Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
IJB
International Journal of Biopharmaceutics
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to study the anti inflammatory activity of Cucumis sativus seed in Carrageenan-
induced paw edema model and xylene induced ear edema model using Albino Wistar rats. A significant inhibition of
carrageenan induced rat paw edema comparable to that produced by indomethacin, the standard anti inflammatory drug was
obtained with all the two doses of the acetone extract, tested in the present study. The results from present study indicate the
efficacy of the acetone extract as a therapeutic agent in acute as well as chronic inflammatory conditions. Thus it could be
concluded that Cucumis sativus seed extracts possess significant anti-inflammatory properties.
Key words: Anti inflammatory activity, Cucumis sativus seed, Acetone extract, Indomethacin.
endothelium and basement membrane constituting the Mechanism of Action of Carrageenan induced
blood vessel. Once in the tissue, the cells migrate along a inflammation
chemotactic gradient to reach the site of injury, where Carrageenan induced inflammation is related to
they can attempt to remove the stimulus and repair the neutrophil and the production of neutrophil derived free
tissue. radicals, as well as to the release of other neutrophil
Chronic inflammation is a pathological derived mediators. The inhibition of carrageenan induced
condition characterized by concurrent active inflammation in rats is an established model for
inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair. evaluating anti inflammatory drugs (Headley PM, 1985;
Chronic inflammation is not characterized by the classic Wolfe MN, 1999) which has been used frequently to
signs of acute inflammation listed above. Instead, assess anti inflammatory effect of natural remedies. The
chronically inflamed tissue is characterized by the development of carrageenan induced edema consist two
infiltration of mononuclear immune cells (monocytes, phase system; the first phase occurs within one hour of
macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells), tissue carrageenan inflammation and is attributed to the release
destruction, and attempts at healing, which include of cytoplasmic enzymes serotonin, from the mast cells.
angiogenesis and fibrosis. Endogenous causes include The second phase is mediated by an increased release of
persistent acute inflammation. Exogenous causes are prostaglandins in the inflammatory area and continue
varied and include bacterial infection, especially by between the two phases is provided by kinins (Phelan K,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, prolonged exposure to 2003).
chemical agents such as silica, or autoimmune reactions
such as rheumatoid arthritis. This aim of the study is to Animals
investigate in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of Experimental animals
extracts. Therefore an effort has been made to Experiments were carried out on healthy adult
corroborate and establish scientific evidence for its ethno male Albino wistar rats weighing 180 ± 20 grams.
botanical uses and producing cost effective remedies. Animals were housed in polypropylene cages with
stainless steel grill top at 25 ± 2o C with 12:12 hours light
MATERIALS AND METHODS and dark cycle was followed. They were fed a standard
Plant material diet of pellets and tapped water ad libitum. Rats were
The seeds of the plant Curcuma sativus were routinely acclimatized to laboratory conditions for 7 days
collected from Annavasal, Thiruvarur Dist, Tamilnadu. prior to experiments after acclimation, the animals will
Further identification has also been done. be subjected to a gross observation, to ensure that the
selected animals are in good state of health.
Preparation of extract
The seeds collected was washed with distilled Fasting
water to remove impurities and dried in shade. The dried The animals were fasted prior to dosing by
seed was extracted with acetone in a soxhlet apparatus. withholding food overnight. Fasted body weight of rats
The solvent was completely removed under reduced was determined and the dose was calculated according to
pressure and oil was obtained (yield 12%). The extract their body weight.
obtained is emulsified in order to enhance bioavailability.
Experimental Procedure:Carrageenan-induced paw
Chemical and reagents edema in rats
All reagents used in the study were of high The rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 3). The
purity. All chemicals such as Carrageenan, Indomethacin different groups were treated with acetone extract of
formalin was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical cucumis sativa (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.), indomethacin
(Malaysia). Acacia (SD Fine Chemicals Ltd.) were used (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and control vehicle per oral and the paw
as emulsifying agent. volume were measured at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after
carrageenan administration. Basal volume measurement
Mechanism of Action of Indomethacin was carried out using a plethysmometer (Model 7150,
Indomethacin is a Non- Steroidal Anti- UGO Basile, Italy). The animals were pretreated with the
Inflammatory drug commonly used as anti-inflammatory, extract 1 h before the administration of carrageenan.
analgesic and anti-pyretic agents. Indomethacin is a non- Acute inflammation was produced by the subplanter
selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2, administration of 0.1 ml of (1%, w/v) carrageenan in
enzymes that participate in prostaglandin synthesis from normal saline in the right paw of the rats. The ratio of the
arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins (PG) are hormone-like anti-inflammatory effect of Cucumis sativa oil was
molecules normally found in the body, where they have a calculated by the following equation:
wide variety of effects, some of which lead to pain, fever,
and inflammation (Hart F, 1963). Anti-inflammatory activity (%) = (1 - D / C) x 100
36
Vetriselvan S. et al. / International Journal of Biopharmaceutics. 2013; 4(1): 34-37.
Where, D represents the percentage difference in The values of each experimental group were
paw volume after Cucumis sativa oil was administered to expressed as mean ± SEM and compared with the control
the rats, and C represents the percentage difference of group followed by student‘t’ test.
volume in the control groups (Suleyman H et al., 1999).
Xylene induced ear edema
Xylene induced ear edema The xylene ear edema model shows the
Albino rats were divided into four groups of evaluation of anti inflammatory steroids and is less
three animals each. Animals were treated orally with the sensitive to non-steroidal anti inflammatory agents.
extract (200 and 400 mg/kg), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) Severe vasodilation, edema changes of skin and
and distilled water (3 ml/kg).Thirty minutes later, edema infiltration of inflammatory cells are detected as signs of
was induced in each mouse group by applying a drop of acute inflammation after topical application of xylene. In
xylene to the inner surface of the right ear. After 15 min, the present study, the increases in ear weight were
the animals were sacrificed under ether anesthesia and inhibited in a dose related manner by the extract. The
both ears cut off, sized and weighed. The anti results of extract are shown in Table 2.
inflammatory activity was expressed as the percentage There is significant in reducing the ear edema
inhibition (Dobois RW et al., 2004) of edema in the formation through this plant extract and with the dose of
treated mice in comparison with the control rats. 400mg/kg shows the significant value of less than 0.01.
Comparable to standard drug, the plant extract showed
Statistical analysis good activity
Table 1. Anti-inflammatory activity of acetone extract of Cucumis sativus seed oil (ACS) on carrageenan-induced
paw edema method
Mean Paw volume (ml)
Treatment Dose (mg/kg, po)
30 min 60 min 120 min 180 min
Control 1% acacia 0.230.12 0.360.56 0.660.32 0.890.26
Indomethacin 10 0.150.41 0.190.23 0.280.68 0.260.14
Test I 200 0.210.54 0.290.16 0.450.68 0.500.46
Test II 400 0.190.62 0.280.14 0.390.35 0.420.43
Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3). P value <0.05. The values inside parenthesis indicates the percentage inhibition of paw
edema
Table 2. Anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and Dexamethasone (reference drug) on xylene induced ear edema
in Wistar rats.
Treatment Dose (mg/kg) Weight of right ear (mg) Weight of left ear(mg) Difference (mg)
Control 3ml/kg 23.70 ±1.08 14.92 ±1.17 8.78
Dexamethasone 1 23.99 ±0.64 20.89 ±0.57 3.10*
ACS 200 22.68 ±0.51 18.30 ±1.20 4.38*
ACS 400 23.91 ±0.44 16.12 ±0.63 3.89**
Data are the mean ± SEM values for three mice in each group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 as compared to the control
Figure 1. group of animals (1, 2, 3, and 4) versus weight of the ear (mg)
37
Vetriselvan S. et al. / International Journal of Biopharmaceutics. 2013; 4(1): 34-37.
REFERENCES
Deraedt R, Jouquey S, Delevallee F, Flahaut M. Release of prostaglandins E and F in an algogenic reaction and its
inhibition. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1980; 61: 17-24.
Dobois RW, Melmed GY, Lainel, Henning JM. Guidelines for the appropriate use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
Cox-2 specific inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors in patients requiring chronic anti-inflammatory therapy.
Aliment Pharmacol.Ther. 2004; 19-197.
Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Ch V Rao, et al. Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of Desmodium
gangeticumfractions in carrageenan-induced inflamed rats. Phytother. Res. 2007; 21: 975-979.
Hart F and Boardman P. Indomethacin: A new non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent. Br Med J. 1963; 5363: 965-70.
Headley PM, Shaughnessy CT. Evidence for opiate and dopamine interaction in striatum. Br.J.Pharmacol. 1985; 86: 700.
Kim HD, Cho HR, Moon SB, Shin HD,Yang KJ, Park BR, et al. Effects of beta–glucan from Aureobasidium Pullulans on
acute inflammation in mice. Arch Pharm Res. 2007; 30: 323-328.
Kirkova M, Kassabova T, Russanov E. In vivoeffects of indomethacin. I. Activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid
peroxidation. Gen. Pharmacol. 1992; 23: 503-507.
Phelan K, Mosholder A, Lu S. Lithium interaction with the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors rofecoxib and celecoxib and other
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64 (11): 1328-34.
Suleyman H, Demirezer LO, Kuruuzum A, Banoglu ZN, Gocer F, Ozbakir G, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous
extract from Rumexpatientia L, roots. J Ethanopharmacol. 1999; 65: 141-148.
Winter CA and Poster CC. Effect of alteration in side chain up on anti-inflammatory and liver glycogen activities in
hydrocartisone ester. J AmerPharmacolSoc. 1957; 46: 515-519.
Wolfe MN, Lichtestein DR, Singh GN. Gastrointestinal toxicity of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. N.Engl.J.Med.
1999; 128.