsibility for the
give loans to the poor, small-scale moneylender who exploit the poor.
industries etc.
WORKSHEET–128
A. 1. paper notes; currency
2. Reserve Bank of India
3. banks; cooperatives
4. demand deposits
5. loans
6. cooperatives
7. informational sources of credit
8. Reserve Bank of India
9. SHG
10. Collateral
WORKSHEET–129
A. Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–130
A. 1. Account number
2. Bank branch code
3. Cheque number
4. Coding used by banks
B. Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–131
A. Do it yourself.
qq
GLOBALISATION AND INDIAN ECONOMY
WORKSHEET–132
1. The process of rapid integration between the countries is called globalisation.
2. Globalisation results in greater competition between producers.
3. World Trade Organisation. It was set up in 1995.
4. It was set up to promote trade among different countries. WTO formulates rules and
regulations which all the member countries have to adopt for the betterment of trade.
5. WTO is dominated by the countries like USA and UK.
6. Globalisation results in improving the living condition of common people in developing
countries.
7. The most common way is by buying existing local companies.
8. To attract foreign companies to invest in India.
9. It is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries. MNCs play
a major role in globalisation process. For example, it has resulted in more movement of
goods, technology and people between countries.
10. The Indian government decided to open the Indian economy to global competition. It
would improve the performance of producers within the country. Thus, barriers to foreign
trade and investments were removed.
WORKSHEET–133
1. Telecommunications, computers, internet have been rapidly changing the world. They
have made contacts between the countries easier. Information can be shared between
countries using satellite communication, e-mails, etc. at low costs. This has greatly
reduced barriers in the communication.
2. It was considered necessary to protect native producers of goods from foreign competition.
The industries were new and coming up and they needed protection from the government.
Thus, there were restrictions on the import of certain goods like machinery, fertiliser
petroleum etc.
3. (a) Foreign trade connects markets of different countries.
Foreign investment is made with intention of making profits using cheap raw materials
and labour.
(b) Foreign trade improves the quality of products available in the world market.
Foreign investment is aimed at buying local companies and expand production.
4. (a) There is a greater choice available to the consumer in goods.
(b) The quality of goods has improved.
(c) Prices are lower.
5. The MNCs are working all over the world by investing and producing goods. This has
increased global trade. MNC controls foreign trade as well. This has resulted in a greater
integration of production and markets across the world. There are more and more goods,
services and investments moving across the globe.
This process is called globalisation.
WORKSHEET–134
1. SEZs or Special Economic Zones are set-up to attract foreign companies to invest in India.
They are provided with world class facilities like water, electricity, roads, transport, storage,
etc. The companies which set up production units in these places get a tax exemption for
5 years. The government has introduced flexible labour laws in order to attract foreign
investment.
2. The MNCs not only sell finished products made by companies globally but also they
produce goods and services globally. The production process is divided into parts and
spread across the globe especially in a cheap manufacturing location. In countries like
India and China, they find cheap labour, raw materials and tax rules. In India, there
is a large English-speaking population which can be trained and employed in service
industry.
3. Trade barriers like import tax were set by governments to regulate foreign trade and to
decide what kinds of goods should come into India and in how much quantity.
Such barriers were introduced in order to protect the producers within the country
from foreign competition. This was done to protect the upcoming industries which could
not have withstood foreign competition at that early stage of industrialisation after
independence. Later, the government discarded it because it (government) felt that Indian
producers should face competition and improve quality of products in comparison to the
producers around the globe.
4. (a) Impact on producers: (i) There is increased competition because new technology
and production methods used by MNCs have raised the quality of production and
products made, (ii) The companies, now have new opportunities to provide services
in various fields.
(b) Impact on workers: (i) Many small producers have been hard hit and closed down while
the workers have lost their jobs. (ii) Flexible labour laws have made jobs insecure,
(iii) The workers work for long hours. (iv) Their employment is temporary and hence,
their wages remain low.
5. Various ways in which MNCs control production in other countries:
(a) By setting up partnerships with local companies.
(b) By closely competing with local companies or buying them up. The most common
route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and to expand production.
With their huge wealth they can easily do so.
(c) By using local companies for supply—Large MNCs in developed countries place
orders for production with small producers, for example, garments, footwear, sports
item, etc. The products are supplied to MNCs which then sell these under their own
brand names to the customers. These large MNCs have great power to determine
price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for these distant producers.
WORKSHEET–135
1. Due to globalisation there is greater choice before the people belonging to well-off sections.
They now enjoy improved quality and lower prices for several products. As a result, these
people today, enjoy much higher standards of living than was possible earlier.
2. World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an organisation whose aim is to liberalise
international trade. It was set up in early 1995. It helps to remove trade barriers and
create a free environment for foreign trade. It establishes rules regarding international
trade and sees that these rules are obeyed. 149 countries are at present members of the
WTO.
Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the
developed nations have unfairly retained trade barriers. On the other hand, WTO rules
have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers.
3. Flexibility in labour laws has badly affected the workers. MNCs employ them on a
temporary basis in order to cut costs. They do not pay throughout the year. During peak
seasons, workers are made to work for long hours and in night shifts. They are also not
given fair wages. This forces them to lead a very hard and highly insecured life.
4. One good effect of globalisation on India:
Globalisation has resulted in greater competition among producers—both local and
foreign. As a result quality of the products has been improved. At the same time prices
of goods have been lowered.
One bad effect of globalisation on India:
For a large number of small producers and workers globalisation has posed a great
problem. The small producers failed to compete and got perished. Several units have
shut down rendering many workers jobless.
5. (a) An MNC operates in more than one nation.
(b) They bring latest technology.
(c) MNCs have huge financial resources.
(d) The most common route for MNC investment is to buy up local companies and then
to expand production.
(e) MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour
conditions for these distant producers.
Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be highlighted)
WORKSHEET–136
1. (a) Developments in information and communication technology has improved contacts
between different parts of the world.
(b) Computers are used in every activity across the world.
(c) Internet has improved global communication.
(d) Communication with remote areas is now easily possible.
(e) There have been improvements in transportation, godown facilities, ports etc. and
costs are low.
(f) The cost of air transport has reduced. It has stimulated globalisation process.
2. Trade barrier means restrictions imposed on import and export of goods. It is called so
because some restrictions have been put up. The trade barriers provide protection to
domestic goods from foreign competition. The government can use barriers to increase
or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kind of goods and services and
how much of each should come into the country.
Reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian
Government were:
(a) To protect the domestic producers within the country from foreign competition
(b) The competition from importers would have crippled the new-born industries of India.
In such a situation, imports of only such commodities were allowed which were quite
necessary such as machinery, fertilisers, petroleum etc.
(c) During 1950s and 1960s, competition from imports was giving a death blow to growing
industries in India. Hence, India allowed imports of only essential goods.
3. The government can play a major role in ensuring a fair globalisation in India:
(a) Its policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful, but all
the people in the country.
(b) The government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and workers
get their rights.
(c) It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become
strong enough to compete.
(d) If necessary, the government can use trade and investment barriers.
(e) It can negotiate at the WTO for ‘fairer rules’.
(f) It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against
the domination of developed countries in the WTO.
4. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the
globalisation process. For instances, the past fifty years have seen several improvements
in transportation technology. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long
distances possible at lower costs.
Even more remarkable have been the developments in information and communication
technology. In the recent times, technology in the areas of tele-communication, computers,
Internet has been changing rapidly. Telecommunication facilities (Telegraph, telephone
including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around the world, to access
information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. This has been facilitated
by satellite communication devices. Computers have now entered almost every field of
activity. Internet allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail)
across the world at negligible costs.
WORKSHEET–137
1. MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. Ways in
which MNCs control production in other countries:
(a) Buy up local companies and then expand production, e.g., Cargill Foods, a very large
American MNC, has brought over smaller Indian companies such as Parakh Foods.
(b) Place orders for production with small producers of the countries, e.g., garments,
footwear, etc.
(c) Set up production jointly with some of the local companies of these countries, e.g.,
Ford Motors, an American company, manufactures automobiles in Chennai, India in
collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of Jeeps
and Trucks.
2. Information and communication technology is closely connected with globalisation. In
recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers, internet has
been changing rapidly.
(a) Telecommunications facilities such as telegraph, telephone including mobiles, fax
have brought the world closer. Now people can contact around the world easily. These
developments are used to access the information instantly and communicate in the
remote areas.
(b) Computer and internet have entered in almost all the fields. Internet allows one to
share information on almost everything. We can send instant e-mail and talk through
voice-mail across the world at almost negligible cost.
3. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary.
Mostly, they are imposed on imported commodities.
Tariffs are imposed on goods
• To protect infant industries of the home country.
• To prevent the dumping of foreign countries.
• A source of revenue.
WORKSHEET–138
1. The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign
investment. This was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country
from foreign competition. Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s, and
competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come
up. Thus, India allowed imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilizers,
petroleum, etc. All developed countries, during the early stages of development, have
given protection to domestic producers through a variety of means.
2. (a) Competition helped to survive good quality products only in the market at reasonable
price, which helped consumers. It provided them a lot of choice in purchasing.
(b) It helped to absorb advanced technology at work and made our labour force competent.
3. (a) Developed countries want to interfere in the internal matters of developing countries.
They want to dominate these poor countries in the form of neo- colonialism.
(b) The developed countries want to control international trade and get market for their
products. They even want safe places to invest their capital to maximize the profit.
Therefore the developed countries want developing countries to liberalize their trade
and investment.
(c) Developing countries should demand advanced technology, financial assistance with
low rate of interest and liberalization of their immigration laws to absorb skilled
labourers.
4. (a) Globalisation and greater competition among producers have been advantageous to
consumers particularly the well off sections in the urban area. Now a variety of goods
at reasonable price is available to them.
(b) There is a greater choice to consumers now with improved quality of products. As
result, these people today enjoy higher standards of living than before.
Chapter Test
1. Privatisation. It means allowing the private sector to set up more and more of such
industries as were previously reserved for public sector.
Liberalisation. It means reducing government interference in economic activities and
encouraging privatisation.
2. World Trade Organisation.
3. The most important factor is rapid improvement in technology.
4. Fair globalisation creates opportunities for all and ensures that its benefits are better
shared.
5. Investment means money spent on buying land, building and machines.
6. It gives opportunity for the production to reach beyond the domestic market.
7. (a) Rapid integration between countries.
(b) More goods and services moving between countries
(c) Movement of people between countries for jobs and education
8. The new ‘global’ employers want flexibility in employing workers. The jobs are available
on a contract basis and hence jobs are no longer secure. They do not want to employ
workers throughout the year and thereby cut labour cost. They pay low wages and force
them to work for long hours.
9. The MNCs work all over the world by controlling production of goods in many parts of
the world. They buy products from small-scale producers and sell them under their own
brand name. They benefit by determining the prices and the quality of goods. They ensure
delivery of goods in time. They also determine labour conditions.
10. The liberalisation process from 1991 has made changes in the economy of India. It marked
the beginning of global competition for the Indian economy.
Trade barriers were removed. These measures have been supported by WTO.
This has resulted in competition for the local producers as they have to compete with
globally made products. This has improved the quality of goods made in India.
WORKSHEET–139
A. 1. Foreign Direction Investment
2. Value of trade
3. foreign investment
4. local company
5. beyond foreign markets
6. globalisation
7. American; automobile
8. Trade barriers
9. World Trade Organisation
10. 1991
WORKSHEET–140

A.
1.
True
2. False
3. True 4. True
5. False
6.
True
7. True 8. False
9. True
10. True
Projects: Do it yourself.
qq
CONSUMER RIGHTS
WORKSHEET–141
1. 15th March is celebrated as World Consumer Rights Day.
2. On 24th December every year.
3. Bureau of Indian Standards
4. (a) Right to be choose
(b) Right to seek redressal
(c) Right to be informed
(d) Right to represent
5. The consumer movement started in India in the 1960s to promote the interests of
consumers against unethical and unfair practices, rampant food shortages, hoarding,
blackmarketing, adulteration of food etc.
6. Exploitation in the market place happens in various ways. Traders, sometimes, indulge
in unfair trade practices like when shopkeepers weigh less than what they should etc.
Thus, there is a need for rules and regulations to ensure protection for consumers.
WORKSHEET–142
1. (a) The consumers may go to local consumer forums which are voluntary organisations
for guidance on how to file a case in the consumer court.
(b) There are Consumer Courts at three levels to deal with cases under the COPRA.
(c) There is a separate department of consumer affairs in the state and central
governments which spread information about this to people.
2. (a) The consumer movement arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers as many unfair
practices were being indulged in by the sellers.
(b) There was no legal system to protect them from exploitation in the market place.
(c) The consumer awareness was necessary to protect and promote the interests of the
consumer against malpractices by traders.
3. Many companies which produce and sell goods are wealthy, powerful and can manipulate
the market in many ways.
They may use advertisements and media to mislead people and attract consumers. For
example, a milk powder company advertised that their product is better than mother’s
milk.
4. Right of Consumers which are provided by law:
(a) Right to safety
(b) Right to be informed – Right to choose
(c) Right to be heard – Right to seek redressal
(d) Right to consumer education.
5. Factors causing exploitation of Consumers:
(a) Limited information
(b) Limited supplies
(c) Limited competition
(d) Low literacy
6. Duties of Consumers:
(a) To purchase quality marked products such as ISI, AGMARK etc.
(b) To ask for cash memo for the items purchased whenever possible.
(c) To make complaint for genuine grievances consumers must know their rights and
must exercise them.
7. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (COPRA) was enacted to protect and promote the interest
of consumers.
(a) Under COPRA a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state and national
levels is set-up for redressal of consumer disputes.
(b) The district level court deals with the cases involving claims upto ` 20 lakhs;
(c) The State level courts between ` 20 lakhs and ` 1 crore and the national court deals
with cases involving claims exceeding ` 1 crore.
WORKSHEET–143
1. Under COPRA, a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at district, state and national levels
has been setup for redressal of consumer disputes.
(a) The district level court deals with the cases involving claims up to ` 20 lakhs.
(b) The state level courts take cases between ` 20 lakhs to ` 1 crore.
(c) The national level court deals with the cases involving claims exceeding ` 1 crore.
(d) If the case is dismissed at district level court, the consumer can also appeal in state
and then in national level courts.
2. The consumer redressal process is becoming burdensome because
(a) Many times consumers are required to engage lawyers.
(b) These cases require time for filing and attending the court proceedings etc.
(c) In most purchases cash memos are not issued hence evidence is not easy to gather.
Most purchases in the market are small retail sales.
(d) The existing laws are also not very clear on the issue of compensation to consumers
injured by defective products.
(e) Filing cases, attending court proceedings, hiring lawyers, and other procedures make
it cumbersome.
3. (a) The need for consumer awarness was felt when traders and manufacturers began to
indulge in unfair practices such as they began to charge high prices, sell adulterated
goods, weight less than what they should, etc. For example, in 1999, their lust for
money led to an enormous rise in the price of onions.
(b) The need for consumer awareness was felt with high intensity when some corrupt
traders began to play with the health to the people by indulging in adulteration
of edible oils, milk, butter, ghee, etc. For example, even spurious medicines were
introduced. It was beyond the patience of the nation.
4. Consumer is exploited when traders :
(a) charge higher prices.
(b) follow unfair trade practices.
(c) weigh less than they should.
(d) sell adulterated goods.
(e) sell defective goods.
Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained)
WORKSHEET–144
1.
In India, the consumer movement originated as a social force with the necessity of
protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade
practices. Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of edible
oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organised form in 1960s. Till the 1970s,
consumer organisations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions.
They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and over-
crowding in the road passenger transport. This movement succeeded in bringing pressure
on business firms as well as government to correct business conduct. Finally, a major
step was taken by the Indian government in the form of enactment of COPRA in 1986.
India has been observing 24 December as National Consumers’ Day as it was on this
day that COPRA was enacted in 1986.
2.
The consumer movement in India has made some progress in terms of numbers of
organised groups and their activities. There are today more than 700 consumer groups in
the country of which, unfortunately only about 20-25 are well organised and recognised
for their work. However, the consumer redressal process is becoming cumbersome,
expensive and time consuming because
(a) Many a time, consumers are required to engage lawyers.
(b) These cases require time for filing and attending the court proceedings etc.
(c) In most purchases cash memos are not issued hence evidence is not easy to gather.
Moreover most purchases in the market are small retail sales.
(d) The existing laws are also not very clear on the issue of compensation to consumers
injured by defective products.
(e) Filing cases, attending court proceedings, hiring lawyers, and other procedures make
it cumbersome.
3. Right to information about the details of the goods and services that consumers purchase
is essential in order to protect their interest or save them from exploitation in the
marketplace. Every product must carry certain details on the packing such as date
of manufacture, expiry date, address of the manufacturer, etc. If any product proves
to be defective in any manner, consumers can complain and ask for compensation or
replacement of it.
4. These are logos and certifications which help consumers get assured of quality while
purchasing goods and services.
(a) The organisations that monitor and issue these certificates allow producers to use
their logos provided they follow certain quality standards.
(b) It is not compulsory for all producers to follow standards. However, the products that
affect health and safety of consumers or the products of mass consumption such as
LPG cylinders, food colours and additives, drinking water, it is mandatory on the
part of the producers to get certified by these organisations.
WORKSHEET–145
1. (a) Consumers are exploited in a number of ways in the market. Individual consumers
often find themselves difficult to protect their interests. Therefore, rules and
regulations are required to protect the interest of consumers.
(b) Sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices such asunder weight and under
measurement, adulteration, hoarding etc.
(c) Whenever a complaint regarding goods or service is made, the seller tries to shift all
the responsibility on to the buyer.
(d) Certain rules and regulations are required for the markets to work in a fair manner
when producers are few and powerful whereas consumers purchase in small amounts
and are scattered.
2. (a) Since most of the consumers are illiterate and ignorant, trades find it easy to exploit
them. With the greed of making enormous profit they manufacture and sell such
goods.
(b) We do find bad quality products in the market because the supervision of the rules
and regulations is weak and the consumer movement is not strong enough. There
are loopholes in the laws to protect them.
3. (a) It helps consumers to choose the best product after knowing the information given
by different products. It helps the consumers to use the product effectively.
(b) It comply the right of the consumers to be informed and to seek remedy through
courts.
4. (a) It is the right of the consumer to get information about ingredients used, price, batch
number, date of manufacture, expiry date and the address of the manufacturer, after
sales service etc. of a product.
(b) When we buy medicines, on the packets, we find ‘directions for proper use’ and
information relating to side effects and risks associated with usage of that medicine.
When we buy garments, we find information on ‘ instructions for washing’.
(c) It helps consumers to choose the best product after knowing the information given
by different products. It helps the consumers to use the product effectively.
(d) It comply the right of the consumers to be informed and to seek remedy through courts.
Rules are made because it is the right of consumers to be informed. Consumers can
complain and ask for compensation or replacement of the product proves defective.
(e) Similarly consumers can protest and complain if some one sells goods at more than
the MRP (Maximum Retail Price).
Chapter Test
1. The most important factor is rapid improvement in technology.
2. Fair globalisation creates opportunities for all and ensures that its benefits are better shared.
3. Investment means money spent on buying land, building and machines.
4. It gives opportunity for the production to reach beyond the domestic market.
5. (a) Rapid integration between countries.
(b) More goods and services moving between countries
(c) Movement of people between countries for jobs and education
6. These details are given because the consumer has a ‘right to be informed’ about the
products and services that he uses and ask for redressal, compensation and replacement
if the product is defective. One can protest if the price charged is more than MRP etc.
7. (a) The traders may indulge in unfair practices such as wrong weights and measures.
(b) Sometimes, they hoard goods and create rampant shortage of food.
(c) They blackmarket goods.
(d) They sell adulterated food.
(e) They sell defective goods etc.
8. Demerits of Consumer Redressal Process:
(a) The consumer redressal process is a cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming.
(b) Consumers are required to engage lawyers. The cases require time for filling and
attending the court proceedings etc.
(c) When purchases are made, cash memos are not issued and there is no evidence of
purchases made. Most purchases in the market are small retail sales.
(d) The enforcement of laws that protect workers, especially in the unorganised sectors
is weak.
(e) Rules and regulations for working of markets are often not followed.
WORKSHEET–146
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–147
Do it yourself.
qq
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
TSUNAMI–THE KILLER SEA WAVES

WORKSHEET–148
A. 1. Do it yourself.
B. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c)
C. Do it yourself D. Do it yourself E. Do it yourself
SAFER CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

WORKSHEET–149
A. Do it yourself.
SURVIVAL SKILLS
WORKSHEET–150
A. 1. Search and rescue 2. Infra-red cameras 3. Acoustic devices
4. Bio radars 5. First aid 6. Ingested poison
7. Inhaled poisons 8. Absorbed poisons 9. DRABC
10. Dog bite
B. Do it yourself C. Do it yourself D. Do it yourself
E. Do it yourself F. Do it yourself
ALTERNATE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DURING DISASTERS

WORKSHEET–151
A. 1. Public Switched Telephone Network 2. National Information Centre
3. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited 4. International Telecommunication Union
5. Communication Satellites 6. Satellite Communication
7. Satellite Phone Terminal 8. Amateur Station Operators Licence
9. Indian National Satellite 10. Indian Remote Sensing
B. 1. Public wired telephone 2. Radio waves
3. Walky talky 4. Amateur radio
5. Amateurs or Hams 6. Satellite based communication systems
7. COMSATs 8. SATCOMs
9. SATCOMs 10. Transponder
C. Do it yourself D. Do it yourself
SHARING RESPONSIBILITY
WORKSHEET–152
Do it yourself.
qq
PRACTICE PAPER 1
1. England, Russia, Prussia and Austria
2. Iron
3. Bolivia’s Water war
4. Integral Humanism
5. It encourages and promotes equality and enhances the dignity and quality of life of its
citizens.
6. It is called the medium of exchange as it enables one to purchase goods and services on
demand without going into the intricacies of exchange of goods.
7. Improved travel links and communications have stimulated globalisation.
8. International organisation of standardisation.
9. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82) was a famous Italian freedom fighter. He managed a large
number of volunteers apart from regular troops. In 1860, they marched into South Italy
and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local
peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. He supported Victor Emmanuel II in
his efforts to unify the Italian states and in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed
king of united Italy.
Or
French colonisation adopted the idea of a ‘civilising mission’. They wanted to educate the
‘native’ to civilise them. They were also doing so because they required educated local
labour force. But they feared that education might create problems.
(a) Educated Vietnamese may question colonial domination.
(b) French citizens living in Vietnam (called colons) also developed fear of losing their
jobs as teachers, shopkeepers, policemen to the educated Vietnamese. So they opposed
policies that would give the Vietnamese full access to French education.
10. After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi organised several satyagraha movements in
various places:
(a) In 1917, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle
against the exploitative plantation system.
(b) In 1917, he organised a satyagraha movement is support of the Kheda peasants in
Gujarat. These peasants were very much worried due to crop failure and a plague
epidemic. Since they could not pay the revenue, they demanded relaxation in revenue
collection.
(c) In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise satyagraha movement among the workers
of cotton mills.
Or
Germany was divided in many states. In 1848, the German confederation and Prussia
tried organising themselves into a German state. Three wars – Danish War in 1864,
Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and Franco-Prussian War in 1870‑71 were fought which
ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
11. In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to French
rule were mixed.
In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels,
Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies had been welcomed as champions of liberty.
But the enthusiasm became hostility, when it became clear that the new administrative
arrangements conflicted with political freedom. The new regulations led to increased
taxes, censorship of the press, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the
rest of Europe etc. These harsh laws were unpopular.
12. Manufacturing industries are considered as the backbone of development in general and
economic development in particular mainly because –
(a) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone
of our economy. They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income
by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(b) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and
poverty from our country. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities
by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(c) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much
needed foreign exchange.
and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television,
cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many
as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy. It is, thus, evident that a dense and
14. (a) Importance of Aluminium. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines
the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good
conductivity and great malleability.
(b) Distribution of bauxite deposits in India. India’s bauxite deposits are mainly
found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-
Katni. Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state in India. Panchpatmali deposits
in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.
their areas.
16. Defection in politics means moving of a person from one party to another party for some
personal benefit. It means changing party allegiance from the party on which a person
got elected to a different party. It happens when a legislature, after having been elected
from a particular party leaves it and joins in other party. The Constitution was amended
to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. This was done because many
elected representatives were indulging in defection, in order to become ministers or for
cash rewards. Now, the law says that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will
lose seat in the legislature. The new law has brought defection down and has made
dissent even more difficult. Now MLAs MPs have to accept whatever party leaders say.
17. In a democratic set up there are regular, free and fair elections. There is open debate on
major policies. A democracy is attentive to the needs of people. Democratic governments
are legitimate governments. They are people’s own governments. Women and weaker
sections have a better status in a democracy.
18. Values (Any three)
(a) Women empowerment
(b) Team work
(c) Self-sufficiency
(d) Eradication of poverty
19. (a) The consumers may go to local consumer forums which are voluntary organisations
for guidance on how to file a case in the consumer court.
(b) There are Consumer Courts at three levels to deal with cases under the COPRA.
(c) There is a separate department of consumer affairs in the state and central
governments which spread information about this to people.
20. (a) Globalisation and greater competition among producers have been advantageous to
consumers particularly the well off sections in the urban area. Now a variety of goods
at reasonable price is available to them.
(b) There is a greater choice to consumers now with improved quality of products. As
result, these people today enjoy higher standards of living than before.
movement of goods, people and capital. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed
at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished
tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation
of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to
national unification.
at the time.
22. The Satyagraha had a deep impact on the political situation in India.
In 1919, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against Rowlatt Act
(1919). This Act had been passed by the Imperial Legislative Council despite unanimous
opposition by the Indian members. This Act gave the government a lot of powers to
repress political activities, and imprison political prisoners without trial for two years.
Mahatma Gandhi started a non-violent civil disobedience against this Act on 6 April.
During the Satyagraha, people organized hartals in cities, railway workers went on
strike, and shops were closed down. The British administration started repression. Local
leaders like Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu were arrested from Amritsar, and
Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession and people reacted by
attacking banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed by General
Dyer.
On 13 April the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre took place. General Dyer’s aim was to
‘produce a moral effect’, so that no one would dare to oppose the British rule.
People were shocked at the incident. They gathered on the streets to protest. The
government reacted by humiliating and terrorising people. Mahatma Gandhi called off
the movement as it was turning violent.
Or
The French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French
facilitate trade.
rule were mixed.
23. (a) Coal is an important fossil fuel of India.
(b) It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
(c) It provides about 80% of the nation’s energy needs.
(d) India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
(e) In India, coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages—Gondwana and tertiary
deposits. While Gondwana coal is about 200 million years old, tertiary deposits are
approximately 55 million years old. The major resources of Gondwana (metallurgical)
coal are located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj
and Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha
valleys also contain coal deposits, Tertiary coals occur in the north-eastern states of
Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
24. Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to more valuable products. Manufacturing helps transforming the raw materials
into finished goods on a large scale and thus helps earning profit as finished goods are
costlier than raw materials. For instance paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from
sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, clothes from yarn and aluminium from bauxite.
Importance of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic
development. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of
manufacturing industries in it.
(a) Agricultural development. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture,
which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people providing jobs in
secondary and tertiary sectors.
(b) Industrial development. It helps reducing unemployment and poverty from our country.
It reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(c) Export of manufactured goods helps earning foreign exchange.
(d) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods
of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying
its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.
25. Similarities:
(a) The popular struggles of Nepal and Bolivia are instances of political conflict led to
the popular struggles. In both the cases the struggle involved mass mobilisation.
(b) Both the instances involved critical role of political organisations.
Differences:
(a) The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy while in Bolivia the struggle
involved claims on an elected democratic government.
(b) In Bolivia, the struggle was about one specific policy, while struggle in Nepal was
about the foundations of the country’s politics.
(c) Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels.
to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes. The government
may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representatives will
be accountable to their constituencies for what they do in their localies. But, no one will
be responsible for how the country will run.
the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed the village gets split into more
than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is why we find
political parties in almost all countries of the world.
They agree on policies and programmes to promote collective good and influence people
to know why their policies are better than those of others. They try to implement the
policies by winning popular support through elections. They reflect fundamental division
in a society.
people would not reach the Parliament and, therefore, some sections of people would
remain behind the main stream. They won’t get all the welfare measures.
27. An agricultural cooperative is a self-help group. The people are organised into groups
and pool is created with their savings. Members are allowed to take small loans from the
cooperative society to meet their needs. It charges a reasonable rate of interest within
a short time. The cooperative society becomes eligible for taking loans from banks and
it can create employment opportunities for the group.
28. Various ways in which MNCs control production in other countries:
(a) By setting up partnerships with local companies.
(b) By closely competing with local companies or buying them up. The most common
route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and to expand production.
With their huge wealth they can easily do so.
(c) By using local companies for supply—Large MNCs in developed countries place orders
for production with small producers, e.g. garments, footwear, sports item etc. The
products are supplied to MNCs which then sell these under their own brand names
to the customers. These large MNCs have great power to determine price, quality,
delivery and labour conditions for these distant producers.
29.
Lahore
Delhi
Chauri Chaura
30.
Ankleshwar
Ramagundam
Kudramukh
PRACTICE PAPER 2
1. Civil Disobedience Movement was started by Gandhiji in 1930 to boycott foreign cloth
and to defy colonial government by breaking salt law which prohibited Indians from
making salt from the sea water.
2. On the basis of ownership the industries are classified as–Public sector, Private sector
and Joint sector industries.
3. Democracy is a better government as it guarantees rule of law.
4. Foundational challenge
5. SPA Seven Party Alliance, Nepalese Communist Party (Maoist); All major labour unions
and their federations.
6. Major reasons are lack of proper documents and collateral security.
7. RBI
8. The most common way is by buying existing local companied.
9. The Hoa Hao movement contained religious fervour. It began in 1939 and was popular
in the Mekong delta area, region of Vietnam.
The founder of Hoa Hao movement was a man called Huynh Phu So. He performed
miracles and helped the poor. He criticized useless expenditure and opposed the sale of
child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. Thus, he inspired movements
against colonial rule.
The French tried to suppress the movement. They declared him mad, and put him in a
mental asylum. But the doctors declared him sane in the last. The French authorities
then exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.
Or
After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi organised several satyagraha movements in
various places:
(a) In 1917, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle
against the exploitative plantation system.
(b) In 1917, he organised a satyagraha movement is support of the Kheda peasants in
Gujarat. These peasants were very much worried due to crop failure and a plague
epidemic. Since they could not pay the revenue, they demanded relaxation in revenue
collection.
(c) In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise satyagraha movement among the workers
of cotton mills.
10. In Western and many parts of Central Europe, the growth of industrial production and
up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. In Central and Eastern Europe, these
Or
Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices.
Christianity, introduced by French missionaries, was intolerant of this easygoing attitude
towards religion and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to worship the supernatural as
something to be corrected. Thus, from the eighteenth century, many religious movements
came into existence which were hostile to the Western presence. The Scholars Revolt in
1868 was an example of such a movement. This movement was against French control
and the spread of Christianity.
11. Colonies were organised with two objectives in mind:
Firstly, colonies supplied natural resources and other essential goods to the mother
country. Secondly, France thought it was the mission of the ‘advanced’ European countries
to bring the benefits of civilization to backward peoples.
The French built canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
It was built with forced labour. As a result, rice production increased and it began to
be exported to international markets.
This was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move
military garrison and control the entire region. They constructed trans-Indo-China rail
network that linked the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China by 1910.
The second line, linking Vietnam to Siam (old name of present day Thailand), via the
Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh was built.
12. The factors affecting the location of industries are:
(a) Availability of raw material
(b) Availability of cheap labour
(c) Availability of easy capital
(d) Availability of cheap and abundant power supply
(e) Nearness to the market
(f) Government policies
13. Ways for the judicious use of energy resources:
(a) using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
(b) switching off electricity when not in use.
(c) using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy.
14. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India
have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend on the
latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers,
insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.
Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted
agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very
efficient.
15. Indian democracy needs many reforms:
(a) New laws can be introduced to ban undesirable things.
(b) It is important to improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.
(c) Reforms in the administration that will reduce corruption in the political circles and
the bureaucracy.
16. In a democracy, all people enjoy equal political rights but a small number of people
remain ultra rich and the majority remain poor. However, the problem of poverty is not
looked into seriously by democratic regimes. The poor sections are not provided equal
opportunities in education, nutrition, health care etc.
17. The ruling parties are those which have formed the government after winning the majority
seats in the Legislature/Parliament. They run government. They make policy decisions.
They recruit leaders, trains them and then make them masters to run the government.
18. (a) To develop saving habit among its members
(b) To help each other at times of need for credit
(c) To save them from the money lenders and the debt trap
(d) To overcome the problem of collateral for loans and to become financially self-reliant
19. It was considered necessary to protect native producers of goods from foreign competition.
The industries were new and coming up and they needed protection from the government.
Thus, there were restrictions on the import of certain goods like machinery, fertiliser
petroleum etc.
20. (a) Consumers are exploited in a number of ways in the market. Individual consumers
often find themselves difficult to protect their interests. Therefore, rules and
regulations are required to protect the interest of consumers.
(b) Sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices such asunder weight and under
measurement, adulteration, hoarding etc.
(c) Whenever a complaint regarding goods or service is made, the seller tries to shift all
the responsibility on to the buyer.
(d) Certain rules and regulations are required for the markets to work in a fair manner
when producers are few and powerful whereas consumers purchase in small amounts
and are scattered.
at the time.
22. French colonisation adopted the idea of a ‘civilising mission’. They wanted to educate the
‘native’ to civilise them. They were also doing so because they required educated local
labour force. But they feared that education might create problems.
(a) Educated Vietnamese may question colonial domination.
(b) French citizens living in Vietnam (called colons) also developed fear of losing their
jobs as teachers, shopkeepers, policemen to the educated Vietnamese. So they opposed
policies that would give the Vietnamese full access to French education.
Or
On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.
Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different
classes, from industrialists to peasants.
The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian
society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united
campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.
Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an ultimatum. If the demands were not
fulfilled by 11 March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience
campaign. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate.
23. The Indian railways have a network of 7,031 stations spread over a route length of 63,221
km with a fleet of 7817 locomotives, 5321 passenger service vehicles, 4904 other coach
vehicles and 228,170 wagons as on 31 March 2004. The Indian railways is the largest
public sector undertaking of India. The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane
in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km. It is organised into 16 railway zones.
Railways are the prime mode of transportation for goods and passengers in India.
Railways also make it possible to conduct varied activities like business, sightseeing and
pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. They are suitable
for long distance travel and play an important role in national integration. Railways in
India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the
industry and agriculture. The Indian railways is the largest public sector undertaking in
the country. In recent times, the development of the Konkan railway along the west coast
has simplified the movement of passengers and goods in this most important economic
region of India.
Factors which influence the distribution pattern of Railway network in India:
The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influenced
by physiographic, economic and administrative factors.
(a) The northern plains provide most favourable condition having high population density,
vast level land, and rich agricultural resources.
(b) Rivers create problem in laying down of railway tracts because they require
construction of bridges across the wide beds of the rivers.
(c) In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low
hills, gaps or tunnels.
(d) The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of
railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
(e) It was equally difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan,
swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and
Jharkhand.
Today, the railways have become more important in our national economy than all other
means of transport put together. However, rail transport suffers from certain problems
as well.
Problems faced by the Indian railways:
to the railway.
24. Factors that control industrial location are:
(a) Availability of Raw Material
The industries are largely located at the places where the raw material is available
in abundance and at cheaper rates in close proximity.
(b) Favourable Climate
The industries are densely found in the regions where the climate is favourable for its
growth and functioning. For instance in Maharashtra, due to the presence of humid
climate all the year around the thread does not break frequently. And this type of
the climate is favourable for the cotton textiles industries.
(c) Market
Market in the nearby areas is also an important requirement for the location of
industries for selling of goods manufactured. The regions having market in the
adjoining regions to selloff the finished goods are likely to have more industries.
25. Democracies generally develop a procedure to conduct competition and reduce tensions
between diverse groups. They can handle social differences, divisions and conflicts better
than non-democratic regimes. Democracies are accommodative to the needs of minorities,
weaker and discriminated sections of people.
26. All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are
called democratic reforms or political reform.
(a) Reforming politics by making new laws.
(b) Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and
encourage good ones.
(c) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes
the results may be counter productive. For example, many states have banned people
who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. This has
resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor people and women.
(d) The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms.
(e) The Right to Information Act is a good example of a law that empowers the people
to find out what is happening in government.
(f) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice.
(g) Any proposal for political reform should think not only about what is a good solution
but also about who will implement it and how.
27. Demerits of Consumer Redressal Process:
(a) The consumer redressal process is a cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming.
(b) Consumers are required to engage lawyers. The cases require time for filling and
attending the court proceedings etc.
(c) When purchases are made, cash memos are not issued and there is no evidence of
purchases made. Most purchases in the market are small retail sales.
(d) The enforcement of laws that protect workers, especially in the unorganised sectors
is weak.
(e) Rules and regulations for working of markets are often not followed.
28. Formal sources of credit:
(a) The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit.
(b) The RBI monitors the banks and cooperatives in actually maintaining cash balance.
Similarly, the RBI sees that these banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses
and traders but also to small cultivators, small-scale industries, small borrowers, etc.
(c) Periodically banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are
lending and to whom, at what interest rate, etc.
Informal sources of credit:
(a) It includes moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends etc.
(b) There is no one to supervise their credit activities. Therefore, it can charge whatever
interest rate they choose.
(c) There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
29.
(a) Amritsar
Calcutta
Tiruchirapalli
30.
Bihar
(a) Mumbai
Kaiga atomic
power plant
PRACTICE PAPER 3
1. By ‘Civilising Mission’ the colonizers wanted to civilise the native people whom they
considered to be uncivilised.
2. Iron and steel
3. CPI (M)
4. Pakistan
5. Making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic govts.
6. Self Help Groups
7. Foreign investment
8. National Consumer Court
9. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork
of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol,
Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia. The aristocracy in these areas was
German-speaking. It included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other spoke a variety of
dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. The empire also included the peasants
from Bohemia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Rumania etc. The differences were wide
ranging and they were a hurdle in promoting a sense of political unity. The only factor
that bound these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.
Or
The Vietminh forces fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September
1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed of which Ho Chi Minh became
Chairman.
The French tried to regain control over Vietnam by using the puppet emperor, Bao Dai.
War started once again between Vietminh forces and the French and it continued for
the next eight years. The French were finally defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
Peace negotiations were held in Geneva following the French defeat and the Vietnamese
were persuaded to accept the division of Vietnam. As a result, north and south Vietnam
were separated. Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao
Dai’s regime was put in power in south Vietnam.
10. Gandhiji proposed that the Non-Cooperation movement should unfold itself in stages. It
should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott
of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would
be launched.
Or
In revolutionary France, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to
property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political
rights. However, under the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage and subsequently,
the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of
a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
11. Swaraj means self-government. Complete Indepenence means purna swaraj. Dominion
status within the commonwealth was no longer acceptable. The Lahore session of 1929
formalised the demand of Purna Swaraj.
12. Four major forms of coal are:
(a) Peat. It is produced through decaying plants in swamps. It has a low carbon and
high moisture contents and low heating capacity.
(b) Lignite. It is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The
of electricity.
(c) Bituminous. Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures
is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal
is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast
furnaces.
(d) Anthracite. It is the highest quality hard coal.
13. The most important Information Technology centres in India are Bengaluru, Mumbai,
Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31 March
2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number is expected to
increase eight-fold in the next 3 to 4 years. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent
of the people employed in this sector are women.
14. The importance of roadways over railways:
(a) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
(b) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
(c) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains
such as the Himalayas.
(d) Road transport is economical in transportation of a few persons and relatively smaller
amount of goods over short distances.
(e) It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much
lower.
(f) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they
provide a link between railway stations, air and seaports.
15. FEDECOR was the organisation that led the Water War in Bolivia. They organised a
four-day strike in January, 2000 and forced the government to negotiate the price of water
which was prescribed by the MNC. The government agreed and the strike was called off
in hope of positive results. But nothing happened. Then FEDECOR organised another
strike in April 2000. It forced the MNC to flee and finally the government conceded to
its demands.
their areas.
17. In a democracy, social diversity is accommodated and accepted. Any problems arising
from it are resolved through negotiations.
Even though, democracy does not guarantee economic development, it does not lag behind
dictatorships in this respect.
18. Functions of Reserve Bank of India:
(a) Issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.
(b) Monitors the banks are actually maintaining cash balance.
(c) Collects information from banks like how much they are lending to whom at what
interest rate etc.
19. According to WTO, all trade barriers are harmful. Trade between countries should be free.
There should be no barriers. All countries in the world should liberalise their policies.
20. Any consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity, regardless of age, gender and
nature of service has the ‘right to choose’ whether to continue to receive the service.
Example: Suppose we want to buy soap and the shop owner says that he can sell the
soap only if we buy a shampoo. If we are not interested in buying the shampoo, our right
to choose is denied.
The consumer has every right to purchase only those things that he wants to purchase.
21. Process of Italian unification:
(a) Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
(b) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national
Habsburg Empire.
(c) During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states of
which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(d) The unification process was led by three revolutionaries—Guiseppe Mazzini, Count
Camillo de Cavour and Guiseppe Garibaldi.
(e) Guiseppe Mazzini during the 1830s sought to put together a coherent programme
for a unitary Italian Republic.
(f) He organised a new political society called Young Italy.
(g) The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the
responsibility now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel
II to unify the Italian states through war.
(h) Count de Cavour now led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through a
tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont
became successful in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
(i) Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership
of Guiseppe Garibaldi joined the fray.
(j) In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies and
succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the
Spanish rulers.
(k) In 1861, the process of the unification of Italy was completed and Victor Emmanuel
II was proclaimed king of the united Italy.
22. On 13 April, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. On that day a large crowd
gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Some came to protest against the
government’s new repressive measures. Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi
fair.
Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had
been imposed. General Dyer entered that area, declared the exit points and opened fire
on the crowds, killing hundreds.
His objective, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create in the minds
of satyagraha a feeling of terror and awe.
As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets. There were strikes,
clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise
people. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on to the streets
and do salaam to all sahibs, people were flogged and villages were bombed.
The Indians were treated as unequal, their right to live with dignity was violated. Their
basic freedoms were under threat.
Or
(a) Culture played a vital role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories
and music helped express and arouse nationalist feelings. Romantic artists and poets
made deliberate efforts to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common
cultural past as the basis of a nation.
(b) The German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder stated that true German culture
was to be discovered among the common people. It was through folk songs, folk poetry
and folk dances that the true spirit of nation was popularised. So collecting and
recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building.
The French painter Delacroix depicted an incident through his painting in which
20,000 Greeks were assumed to have been killed by Turks. By dramatising the
incident and focusing on the suffering of women and children Delacroix wanted to
appeal to the emotions of the spectators, and create sympathy for the Greeks.
Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music,
turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
(c) Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. Regional
languages had always been an obstacle in the unification of a country. To overcome
it a common national language was adopted. The Polish language was forced out of
schools and the Russian language was made obligatory everywhere.
After the failure of rebellion against Russian rule in1831, members of the clergy in
Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish became a
common language in Church gatherings and all religious instruction. As a result,
several priests and bishops were put in jail by the Russian authorities as punishment
for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol
of the struggle against Russian dominance.
23. Undoubtedly the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but
it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting
in degradation of environment.
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise
Air and water pollution is the prominent of them all.
(a) Air Pollution
— Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and
carbon monoxide.
— Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and
smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore
pollution norms.
— Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
— Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the
atmosphere as a whole.
(b) Water Pollution
— Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers.
— The main industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical,
textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries
that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury
pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc.
into the water bodies.
— Rain water takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground
water also.
24. Various kinds of roads in India are:
(a) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
The government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-
Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi and six-lane super Highways.
The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) and Kanniyakumari
(Tamil Nadu).
East-West Corridor linking Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat).
(b) National Highways
National highways link extreme parts of the country. These are primary road systems
and laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The
historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No.1, between Delhi
and Amritsar. The National Highway 7 between Varanasi and Kanniyakumari is
the longest highway of India. The national highway 2 is between Delhi and Kolkata.
The national highway 3 is between Agra and Mumbai. The national highway 8 is
between Delhi and Mumbai. The national highway 15 passes from Rajasthan.
(c) State Highways
Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State
Highways. State highways are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works
Department (PWD).
(d) District Roads
Roads which connect the district headquarters with other places of the district are
called district roads. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
(e) Other Roads
Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads.
Under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana scheme special provisions are
made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country
by an all season motorable road.
(f) Border Roads
Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called
border roads. Border Roads Organisation (BRO), a government of India undertaking
constructs and maintains border roads. This organisation was established in 1960 for
the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern
border areas.
25. (a) Poverty is a major challenge. When people, are poor, they are mainly, concerned
about their basic needs and the political parties exploit these weaknesses and corrupt
practices start playing a role in elections.
(b) Casteism and Communalism pose serious challenges to democracy. Casteism and
communal politics are dangerous to democracy. They cut the roots of democratic
values and ethos and give a totally different direction to democracy when sectional
interests predominate.
26. Sectional interest groups play a valuable role in functioning of democratic political system.
Where different groups function actively no one single group can achieve dominance
over society. If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour,
another will make counter pressure not to make the policies in the way the first group
desires. For example, FEDECOR Business Association etc.
The activities of pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics and on
democracy in the following ways :
(a) Gain public support. Usually pressure groups follow out information campaigns,
organise meetings, file petition etc. in order to gain public support to achieve their
target. Also they use media for giving more attention to their issues.
(b) Role of invisible government and unofficial government. Pressure groups are
part of a under political process. They protect the collection interests of its members
and try to influence those in power like the ministers, bureaucrats, politicians etc.
for changing the direction of policy and not to capture power.
(c) Forms and linkage of communication. Pressure groups are a form of linkage and
means of communication between the masses and the elite. They provide a scope for
expending participation.
(d) Organise protest activity. Mostly, pressure groups involve protest activity like
strikes, bandh to show their protest against government policies. These techniques
are used by the employees associations, trade unions, students union, workers
organisation to pressurise the government towards their demands.
27. Working people receive their salaries every month and they deposit the extra cash in
bank accounts opened in their names. Banks accept the deposits and pay an interest
on it. People withdraw the money or issue cheques to make payments as and when
they require. Banks on the other hand, keep 15% of the deposit money for day-to-day
transactions and the rest is given to as loans to borrowers at a higher rate of interest
than what they give for the deposits. This is their main source of income and this is the
basis of the modern banking system.
28.
Both the arguments are right to some extent. Globalisation has hurt our country’s
development as well as helped our country develop. In other words, we can say that
Globalisation has positive as well as negative impact on our country’s development.
Positive impact of the globalisation on India:
(a) Availability of variety of products which enabled the consumers to have greater choice
and enjoy improved quality and lower prices for several products.
(b) This led to higher standard of living.
(c) Increase in foreign direct investment.
(d) Creation of new jobs in certain industries.
(e) Top Indian companies have been benefited by investing in new technology and
production methods along with successful collaborations with foreign companies.
(f) Enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals.
(g) Created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those
involving IT.
Negative impact of the globalisation on India:
(a) Small producers failed to compete and got perished.
(i) Rising competition has led to shutting down of many units.
(ii) Many workers became jobless.
(iii) For instance batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, dairy products and vegetable
oil are the examples of the industries which have been hit hard due to hard
competition.
(b) Competition and uncertain employment.
(i) Globalisation and pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives
of workers.
(ii) Faced with growing competition most employers these days prefer to employ
workers ‘flexibly’. This means that workers’ jobs are no longer secure.
29.
Champaran
Sabarmati Ashram
Puna
30.
Ludhiana
Indira Gandhi
International Airport
Korba
PRACTICE PAPER 4
1. Satyagraha
2. Super Highways
3. When any member of one party leaves his party to join another party, it is known as
defection.
4. Against privatisation of water
5. Pervez Musharaf
6. Consumer courts
7. For Foreign Direct Investment
8. Money is easiest way to buy or sell goods
9. One group emphasised the need to use the French language as the medium of instruction.
By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture
and civilisation of France. This would help create an ‘Asiatic France solidly tied to
European France’. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments
and ideals, see the superiority of French culture and work for the French.
Other group was opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. They suggested
that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes.
Or
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan
‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated
in the demonstrations.
10. A National Assembly was proclaimed. A centralised administrative system was organised.
Uniform laws were introduced for all citizens. Internal customs duties were abolished.
A uniform system of weights and measures were introduced. French became a common
language.
Or
(a) The French built canals and drained lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
The vast system of irrigation works—canals and earthworks—built with forced labour,
increased rice production and allowed the export of rice to the international market.
(b) Then they started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move
military garrisons and control the entire region.
(c) Construction of a trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the northern and
southern parts of Vietnam and China was begun.
11. The French started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military
garrison. They also intended to control the entire region. For this construction of trans-
Indo China rail network was started to link northern and southern parts of Vietnam and
China. The project was completed in the year 1910. A second line was also constructed
to link Vietnam to Siam via Cambodia. This enabled the French to control vast areas of
the land. In this pursuit French business interest pressurised the government to take
large infrastructure projects.
12. The cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra
and Gujarat because of the following factors:
(a) Availability of raw cotton
(b) Market
(c) Transport including accessible port facilities
(d) Cheap labour from the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and Ahmedabad
(e) Moist climate.
and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television,
cinema and internet etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many
as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy. It is thus evident that a dense and
14. The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries—heavy,
medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Iron and steel is called as a heavy
industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky
entailing heavy transportation costs.
15. Democracy is formed by two Greek words ’demos’ and ‘kratia’. ‘Demos’ means people
and ‘kratia’ means the government. Democracy, thus, means ‘rule by the people’. In
a democratic set-up, every citizen has the right to take a part in the decision-making
process.
It is a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and
exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.
(a) It promotes equality among citizens.
(b) It looks after the interest of the people.
(c) It allows room to correct mistakes.
16. (a) The Right of Equality.
(b) Even after more than 60 years of independence, when such words are still used, it
looks to me a slier on the name of the country. Every citizen of India is equal in
the eyes of laws which means they should be equal – politically, economically and
socially.
(c) If equal opportunities are provided and availed of, it will raise and uplift the status
of the people which in turn restore them the dignity and freedom. So, all out efforts
should be made to bring social and economic equality.
17. (a) Political parties reduce a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which
it support. The government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the
ruling party.
(b) The parties that lose the elections play role of the opposition. They voice different
views and criticise government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties
also mobilise opposition to the government.
(c) Political parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues. The political
parties put before various problems of the country and try to explain them in a easy
way through magazines, booklets and meetings.
18. The banks play an important role in an economy of a country.
(a) They give interest on the money deposited by the people. Thus they add to the income
of the family. Many families survive on the bank interest.
(b) The banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need
money.
(c) Banks provide cheap loans to a large number of people.
(d) Banks boost the industry also by providing cheap loans to industrialists.
(e) Banks are the backbone of the country’s trade.
Banks employ a large number of people and as such they solve the problem of
unemployment to a great extent.
19. World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an organisation whose aim is to liberalise
international trade. It was set up in early 1995. It helps to remove trade barriers and
create a free environment for foreign trade. It establishes rules regarding international
trade and sees that these rules are obeyed. 149 countries are at present members of the
WTO.
Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the
developed nations have unfairly retained trade barriers. On the other hand, WTO rules
have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers.
20. Legal measures taken by the government to empower consumers in India are plenty.
First and foremost is the COPRA that came into existence in 1986. Then, in October
2005, the Right to Information Act was passed, ensuring citizens all information about
the functioning of government departments. Also, under COPRA, a consumer can appeal
in state and national courts, if his case has been dismissed at the district level. Thus,
consumers have the right to represent themselves in consumer courts now.
21. (a) Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) was a nationalist. He was educated in the Confucian
tradition. He organized anti-colonial resistance by forming the Revolutionary Society
(Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903, with Prince Cuong De as the head.
(b) They shared a common point which was independence of Vietnam from colonial
occupation.
(c) Trinh wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion
of popular rights; Phan Boi Chau, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign
enemy should be driven out.
He wanted to make use of the monarchy, which was opposed absolutely by Trinh,
who planned to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy.
at the time.
Or
The Great Depression of the 1930s had a strong effect on Vietnam.
The prices of rubber and rice fell, resulting in rising rural debts, unemployment and rural
uprising in the poorest provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were quick
to react and protest. The French suppressed these uprisings by bombing demonstrators
through planes.
To organise the protest, in February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing
nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang)
Party, which was later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired
by the militant demonstrations of the European communist parties.
In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam. The nationalists had to fight against the Japanese as
well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Nam Doc Lap
Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought against the Japanese
occupation of Vietnam and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic
of Vietnam was formed of which Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.
23. Mass communication is a communication in which masses are communicated at the
same time by one source. Mass communication provides entertainment and creates
awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. It includes
radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films.
All India Radio (AIR) (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national,
regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts
of the country.
Doordarshan. The national television channel of India is one of the largest terrestrial
networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment,
educational to sports, etc. for people of different age groups.
Both radio and television are very effective means of communication in India because
they are spread in every corner of the country. People of all classes enjoy them.
24. (a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
Ferrous minerals Non-ferrous minerals
1. Minerals containing iron are called 1. Minerals which do not contain iron
ferrous minerals. are called non-ferrous minerals.
2. Example – iron ore and manganese. 2. Example – bauxite, lead and gold.
(b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
Conventional sources Non-conventional sources

1. Conventional sources of energy are 1. The non-conventional sources are in
in use from the past. use from recent times.
2. They spread pollution. 2. These are eco-friendly.
3. Conventional sources of energy are 3. Non-conventional sources of energy
generally exhaustible. are usually inexhaustible.
4. These include firewood, cattle dung 4. These include solar, wind, tidal,
cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.
electricity (both hydel and thermal).
25. In matters of economic development, not all the democracies get developed because
of various factors like population, lack of basic infrastructure, etc. If you consider all
democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships
have slightly higher rate of economic growth. The inability of democracy to achieve
higher economic development worries us. However, the difference in the rates of economic
development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is
negligible. Overall, we cannot say that democracy is a guarantee of economic development.
Economic development depends on several factors:
(a) Country’s population size
(b) Global situation
(c) Cooperation from other countries
(d) Economic priorities adopted by the country
Democracy does not appear to be successful in reducing economic inequalities. A small
number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and income. Their
share in total income is increasing. People at the bottom of society have very little to
depend on.
to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes. The government
may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will
be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality. But, no one will be
responsible for how the country will run.
the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed the village gets split into
more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is why
we find political parties in almost all countries of the world. They agree on policies and
programmes to promote collective good and influence people to know why their policy
is better than others. They try to implement the policies by winning popular support
through elections. They reflect fundamental division in a society.
people would not reach the parliament and therfore some sections of people would remain
behind the main stream. They won’t get all the welfare measures.
27. Consumer exploitation in the market happens in various ways–
(a) Underweight and under measurement. The goods sold in the market are
sometimes not measured or weighted correctly.
(b) Substandard quality. Selling defective home appliances and expired medicines are
its examples.
(c) High prices. Sometimes sellers charge higher than the MRP.
(d) Duplicity. Fake and duplicate items are sold in the name of genuine goods.
(e) Adulteration and impurities. Adulteration is done in the costly items as in oil,
ghee, milk, spices etc. to earn higher profits. This affects consumer’s health and their
money goes waste.
(f ) Lack of safety devices. Electronic goods produced locally lack the required inbuilt
safeguards, which may cause accidents.
(g) Artificial scarcity or shortage. To earn more profits sellers create artificial scarcity
by hoarding and sell the same at higher price.
(h) False or incomplete information. Sellers sometimes mislead people by giving
wrong information about the products, price, quality, safety, expiry date, maintenance
costs etc.
(i) Unsatisfactory after-sale service. Many suppliers do not provide satisfactory
after-sale service in case of expensive electronic equipments, home appliances and
cars etc.
(j) Rough behaviours. Consumers are often harassed in matters like LPG and telephone
connections and in getting licensed items.
28. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the
globalisation process. For instances, the past fifty years have seen several improvements
in transportation technology. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long
distances possible at lower costs.
Even more remarkable have been the developments in information and communication
technology. In the recent times, technology in the areas of tele-communication, computers,
Internet has been changing rapidly. Telecommunication facilities (Telegraph, telephone
including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around the world, to access
information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. This has been facilitated
by satellite communication devices. Computers have now entered almost every field of
activity. Internet allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail)
across the world at negligible costs.
29.
Guwahati
Sabarmati Ashram
Calcutta
30.
Bokaro
Haldia
Tuticorin
PRACTICE PAPER 5
1. 1834
2. Agro based industry
3. CPI-M
4. India
5. Liberalisation and Privatisation contributes to the economic development of a country
6. Banks and cooperatives
7. Globalisation
8. It is a certification to assure the quality of the agro products e.g., juice, sauce, pickles
etc. marked by it.
9. In Western and many parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and
up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. In Central and Eastern Europe these
Or
The two broad opinions were:
In Favour
(a) Some policy – makers emphasized the need to use French as the medium of instruction.
(b) They felt that Vietnamese by learning the language would be introduced to the culture
and civilization of France.
(c) This would help in creating an ‘Asiatic France’ solidly tied to ‘European France’.
(d) The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments, superiority of
French and work for them.
Against
(a) They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher
classes.
(b) The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with
French citizenship.
10. As a woman it was a proud moment for me to participate in Gandhiji’s Civil Disobedience
Movement. It was a time when women were kept inside walls. Though I had got good
education, I was not allowed to take part in social or political activities. At the call of
Gandhiji, I couldn’t resist myself. Revolting against my family traditions, I became an
active member of the movement. I organised the women of my locality and began the
activities of the movement. I was full of nationalistic fervour. It was the most memorable
and proud phase of my life.
Or
Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe. For
example, after Russians occupied Poland, the Polish language was forced out of schools
and the Russian language was imposed. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian
rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the
clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. As a result,
a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian
authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came
to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
11. Azad Hind Fauz was a part of a political movement originating in 1940s outside of India
with the purpose of allying with the Axis power to free India from British rule. It was
established by Indian nationalists in exile in Singapore with the help of Japan. Netaji,
after the reorganisation of Indian Independence League turned towards formation of the
Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India) in Germany.
Immediately after the formation of the government-in-exile, Azad Hind declared war
against Anglo-American allied forces on the Indo-Burmese front. Its army, Azad Hind
Fauz, went into action. INA had its first major engagement at the battle of Imphal where
it breached the British defence in Kohima. But in its operation Azad Hind Fauz was
totally dependent on Japanese support. It was faced with a formidable challenge when
the troops were left to defend Rangoon without the assistance of Japanese in the winter
of 1944-45. Unfortunately Bose himself was killed in a plane crash. The provisional
government of Free India ceased to exist with the death of Axis, the INA and Bose in
1945.
12. Minerals can be classified on general and commercial basis in the following way:
Minerals are of three types: metallic, non-metallic and energy minerals.
Metallic minerals are classified as ferrous (containing iron); e.g. iron ore, manganese,
nickel, cobalt, etc.
Non-ferrous; e.g., copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc. precious; e.g. gold, silver, platinum,
etc.
Non-metallic minerals; e.g. mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, etc.
Energy minerals are coal, petroleum, natural gas.
13. On the basis of ownership, industries are classified as:
• Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies—BHEL, SAIL, etc.
• Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals—
TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group
of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
• Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers
of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or
losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry
in Kerala.
14. The problems faced by Indian railways are:
to the railway.
15. Differences between a pressure group and a political party:
Pressure Groups Political Parties
1. Pressure group is an organisation 1. A political party is a group of people
formed when people with common who come together to contest elections
occupation, interest, aspirations or and hold power in the government.
opinions come together in order to
achieve a common objective.
2. Pressure groups are not accountable 2. Political parties have to face the people
to the people. in elections and therefore they are
accountable to the people.
3. Pressure groups are informal, closed 3. Political parties are formal, open and
and unorganised part of the political recognised part of the political system.
system.
4. Pressure groups do not directly control 4. Political parties directly control or
or share political power. share political power.
16. In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These
are called one party systems. For example, China has a single party—Commuinist Party.
One-party system is not a good option because it is not a democratic option. In the
countries having one party system, the liberty of the individual is lost because people
are deprived of the right of electing representatives. There is one candidate in whose
favour all the citizens have to vote. It cannot be called as elections in real sense.
17. (a) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion.
The majority always needs to work with the minority so that government can function
to represent the general view.
(b) It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority in terms
of religion or race or linguistic group etc. Rule by majority means that in case of
every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can
form a majority. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a
chance of being in majority at some point of time.
18. Credit refers to an agreement in which lender supplies the borrowers with money, goods
and services in return for the promise of future payments.
Terms of credit includes
(a) Interest rate
(b) Collateral
(c) Documentation requirement
(d) Mode of payment.
These terms of credit vary substantially from one credit arrangement to another. They may
vary depending on the nature of lender and borrower. Every loan agreement specifies an
interest rate which the borrower has to pay to the lender along with the repayment of the
principal. In addition to this lenders may demand collateral (security) against the loans.
19. Globalisation has been proved beneficial for the top Indian companies but so far workers
are concerned, globalisation has perished them.
The top Indian companies have invested in newer technology and production methods and
raised their production standards. Some have gained from successful collaborations with
foreign companies. Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as
multinationals themselves. For example, Tata Motors (Automobiles), Infosys (IT), etc.
But for a large number of small producers and workers globalisation has posed great
problems. They have been hit hard due to competition. Several units have shut down
rendering many workers jobless.
Thus, we can say that the impact of globalisation has not been uniform.
20. Under COPRA, a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at district, state and national levels
has been setup for redressal of consumer disputes.
(a) The district level court deals with the cases involving claims up to ` 20 lakhs.
(b) The state level courts take cases between ` 20 lakhs to ` 1 crore.
(c) The national level court deals with the cases involving claims exceeding ` 1 crore.
(d) If the case is dismissed at district level court, the consumer can also appeal in state
and then in national level courts.
21. (a) In 1845, the Silesian weavers revolted against contractors who supplied them raw
material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their
payments.
(b) Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4 June and marched
in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.
(c) When the contractor showed reluctance, a group of them forced their way into the
house, smashed its elegant window panes, furniture, porcelain, etc. Another group
broke into the store house and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to
shreds.
(d) The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which ultimately refused
to shelter such a person. He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army.
In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot.
22. The French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French
facilitate trade.
rule were mixed.
Or
Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March (Dandi March) accompanied by 78 of his
trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati
to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.
The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear
Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and
urged them to peacefully defy the British.
On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by
boiling sea water.
This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
23. We need to conserve energy resources because of the following reasons:
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of national
economy–agriculature, industry, transport, commercial and domestic–needs inputs of
energy, There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.
India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to
adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of our limited energy resources.
Various development plans require inceasing amount of energy to remain operational.
The success of economic development plans depends on energy resources.
Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. Therefore,
it is necessary to minimise its consuiption. We must keep it in mind that our energy
resources are limited.
There is an urgent needs to develop a sustainable path of energy development. We should
promote energy conservation and use of renewable energy resources.
24. (a) Kandla in Kuchchh, Gujarat was the first port developed soon after Independence
to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port in the wake of loss of Karachi port
to Pakistan after the partition. Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the convenient
handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt
stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
(b) Mumbai, Maharashtra is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered
harbour.
(c) The Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port
and serve as a hub port for this region.
(d) Marmagao port, Goa is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. This port
accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export.
(e) New Mangalore, Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from
Kudremukh mines.
(f) Kochi, Kerala is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon
with a natural harbour.
25. No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we
can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms
to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Non-
democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences.
Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point
of democratic regimes. Democracy continues to be democracy as long as all citizens have
a chance to be part of majority at any point of time. If someone is debarred from being
part of majority on the basis of birth, democracy is said to be concentrated in few hands.
Example of Sri Lanka reminds us that a democracy must fulfil two conditions in order
to achieve this outcome:
(a) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion.
The majority always needs to work with the minority so that government can function
to represent the opinion of common people.
(b) The rule of majority does not become rule by majority on the basis of religion or race
or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in
case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority.
26. Some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for
political reforms in India are:
(a) Legal ways of reforming politics. Carefully devised changes in laws can help to
discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But, legal-constitutional
changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to the democracy. Democratic
reforms are to be carried out mainly by the political activists, parties, movements
and politically conscious citizens.
(b) Careful study of consequences should be done. If there is any legal change, it
must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results
may be counter-productive. For example, many states have banned people who have
more than two children from contesting Panchayat elections. This has resulted in
denial of political opportunity to many poor and women, which was not intended.
— Generally laws that seek to ban something are not successful in politics, instead
laws that give political actors incentives to do good things are more successful.
— The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms.
The Right to Information Act is a good example of law that empowers people to find
out what is happening in the government and act as watchdogs of the democracy.
— Such a law helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that
banned corruption and imposed strict penalties.
(c) Ways to strengthen the democratic practice. Democratic reforms are to be brought
about principally through political practice. Therefore, the main focus of the reforms
should be on ways to strengthen the democratic practice. The most important concern
should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary
citizens.
(d) Any proposal of political reform should think not only about what is a good solution
but also consider about who will implement it and how. It is not wise to think that
legislatures will pass legislations that will go against the interest of all political parties
and MPs. But, measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens, organisations
and the media are likely to succeed.
27. Money means wealth around which the whole economic activities of every country move.
Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process and, therefore, it is called a
medium of exchange.
Role of money in an economy:
(a) In our day to day transactions, goods are being bought and sold with the use of
money.
(b) At times we do exchange services with money.
(c) Use of money has made things easier to exchange as we can exchange it for any
commodity we need.
(d) The transactions are made in money because a person holding money can easily
exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants.
(e) The main function of money in an economic system is to facilitate the exchange of
goods and services.
(f) Without exchange of money nobody can fulfil his all needs and requirements.
28. (a) Safety is everyone’s right. While using many goods and services, we as consumers,
have the right to be protected against the marketing of commodities and delivery of
services which are hazardous to life and property. Producers need to strictly follow the
required rules and regulations. There are many goods and services that we purchase
require special attention to safety. For example, pressure cookers have a safety valve
which if defective can cause accident. LPG gas cylinder should be sealed and leak
proof.
(b) Right to be informed. When we buy a commodity, we find details given on the
packing. These details are about ingredients used, price, batch no., date of manufacture,
expiry date and address of the manufacturer. We have right to be informed about
these information, so that consumers can complain and ask for compensation or
replacement in case a product proves to be defective. These days this right has been
expanded to cover various services provided by the government. In October 2005,
the government of India enacted RTI (Right to Information) Act, which ensures its
citizens all the information about the functions of government departments.
(c) Right to choose. Any consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity,
regardless of age, gender and nature of service, has a right to choose whether to
continue to receive the service.
(d) Right to seek redressal. Consumers have this right against unfair trade practices
and exploitation. If damage is done to the consumer, he or she has the right to get
compensation depending on the degree of damage.
(e) Right to represent. COPRA has enabled us to have the right to represent in the
consumer courts.

There are various organisations locally known as Consumer Forums or Consumer
Protection Council. They guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer courts.
They also receive financial support from the government to create awareness.
29.
Meerut
Sabarmati Ashram
Midnapore
30.
Nim ka Thana
Bishnupur
Chennai


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Vinita Gupta C.K. Naidu

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THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA

A. 1. (f) 2. (i) 3. (d) 4. (j) 5. (b)

6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (e) 9. (g) 10. (h)

A. 1. Natural Gas 2. Lignite 3. Orissa 4. Petroleum

5. Mica 6. Placer diposits 7. Magnetite 8. Thermal Power

9. Photovoltaic technology 10. Biogas

A. 1. Power 2. Worker 3. Market 4. Retailer 5. Production

6. Manufacture 7. Pollution 8. Mumbai 9. Tertiary 10. BPO

A. 1. Cotton, Woollen 2. Iron and steel, Cement

3. Iron and steel, Copper smelting 4. Sugar, Toothpaste

5. BHEL, SAIL 6. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Limited

7. Oil India Limited, Maruti Udyog Limited

8. Sugar industries in Maharashtra, Coir industries in Kerala

9. Iron and steel, Aluminium 10. Fan, Sewing Machines

4. National parties Regional party/State party

A. 1. India 6. multiparty system

A. 1. accountable 2. deliberation; negotiation

TSUNAMI–THE KILLER SEA WAVES

SAFER CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

ALTERNATE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DURING DISASTERS

(b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

Conventional sources Non-conventional sources

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