Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

DEPARTMENT OF HINDI

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME
(Courses effective from Academic Year 2015-16)

SYLLABUS OF COURSES TO BE OFFERED

Core Courses, Elective Courses & Ability Enhancement Courses

Disclaimer: The CBCS syllabus is uploaded as given by the Faculty concerned to the Academic
Council. The same has been approved as it is by the Academic Council on 13.7.2015 and
Executive Council on 14.7.2015. Any query may kindly be addressed to the concerned Faculty.

Undergraduate Programme Secretariat

Preamble

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has initiated several measures to bring equity,
efficiency and excellence in the Higher Education System of country. The important
measures taken to enhance academic standards and quality in higher education include
innovation and improvements in curriculum, teaching-learning process, examination and
evaluation systems, besides governance and other matters.

The UGC has formulated various regulations and guidelines from time to time to improve
the higher education system and maintain minimum standards and quality across the
Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in India. The academic reforms recommended by
the UGC in the recent past have led to overall improvement in the higher education system.
However, due to lot of diversity in the system of higher education, there are multiple
approaches followed by universities towards examination, evaluation and grading system.
While the HEIs must have the flexibility and freedom in designing the examination and
evaluation methods that best fits the curriculum, syllabi and teaching–learning methods,
there is a need to devise a sensible system for awarding the grades based on the
performance of students. Presently the performance of the students is reported using the
conventional system of marks secured in the examinations or grades or both. The
conversion from marks to letter grades and the letter grades used vary widely across the
HEIs in the country. This creates difficulty for the academia and the employers to
understand and infer the performance of the students graduating from different
universities and colleges based on grades.

The grading system is considered to be better than the conventional marks system and
hence it has been followed in the top institutions in India and abroad. So it is desirable to
introduce uniform grading system. This will facilitate student mobility across institutions
within and across countries and also enable potential employers to assess the performance
of students. To bring in the desired uniformity, in grading system and method for
computing the cumulative grade point average (CGPA) based on the performance of
students in the examinations, the UGC has formulated these guidelines.
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS):
The CBCS provides an opportunity for the students to choose courses from the prescribed courses
comprising core, elective/minor or skill based courses. The courses can be evaluated following the
grading system, which is considered to be better than the conventional marks system. Therefore, it is
necessary to introduce uniform grading system in the entire higher education in India. This will benefit
the students to move across institutions within India to begin with and across countries. The uniform
grading system will also enable potential employers in assessing the performance of the candidates. In
order to bring uniformity in evaluation system and computation of the Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA) based on student’s performance in examinations, the UGC has formulated the
guidelines to be followed.
Outline of Choice Based Credit System:

1. Core Course: A course, which should compulsorily be studied by a candidate as a core requirement
is termed as a Core course.
2. Elective Course: Generally a course which can be chosen from a pool of courses and which may
be very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the discipline/ subject of study or which
provides an extended scope or which enables an exposure to some other discipline/subject/domain
or nurtures the candidate’s proficiency/skill is called an Elective Course.
2.1 Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Course: Elective courses may be offered by the main
discipline/subject of study is referred to as Discipline Specific Elective. The University/Institute
may also offer discipline related Elective courses of interdisciplinary nature (to be offered by
main discipline/subject of study).
2.2 Dissertation/Project: An elective course designed to acquire special/advanced knowledge,
such as supplement study/support study to a project work, and a candidate studies such a course
on his own with an advisory support by a teacher/faculty member is called dissertation/project.
2.3 Generic Elective (GE) Course: An elective course chosen generally from an unrelated
discipline/subject, with an intention to seek exposure is called a Generic Elective.
P.S.: A core course offered in a discipline/subject may be treated as an elective by other
discipline/subject and vice versa and such electives may also be referred to as Generic Elective.
3. Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC)/Competency Improvement Courses/Skill Development
Courses/Foundation Course: The Ability Enhancement (AE) Courses may be of two kinds: AE
Compulsory Course (AECC) and AE Elective Course (AEEC). “AECC” courses are the courses
based upon the content that leads to Knowledge enhancement. They ((i) Environmental Science, (ii)
English/MIL Communication) are mandatory for all disciplines. AEEC courses are value-based
and/or skill-based and are aimed at providing hands-on-training, competencies, skills, etc.
3.1 AE Compulsory Course (AECC): Environmental Science, English Communication/MIL
Communication.
3.2 AE Elective Course (AEEC): These courses may be chosen from a pool of courses designed to
provide value-based and/or skill-based instruction.

Project work/Dissertation is considered as a special course involving application of knowledge in

solving / analyzing /exploring a real life situation / difficult problem. A Project/Dissertation work would
be of 6 credits. A Project/Dissertation work may be given in lieu of a discipline specific elective paper.
 Details of courses under B.A (Honors), B.Com (Honors) & B.Sc. (Honors)
Course *Credits
Theory+ Practical Theory + Tutorial
=================================================================
I. Core Course
(14 Papers) 14X4= 56 14X5=70
Core Course Practical / Tutorial*
(14 Papers) 14X2=28 14X1=14

II. Elective Course

(8 Papers)
A.1. Discipline Specific Elective 4X4=16 4X5=20
(4 Papers)
A.2. Discipline Specific Elective
Practical/ Tutorial* 4 X 2=8 4X1=4
(4 Papers)
B.1. Generic Elective/
Interdisciplinary 4X4=16 4X5=20
(4 Papers)
B.2. Generic Elective
Practical/ Tutorial* 4 X 2=8 4X1=4
(4 Papers)
 Optional Dissertation or project work in place of one Discipline Specific Elective paper (6
credits) in 6th Semester

III. Ability Enhancement Courses

1. Ability Enhancement Compulsory
(2 Papers of 2 credit each) 2 X 2=4 2 X 2=4
Environmental Science
English/MIL Communication
2. Ability Enhancement Elective (Skill Based)
(Minimum 2) 2 X 2=4 2 X 2=4
(2 Papers of 2 credit each)
_________________ _________________
Total credit 140 140
Institute should evolve a system/policy about ECA/ General
Interest/Hobby/Sports/NCC/NSS/related courses on its own.
* wherever there is a practical there will be no tutorial and vice-versa
 3

iz'ui=kksa dk Øe bl izdkj gksxk %

fganh dksj ikB~;Øe (HCC)

• lsesLVj&1 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&1 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj mldh fyfi dk bfrgkl
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&2 % fganh dfork ¼vkfndky ,oa Hkfädkyhu dkO;½
• lsesLVj&2 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&3 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vkfndky vkSj eè;dky½
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&4 % fganh dfork ¼jhfrdkyhu dkO;½
• lsesLVj&3 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&5 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vk/qfud dky½
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&6 % fganh dfork ¼vk/qfud dky Nk;kokn rd½
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&7 % fganh dgkuh
• lsesLVj&4 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&8 % Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&9 % fganh dfork ¼ Nk;kokn ds ckn½
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&10 % fgUnh miU;kl
• lsesLVj&5 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&11 % ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&12 % fganh ukVd@,dkadh
• lsesLVj&6 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&13 % fgUnh vkykspuk
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&14 % fganh fucaèk vkSj vU; x| foèkk,¡
 4

fganh lkekU; (Generic) ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe (HGEC)

• lsesLVj 1

1- yksdfiz; lkfgR; vFkok fganh flusek vkSj mldk vè;;u

• lsesLVj 2

2- jpukRed ys[ku vFkok iVdFkk rFkk laokn ys[ku

• lsesLVj 3

3- fganh esa O;kogkfjd vuqokn vFkok Hkk"kk vkSj lekt

• lsesLVj 4

4- fgUnh dk oSf'od ifjn`'; vFkok Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

fganh fo"k; vkèkkfjr ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe (HDSEC)

• lsesLVj 5

1- fganh dh ekSf[kd vkSj yksd&lkfgR; ijaijk vFkok vfLerkewyd foe'kZ vkSj fganh lkfgR; vFkok

Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR; jaxeap fl¼kar

• lsesLVj 5

2- fganh Hkk"kk dk O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k vFkok dks'k foKku % 'kCndks'k vkSj fo'odks'k vFkok
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk

• lsesLVj 6

3- yksdukV~; vFkok fgUnh dh Hkkf"kd fofo/rk,¡ vFkok Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % ikBijd vè;;u

4- 'kks/&çfof/ vFkok vo/kj.kkRed lkfgfR;d in vFkok fganh jaxeap

 5

fganh dkS'ky&lao¼Zd ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe (HSEC)

¼dksbZ nks % d vkSj [k oxZ ls ,d&,d dk p;u½

• lsesLVj 3

(d)

1- foKkiu vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

2- dEI;wVj vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

3- lks'ky ehfM;k

4- vuqokn&dkS'ky

• lsesLVj 4

([k)

1. dk;kZy;h fganh

2. Hkk"kk;h n{krk % le> vkSj laHkk"k.k

3. Hkk"kk vkSj lekt

• ,d vfuok;Z iz'ui=k % vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk laizs"k.k@vaxzsth

• ,d vfuok;Z iz'ui=k % i;kZoj.k foKku

dqy 26 iz'ui=k
 1

CBCS

ch-,- ¼vkWulZ½ fganh

G. Elective ¼lkekU; ,sfPNd½

lsesLVj&1

(1-3)

(d) yksdfiz; lkfgR;

bdkbZ&1 % yksdfç; vkSj tufç; lkfgR; dh vo/kj.kk

bdkbZ&2 % fgUnh ds fryLeh vkSj tklwlh lkfgR; dk lkekftd vk'k;

bdkbZ&3 % HkkoukRed miU;kl vkSj xqy'ku uUnk] tufç; miU;kl vkSj ;FkkFkZcks/ µ bCus 'kiQh ch,]
tufç; ys[kd vkseçdk'k 'kekZ] lqjsUæ eksgu ikBd vkSj osnçdk'k 'kekZ

bdkbZ&4 % dfolEesyuh dfork % Lo:i ,oa izeq[k yksdfç; dfo µ cs<c cukjlh] dkdk gkFkjlh
ls vkt rd ds yksdfç; xhrdkj vkSj gkL;dfo

lgk;d xzaFk %

vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;

ledkyhu dfork vkSj lkSan;Zcksèk µ jksfgrk'o

^ik[kh* if=kdk dk vad µ vizSy] 2015

^miU;kl vkSj izfrjksèk* ¹^vfHkuo Hkkjrh* (vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; ds fganh foHkkx dh
'kksèk&if=kdk dk fo'ks"kkad o"kZ&2008)º

fryLeh lkfgR; dk lkezkT;okn&fojksèkh pfj=k µ iznhi lDlsuk

Popular Literature : A History and Guide by Victor E. Neuburg

(The Woburn Press, London, 1977)
 2

vFkok

([k) fganh flusek vkSj mldk vè;;u

bdkbZ&1 % dyk fo/k ds :i esa flusek vkSj mldh lS¼kfUrdh

bdkbZ&2 % fgUnh flusek % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
bdkbZ&3 % flusek esa dSejs dh Hkwfedk
bdkbZ&4 % u;h rduhd vkSj flusek µ lEHkkouk,¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
(lanHkZ % eqxys vk”ke] enj bafM;k] nhokj] ihds)

lgk;d xzaFk %

fiQYe funsZ'ku % dqynhi flUgk

fganh flusek dk bfrgkl & eueksgu pM~<k

u;k flusek µ czts'oj enku

Hkkjrh; flus fl¼kar & vuqie vks>k

flusek % dy] vkt] dy µ fouksn Hkkj}kt

fganh flusek ds lkS o"kZ µ izdk'ku foHkkx

fganh flusek ds lkS o"kZ µ izg~ykn vxzoky

jktdiwj % vkèkh gdhdr] vkèkk iQlkuk µ izg~ykn vxzoky

flusek dk tknqbZ liQj µ izrki flag

eksgEen jiQh % iSxEcj&,&ekSfldh µ f”k;k beke

ukS'kkn % ”kjkZ tks vkiQrkc cuk µ f”k;k beke

flusek ds ckjs esa tkosn v[+rj ls ckrphr µ uljhu eqUuh dchj

xq#nÙk µ foey fe=k

lR;thr js µ egsanz feJ

dSejk esjh rhljh vk¡[k µ jkèkw dekZdj

èkquksa dh ;k=kk µ iadt jkx
 3

lsesLVj&2

(2-3)

(d) jpukRed ys[ku

bdkbZ&1 % jpukRed ys[ku % voèkkj.kk] Lo:i ,oa fl¼kar

Hkko ,oa fopkj dh jpuk eas :ikarj.k dh izfØ;k

fofoèk vfHkO;fDr&{ks=k % lkfgR;] i=kdkfjrk] foKkiu] fofoèk x| vfHkO;fDr;k¡

tuHkk"k.k vkSj yksdfiz; laLÑfr

ys[ku ds fofoèk :i % ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] x|&i|] dFkkRed&dFksrj] ukV~;&ikB~;

ckyys[ku&izkS<+ys[ku] eqfnzr&bysDVªkWfud vkfnA

bdkbZ&2 % (d) jpukRed ys[ku % Hkk"kk&lanHkZ

vFkZ fufeZfr ds vkèkkj % 'kCnkFkZ&ehekalk] 'kCn ds izkd~&iz;ksx] uO;&iz;ksx] 'kCn dh

O;kdjf.kd dksfV

Hkk"kk dh Hkafxek,¡ % vkSipkfjd&vukSipkfjd] ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] ekud

Hkkf"kd lanHkZ % {ks=kh;] oxZ&lkis{k] lewg&lkis{k

([k) jpukRed ys[ku % jpuk&dkS'ky&fo'ys"k.k

jpuk&lkS"Bo % 'kCn&'kfDr] izrhd] fcEc] vyadj.k vkSj oØrk,¡

bdkbZ&3 % fofoèk foèkkvksa dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpukvksa dk O;kogkfjd vè;;u

(d) dfork % laosnuk] dkO;:i] Hkk"kk&lkS"Bo] Nan] y;] xfr vkSj rqd

([k) dFkklkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa foe'kZ

(x) ukV~;lkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa jaxdeZ

 4

(?k) fofoèk x|&foèkk,¡ % fucaèk] laLej.k] O;aX; vkfn

(M-) ckylkfgR; dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk

bdkbZ&4 lwpuk&ra=k ds fy, ys[ku

fizaV ekè;e % iQhpj&ys[ku] ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar] lk{kkRdkj] iqLrd&leh{kk vkfnA

bysDVªkWfud ekè;e % jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu] fiQYe iVdFkk ys[ku] Vsyhfotu iVdFkk ys[kuA

lgk;d xazFk %

lkfgR; fparu % jpukRed vk;ke µ j?kqoa'k

'kSyh µ jkepanz feJ

jpukRed ys[ku µ laik- jes'k xkSre

dyk dh t:jr µ vULVZ fiQ'kj] vuq- jes'k mikè;k;

lkfgR; dk lkSan;Zfparu µ johanzukFk JhokLro

l`tu'khyrk vkSj lksan;Zcksèk µ fu'kk vxzoky

dfork&jpuk&izfØ;k µ dqekj foey

ledkyhu dfork esa Nan µ vKs;

dfork ls lk{kkRdkj µ ey;t

dfork D;k gS µ fo'oukFkizlkn frokjh

,d dfo dh uksVcqd µ jkts'k tks'kh

fganh lkfgR; dk Nan&foospu µ xkSjh'kadj feJ f}tsanz

vyadkj&èkkj.kk % fodkl vkSj fo'ys"k.k µ 'kksHkkdkar feJ

miU;kl dh lajpuk µ xksiky jk;

miU;kl l`tu dh leL;k,¡ µ 'ke'ksjflag u:yk

fganh dgkuh dk 'kSyh foKku µ cSdqaBukFk Bkdqj
 5

jsfM;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj

i=kdkjh ys[ku ds vk;ke µ euksgj izHkkdj

ltZd dk eu µ uanfd'kksj vkpk;Z

'kCn&'kfDr foospu µ jkey[ku 'kqDy

jkbfVax fØ,fVo fiQD'ku µ ,p-vkj-,iQ- dhfVax
 6

vFkok

([k) iVdFkk rFkk laokn ys[ku

bdkbZ&1 % iVdFkk vo/kj.kk vkSj Lo:i

bdkbZ&2 % iQhpj fiQYe] Vh-oh- èkkjkokfgd] dgkuh] ,oa MkWD;wesaVªh dh iVdFkk
bdkbZ&3 % laokn lS¼kfUrdh vkSj lajpuk
bdkbZ&4 % iQhpj fiQYe] Vh-oh- èkkjkokfgd] dgkuh] ,oa MkWD;wesaVªh dk laokn&ys[ku

lgk;d xzaFk %

iVdFkk ys[ku µ euksgj ';ke tks'kh

Vsyhfo”ku ys[ku µ vlxj o”kkgr] izHkkr jatu

dFkk&iVdFkk µ eUuw HkaMkjh

jsfM;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj

iQhpj ys[ku µ euksgj izHkkdj
 7

lsesLVj&3

(3-4)

(d) fganh esa O;kogkfjd vuqokn

bdkbZ&1

1. Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h ifjn`'; vkSj vuqokn dk egÙo

2. vuqokn dk Lo:i (Nature of Translation)
3. vuqokn ds midj.k µ dks'k xzaFk
4. vuqokn&izfØ;k

bdkbZ&2

1. iz;qfDr dh vo/kj.kk_ fofo/ iz;qfDr {ks=k

2. fofo/ iz;qfDr {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r lkexzh ds vuqokn dh lkekU; leL;k,¡
3. fofHkUu iz;qfDr {ks=kksa dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh
4. vuqokn dh O;kolkf;d laHkkouk,¡

bdkbZ&3 % vuqokn O;ogkj & 1 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)

1. ltZukRed lkfgR;
2. Kku&foKku vkSj rduhdh lkfgR;
3. lkekftd foKku

bdkbZ&4 % vuqokn O;ogkj & 2 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)

1. tulapkj
2. iz'kklfud vuqokn
3. caSfdax vuqokn
4. fof/ vuqokn
 8

lgk;d xzaFk %

MkW- uxsanz µ vuqokn foKku % fl¼kar vkSj vuqiz;ksx

jkekyq jsM~Mh µ vuqokn ds fl¼kar

gsepanz ikaMs µ vuqokn (O;ogkj ls fl¼kaar dh vksj)

gfj ckcw daly µ dk;kZy; iznhfidk

fot; dqekj eYgks=kk µ dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx

lqjs'k flagy µ l`tukRed lkfgR; dk vuqokn

uxhu panz lgxy µ dkO;kuqokn % fl¼kar vkSj leL;k,¡

foeys'k dkafr oekZ (laik-) µ dks'k fo'ks"kkad] Hkkjrh; vuqokn ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh

foeys'k dkafr oekZ µ vuqokn vkSj rRdky Hkk"kkarj.k

NIDA, E – The Theory & Practice of Translation

NIDA, E – Language, Structure & Translation

Baker, Mona – Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation

House, Juliance – Translation Evaluation

Wilks, Vorick – Machine Translation : Its Scope & Limits

Baker, H. – Translation & Interpreting

Mossop, B – Revising and Editing for translators

Munday, J – Introducing Translation Studies : Theories and Applications

Munday, J – The Roultledge Companion to Translation Studies

Raghubir – Comprehensive English-Hindi Dictionary

R.S. Mc Gregor – Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary

Hardeo Bahari – English-Hindi Dictionary
 9

vFkok

([k) Hkk"kk vkSj lekt

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr

• Hkk"kk vkSj lekt dk varl±ca/
• Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk vkSj Hkk"kk&O;ogkj
• lekt Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj mldk Lo:i
• Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=k
bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kkbZ fofo/rk vkSj Hkkf"kd leqnk;
• Hkk"kk vkSj leqnk;
• Hkk"kk vkSj tkfr
• Hkk"kk vkSj tkrh;rk
• f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj cgqHkkf"kdrk (fiftu o fØ;ksy)
bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj
• Hkk"kk vkSj oxZ
• O;fDr] lekt vkSj Hkk"kk oxZ
• Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj ts.Mj
• Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr
bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk losZ{k.k
• Hkk"kk losZ{k.k % Lo:i vkSj izfof/
• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk losZ{k.k
• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk fo'ys"k.k
• Hkk"kk ds uohu iz;ksx

lgk;d xzaFk

Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

 10

fganh Hkk"kk fparu µ fnyhi flag

Hkk"kk dk lalkj µ fnyhi flag

vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;

Socio Linguistics : An Introduction to Language and Society -- Peter Trudgill

Socio Linguistics -- R.A. Hudson

An Introduction to Socio Linguistics – Ronald Wordhaugh

The Shadow of Language – George Yule
 11

lsesLVj&4

(4-4)

(d) fganh dk oSf'od ifjn`';

bdkbZ&1 % oS'ohdj.k] Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj lkfgR;

bdkbZ&2 % fganh dk fo'o&lUnHkZ] la;qDr jk"Vª esa fganh

bdkbZ&3 % fganh flusek vkSj fganh dh nqfu;k % lkaL—frd laokn o lEçs"k.k

bdkbZ&4 % varjkZ"Vªh; fganh lEeysu % ”k:jr vkSj Hkwfedk] 21oha lnh esa fganh dh oSf'od pqukSfr;k¡

lgk;d xzaFk

izoklh fganh lkfgR; µ dey fd'kksj xks;udk

ekWjh'kl dk fganh lkfgR; µ ohj flag] tkxk flag

ekWjh'kl dk fganh lkfgR; µ equh'oj fparkef.k

lwjhuke fganqLrkuh µ Hkkouk lDlsuk

iQh”kh dk ltZukRed lkfgR; µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ

lwjhuke dk ltZukRed fganh lkfgR; µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ

iQh”kh esa fganh % Lo:i vkSj fodkl µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ
 12

vFkok

([k) Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh vo/kj.kk

• Hkk"kk f'k{k.k % vfHkizk; rFkk mn~ns';

• Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk jk"Vªh;] lkekftd] 'kSf{kd vkSj Hkkf"kd lanHkZ
• f'k{k.k] izf'k{k.k] vtZu vkSj vf/xe

bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dh vk/kjHkwr ladYiuk,¡ (ts-,l- czwuj] okbZxksRLdh] fgyxkMZ] fi;kts)

• izFke Hkk"kk] ekr`Hkk"kk rFkk vU; Hkk"kk (f}rh; ,oa fons'kh) dh ladYiuk
• ekr`Hkk"kk] f}rh; Hkk"kk vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kk ds f'k{k.k esa varj
• lkekU; vkSj fof'k"V iz;kstu ds fy, Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

bdkbZ&3 % fganh f'k{k.k

• Hkk"kk dkS'ky&Jo.k] Hkk"k.k] okpu] ys[ku

• fganh dk ekr`Hkk"kk ds :i esa f'k{k.k (Ldwyh f'k{kk] mPp f'k{kk] nwjLFk f'k{kk)
• f}rh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa fganh f'k{k.k
• fons'kh Hkk"kk ds :i esa Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk ijh{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu

• Hkk"kk ijh{k.k dh ladYiuk

• Hkk"kk ewY;kadu dh ladYiuk
• Hkk"kk ijh{k.k ds fofo/ izdkj
• ewY;kadu ds izdkj
 13

lgk;d xzaFk

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k µ johanzukFk JhokLro

vU; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds dqN i{k µ laik- vej cgknqj flag

Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k rFkk Hkk"kkfoKku µ laik- czts'oj oekZ

Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ y{ehukjk;.k 'kekZ

fganh f'k{k.k % varjkZ"Vªh; ifjizs{; µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jksgjk] lwjtHkku flag

fganh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ HkksykukFk frokjh

vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku µ laik- johanzukFk JhokLro] HkksykukFk frokjh] Ñ".kdqekj xksLokeh

Focus Group Papers on Teaching of Indian Languages : NCERT, 2005

 1

HCC
lsesLVj&1

(1-1)

HCC-1 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj mldh fyfi dk bfrgkl

bdkbZ&1 % fganh Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh iwoZihfBdk

• Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk&ifjokj ,oa vFkZHkk"kk,¡ (laLÑr] ikfy] izkÑr] viHkza'k vkfn)

• fganh dk vkjafHkd :i
• ^fganh* 'kCn dk vFkZ ,oa iz;ksx
• fganh dk fodkl (vkfndky] eè;dky] vk/qfuddky)

bdkbZ&2 % fganh Hkk"kk dk {ks=k ,oa foLrkj

• fganh Hkk"kk % {ks=k ,oa cksfy;k¡

• fganh ds fofo/ :i (cksypky dh Hkk"kk] jk"VªHkk"kk] jktHkk"kk] laidZ&Hkk"kk] lapkj Hkk"kk)
• fganh dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i
• fganh dk varjkZ"Vªh; lanHkZ

bdkbZ&3 % fyfi dk bfrgkl

• Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi dk var%laca/

• ifjHkk"kk] Lo:i ,oa vko';drk
• fyfi ds vkjafHkd :i (fp=kfyfi] Hkkofyfi] èofu&fyfi)
• Hkkjr esa fyfi dk fodkl

bdkbZ&4 % nsoukxjh fyfi

• nsoukxjh fyfi dk ifjp; ,oa fodkl

• nsoukxjh fyfi dk ekudhdj.k
• vkn'kZ fyfi ds xq.k vkSj nsoukxjh fyfi dh fo'ks"krk,¡
• nsoukxjh fyfi vkSj dEI;wVj
 2

lgk;d xzaFk

fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ /hjsanz oekZ

Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi µ MkW- jkecfy ik.Ms; (yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku)

fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh

fganh Hkk"kk dh igpku ls izfr"Bk rd µ MkW- guqekuizlkn 'kqDy

fyfi dh dgkuh µ xq.kkdj eqys

Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
 3

lsesLVj&1

(1-2)

HCC&2 % fganh dfork ¼vkfndkyhu ,oa Hkfädkyhu dkO;½

ikB&lkexzh
bdkbZ&1 (d) vehj [kqljks µ vehj [kqljks (O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo) MkWñ ijekuan ikapky
dOokyh µ ?k (1)
xhr µ M- (4) (13)
nksgs µ p (i`"B 86)_ 5 nksgs
(1) xksjh yksus (2) [kqljks jSu (3) ns[k eSa (4) pdok pdoh (5) lst lwuh

([k) fo|kifr µ fo|kifr dh inkoyh] laik- vkpk;Z Jhjkeykspu 'kj.k

oanuk & 1 jk/k dh oanuk
JhÑ".k dk izse & 35 (izse&izlax)
jk/k dk izse & 36

bdkbZ&2 (d) dchjnkl & dchj xzaFkkoyh] laik- MkW- ekrk izlkn xqIr
(yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku_ izFke laLdj.k_ iQjojh] 1969)
lk¡p dkS vax (lk[kh 2] 16)
/eZ fo|kSl.k dkS vax (1] 10)
Hks"k dkS vax (2] 12)
Lk/k lk"khHkwr dkS vax (3] 4)
Lkjxzkgh dkS vax (3]4)
laxzFkkbZ dkS vax (9)
µ in la[;k 64 µ dkgs jh ufyuh - - -
µ in la[;k 66 µ vc dk d:¡ - - -
([k) ea>u µ ea>u&Ñr ^e/qekyrh*_ laik- ekrk izlkn xqIr
 4

u[k&f’k[k o.kZu
1- ds'k o.kZu (79)
2- ukfldk o.kZu (83)
3- v/j o.kZu (87)
4- vfrl:i - - - (94)
5- f=kcyh o.kZu (97)

bdkbZ&3 (d) lwjnkl % lwjlkxj lkj % èkhjsUnz oekZ_ (lkfgR; Hkou (izk-) fyfeVsM] thjks jksM]
bykgkckn&211003_ v"Ve laLdj.k lu~ 1990)

in la[;k µ 25 (esjks eu vur - - -) fou; rFkk HkfDr

7 (tlksnk gfj ikyus - - -) xksdqy&yhyk
18 ('kksfHkr dj - - - ) xksdqy&yhyk
141 (mQ/ks eu ekus - - -) m¼o&lans'k
1 ([ksyr gfj fudls - - -) jk/k&Ñ".k
158 (vfr eyhu - - -) m¼o&lans'k

([k) ehjk¡ckbZ dh inkoyh (laik- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh] fganh lkfgR; lEesyu_ iz;kx]
ckblok¡ laLdj.k 2008 bZ-)

in la[;k µ 5 (rud gfj fprok¡ - - -)

14 (vkyh jh Egkjs - - -)
19 (ekbZ lk¡ojs j¡x jk¡ph - - -)
22 (ekbZ jh Egk fu;k¡ - - -)
36 (ix ck¡/k ?kw¡?kj~;k¡ - - -)
70 (gsjh Egk rks njn fnok¡.kh - - -)

bdkbZ&4 xksLokeh rqylhnkl (Jhjkepfjrekl] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj_ laLdj.k 2052_

pkSgÙkjok¡ laLdj.k)
 5

(nksgk la[;k 26 ls nksgk la[;k 31 rd)

iw¡N cq>kb [kksb Je - - - Hkqtcy [ky ny thfrAA

fou;if=kdk (xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj_ laLdj.k la[;k 2055)

in la[;k 105] 111] 162
dforkoyh (xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj] laLdj.k la[;k 2052_ NÙkhlok¡ laLdj.k)
µ ckydkaM µ Nan la[;k&1
µ v;ksè;kdkaM µ Nan la[;k 22
& mÙkjdkaM µ Nan la[;k 96] 106

lgk;d xzaFk %

dchj & gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

lwjnkl & jkepanz 'kqDy

HkfDr vkanksyu vkSj lwjnkl dk dkO; & eSustj ik.Ms;

xksLokeh rqylhnkl & jkepanz 'kqDy

fganh lwiQhdkO; dh Hkwfedk & jkeiwtu frokjh

dchj dh fopkjèkkjk & xksfoan f=kxq.kk;r

dchj & laik- fot;sanz Lukrd

lwj vkSj mudk lkfgR; & gjoa'kyky 'kekZ

lwjnkl & czts'oj oekZ

fuxqZ.k dkO; esa ukjh µ vfuy jk;

rqylh&dkO;&ehekalk & mn;Hkkuq flag

eè;;qxhu izsek[;kud & ';ke euksgj ik.Ms;

lwiQh dfork dh igpku & ;'k xqykVh

ehjk % thou vkSj dkO; & lh-,y- izHkkr

vkykspuk dk u;k ikB % xksis'oj flag

ehjk dk dkO; % MkW- fo'oukFk f=kikBh

jk"Vªh; ,drk] orZeku leL;k,¡ vkSj HkfDr lkfgR; % dSyk'k ukjk;.k frokjh

eè;dkyhu Ñ".k *dkO; dh lkSan;Zpsruk* % iwjupan VaMu
 6

lsesLVj&2

(2-1)

HCC-3 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vkfndky vkSj eè;dky½

bdkbZ&1 % fganh lkfgR; % bfrgkl&ys[ku

• fganh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl&ys[ku dh ijaijk dk ifjp;

• fganh lkfgR; % dky&foHkktu ,oa ukedj.k

bdkbZ&2 % vkfndky

• vkfndky dk jktuhfrd] lkekftd lkaLÑfrd] ifjos'k vkSj lkfgfR;d i`‘BHkwfe

• fl¼ lkfgR;] ukFk lkfgR;] tSu lkfgR;
• jklks dkO;
• ykSfdd lkfgR;

bdkbZ&3 % HkfDrdky (iwoZeè;dky)

• HkfDr&vkanksyu vkSj mldk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i

• HkfDr lkfgR; dh nk'kZfud i`"BHkwfe
• HkfDrdky dh /kjk,¡ %

(1) fuxqZ.k /kjk (KkukJ;h 'kk[kk] izseekxhZ lwiQh 'kk[kk)

(2) lxq.k /kjk (jkeHkfDr 'kk[kk] Ñ".kHkfDr 'kk[kk)
(3) vU; dkO;

bdkbZ&4 % jhfrdky (mÙkj eè;dky)

• ;qxhu&i`"BHkwfe (jktuhfrd] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd&vkfFkZd ifjos'k] lkfgR; ,oa laxhr vkfn dykvksa

dh fLFkfr)
• dkO;&izo`fÙk;k¡

(1) jhfrc¼ vkSj jhfrfl¼

 7

(2) jhfreqDr dkO;

(3) ohjdkO;] HkfDrdkO;] uhfrdkO;

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy

fganh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

fganh lkfgR; dk vrhr µ vkpk;Z fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh

fganh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ laik- uxsUnz

fganh lkfgR; dk vfndky µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

lkfgR; dk bfrgkl n'kZu µ ufyu foykspu 'kekZ

lkfgR; vkSj bfrgkl n`f"V µ eSustj ikaMs;

eè;dkyhu lkfgR; vkSj lkSan;Zcksèk µ eqds'k xxZ

HkfDr vkUnksyu ds lkekftd vk/kj µ laik- xksis'oj flag

vkfndkyhu fganh lkfgR; % vè;;u dh fn'kk,¡ % laik- vfuy jk;
 8

lsesLVj&2

(2-2)

HCC-4 : fganh dfork ¼jhfrdkyhu dkO;½

ikB&lkexzh
bdkbZ&1

1. ds'konkl µ dfofiz;k (fiz;k izdk'k] yk- Hkxokunhu)

Nan la[;k µ rhljk izHkko (1] 2] 4] 5)
ik¡pok¡ izHkko (1] 10)
NBk izHkko (56] 66] 69)

2. jghe (vCnqjZghe [kku[kkuk¡) µ jghe xzaFkkoyh] laiknd % fo|kfuokl feJ] xksfoan jtuh'k

nksgkoyh µ Nan la[;k 38] 49] 87] 126] 130] 166] 167] 175] 180] 212] 220] 222
bdkbZ&2
3. fcgkjh µ fcgkjh&jRukdj % iz.ksrk Jh txUukFknkl ^jRukdj*] f'kokyk] okjk.klh

Nan la[;k µ 1] 62] 103] 127] 128] 143] 180] 347] 363] 388
bdkbZ&3
4. ?kukuan µ ?kukuan (xzaFkkoyh)_ laik- fo'oukFk izlkn feJ_ ok.kh forku_ cukjl&1

lqtkufgr (1] 4] 7] 18] 19] 38] 41] 49] 54)

bdkbZ&4 (d)
5. Hkw"k.k µ f'koHkw"k.k rFkk izdh.kZ jpuk] fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

Nan la[;k µ 50] 104] 411] 420] 443] 512] 515

bdkbZ&4 ([k)
6. fxfj/j dfojk; µ fxfj/j dfojk; xzaFkkoyh_ laik- MkW- fd'kksjhyky xqIr
Nan la[;k 11] 16] 36] 70] 71] 89] 99
 9

lgk;d xzaFk %

nso vkSj mudh dfork µ uxsanz

fcgkjh µ fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

Hkw"k.k µ fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

fxfjèkj dfojk; (xzaFkkoyh) & la- fd'kksjhyky xqIr

?kukuan vkSj LoPNanrkoknh dkO;èkkjk & euksgjyky xkSM+

jhfrdkO; dh Hkwfedk & uxsanz

dfooj fcgkjhyky vkSj mudk ;qx & j.kèkhj izlkn flUgk

Hkw"k.k vkSj mudk lkfgR; & jktey cksjk

fganh uhfrdkO; dk Lo:i fodkl & jkeLo:i 'kkL=kh

fganh lkfgR; dk mÙkjeè;dky % jhfrdky & egsanz dqekj

fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] Hkkx&6 & laik- uxsanz

f}tnso vkSj mudk dkO; & vafcdkizlkn oktis;h

?kukuan xzaFkkoyh & fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

lusg dks ekjx & bejS ca?kk

vk;kZ lIr'krh vkSj fcgkjh lrlbZ dk rqyukRed vè;;u & dSyk'k ukjk;.k frokjh

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vkfndky ls jhfrdky rd½ & iwjupan VaMu
 10

lsesLVj&3
(3-1)

HCC-5 : fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vk/qfud dky½

bdkbZ&1

• eè;dkyhu cksèk rFkk vkèkqfud cksèk (laØe.k dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ uotkxj.k vkSj Hkkjrsanq) uotkxj.k dh
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj Hkkjrsanq ;qx
• egkohj izlkn f}osnh % fganh i=kdkfjrk vkSj [kM+h cksyh vkanksyu
• Lokèkhurk vkanksyu vkSj uotkxj.kdkyhu&psruk dk mRd"kZ

bdkbZ&2

• ukVd] fucaèk vkSj vkykspuk

• dFkk lkfgR;
• ukVd
• fucaèk vkSj vU; x| fo/k,¡
• vkykspuk

bdkbZ&3

• Nk;kokn vkSj mÙkj Nk;kokn % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡

• mÙkj Nk;kokn % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡
• izxfrokn % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡
• iz;ksxokn % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡
• u;h dfork % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡

bdkbZ&4

• lkBksÙkjh dfork] uoxhr] uosa n'kd dh dfork] ledkyhu dfork

• ledkyhu dFkk lkfgR; % miU;kl vkSj dgkuh
• vkykspuk vkSj vU; x|&:i
 11

• vfLerk foe'kZ µ nfyr] L=kh

lgk;d xzaFk

vkèkqfud lkfgR; dh izo`fÙk;k¡ µ ukeoj flag

HkkjrsUnq vkSj fganh uotkxj.k dh leL;k,¡ µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

fganh dk x| lkfgR; & jkepanz frokjh

fganh x| % foU;kl vkSj fodkl & jkeLo:i prqosZnh

vkèkqfud lkfgR; µ uannqykjs oktis;h

Nk;kokn µ ukeoj flag

rkjlIrd (igyk laLdj.k vkSj nwljk laLdj.k) vkSj nwljk lIrd dh Hkwfedk,¡ µ laik- vKs;

fganh uoxhr % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & jktsUnz xkSre

ledkyhu fganh dfork µ fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ laik- uxsUnz

fganh ukVd % ubZ ij[k & laik- jes'k xkSre

egkohj izlkn f}osnh vkSj fganh uotkxj.k µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
 12

lsesLVj&3

(3-2)

HCC-6 : fganh dfork ¼vk/qfud dky Nk;kokn rd½

bdkbZ&1
1- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr

bdkbZ&2
2- t;'kadj izlkn

bdkbZ&3
3- lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkyk

bdkbZ&4
4- jke/kjh flag fnudj
5- lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku

jpuk,¡ %
1- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr µ ;'kks/jk (pqus gq, va'k)
 fl¼kFkZ
 egkfHkfu"Øe.k
 l[kh os eq>ls dgdj tkrs - - - 5] 6] 7] 8] 9
 vc dBksj] gks otzknfi - - - 7] 8] 9] 10] 11] 12] 13] 14
 ekfufu] eku rtks yks] jgh rqEgkjh cku
 nhu u gks xksih

2- t;'kadj izlkn µ mB&mB jh y?kq] e/qi xquxquk dj] rqEgkjh vk¡[kksa dk cpiu] vjs dgha
ns[kk gS rqeus] vjh o#.kk dh “kkar dNkj] ys py eq>s Hkqykok nsdj] v'kksd dh
fpark
 13

3- lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkyk µ laè;klqUnjh] ckny jkx % Ng] og rksM+rh iRFkj] [ksr tksr dj ?kj vk, gSa]
cka/ks u uko] Lusg fu>Zj] oj ns] eSa vdsyk@ns[krk gw¡ vk jgh esjs thou dh
lkaè; csyk] nqfjr nwj djks ukFk] v'kj.k gw¡ xgks gkFk

4- jke/kjh flag fnudj µ ^jf'ejFkh* % rhljs lxZ ls Ñ".k&d.kZ laokn

5- lqHknzkdqekjh pkSgku µ Bqdjk nks ;k I;kj djks] ohjksa dk dSlk gks clUr] eqj>k;k iQwy] esjs ifFkd]
>k¡lh dh jkuh dh lekfèk ij] vuks[kk nku] ckfydk

lgk;d xzaFk

t;'kadj izlkn & uannqykjs oktis;h

eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % iquewZY;kadu & uxsanz

fujkyk dh lkfgR;&lkèkuk & jkefoykl 'kekZ

;qxpkj.k fnudj & lkfo=kh flUgk

fgUnh LoPNanrkoknh dkO;èkkjk & izse'kadj

eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % izklafxdrk ds var%lw=k & Ñ".knÙk ikyhoky

t;'kadj izlkn & izse'kadj

vudgk fujkyk & vk- tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh

fujkyk % vkRegark vkLFkk & nwèkukFk flag

fujkyk dkO; dh Nfo;k¡ & uanfd'kksj uoy

jkeèkkjh flag fnudj & fot;sanz ukjk;.k flag

Nk;kokn & ukeoj flag

=k;h (izlkn] fujkyk vkSj iar) & vk- tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh

vkèkqfud fganh dfork esa fcac&foèkku & dsnkjukFk flag

n`f"Vikr & jktsUnz xkSre

^dYiuk* dk ^moZ'kh*&fookn & laik- xksis'oj flag

mÙkjNk;koknh dkO;Hkk"kk & gfjeksgu 'kekZ
 14

lsesLVj&3

(3-3)

HCC-7 : fganh dgkuh

bdkbZ&1
1- mlus dgk Fkk & panz/j 'kekZ xqysjh
2- iwl dh jkr & izsepan
3- NksVk tknwxj & izlkn

bdkbZ&2
4- iktsc & tSusUnz oqQekj
5- rhljh dle & iQ.kh”ojukFk js.kq
6- phiQ dh nkor & Hkh’e lkguh

bdkbZ&3
7- ifjUns & fueZy oekZ
8- nksigj dk Hkkstu & vejdkar
9- flDdk cny x;k & d`’.kk lkscrh

bdkbZ&4
10- taxy tkrde~ & dk”khukFk flag
11- okilh & m"kk fiz;aonk
12- ?kqliSfB;s & vkseizdk”k ckYehfd

lgk;d xazFk

ladfyr fucaèk & ufyu foykspu 'kekZ

^,d nqfu;k lekukUrj* & jktsUnz ;kno

^dgkuh % ubZ dgkuh* ukeoj flag

ubZ dgkuh dh Hkwfedk & deys”oj

fganh dgkuh dk bfrgkl & xksiky jk;
 15

fganh dgkuh % varjax igpku & jkenj'k feJ

fganh dgkuh dh jpuk&izfØ;k µ ijekuan JhokLro

viuh ckr µ Hkh"e lkguh

ubZ dgkuh % lanHkZ vkSj izÑfr & nsoh'kadj voLFkh

izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx & jkefoykl 'kekZ

lkfgR; ls laokn & xksis'oj flag

dqN dgkfu;k¡ % dqN fopkj & fo'oukFk f=kikBh

dFkkohFkh µ gfjeksgu “kekZ vkSj jktsUnz xkSre

fganh dgkuh dk igyk n'kd µ laik- Hkonso ik.Ms;

fganh dgkuh dk fodkl µ eèkqjs'k

geliQjukek µ Lo;a izdk'k

le; vkSj lkfgR; µ fot; eksgu flag

fganh dgkuh % izfØ;k vkSj ikB µ lqjsanz pkSèkjh
 16

lsesLVj&4

(4-1)

HCC-8 : Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k

bdkbZ&1
1- Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k dh ijaijk (vkpk;Z Hkjreqfu ls iafMrjkt txUukFk rd)
2- dkO;&y{k.k] dkO;&gsrq] dkO;&iz;kstu

bdkbZ&2
3- jl % Lo:i vkSj y{k.k] jl ds vax rFkk jl ds Hksn
4- 'kCn&'kfDr;k¡
5- xq.k ,oa nks"k % y{k.k vkSj Hksn

bdkbZ&3
6- vyadkj % y{k.k vkSj Hksn

“kCnkuqizkl % vuqizkl] ;ed] 'ys"k] oØksfDrA

vFkZ'kCnkuqizkl % miek] :id] vig~uqfr] mRizs{kk] vfr'k;ksfDr] fun'kZuk] O;frjsd] fojks/kHkkl]
foHkkouk] fo'ks"kksfDr] vR;qfDrA
7- NUn

(d) leof.kZd µ Hkqtaxiz;kr] nzqrfoyfEcr] f'k[kfj.kh] 'kknwZyfoØhfM+r] loS;k (Hksn lfgr)] ?kuk{kjhA
([k) leekf=kd µ mYykyk] pkSikbZ] jksyk] gfjxhfrdkA

(x) v¼Z&leekf=kd µ cjoS] nksgk] lksjBk

(?k) fo"ke leekf=kd µ dqaMfy;k] NIi;A
bdkbZ&4
8- dkO;&:i % n`';dkO; (:id) ,oa mi:id] JO;dkO; % i|] x|] pEiw] izca/ ,oa eqDrd
 17

lgk;d xzaFk

dkO; niZ.k & jkenfgu feJ

jl ehekalk & vkpk;Z jkepan 'kqDy

dkO; ehekalk & rh-u- Jhd.BSÕ;k

jl&fl¼kar & uxsUnz

lkfgR;&lgpj & vk- gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k % lqcksèk foospu & lR;nso pkSèkjh

dkO;rÙo foe'kZ & jkeewfrZ f=kikBh

fl¼kar vkSj vè;;u & ckcw xqykcjk;

lkfgR;&fl¼kar & jkevoèk f}osnh

dkO; ds rÙo & nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ

dkO;'kkL=k & HkxhjFk feJ

lk/kj.khdj.k vkSj dkO;kLokn & jktsUnz xkSre

lkfgR; dk Lo:i & fuR;kuan frokjh

Hkkjrh; vkykspuk'kkL=k & jktoa'k lgk; ^ghjk*
 18

lsesLVj&4
(4-2)

HCC-9 : fganh dfork ¼Nk;kokn ds ckn½

bdkbZ&1 (d) vKs; % dyxh cktjs dh] ;g nhi vdsyk] lkezkKh dk uSos|nku] lkai &&lzksr% pquh
gqbZ dfork,a] vKs;] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkÅl] fnYyh
([k) ukxktqZu % vdky vkSj mlds ckn] xqykch pwfM+;ka] flanwj fryfdr Hkky]
mudks ç.kke] &&lzksr % çfrfuf/ dfork,a (ukxktqZu)] laik- ukeoj flag_ jktdey] fnYyh
bdkbZ&2 (d) j?kqohj lgk; % Lok/hu O;fä] vf/uk;d] jkenkl] vkidh g¡lh]
&&lzksr % j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh] Hkkx&1] laik- lqjs'k 'kekZ] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh
([k) dsnkjukFk flag % lqbZ vkSj rkxs ds chp esa] lzksr % ;gka ls ns[kks] jk/k—".k çdk'ku]
fnYyh_ ikuh dh çkFkZuk] lewgxku] cfyZu dh VwVh nhokj dks ns[kdj] lzksr % rkyLrkW; vkSj
lkbfdy] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh
bdkbZ&3 (d) /wfey % eksphjke] &&lzksr % laln ls lM+d rd] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh
([k) 'kaHkqukFk flag % ixMaMh &&lzksr % uoxhr v¼Z'krh] ijkx çdk'ku] fnYyh_ ns'k gSa
ge jkt/kuh ugha] ikl vkuk euk nwj tkuk euk] eu dk vkdk'k mM+k tk jgk
&&lzksr % oä dh ehukj ij] ijkx izdk'ku fnYyh
bdkbZ&4 (d) jkts'k tks'kh µ cPps dke ij tk jgs gSa] ekjs tk,ax]s vkneh ds ckjs esa] mldh
x`gLFkh (usiF; esa galh ,oa nks iafDr;ksa ds chp ls)
([k) v#.k dey µ u;s bykds esa] mèkj ds pksj] viuh dsoy èkkj] nsoHkk"kk

lgk;d xzaFk

dfork ds u, izfreku & ukeoj flag

u;h dfork vkSj vfLrRookn & jkefoykl 'kekZ

vkèkqfud fganh dfork & fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

ledkyhu dfork dk ;FkkFkZ & ijekuan JhokLro

ledkyhu dkO;&;k=kk & uUnfd”kksj uoy

dfork dh tehu vkSj tehu dh dfork & ukeoj flag

ledkyhu fganh dfork & johanz Hkzej
 19

mÙkjNk;koknh dkO;Hkk"kk & gfjeksgu 'kekZ

lqUnj dk LoIu & viwokZuUn

ledkyhurk vkSj lkfgR; & jkts'k tks'kh

vk/qfud dfork&;k=kk & jkeLo:i prqosZnh

vKs; lkfgR; % iz;ksx vkSj ewY;kadu & dsnkj 'kekZ

fganh uoxhr % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & jktsanz xkSre

fganh uoxhr&;qxhu lanHkZ & jkeukjk;.k iVsy

u;h dfork vkSj mldk ewY;kadu & lqjs'kpanz lgy

vkykspuk dk u;k ikB µ xksis'oj flag

u;h dfork ds izfreku µ y{ehdkar oekZ

NBok¡ n'kd µ fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh
 20

lsesLVj&4
(4-3)

HCC-10 : fganh miU;kl

bdkbZ&1 % izsepan % deZHkwfe

bdkbZ&2 % tSusUnz % lquhrk
bdkbZ&3 % ;'kiky % fnO;k
bdkbZ&4 % eUuw HkaMkjh % vkidk caVh

lgk;d xzaFk

izsepUn % miU;kl lEcU/h fucU/ (^fofo/ izlax Hkkx&3*)

izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

miU;kl vkSj yksdthou µ jkWYIkQ iQkWDl

fganh miU;kl µ laik- Hkh"e lkguh Hkxorh izlkn funkfj;k

dFkk le; esa rhu geliQj µ fueZyk tSu

fganh miU;kl ,d var;kZ=kk µ jkenj'k feJ

izsepan % ,d foospu µ banzukFk enku

miU;kl dk mn; µ b;ku okWV

miU;kl ds igyw µ bZ-,e-iQksLVj

fofoèk izlax µ izsepan

dye dk flikgh µ ve`r jk;

dFkk foospuk vkSj x| f'kYi µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

vkLFkk vkSj lkSan;Z µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

izsepan µ laik- MkW- lR;sUnz

l`tu'khyrk dk ladV µ fuR;kuan frokjh

fganh miU;kl µ laik- ukeoj flag

vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;
 21

lsesLVj&5

(5-1)

HCC-11 : ik’pkR; dkO;'kkL=k

bdkbZ&1

¼d½ vjLrw & vuqdj.k&lacèa kh ekU;rk] fojspu] =kklnh foospu

¼[k½ yksatkbul & mnkÙk&lacèa kh ekU;rk

bdkbZ&2

¼d½ dkWyfjt & dfork vkSj dkO;&Hkk"kk lacaèkh ekU;rk] dYiuk&fln~èkkar

¼[k½ Vh-,l- bfy;V & ijaijk vkSj oS;fDrd izKk] fuosZ;fDrd dkO; dk fln~èkkar] oLrqfu"B
lg&lacaèk
bdkbZ&3
lkekU; ifjp; % LoPNanrkokn] ;FkkFkZokn] lajpukokn] mÙkj&lajpukokn
bdkbZ&4
fcEc] izrhd] folaxfr] foMEcuk] iQSaVslh] feFkd
lgk;d xzaFk %

lkfgR; fl¼kUr & jkevoèk f}osnh

lkfgR; fl¼kUr & jsusosyd vkWfLVu okjsu (vuqokn)

ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k & nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ

fganh lkfgR; dks'k & laik- èkhjsUnz oekZ

fpUrkef.k & vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy

vkLFkk ds pj.k & uxsanz

dfork ds u;s izfreku & ukeoj flag

ik'pkR; lkfgR;&fparu & fueZyk tSu
 22

fganh vkykspuk ds cht 'kCn & cPpu flag

,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh & eqfDrcksèk

vkykspuk ls vkxs & lqèkh'k ipkSjh

feFkdh; voèkkj.kk vkSj ;FkkFkZ & jes'k xkSre

lsesLVj&5
(5-2)

HCC-12 : fgUnh ukVd@,dkadh

bdkbZ&1 % Hkkjr nqnZ'kk & HkkjrsUnq
bdkbZ&2 % /zqoLokfeuh & t;'kadj izlkn
bdkbZ&3 % cdjh & loZs'oj n;ky lDlsuk
bdkbZ&4 % nhinku & jkedqekj oekZ
LVªkbd & Hkqous'oj
lw[kh Mkyh & misUnzukFk v'd
rhu vikfgt & fofiu dqekj vxzoky

lgk;d xzaFk

ukVddkj Hkkjrsanq dh jax&ifjdYiuk & lR;sanz rustk

vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap & laik- usfepan tSu

fganh ,dkadh dh f'kYifofèk dk fodkl & fl¼ukFk dqekj

fganh ukVd % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ n'kjFk vks>k

fganh ds izrhd ukVd & jes'k xkSre

fgUnh ukVdksa esa fonzksg dh ijEijk & fdj.kpan “kekZ

t;'kadj izlkn % ,d iqueZwY;kadu & fouksn 'kkgh

izlkn ds ukVd % Lo:i vkSj lajpuk & xksfoan pkrd

fganh ukVd dk vkRela?k"kZ & fxjh'k jLrksxh

ubZ jaxpsruk vkSj fganh ukVddkj & t;nso rustk

ubZ jaxpsruk vkSj cdjh & dqlqe yrk

,dkadh vkSj ,dkadhdkj & jkepj.k egsasnz
 23

lsesLVj&6

(6-1)

HCC-13 : fgUnh vkykspuk

bdkbZ&1 % fgUnh vkykspuk dh ijEijk dk fodkl HkkjrsUnq ;qx & ckyeqdqUn xqIr rd
bdkbZ&2 % f}osnh;qxhu vkykspuk ds ikBksa dk vè;;u % egkohjizlkn f}osnh] vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy
dkO; esa yksdeaxy] izzsepan % lkfgR; dk mn~ns';
bdkbZ&3 % Nk;kokn;qxhu vkykspuk
izlkn % Nk;kokn vkSj ;FkkFkZokn] gtkjhizlkn f}osnh & vkèkqfud lkfgR; % ubZ ekU;rk,¡]
uxsUnz % esjh lkfgfR;d ekU;rk,a

bdkbZ&4 % jkefoykl 'kekZ µ rqylh lkfgR; esa lkeUr&fojks/h ewY;] ukeoj flag & dgkuh % ubZ vkSj
iqjkuh] vKs;] eqfDrcks/] ubZ dfork dk vkRela?k’kZ

lgk;d xzaFk %

fpUrkef.k & vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy

vkLFkk ds pj.k & uxsanz

dfork ds u;s izfreku & ukeoj flag

ik'pkR; lkfgR;&fparu & fueZyk tSu

fganh vkykspuk ds cht 'kCn & cPpu flag

,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh & eqfDrcksèk

vkykspuk ls vkxs & lqèkh'k ipkSjh

fganh x|] foU;kl vkSj fodkl & jkeLo:i prqosZnh

nwljh ijaijk dh [kkst & ukeoj flag

fganh vkykspuk & fo'oukFk f=kikBh

vkykspuk dk u;k ikB & xksis'oj flag

ladfyr fuca/ & ufyu foykspu 'kekZ

fganh vkykspuk dk fodkl & uanfd'kksj uoy

vkLFkk vkSj lkSUn;Z & jkefoykl 'kekZ
 24

lsesLVj&6

(6-2)

HCC-14 : fganh fucUèk vkSj vU; x| fo/k,¡

bdkbZ&1 fucaèk

ckyd`".k HkV~V & tqcku

ckyeqoqQan xqIr & esys dk Å¡V] jktdey izdk'ku] 1988
ljnkj iw.kZ flag & vkpj.k dh lH;rk] vè;kid iw.kZ flag fucaèkkoyh] la- jkevoèk 'kkL=kh] dapu
ifCyds'ku] 198@58 jes'k ekdZsV] bZLV vkiQ dSyk'k] ubZ fnYyh&06 (1993)
jkepanz 'kqDy & yksHk vkSj izhfr] vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy] fparkef.k

bdkbZ&2 fucaèk

gtkjhizlkn f}osnh & dqVt

fo|kfuokl feJ & esjs jke dk eqdqV Hkhx jgk gS
gfj'kadj ijlkbZ & oS".ko dh fiQlyu
dqcsjukFk jk; & jl vk[ksVd

bdkbZ&3 thouh@vkRedFkk

ikaMs; cspu 'kekZ & viuh [kcj] vkRekjke ,aM lal

jkefoykl 'kekZ & ^fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/uk* Hkkx&1 ls ^u, la?k"kZ*
'kh"kZd vè;k;

bdkbZ&4 laLej.k@js[kkfp=k@;k=kk&o`Ùkkar

µ laLej.k % vKs; ds lkFk & vkpk;Z tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh] ^galcykdk* ls

µ js[kkfp=k % lqHkku [kk¡ & jkeo`{k csuhiqjh] ekVh dh ewjrsa] xzaFkkoyh ls
µ ;k=kk o`Ùkkar % jkgqy lkad`R;k;u vFkkrks ?kqeDdM+ ftKklk

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh dk x| lkfgR; & jkepanz frokjh
 25

fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl & jkeLo:i prqonsZ h

fganh vkRedFkk % fl¼kUr vkSj Lo:i&fo'ys"k.k & fouhrk vxzoky

fganh x| % foU;kl vkSj fodkl & jkeLo:i prqosZnh

Hkkjrsanq ;qx & jkefoykl 'kekZ

Nk;koknksÙkj fganh x| lkfgR; & fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

vkèkqfud fganh x| dk lkfgR; & gjn;ky

x|dkj vkpk;Z tkudhoYyHk “kkL=kh & iky Hklhu

lkfgR; ls laokn & xksis'oj flag

fucaèkksa dh nqfu;k & fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh] iz-la- & fueZyk tSu] la- gfjeksgu 'kekZ
 1

HDSE – Elective

lsesLVj&5

(5-3)

(d) fganh dh ekSf[kd vkSj yksdlkfgR; ijaijk

funsZ'k % lS¼kafrd fcanqvksa dk lkekU; ifjp; visf{kr gSA yksdxhrksa dh izLrqfr;k¡ vkSj yksdukV~; ds
izn'kZuksa dks lquus&ns[kus dk volj Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkA
bdkbZ&1 % ekSf[kd lkfgR; dh voèkkj.kk % lkekU; ifjp;] ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj fyf[kr
lkfgR; dk lacèa k
lkfgR; ds fofoèk :i & yksdxhr] yksddFkk] yksdxkFkk,¡] yksdukV~;] yksdksfDr;k¡]
igsfy;k¡&cq>kSoy vkSj eqgkojs fganh izns'k dh tuinh; cksfy;k¡ vkSj mudk lkfgR; (lkekU;
ifjp;) ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj lektA

bdkbZ&2 % yksdxhr % okfpd vkSj eqfnzr

laLdkj xhr % lksgj] fookg] eaxyxhr bR;kfnA
lksgj Hkkstiqjh % Hkkstiqjh laLdkj xhr & Jh gal dqekj frokjh & fcgkj jk"VªHkk"kk ifj"kn]
i`"B&8] xhr la[;k&4
lksgj voèkh µ fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr & Ñ".k nso mikè;k; & i`"B 110] 111
(lkfgR; Hkou] bykgkckn)
;Kksiohr & Hkkjrh; yksd&lkfgR;_ ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk] i`"B 88&89
fookg & Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; µ fo|k flUgk] i`"B 116
½rqqlacèa kh xhr % ckjgeklk] gksyh] pSrh] dtjh bR;kfnA

ikB % fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % Ñ".k nso mikè;k;] i`"B 205

gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; % 'kadj yky ;kno] i`"B 231
okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh % ia- fo|kfuokl feJ] i`"B 51

Jelacèa kh xhr % dVuh] t¡rlj] n¡ouh] jksiuh bR;kfnA

dVuh ds xhr] voèkh 2 xhr & fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % Ñ".knso mikè;k;
i`"B 134] 135
tarlkjh % Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; ijaijk vkSj ifjn`';] fo|k flUgk] i`"B 140]
141
fofoèk xhr % ?kq?kqfr & dqekmauh % dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr % ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh] i`"B
802] 803
 2

bdkbZ&3 % yksddFkk,¡ ,oa yksdxkFkk,¡ foèkk dk lkekU; ifjp; vkSj izfl¼ yksddFkkvksa
,oa yksdxkFkkvksa vkYgk] yksfjd] lkjaxk&lnko`{k] fcgqyk
jktLFkkuh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u]
i`"B 10] 11
lksygok¡ Hkkx
ekyoh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] i`"B
461&462
voèkh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] i`"B
187&188

bdkbZ&4 % yksdukV~; % foèkk dk ifjp;] fofoèk Hkk"kk {ks=kksa ds fofoèk ukV~;:i vkSj 'kSfy;k¡]
jkeyhyk_ jklyhyk ekyok dk ukp_ jktLFkku dk [;ky] mÙkj izns'k dh ukSVadh]
HkkaM] jklyhyk_ fcgkj&fcnsfl;k_ gfj;k.kk&lkax (d) ikB % laf{kIr in~ekor lkax
jkfxuh la[;k 1] 3] 6] 7] 8] 13] 14] 17] 18] 19] 28] 34] 37] 38] 43] 58]
60] 67- (y[kehpan xzaFkkoyh] la- izks- iwjupan 'kekZ] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh]
([k) fcnsfl;k % fHk[kkjh Bkdqj d`r yksdukV~;

lgk;d xzaFk

fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr µ Ñ".knso mikè;k;

gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; µ 'kadj yky ;kno

ehV ekbZ ihiy µ nsosUnz lR;kFkhZ

ekyoh yksd&lkfgR; dk vè;;u µ ';ke ijekj

jleatjh & lqfprk jkenhu_ egkRek xka/h laLFkku] ekWjh'kl

fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl µ ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u_ lksygok¡ Hkkx

okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh µ ia- fo|kfuokl feJ

Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk

dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr µ ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh

y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µ gfjpUnz ca/q

lw=k/kj µ latho

fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu µ gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku

eè;izns'k yksd dyk vdkneh dh if=kdk & pkSeklk

phuh yksddFkk,¡ µ vfuy jk;
 3

vFkok

([k) vfLerkewyd foe'kZ vkSj fganh lkfgR;

bdkbZ&1 % foe'kks± dh lS¼kafrdh

¼d½ nfyr foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu] iQqys vkSj vEcsMdj
¼[k½ L=kh foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk,¡ vkSj eqfDr vkanksyu ¼ik'pkR; vkSj Hkkjrh;½
jSfMdy] ekWDlZoknh] mnkjoknh vkfn] ;kSfudrk] fyaxHksn] fir`lÙkk] leySafxdrk
¼x½ vkfnoklh foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu
ty] taxy] tehu vkSj igpku dk loky

bdkbZ&2 % foe'kZewyd dFkk lkfgR; %

1- vkseizdk'k ckYehfd & lyke]
2- gfjjke eh.kk & èkw.kh ris rhj] i`"B la[;k 158&167
3- ukfljk 'kekZ & [kqnk dh okilh

bdkbZ&3 % foe'kZewyd dfork %

(d) nfyr dfork % vNwrkuan ¼nfyr dgk¡ rd iM+s jgsax½s ] uxhuk flag ¼fdruh O;Fkk½
ekrk izlkn ¼lksuok dk fiatjk½
([k) L=kh dfork % 1- dhfrZ pkS/jh % lhek js[kk 2- dkR;k;uh % lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik
3- lfork flag % ^eSa fdldh vkSjr gw¡\*

bdkbZ&4 % foe'kZewyd vU; x| foèkk,¡ %

1- izHkk [ksrku] i`"B 28&42 % vU;k ls vuU;k rd

2- rqylhjke eqnZfg;k ¼pkSèkjh pkpk ls izkjaHk_ i`"B la[;k 125 ls 135½
3- egknsoh oekZ % ^L=kh ds vFkZ Lokra=; dk iz'u*

lgk;d xzaFk %

fleksu n cksmok & L=kh misf{krk

 4

xqykexhjh & T;ksfrck iQqys

vacsMdj jpukoyh & Hkkx&1

izHkk [ksrku & mifuos'k esa L=kh

L=kh vfLerk lkfgR; vkSj fopkjèkkjk & lqèkk flag

ewd uk;d] cfg"Ñr Hkkjr & vacsMdj

f'kdats dk nnZ & lq'khyk VkadHkkSajs

twBu & vkseizdk'k ckYehfd

nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & 'kj.k dqekj fyackys

nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & vkseizdk'k ckYehfd

nfyr vkanksyu dk bfrgkl & eksgunkl uSfe'kjk;

ukjhoknh jktuhfr & ftuh fuosfnrk

fganh nfyr dFkk lkfgR; % voèkkj.kk ,oa fo/k,¡ & jtr jkuh ^ehuw*

vkSjr gksus dh ltk & vjfoan tSu

vkfnoklh vfLerk dk ladV & jef.kdk xqIrk
 5

vFkok

(x) Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR; jaxeap fl¼kar

bdkbZ&1 % ukVd dh foèkkxr fof'k"Vrk] ukV~;rÙo (Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;)] ukVd vkSj jaxeap dk
var%lacèa k] n`'; vkSj JO; rÙoksa dk lek;kstu rFkk ukV~;kuqHkwfr vkSj jaxkuqHkwfr
bdkbZ&2 % jaxdeZ % ukVddkj] funsZ'kd] vfHkusrk] ik'oZdeZ] ukVd ds lanHkZ esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar
,oa vjLrw ds fojspu&fl¼kar dk fof'k"V vè;;u
bdkbZ&3 % if'peh ukV~;Hksn µ =kklnh] dkenh] esyksMªkek ,oa iQklZ (lkekU; ifjp;)] ukVd ds lanHkZ
esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar ,oa vjLrw ds fojspu&fl¼kar dk fof'k"V vè;;u
bdkbZ&4 % izkphu Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ :id] mi:id rFkk buds Hksn (lkekU; ifjp;)] vkèkqfud
Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ ,dkadh] dkO; ukVd] jsfM;ks ukVd ,oa uqDdM+ ukVd] VsyhfiQYe vkSj
èkkjkokfgd (lkekU; ifjp;)

lgk;d xazFk %

jaxeap µ cyoar xkxhZ

jaxeap dyk vkSj n`f"V µ xksfoan pkrd

jaxn'kZu µ usfepan tSu

jaxeap ns[kuk vkSj tkuuk µ y{ehukjk;.k yky

Hkjr vkSj Hkkjrh; ukV~;dyk µ lqjsanzukFk nhf{kr

ukV~;'kkL=k fo'odks"k µ jkèkkoYyHk f=kikBh

jaxdeZ µ ohjsanz ukjk;.k

jax&LFkkiR; µ,p-oh- 'kekZ

Hkkjrh; vkSj ik'pkR; jaxeap µ lhrkjke prqosZnh
 6

lsesLVj&5

(5-4)

(d) fganh Hkk"kk dk O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k

• Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡

• O;kdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk] egÙo] Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k dk var%laca/
• èofu vkSj o.kZ
• fganh dh èofu;ksa dk oxhZdj.k (Loj] O;atu vkSj ek=kk,¡)

bdkbZ&2 % 'kCn&fopkj

• 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj mlds Hksn (jpuk ,oa lzksr ds vk/kj ij)
• 'kCnksa dh O;kdjf.kd dksfV;k¡ (laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k vkfn)
(dsoy ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn)
• 'kCnksa dk :ikarj.k] 'kCnxr v'kqf¼;k¡
• 'kCn&fuekZ.k (milxZ] izR;;] laf/ vkSj lekl)

bdkbZ&3 % in&fopkj

• 'kCn vkSj in esa varj

• fodkjh 'kCnksa dh :i&jpuk (laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k)
• vfodkjh 'kCn (vO;;)

bdkbZ&4 % okD;&fopkj

• okD; dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj mlds vax

• okD; ds Hksn (jpuk ,oa vFkZ ds vk/kj ij)
• okD; lajpuk (inØe] vfUofr vkSj fojke&fpÉ)
 7

• okD;xr v'kqf¼;k¡

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ /hjsanz oekZ

Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi µ MkW- jktcfy ik.Ms;

fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh

fganh Hkk"kk dh igpku ls izfr"Bk rd µ MkW- guqekuizlkn 'kqDy

fyfi dh dgkuh µ xq.kkdj eqys

Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh

fganh Hkk"kk % lajpuk ds fofo/ vk;ke µ johanzukFk JhokLro

fganh O;kdj.k µ dkerkizlkn xq#

fganh 'kCnkuq'kklu µ fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h

A Grammar of the Hindi Language – Kellog

Hindi Linguistics – R.N. Shrivastava

fganh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk µ HkksykukFk frokjh

fganh O;kdj.k µ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
 8

vFkok

([k) dks'k foKku % 'kCndks'k vkSj fo'odks'k

bdkbZ&1 % dks'k ifjp;

• vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk

• mi;ksfxrk vkSj egÙo
• fganh dks'k ds mi;ksx ds fu;e
(o.kkZuØ
q e] Loj dh ek=kk,¡] vuqLokj ,oa vuqukfld] la;qDr O;atu o.kZ)

bdkbZ&2 % dks'k fuekZ.k

• 'kCn ladyu ,oa p;u

• izfof"V (orZuh] Øe] O;kdjf.kd dksfV vkSj lzksr)
• 'kCn dk vFkZ ,oa foLrkj
• 'kCn iz;qfDr;k¡

bdkbZ&3 % dks'k ds izdkj

• dks'k % oxhZdj.k ds vk/kj

• fo"k; ds vk/kj ij (Hkwxksy dks'k] bfrgkl dks'k] euksfoKku dks'k vkfn)
• Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij (,dHkk"kh] f}Hkk"kh vkSj cgqHkk"kh)
• vkdkj ds vk/kj ij (lkekU; vkSj fo'odks'k)
• ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

bdkbZ&4 % izeq[k dks'kksa dk ifjp;

• fganh&fganh 'kCndks'k µ c`gr~ fganh 'kCndks'k] KkueaMy

• vaxzs”kh&fganh 'kCndks'k µ iQknj dkfey cqYds
• fganh&vaxzsth 'kCndks'k µ HkksykukFk frokjh vkSj egsanz prqosZnh
• fo'odks'k µ fganh 'kCnlkxj µ ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk
• bZ&dks'k
 9

lgk;d xzaFk %

dks'k foKku µ HkksykukFk frokjh

fganh dks'k jpuk] izdkj vkSj :i µ jkepanz oekZ

fganh dks'k lkfgR; µ vpykuan t[keksyk

fganh 'kCn lkxj µ ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] iz;kx

fganh lkfg; dks'k µ /hjsanz oekZ

dks'k foKku % fl¼kar ,oa iz;ksx µ jke vk/kj flag

dks'k fuekZ.k % izfof/ ,oa iz;ksx µ f=kHkqouukFk 'kqDy

Lexicography : An Introduction – Howarel Jackson

Hkkjr esa dks'k foKku ij fo'ks"k µ xos"k.kk_ vad 93_ tuojh&ekpZ] 2009

uohu dks'k cuke izkphu dks'k µ iq"iyrk rustk_ ^Hkk"kk* fganh if=kdk esa ys[k

osc irk
• www.archive.org (hindishabdsagar)
• www.britannika.com
• www.e.vikipedia.org
• www.encyclopedia.centre.com
• www.culturepedia.com
 10

vFkok

(x) Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk

bdkbZ&1 % Hkkjrh; vfLerk dk Lo:i % HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd

Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk
fofoèkrk esa ,drk ds var%lw=k % Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR; dk varLlacèa k
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh ladYiuk] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds vkèkkj&rÙo
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekfld Lo:i

bdkbZ&2 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk ifjp;

oSfnd lkfgR;] ykSfdd laLÑr lkfgR;
ikfy] izkÑr ,oa viHkza'k lkfgR;
izkphu rfey lkfgR;

bdkbZ&3 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;

vkèkqfudrk&iwoZ Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % rfey] dUuM+] rsyqxw] ey;kye] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] ckaXyk] mfM+;k]
vlfe;k] ef.kiqjh] mnwZ] iatkch] d'ehjh] fganh

bdkbZ&4 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;

vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds izeq[k vkanksyu &HkfDr vkanksyu] uotkxj.k ,oa jk"Vªh;
vkanksyu] Lokèkhurk vkanksyu] Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] mÙkj vkèkqfud lanHkZ

lgk;d xzaFk

vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos

oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz

Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ laik- foeys'kdkafr oekZ

ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu_ vuq- fueZyk tSu

ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j
 11

dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ,l- eqxyh

rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu

lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh-

mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k

vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jksgjk

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lkfgR; µ foHkwfr feJ
 12

lsesLVj&6

(6-3)

(d) yksdukV~;

bdkbZ&1 % yksdukV~; % voèkkj.kk] Lo:i vkSj bfrgkl

(izeq[k :iksa dk ifjp; ,oa ikB) yksdukV~; jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] lkax] [;ky] ekp]
fcnsfl;k ,oa ukSVadh µ lqYrkuk Mkdw

bdkbZ&2 % fcnsfl;k µ fHk[kkjh Bkdqj

bdkbZ&3 % lkax µ y[kehpan

bdkbZ&4 % ekp µ xq# cky eqdqan

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] lksygok¡ Hkkx

okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh µ ia- fo|kfuokl feJ

Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk

y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µ gfjpUnz ca/q

lw=k/kj µ latho

fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu µ gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku

e/;izns'k yksd dyk vdkneh dh if=kdk & pkSeklk

gfj;k.kk dh yksdukV~; ijEijk
 13

vFkok

([k) fgUnh dh Hkkf"kd fofo/rk,¡

bdkbZ&1 (d) okfpd fgUnh ds {ks=kh; :i & fcgkjh] cEcb;k] dydfr;k] eæklh] igkM+h lkfgR;]
flusek] ukVd vkSj ehfM;k esa {ks=kh; fgUnh dk ç;ksx

([k) lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk ds :i esa fgUnh dh fofo/rk & vkjfEHkd fgUnh dfork
¼dchj] vehj [kqljks ½] nDduh fgUnh] mnwZ 'kk;jh vkSj x|] vk/qfud lkfgfR;d fgUnh

bdkbZ&2 (d) dchj µ geu gSa b'd eLrkuk] vehj [kqljks dh eqdfj;k¡

([k) oyh nduh & fd;k eq> b'd us tkfye dw¡ vkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
fd vkfr'k xqy dw¡ djrh gS xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

oiQknkjh us fnycj dh cq>k;k vkfr'k&,&xe dw¡]

fd xehZ n¶v djrk gS] xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

vtc dqN yqRQ j[krk gS 'kc&,&[kfYor esa xqy: lw¡]

f[krkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk] tokc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

esjs fny dw¡ fd;k cs[kqn rsjh vaf[k;ksa us vk[kfj dw¡]

fd T;w¡ csgks'k djrh gS 'kjkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

gqvk rq> b'd lw¡ ,s vkfr'kha : fny fejk ikuh]

fd T;w¡ xyrk gS vkfr'k lw¡ xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

vnk&vks&ukt lw¡ vkrk gS oks jkS'ku tcha ?kj lw¡]

fd T;w¡ efJd lw¡ fudys vkiQrkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

^oyh* eq> fny esa vkrk gS [k;ky&,&;kj&,& csijokg]

 14

fd T;w¡ vaf[k;ka esa vkrk gS [okc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

bdkbZ&3 (d) cukjlhnkl vkSj v¼ZdFkkud

([k) xkfyc dh 'kk;jh vkSj muds [krwr

bdkbZ&4 (d) ba'kk va'kk vYyk [kka & jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh

([k) iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq & iapySV

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh Hkk"kk µ fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h

mnwZ dk vkjfEHkd ;qx µ 'kElqZjgeku iQk#dh

Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh
 15

vFkok

(x) Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % ikBijd vè;;u

bdkbZ&1 µ okYehfd µ ^lIri.kkZ*_ jkedkO; dk tUe_ i`"B 115&119_ esa egknsoh oekZ Ñr vuqokn
µ dkfynkl µ ^mÙkjes?k*_ ukxktqZu dh pquh gqbZ jpuk,¡_ i`- 345&349_ Nan la- 22 ls 27]
37] 47_ Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k;@ukxktqZu&Ñr vuqokn
µ ^xkFkk lIr'krh*_ MkW- gfjjke vkpk;Z_ izkÑr Hkkjrh vdkneh] t;iqj_
izFke 'krd_ 'yksd la- 4] 6] 33] 45] 49] 58] 77_
"k"B 'krd_ 'yksd la- 30] 35] 38

bdkbZ&2 (d) ukenso µ lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk izdkf'kr ^fganh Kkus'ojh* ls] vkyokj i| 'kadjnso
dh jpuk,¡
eè;dkyhu rsyqxq dfo oseuk µ lkfgR; vdkneh

([k) yy |n µ Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ

d'ehjh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl_ i`- 30&44_ 'kf'k 'ks[kj rks'k[kkuh_ ts ,.M ds vdkneh vkWiQ
vkVZ dYpj ,.M ySaXosts”k_ ugj ekxZ] tEew_ izFke laLdj.k 1985_
• eq> ij os pkgs galsa - - -
• xq# us eq>ls dgk - - -
• ge gh Fks - - -
• fi;k dks [kkstus - - -
• nso fiQj iwtk dSlh - - -
• ;g nsork Hkh iRFkj gh gS - - -
• eSa lhèks iFk ls gh vk;h - - -

bdkbZ&3 (d) johanzukFk VSxksj xhrkatyh ds dqN va'k lkfgR; vdkneh ds ^johanz jpuk lap;u* ls_
lkfgR; vdkneh_ izdk'ku o"kZ] 1987_ Hkkjr rhFkZ] èkwfy eafnj_ i`- 131&135
([k) lqczg~e.;e Hkkjrh dh dfork,¡_ lkfgR; vdkneh_ laLdj.k 1983_ ^Lora=krk dk xku*
i`- 46&47
(x) oYyrksy dh dfork,¡_ lkfgR; vdkneh- laLdj.k 1959_ ^{kek izkFkZuk*_
i`- 82] 83] 84
 16

bdkbZ&4 (d) miU;kl&va'k % f'kokth lkoar Ñr ^e`R;qat;*_ laLdj.k 39_ o"kZ 2012_ Hkkjrh;
KkuihB_ izFke [k.M (d.kZ)_ i`- 19&117
([k) thouh&va'k % ukjk;.k nslkbZ Ñr ^vfXudqaM esa f[kyk xqykc*_ i`- 95&107

(x) ukVd % g;onu_ fxjh'k dukZM_ jkèkkÑ".k izdk'ku_ laLdj.k&1977_ i`- 17&73

(?k) dgkuh % rD’kh f'ko'kadj fiYyS &[kwu dk fj'rk (ey;kye dgkfu;k¡)

Hkkjrh; f'k[kj dFkk dks'k] laik- deys'oj

lgk;d xzaFk %

vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos

oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz

Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ laik- foeys'kdkafr oekZ

ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu_ vuq- fueZyk tSu

ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j

dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ,l- eqxyh

rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu

lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh-

mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k

vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jsgjk
 17

lsesLVj&6

(6-4)

(d) 'kks/&çfof/

bdkbZ&1

'kks/ izfof/ & Lo:i ifjp;

'kks/ ls vfHkizk; & Lo:i ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡
fganh esa 'kks/ dk vkjaHk

bdkbZ&2
'kks/ ds {ks=k
'kks/ ds izdkj
lkfgfR;d 'kks/ dh fo'ks"krk,¡

bdkbZ&3
'kks/ vkSj fo"k;&p;u
'kks/ vkSj rF;&fo'ys"k.k
'kks/ vkSj fu"d"kZ

bdkbZ&4
'kks/&laca/h leL;k,¡
,d vPNs 'kks/kFkhZ ds xq.k
fganh esa 'kks/ dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk

lgk;d xzaFk

vuqla/ku dk Lo:i & lkfo=kh flUgk

vuqla/ku dh izfØ;k & lkfo=kh flUgk@fot;sUnz Lukrd

'kks/ izfof/ & fou;eksgu 'kekZ

lkfgR; ds lekt'kkL=k dh Hkwfedk & eSustj ik.Ms;

jkbfVax bu lkslkbVh & jseaM fofy;El

lajpukRed 'kSyh foKku & johUnzukFk JhokLro

lksf'k;ksykWth vkWiQ fyVjspj & Mk;uk ykSjsalu@,ysu fLoaxoqM
 18

vFkok

([k) vo/kj.kkRed lkfgfR;d in

bdkbZ&1 % 'kCn&'kfDr] vfHkèkk] y{k.kk] O;atuk] vyadkj] Nan] miek] :id

bdkbZ&2 % jl vkSj jl&fu"ifÙk] lkèkkj.khdj.k] dkO;&y{k.k] dkO;&gsrq] egkdkO;] [kaMdkO;]

xhfrdkO;] ukVd

bdkbZ&3 % 'kkL=kokn] LoPNanrkokn] ekuookn] vkykspukRed ;FkkFkZokn] lektoknh ;FkkFkZokn] tknqbZ

;FkkFkZokn] lajpukokn] mÙkj&lajpukokn

bdkbZ&4 % fojspu] =kklnh] dYiuk] fcEc] izrhd] vkèkqfudrk vkSj vkèkqfudrkokn] mÙkj&vkèkqfudrk]
fucaèk] dgkuh] miU;kl

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh vkykspuk ds cht&'kCn µ cPpu flag

fganh vkykspuk dks'k µ vejukFk

ekufodh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k µ laik- MkW- uxsanz

yksdfiz; flusek vkSj lkekftd ;FkkFkZ µ tcjheYy ikj[k

dh oMZ~l µ fofy;e jse.M

, fMD'kujh vkWiQ fyVªsjh VElZ µ ts-Vh- f'kIys

jl&ehekalk µ jkepanz 'kqDy

ikfjHkkf"kd dykdks'k µ :iukjk;.k ekFke
 19

vFkok

(x) fganh jaxeap

bdkbZ&1 (d) ikjaifjd jaxeap

(jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] ukSVadh] fcnsfl;k] ekp] [;ky] Lokax dk lkekU; ifjp;)

([k) izkphu Hkkjrh; izn'kZu&ijaijk vkSj vkèkqfud jaxeap

bdkbZ&2 fganh jaxeap dh fodkl&;k=kk

(d) Lora=krkiwoZ % ikjlh fFk,Vj] Hkkjrsanq ;qxhu jaxeap] i`Foh fFk,Vj rFkk bIVk

([k) Lokra=;ksÙkj fganh jaxeap % jax izf'k{k.k ,oa jax xfrfofèk;k¡] jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;]
ubZ fnYyh

jaxeaMy Hkkjr Hkou] Hkksiky] Hkkjrsanq ukV~; vdkneh] y[kumQ

bdkbZ&3 vkèkqfud fganh jaxeap dh fofoèk 'kSfy;k¡ % 'kSyhc¼ (LVkbykbM)] ;FkkFkZoknh] ,ClMZ rFkk
yksd&'kSyh
bdkbZ&4 izeq[k jax O;fDrRo vkSj mudh jaxn`f"V % ';kekuan tkyku] lR;nso nqcs] bczkfge vYdkth]
c-o- dkjar] gchc ruohj] y[kehpan ,oa fHk[kkjh Bkdqj_ fdlh izLrqfr (gky gh esa izLrqr)
dh jaxeaph; leh{kk

lgk;d xzaFk %

ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; jaxeap µ dfiyk okRL;k;u

ijaijk'khy ukV~; µ txnh'kpanz ekFkqj

Hkkjrh; jaxeap dk foospukRed bfrgkl µ vKkr

ikjlh fganh jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky

ukV~;lezkV i`Fohjkt diwj µ tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=kh

vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky

ledkyhu fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µujsanz eksgu

igyk jax µ nsosanz jkt vadqj
 20

vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ usfepan tSu

y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µgfjpUnz ca/q

fHk[kkjh Bkdqj % Hkkstiqjh ds Hkkjrsanq µ Hkxor izlkn f}osnh

daVsEizjh bafM;u fFk,Vj % baVjO;w fon IysjkbVlZ ,.M Mk;jsDVlZ µ laxhr ukVd vdkneh

fFk,VlZ vkWo bafMisaMsal µ vi.kkZ HkkxZo èkkjokM+dj
 1

CBCS
ch-,- ¼vkWulZ½ fganh
HSEC ¼dksbZ nks½
lsesLVj&3

(3-5)

(d) foKkiu vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

bdkbZ&1 % foKkiu % Lo:i ,oa vo/kj.kk

• foKkiu % vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk

• foKkiu dk egÙo
• foKkiu ds lkekftd rFkk O;kolkf;d mn~ns';] ekdsZfVax vkSj czkaM&fuekZ.k
• foKkiu ds u, lanHkZ (izk;ksftr dk;ZØe)
bdkbZ&2 % foKkiu % fofo/ ekè;e
• lkekU; ifjp;
• foKkiu ekè;e dk p;u
• fizaV] jsfM;ks ,oa Vsyhfo”ku ds fy, dkWih ys[ku
bdkbZ&3 % foKkiu dh Hkk"kk
• foKkiu dh Hkk"kk dk Lo:i
• foKkiu dh Hkk"kkxr fo'ks"krk,¡
• foKkiu dh Hkk"kk ds fofHkUu i{k] lkn`'; fo/ku] vyadj.k] rqdkarrk] lekukarjrk] fopyu]
eqgkojs&yksdksfDr;k¡] Hkk"kk ladj)
• fganh foKkiuksa dh Hkk"kk
bdkbZ&4 % foKkiu&fuekZ.k dk vH;kl
• fizaV ekè;e % oxhZÑr ,oa ltkoVh foKkiu&fuekZ.k
• jsfM;ks ftaxy ys[ku
• Vsyhfo”ku ds fy, LVksjh cksMZ fuekZ.k
 2

lgk;d xzaFk

tulaidZ] izpkj ,oa foKkiu µ fot; dqyJs"B

tulapkj ekè;e % Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ lq/h'k ipkSjh

fMftVy ;qx esa foKkiu µ lq/k flag] txnh'oj prqosZnh

czsd ds ckn µ lq/h'k ipkSjh

ehfM;k dh Hkk"kk µ olq/k xkMfxy

foKkiu dh nqfu;k µ dqeqn 'kekZ

foKkiu MkWV dkWe µ js[kk lsBh

lapkj Økafr vkSj cnyrk lkekftd lkSan;Z&cks/ µ Ñ".k dqekj jÙkw

oscfyad

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• www.exchange4media.com
 3

([k) dEI;wVj vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

bdkbZ&1 % dEI;wVj dk fodkl vkSj fganh

• dEI;wVj dk ifjp; vkSj fodkl

• dEI;wVj esa fganh dk vkjEHk ,oa fodkl
• fganh ds fofo/ iQkWUV
• dEI;wVj esa fganh dh pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj laHkkouk,¡
bdkbZ&2 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh
• baVjusV ij fganh
• ;wfudksM] nsoukxjh fyfi vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
• fganh vkSj osc fMtkbfuax
• fganh dh osclkbV~l
bdkbZ&3 % fganh Hkk"kk] dEI;wVj vkSj xous±l
• jktHkk"kk fganh ds izlkj esa dEI;wVj dh Hkwfedk
• bZ&xou±sl] baVjusV
• fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj bZ&yfu±x
• ljdkjh vkSj x+Sj&ljdkjh laLFkk,¡
bdkbZ&4 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj dEI;wVj % fofo/ i{k
• baVjusV ij fganh i=k&if=kdk,¡
• ,l,e,l dh fganh
• U;w ehfM;k vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
• fganh ds fofHkUu dh cksMZ

lgk;d xzaFk

vk/qfud tulapkj vkSj fganh µ gfjeksgu

dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx µ fot; dqekj eYgks=kk

dEI;wVj vkSj fganh µ gfjeksgu
 4

fganh Hkk"kk vkSj dEI;wVj µ larks"k xks;y

dEI;wVj ds MkVk izLrqfrdj.k vkSj Hkk"kk&fl¼kar µ ih-ds- 'kekZ

ehfM;k % HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj lekt µ laik- lat; f}osnh

lks'ky usVofd±x % u, le; dk laokn µ laik- lat; f}osnh

u, ”kekus dh i=kdkfjrk µ lkSjHk 'kqDy

i=kdkfjrk ls ehfM;k rd µ eukst dqekj

tulapkj ds lkeftd lanHkZ µ tcjheYy ikj[k

tulapkj vkSj ekl dYpj µ txnh'oj prqosZnh
 5

(x) lks'ky ehfM;k

bdkbZ&1 % lks'ky ehfM;k % vo/kj.kk

• lks'ky ehfM;k dk Lo:i vkSj izdkj

• lks'ky ehfM;k dk fodkl
• lks'ky ehfM;k] Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr
• lks'ky ehfM;k dh vkpkj&lafgrk
• lks'ky ehfM;k dk izHkko
bdkbZ&2 % lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj yksdra=k
• tuHkkxhnkjh] tutkx:drk ,oa lks'ky ehfM;k
• tukanksyu vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
• tulaidZ] tuer&fuekZ.k vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj xous±l
bdkbZ&3 % lks'ky ehfM;k dk O;kolkf;d ifjizs{;
• czkaM esfdax] czkaM cktkj
• cktkj] cktkj dh j.kuhfr
• miHkksDrk tkx:drk
• O;kolkf;d izfrLi/kZ
bdkbZ&4 % lks'ky ehfM;k % fofo/ i{k
• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj L=kh
• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj ;qok oxZ
• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj ckyeu
• vkikr~dky esa lks'ky ehfM;k
• vkikr~dky esa lks'ky ehfM;k
 6

lgk;d xzaFk

lks'ky usVofd±x % u, le; dk laokn µ laik- lat; f}osnh

ehfM;k Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkSj lekt µ laik- lat; f}osnh

lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj L=kh µ jek

opqZvy fj,fyVh vkSj bUVjusV µ txnh'oj prqosZnh

Dykl fjiksVZj µ t;izdk'k f=kikBh

lhf<+;k¡ p<+rk ehfM;k µ ek/o gkM+k

u, ”kekus dh i=kdkfjrk µ lkSjHk 'kqDyk

i=kdkfjrk ls ehfM;k rd µ eukst dqekj

dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx µ fot; dqekj eYgks=kk
 7

(?k) vuqokn&dkS'ky

bdkbZ&1

1. vuqokn dk Lo:i] egÙo ,oa izdkj

2. Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h ifjn`';
3. vuqokn dh O;kolkf;d laHkkouk,¡] vuqokn&laca/h laLFkk,¡ vkSj muds dk;Z] vuqokn dk;Z esa
izdk'kukf/dkj

bdkbZ&2

1. vuqokn dh lkexzh_ fofHkUu iz;qfDr;k¡

2. vuqokn&izfØ;k
3. vuqokn ds midj.k

bdkbZ&3 % vuqokn vH;kl & 1 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)

1. ltZukRed lkfgR;
2. Kku&foKku vkSj rduhdh lkfgR;
3. lkekftd foKku

bdkbZ&4 % vuqokn vH;kl & 2 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)

1. tulapkj
2. iz'kklfud vuqokn
3. caSfdax vuqokn
4. fof/ vuqokn

lgk;d xzaFk %

vuqokn ds Hkkf"kd fl¼kar µ dSViQksMZ] ts-lh- fl¼kar] (vuqoknd % MkW- jfo'kadj nhf{kr)
izdk'kd % eè;izns'k fganh xaazFk vdkneh] Hkksiky

vuqokn ds fl¼kar µ jsM~Mh vkj-vkj-_ (vuqokn % MkW- ts-,y- jsM~Mh)
lkfgR; vdkneh] eaMh gkmQl] ubZ fnYyh
 8

vuqokn fl¼kar vkSj iz;ksx_ xksihukFku th-_ yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn

vuqokn foKku % fl¼kar vkSj vuqiz;ksx] µ uxsanz (laik-)
fganh ekè;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

vuqokn fl¼kar dh :ijs[kk] lqjs'k dqekj_ ok.kh izdk'ku] fnYyh
 9

lsesLVj&4

(4-5)

(d) dk;kZy;h fganh

bdkbZ&1 % dk;kZy;h fganh dk Lo:i] mn~ns'; rFkk {ks=k

• vfHkizk; rFkk mn~ns';

• dk;kZy;h fganh dk {ks=k
• lkekU; fganh rFkk dk;kZy;h fganh % laca/ rFkk varj
• dk;kZy;h fganh dh fLFkfr vkSj laHkkouk,¡

bdkbZ&2 % dk;kZy;h fganh dh 'kCnkoyh

• dk;kZy;h fganh dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

• inuke rFkk vuqHkkx ds uke
• eq[; dk;kZy;] {ks=kh; dk;kZy; vkSj vU; iz'kklfud vf/dkfj;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okys lacks/u]
funsZ'k vkfn
• vkSipkfjd inkofy;k¡@vfHkO;fDr;k¡ (lwph foHkkx }kjk rS;kj dh tk,xh)

bdkbZ&3 % dk;kZy;h i=kkpkj ds fofo/ izdkj

• lkekU; ifjp;
• dk;kZy; ls fuxZr i=k (Kkiu] ifji=k] vuqLekjd] i`"Bkadu] vkns'k] lwpuk,¡] fufonk vkfn)
• fjDr inksa ij HkrhZ gsrq foKkiu
• vkosnu&ys[ku

bdkbZ&4 % fVIi.k] izk:i.k vkSj la{ksi.k

• fVIi.k dk Lo:i] fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj Hkk"kk 'kSyh

• izk:i.k ds izdkj] Hkk"kk 'kSyh] izk:i.k dh fof/
• la{ksi.k ds izdkj] fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj la{ksi.k dh fof/
 10

• mi;qZDr lHkh bdkb;ksa ij vk/kfjr O;kogkfjd iz'u

lgk;d xzaFk

iz;kstuewyd fganh µek/o lksuVDds

izk:i.k 'kkldh; i=kkpkj vkSj fVIi.k ys[ku fof/ µ jktsanz izlkn JhokLro

iz;kstuewyd fganh dh ubZ Hkwfedk µ dSyk'kukFk ik.Ms;

iz;kstuewyd Hkk"kk vkSj dk;kZy;h fganh µ Ñ".k dqekj xksLokeh

iz;kstuewyd fganh % fl¼kar vkSj iz;ksx µ naxy >kYVs
 11

([k) Hkk"kk n{krk % le> vkSj laHkk"k.k

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk ds vk;ke

• Hkk"kk;h n{krk ls rkRi;Z
• Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk egÙo
• Jo.k vkSj okpu
• iBu vkSj ys[ku
bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk ds dkjd rÙo
• Hkkf"kd lajpuk dh le>
• Hkk"kk&O;ogkj (Hkkf"kd iz;ksx vkSj 'kSyh)
• Hkkf"kd laLÑfr (vk;q] fyax] f'k{kk] oxZ)
• fo"k;&{ks=k
bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk fodkl
• Hkk"kk;h n{krk dh j.kuhfr % vkdyu] y{;&fu/kZj.k] fu;kstu ds Lrj ij
• 'kCn&lkeF;Z µ lkekU; ,oa rduhdh 'kCn
• lquuk vkSj cksyuk µ izHkkoh Jo.k ds vk;ke] 'kq¼ mPpkj.k] Hkk"k.k] ,dkyki] okrkZyki
• i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk µ Lokè;k; vkSj mn~ns';&dsfUnzr iBu] lkekU; ys[ku vkSj jpukRed ys[ku
bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk O;kogkfjd i{k
• fdlh ,d fo"k; ij µ Hkk"k.k] lewg ppkZ] okrkZyki ;k fVIi.kh
• fdlh ,d fo"k; dk Hkko&foLrkj ;k iYyou
• nzqrokpu µ fdlh lkfgfR;d Ñfr ij vk/kfjr
• leh{kk µ iqLrd&leh{kk] fiQYe&leh{kk

lgk;d xzaFk

dEI;wVj ,fllVsM ySaXost yfu±x] ehfM;k fMtkbu ,am ,Iyhds'kal µ dhFk dSesjkWu

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k µ johanzukFk JhokLro

l`tukRed lkfgR; µ johanzukFk JhokLro
 12

O;kolkf;d fganh µ fnyhi flag

iz;kstuewyd fganh µ naxy >kYVs

vkèkqfud i=kdkfjrk µ MkWñ vuqt frokjh

O;kogkfjd fganh ,oa iz;ksx µ MkW- vkse izdk'k

tuekè;eksa dk oSpkfjd ifjizs{; µ tcjheYy ikfj[k

tuekè;e izkS|ksfxdh vkSj fopkjèkkjk µ txnh'oj prqosZnh
 13

(x) Hkk"kk vkSj lekt

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr

• Hkk"kk vkSj lekt dk varl±ca/
• Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk vkSj Hkk"kk&O;ogkj
• lekt Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj mldk Lo:i
• Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=k
bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kkbZ fofo/rk vkSj Hkkf"kd leqnk;
• Hkk"kk vkSj leqnk;
• Hkk"kk vkSj tkfr
• Hkk"kk vkSj tkrh;rk
• f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj cgqHkkf"kdrk (fiftu o fØ;ksy)
bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj
• Hkk"kk vkSj oxZ
• O;fDr] lekt vkSj Hkk"kk oxZ
• Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj ts.Mj
• Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr
bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk losZ{k.k
• Hkk"kk losZ{k.k % Lo:i vkSj izfof/
• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk losZ{k.k
• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk fo'ys"k.k
• Hkk"kk ds uohu iz;ksx

lgk;d xzaFk

Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

fganh Hkk"kk fparu µ fnyhi flag
 14

Hkk"kk dk lalkj µ fnyhi flag

vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;

Socio Linguistics : An Introduction to Language and Society -- Peter Trudgill

Socio Linguistics -- R.A. Hudson

An Introduction to Socio Linguistics – Ronald Wordhaugh

The Shadow of Language – George Yule
lsesLVj&1@2
MIL Comm.

fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lEizs"k.k (Lukrd Lrj ds lHkh ikB~;Øe %

ch-,-@ch-,l-lh-@ch-dkWe- vkWulZ vkSj izksxzke ds lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,)

bdkbZ&1 % Hkkf"kd laizs"k.k % Lo:i vkSj fl¼kar

• laizs"k.k dh vo/kj.kk vkSj egÙo
• laizs"k.k dh izfØ;k
• laizs"k.k ds fofHkUu ekWMy
• laizs"k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡
bdkbZ&2 % laizs"k.k ds izdkj
• ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr
• oS;fDrd vkSj lkekftd
• O;kolkf;d
• Hkzked laizs"k.k (Miss Communication)

• laizs"k.k ck/k,¡ vkSj j.kuhfr

bdkbZ&3 % laizs"k.k ds ekè;e
• ,dkyki
• laokn
• lkewfgd ppkZ
• izHkkoh laizs"k.k
bdkbZ&4 % i<+uk vkSj le>uk
• xgu vè;;u
• vè;kgkj
• lkj vkSj vUo;
• fo'ys"k.k vkSj O;k[;k
• vuqokn
lgk;d xzaFk

fganh dk lkekftd lanHkZ µ johanzukFk JhokLro

laizs"k.k&ijd O;kdj.k % fl¼kar vkSj Lo:i µ lqjs'k dqekj

iz;ksx vkSj iz;ksx µ oh-vkj- txUukFk

dqN iwokZxzg µ v'kksd oktis;h

Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj fganh µ johanzukFk JhokLro

jpuk dk ljksdkj µ fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fparu dh ihfBdk µ fo|kfuokl feJ