Bucag,R.

Nucleic Acids β-N- glycosidic bond

- Polymers which have building blocks - carbon 1 of sugar is linked to the nitrogen purine
or pyrimidine
Kinds:
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) fused 1 prime
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - modified numbering of the sugar

Nucleotides DNA Nucleotide

- Building blocks of nucleic acids - adenine = deoxyadenosine 5’ monophosphate
- Three subunit molecules in which a pentose - guanine = deoxyguanosine 5’ monophosphate
sugar is bonded both a phosphate group and a - cytosine = deoxycytidine 5’ monophosphate
nitrogen containing heterocyclic base - thymine = deoxythymidine 5’ monophosphate

Nitrogen – containing heterocyclic bases RNA Nucleotide

- Aromatic - adenine = adenosine 5’ monophosphate
- Hydrophobic - guanine = guanosine 5’ monophosphate
- Pyrimidine - cytosine = cytidine 5’ monophosphate
✓ Cytosine (DNA and RNA) - uracil = uridine 5’ monophosphate
✓ Thymine (DNA)
✓ Uracil (RNA) ATP and ADP
- comes from phosphoanhydride energy which has
a high energy bond

4-Nucleotide Segment of DNA

- nucleotides combine to form a chain or
polymerize in a series of 3’ to 5’ phosphodiester
- Purine bonds
✓ Adenine (DNA and RNA) - the 5’ phosphate on one unit esterifies to the 3’
✓ Guanine (DNA and RNA) OH on the adjacent unit
- the terminal 5’ unit retains the phosphate
- Sugar phosphate backbone is the backbone of
the polymer because it is composed of
alternating units of deoxyribose and phosphoryl
groups

Pentose sugar
- β-D – Ribose
- β- D-2 – Deoxyribose

Nucleosides
- compound that consists of D- ribose or 2 –
deoxy – D ribose bonded to a purine or
pyrimidine base by a β-N- glycosidic bond (C-
N)
Nucleotide
- nucleosides in which a molecule of phosphoric
acid is esterified with the 5- OH monosaccharide
by a phosphoester bond
DNA
- Double helix
- Consists of two chains of nucleotides coiled
around one another in a right-handed double
helix
- Sugar phosphate backbone of the two strands
spiral around the outside of the helix like the
handrails on a spiral staircase
Bucag,R.
- Nitrogenous bases extend into the center at right
angles to the acids of the helix as if they are
steps of the spiral staircase
- James Watson and Francis Crick
Base Pairing
- Hydrogen bonds possibilities
▪ Thymine – adenine (2 bonds)*
▪ Cytosine – guanine (3 bonds) *
*Complementary base pair
▪ Thymine – guanine (1 bond)
▪ Cytosine – adenine ( 1 bond)
✓ 2 strands of DNA form a right-handed double helix
✓ Bases in opposite strands hydrogen bon with AT/GC
rule
✓ 2 strands are anti – parallel per their 5’ to 3’
directionality
✓ 1 complete 360 turn of the helix with base pairs
✓ 1 complete turn is 3.4 nm and 1 nucleotide is 0.34
nm
Comparison of DNA and RNA
- 3 difference in structure
- DNA bases are AGC and T, RNA bases are
AGC, and U
- Sugar in DNA is 2 deoxy D ribose, RNA is D
ribose
- DNA is double stranded, and RNA is single
stranded
Types of RNA
MAJOR
1. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – transports amino acids
to the side of protein synthesis
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – combines with
proteins to form ribosomes
3. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – directs amino acid
sequence of proteins
MINOR
4. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) – process initial
mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes
5. Small interfering RNA – affects gene expression
used by scientists to knock out gene
6. Micro RNA (miRNA) – affects gene expression;
growth and development
7. Ribozymes (catalytic RNA) – catalyze cleavage
of part of their own sequences in mRNA and
tRNA
Mutations
- Mistakes introduced into the DNA sequence of
an organism
- Can be silent, that is, cause no change in protein
- Genes have defect that change the sequences
- Many mutations have negative effect on the
health of the organism
- Many mutations are also carcinogens and cause
cancer
Classification
• Point: substitution of a single nucleotide for
another
• Deletion: one or more nucleotides are lost
• Insertion: one or more nucleotide are added
UV Damage and DNA Repair
- UV causes covalent linkage of adjacent
pyrimidine bases
- Formation of pyrimidine dimer on a DNA strand
- Pyrimidine dimer formation can be used to kill
bacteria with UV exposure
- Failure to repair this defect can lead to
Xeroderma pigmentosum
- Sensitive to UV light may develop multiple skin
cancers