CHE 406: MOMENTUM TRANSFER

LECTURE 2:
The Energy Balance in Flow Systems
and The Bernoulli Equation

Lecturer:
ENGR. MICHAEL ALLAN G. RAMOS
Department of Chemical Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines
1st Semester, 2019-2020
LECTURE OUTLINE

u Total Energy Balance for Flow Systems

u The Bernoulli Equation
u Other Forms of Bernoulli Equation
u Applications of Bernoulli Equation
u Free Jets
u Confined Flows
u Illustrative Problems
What “types of energy” are involved in a flow system?
Consider a process flow system:
1
w1 (kg/s) 𝑊 " (𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)
v1 (m/s)
(work done by mass)
E1 (kJ/kg) w2 (kg/s)
P1 (kg m/s2) v2 (m/s)
z1 V1 (m3/kg) E2 (kJ/kg)
S1 (m2) 2
P2 (kg m/s2)
𝑄" (𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)
V2 (m3/kg)
(heat added to the system) S2 (m2) z2

datum plane

where:
w = mass flow rate
v = average velocity
E = internal energy
z = height w.r.t. to datum
P = pressure
V = specific volume
S = cross-sectional area for flow
What “types of energy” are involved in a flow system?
Consider a process flow system:
1
w1 (kg/s) 𝑊 " (𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)
v1 (m/s)
(work done by mass)
E1 (kJ/kg) w2 (kg/s)
P1 (kg m/s2) v2 (m/s)
z1 V1 (m3/kg) E2 (kJ/kg)
S1 (m2) 2
P2 (kg m/s2)
𝑄" (𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)
V2 (m3/kg)
(heat added to the system) S2 (m2) z2

datum plane

Setting-up the total energy balance for the flow system:

/
𝑤 𝑣,/ 𝑔 𝑤 𝑣/ 𝑔
𝑤 𝐸, + +𝑤 𝑧, + 𝑤 𝑃, 𝑉, +𝑤 𝑄" = 𝑤 𝐸/ + + 𝑤 𝑧/ + 𝑤 𝑃/ 𝑉/ +𝑤 𝑊′
2 𝛼 𝑔2 𝑔2 2 𝛼 𝑔2 𝑔2
What “types of energy” are involved in a flow system?
Setting-up the total energy balance for the flow system:

𝑤 𝑣,/ 𝑔 "
𝑤 𝑣/
/
𝑔
𝑤 𝐸, + + 𝑤 𝑧, + 𝑤 𝑃, 𝑉, + 𝑤 𝑄 = 𝑤 𝐸/ + + 𝑤 𝑧/ + 𝑤 𝑃/ 𝑉/ + 𝑤 𝑊′
2 𝛼 𝑔2 𝑔2 2 𝛼 𝑔2 𝑔2

where:

𝛼 = velocity profile factor

For highly turbulent flow: 𝛼 = 1.0

𝛼 = 0.90~0.99 (for precise work)

For laminar flow: 𝛼 = 0.50

The Bernoulli Equation

𝑤 𝑣,/ 𝑔 "
𝑤 𝑣// 𝑔
𝑤 𝐸, + + 𝑤 𝑧, + 𝑤 𝑃, 𝑉, + 𝑤 𝑄 = 𝑤 𝐸/ + + 𝑤 𝑧/ + 𝑤 𝑃/ 𝑉/ + 𝑤 𝑊′
2 𝛼 𝑔2 𝑔2 2 𝛼 𝑔2 𝑔2

Simplifying assumptions:

• “Ideal” fluid 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝒈 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝒈

• Isothermal flow 𝑷𝟏 𝑽 𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽 𝟐 + + 𝒛𝟐
𝟐 𝜶 𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄 𝟐 𝜶 𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄
• System is properly insulated
• No any form of mechanical
work done Bernoulli Equation (Daniel Bernoulli 1738)

Applicable for:
• Steady flow
• Streamline flow
• Incompressible flow
• Inviscid flow
The Bernoulli Equation
Other forms of the Bernoulli Equation:

𝑃 𝑣/
1 + + 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 where: 𝛾 = 𝜌g
𝛾 2𝑔

(a) Pressure head: the height of a column of the fluid that is needed to produce the
pressure

(b) Velocity head: represents the vertical distance needed for the fluid to fall freely
(neglecting friction) if it is to reach the velocity (v) from rest

(c) Elevation head: related to the potential energy of the particle

The Bernoulli Equation
Other forms of the Bernoulli Equation:

Mathematical statement of the “Work-Energy” Principle

1 1 à “The work done on a particle by all forces acting on it
2 𝑃, + 𝜌 𝑣, + 𝛾𝑧, = 𝑃/ + 𝜌 𝑣// + 𝛾𝑧/
/
2 2 is equal to the change of the kinetic energy of the
particle”
where: 𝛾 = 𝜌g

(a) P , static pressure: the actual thermodynamic pressure of the fluid as it flows. To measure its
value, one could move along with the fluid, thus being “static” relative to
the moving fluid
(b) 𝜸z , hydrostatic pressure: not actually a pressure, but does represent the change in pressure due to
potential energy variations of the fluid as a result of elevation changes.
𝟏
(c) 𝝆𝒗𝟐 , dynamic pressure:
𝟐
Point (2), including the tip will be stationary; v2 = 0; or point (2) is a “stagnation point”

H Applying the Bernoulli Equation:

1 The pressure at the stagnation point is greater than the static
(1) (2) 𝑃/ = 𝑃, + 𝜌 𝑣,/ ,
pressure, P1, by an amount: / 𝜌 𝑣,/ (dynamic pressure)
2
The Bernoulli Equation
There is a stagnation point on any stationary body that is placed into a flowing fluid.
Some of the fluid flows “over” and some “under” the object. The dividing line between
the fluid that flows over and the one that flows under the object terminates at the
stagnation point.
• For symmetrical objects, the location of the stagnation point is obvious,
Examples: while for non-symmetrical objects, the stagnation point is not so obvious.

Stagnation Point
 The Bernoulli Equation
Total Pressure = Static Pressure + Hydrostatic Pressure + Dynamic Pressure

The Pitot-Static Tube

Applying Bernoulli Equation:
(negligible elevation change)
Total
Static 1 1
Pressure 𝑃, + 𝜌 𝑣,/ + 𝛾𝑧, = 𝑃/ + 𝜌 𝑣// + 𝛾𝑧/
Pressure 2 2
(stagnation point)
v1 1
𝑃, + 𝜌 𝑣,/ = 𝑃/
v1 2
(1)
(2) Knowledge of the values of
the static and stagnation 2 (𝑃/ − 𝑃, )
pressures enables us to
𝑣, =
𝜌
calculate the fluid velocity
 The Bernoulli Equation
Examples of the use of the Bernoulli Equation:

(1) Free Jets

à fluid not being forced to flow out z1 = h P1 = 0 (gauge) open v1 = 0
(all points has
z2 = 0 P2 = 0 atmospheric v2 = ?
(a) Vertical flow from a tank z3 = -H P3 = 0 pressure) v3 = ?

(1) For (1) à (2):

1 1 𝟐𝜸𝒉
𝑃, + 𝜌 𝑣,/ + 𝛾𝑧, = 𝑃/ + 𝜌 𝑣// + 𝛾𝑧/ 𝒗𝟐 = = 𝟐𝒈𝒉
2 2 𝝆
0 0 0 0
h
For (1) à (3):
1 1
(2) datum plane 𝑃, + 𝜌 𝑣, + 𝛾𝑧, = 𝑃X + 𝜌 𝑣X/ + 𝛾𝑧X
/
2 2
0 0 0
H 1
𝜌 𝑣X/ = 𝛾 𝑧, − 𝑧X = 𝛾 ℎ + 𝐻 𝟐 𝜸 (𝒉 + 𝑯)
2 𝒗𝟑 = = 𝟐 𝒈 (𝒉 + 𝑯)
(3) 𝝆
The Bernoulli Equation
Examples of the use of the Bernoulli Equation:

(1) Free Jets

à fluid not being forced to flow out

(b) Horizontal flow from a tank

(Smooth, well-contoured nozzle)

In general, d << h:
h
• centerline velocity = average velocity
d • v1 < v2 < v3
(1)
(2)
(3)
The Bernoulli Equation
Examples of the use of the Bernoulli Equation:
(1) Free Jets
à fluid not being forced to flow out
The “Vena-Contracta” effect is experienced in a
sharped-edge nozzle, wherein exit is not smooth,
well-contoured, but rather a flat plate.

Define: dh = diameter of hole

(b) Horizontal flow from a tank
dj = diameter of jet

dj < dH (vena-contracta effect)

Contraction effect, Cc = Aj / AH

at a-a: velocity is uniform

dh a-a dj
(1) Highest Pressure: at the center line (2)
(2) Lowest Pressure: at edge of the jet (P1=P3=0)
(3)

Therefore, at the exit: velocity is not uniform;

streamlines are not straight
The Bernoulli Equation
Examples of the use of the Bernoulli Equation:

(2) Confined Flows

à flow in nozzles and pipes

à the “Continuity Equation” (mass balance) and the Bernoulli Equation are
used to solve problems

à the fluid is physically constrained within a device so that its pressure

cannot be described a priori
 Illustrative Problems
(1) A stream of water of diameter d = 0.1 m flows steadily from a tank of diameter
D = 1.0 m as shown below. Determine the volumetric flow rate, q, needed from
the in-flow pipe if the water depth remains constant at h = 2.0 m.
 Illustrative Problems
(2) Air flows steadily from a tank, through a hose of diameter D = 0.03 m and exits to
the atmosphere from a nozzle of diameter d = 0.01 m as shown below. The
pressure in the tank remains constant at 3.0 kPa (gauge) while the atmospheric
conditions are at 25oC and standard pressure. Determine the volumetric flow rate
and pressure in the hose.
 Illustrative Problems
(3) Water at 60oF siphoned from a large tank through a constant-diameter hose
shown below. Determine the maximum height of the hill, H, over which the
water can be siphoned without cavitation occurring. The end of the siphon is
5 feet below the bottom of the tank. Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia.